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Uterine Sarcomas: a Review
ARTICLE IN PRESS YGYNO-973334; No. of pages: 9; 4C: 3, 6 Gynecologic Oncology xxx (2009) xxx–xxx Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Gynecologic Oncology journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ygyno Review Uterine sarcomas: A review Emanuela D'Angelo, Jaime Prat ⁎ Department of Pathology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Sant Antoni M. Claret, 167, 08025 Barcelona, Spain article info abstract Article history: Objective. Uterine sarcomas are rare tumors that account for 3% of uterine cancers. Their histopathologic Received 29 June 2009 classification was revised by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 2003. A new staging system has been Available online xxxx recently designed by the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO). Currently, there is no consensus on risk factors for adverse outcome. This review summarizes the available clinicopathological data Keywords: on uterine sarcomas classified by the WHO diagnostic criteria. Uterine sarcomas Methods. Medline was searched between 1976 and 2009 for all publications in English where the studied Leiomyosarcoma population included women diagnosed of uterine sarcomas. Endometrial stromal sarcoma fi Undifferentiated endometrial sarcoma Results. Since carcinosarcomas (malignant mixed mesodermal tumors or MMMT) are currently classi ed Adenosarcoma as metaplastic carcinomas, leiomyosarcomas remain the most common uterine sarcomas. Exclusion of Carcinosarcoma several histologic variants of leiomyoma, as well as “smooth muscle tumors of uncertain malignant potential,” frequently misdiagnosed as sarcomas, has made apparent that leiomyosarcomas are associated with poor prognosis even when seemingly confined to the uterus. Endometrial stromal sarcomas are indolent tumors associated with long-term survival. Undifferentiated endometrial sarcomas exhibiting nuclear pleomorphism behave more aggressively than tumors showing nuclear uniformity. -
Clinical Radiation Oncology Review
Clinical Radiation Oncology Review Daniel M. Trifiletti University of Virginia Disclaimer: The following is meant to serve as a brief review of information in preparation for board examinations in Radiation Oncology and allow for an open-access, printable, updatable resource for trainees. Recommendations are briefly summarized, vary by institution, and there may be errors. NCCN guidelines are taken from 2014 and may be out-dated. This should be taken into consideration when reading. 1 Table of Contents 1) Pediatrics 6) Gastrointestinal a) Rhabdomyosarcoma a) Esophageal Cancer b) Ewings Sarcoma b) Gastric Cancer c) Wilms Tumor c) Pancreatic Cancer d) Neuroblastoma d) Hepatocellular Carcinoma e) Retinoblastoma e) Colorectal cancer f) Medulloblastoma f) Anal Cancer g) Epndymoma h) Germ cell, Non-Germ cell tumors, Pineal tumors 7) Genitourinary i) Craniopharyngioma a) Prostate Cancer j) Brainstem Glioma i) Low Risk Prostate Cancer & Brachytherapy ii) Intermediate/High Risk Prostate Cancer 2) Central Nervous System iii) Adjuvant/Salvage & Metastatic Prostate Cancer a) Low Grade Glioma b) Bladder Cancer b) High Grade Glioma c) Renal Cell Cancer c) Primary CNS lymphoma d) Urethral Cancer d) Meningioma e) Testicular Cancer e) Pituitary Tumor f) Penile Cancer 3) Head and Neck 8) Gynecologic a) Ocular Melanoma a) Cervical Cancer b) Nasopharyngeal Cancer b) Endometrial Cancer c) Paranasal Sinus Cancer c) Uterine Sarcoma d) Oral Cavity Cancer d) Vulvar Cancer e) Oropharyngeal Cancer e) Vaginal Cancer f) Salivary Gland Cancer f) Ovarian Cancer & Fallopian -
Urinary Bladder Neoplasia
Canine Urinary Tract Neoplasia Phyllis C Glawe DVM, MS The principal organs of the urinary tract are the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder and urethra. The urinary bladder and urethra are the most commonly affected by cancer in the dog and the majority of cancers in these locations are malignant. The most common type of cancer is Transitional Cell Carcinoma (TCC). This handout reviews the facts about clinical symptoms, diagnosis and treatment of urinary tract cancer in the dog. Clinical Features More common in female dogs, urinary bladder and urethral cancer are typically associated with advanced age (9-10 years). Frequent urination, blood in the urine, and straining to urinate are typical symptoms. These signs are also similar to those of urinary tract infections, thus a cancer diagnosis can be missed early in the course of the disease. If the flow of urine is obstructed, abdominal pain, vomiting, depression and loss of appetite can occur. More rarely, dogs can present with back pain and weakness of the hind limbs due to metastases (spread) of the cancer to the spine and lymph nodes. Diagnosis Abdominal radiographs and abdominal ultrasound can be utilized to detect cancer in the lower urinary tract. Abdominal ultrasound is particularly helpful to assess whether other organs in the abdomen region are affected, such as the kidneys and ureters. Hydronephrosis and hydroureter are terms describing a back-up of urine flow due to the obstructive effects of a tumor. Regional lymph node enlargement and possible prostate enlargement in male dogs can be assessed quickly and accurately with ultrasound. Urine analysis is not very helpful as a diagnostic tool in most cases. -
Role of Surgery in Gynaecological Sarcomas
www.oncotarget.com Oncotarget, 2019, Vol. 10, (No. 26), pp: 2561-2575 Review Role of surgery in gynaecological sarcomas Valentina Ghirardi1,2, Nicolò Bizzarri1,2, Francesco Guida1,2, Carmine Vascone1,2, Barbara Costantini1,2, Giovanni Scambia1,2 and Anna Fagotti1,2 1Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli, IRCCS, Rome 00168, Italy 2Catholic University of Sacred Heart, Rome 00168, Italy Correspondence to: Anna Fagotti, email: [email protected] Keywords: sarcoma; uterine; cervical; ovarian; vulval Received: November 01, 2018 Accepted: January 19, 2019 Published: April 02, 2019 Copyright: Ghirardi et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 3.0 (CC BY 3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. ABSTRACT Gynaecological sarcomas account for 3-4% of all gynaecological malignancies and have a poorer prognosis compared to gynaecological carcinomas. Pivotal treatment for early-stage uterine sarcoma is represented by total hysterectomy. Whereas oophorectomy provides survival advantage in endometrial stromal sarcoma is still controversial. When the disease is confined to the uterus, systematic pelvic and para- aortic lymphadenectomy is not recommended. Removal of enlarged lymph-nodes is indicated in case of disseminated or recurrent disease, where debulking surgery is considered the standard of care. Fertility sparing surgery for uterine leiomyosarcoma is not supported by strong evidence, whilst available data on fertility sparing treatment for endometrial stromal sarcoma are more promising. For ovarian sarcomas, in the absence of specific data, it is reasonable to adapt recommendations existing for uterine sarcomas, also regarding the role of lymphadenectomy in both early and advanced stage disease. -
Primary Urethral Carcinoma
EAU Guidelines on Primary Urethral Carcinoma G. Gakis, J.A. Witjes, E. Compérat, N.C. Cowan, V. Hernàndez, T. Lebret, A. Lorch, M.J. Ribal, A.G. van der Heijden Guidelines Associates: M. Bruins, E. Linares Espinós, M. Rouanne, Y. Neuzillet, E. Veskimäe © European Association of Urology 2017 TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE 1. INTRODUCTION 3 1.1 Aims and scope 3 1.2 Panel composition 3 1.3 Publication history and summary of changes 3 1.3.1 Summary of changes 3 2. METHODS 3 2.1 Data identification 3 2.2 Review 3 2.3 Future goals 4 3. EPIDEMIOLOGY, AETIOLOGY AND PATHOLOGY 4 3.1 Epidemiology 4 3.2 Aetiology 4 3.3 Histopathology 4 4. STAGING AND CLASSIFICATION SYSTEMS 5 4.1 Tumour, Node, Metastasis (TNM) staging system 5 4.2 Tumour grade 5 5. DIAGNOSTIC EVALUATION AND STAGING 6 5.1 History 6 5.2 Clinical examination 6 5.3 Urinary cytology 6 5.4 Diagnostic urethrocystoscopy and biopsy 6 5.5 Radiological imaging 7 5.6 Regional lymph nodes 7 6. PROGNOSIS 7 6.1 Long-term survival after primary urethral carcinoma 7 6.2 Predictors of survival in primary urethral carcinoma 7 7. DISEASE MANAGEMENT 8 7.1 Treatment of localised primary urethral carcinoma in males 8 7.2 Treatment of localised urethral carcinoma in females 8 7.2.1 Urethrectomy and urethra-sparing surgery 8 7.2.2 Radiotherapy 8 7.3 Multimodal treatment in advanced urethral carcinoma in both genders 9 7.3.1 Preoperative platinum-based chemotherapy 9 7.3.2 Preoperative chemoradiotherapy in locally advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the urethra 9 7.4 Treatment of urothelial carcinoma of the prostate 9 8. -
Case Report Metastatic Uterine Leiomyosarcoma Involving Bilateral Ovarian Stroma Without Capsular Involvement Implies a Local Route of Hematogenous Dissemination
Hindawi Publishing Corporation Case Reports in Obstetrics and Gynecology Volume 2015, Article ID 950373, 5 pages http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/950373 Case Report Metastatic Uterine Leiomyosarcoma Involving Bilateral Ovarian Stroma without Capsular Involvement Implies a Local Route of Hematogenous Dissemination Monica Dandapani,1 Brandon-Luke L. Seagle,1 Amer Abdullah,1 Bryce Hatfield,2 Robert Samuelson,1 and Shohreh Shahabi3 1 Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, Western Connecticut Health Network, 24 Hospital Avenue, Danbury, CT 06810, USA 2Department of Pathology, Western Connecticut Health Network, 24 Hospital Avenue, Danbury, CT 06810, USA 3Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 250 East Superior Street, Suite 03-2303, Chicago, IL 60611, USA Correspondence should be addressed to Shohreh Shahabi; [email protected] Received 2 March 2015; Accepted 9 April 2015 Academic Editor: Hao Lin Copyright © 2015 Monica Dandapani et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Uterine sarcomas spread via lymphatic and hematogenous dissemination, direct extension, or transtubal transport. Distant metastasis often involves the lungs. Ovarian metastasis is uncommon. Here we present an unusual case of a large, high-grade uLMS with metastatic disease internal to both ovaries without capsular involvement or other abdominal diseases, and discovered in a patient with distant metastases to the lungs, suggesting likely hematogenous dissemination of uLMS to the ovaries in this case. Knowledge of usual uLMS metastases may influence surgical management in select cases. -
Sarcomatoid Urothelial Carcinoma Arising in the Female Urethral Diverticulum
Journal of Pathology and Translational Medicine 2021; 55: 298-302 https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2021.04.23 CASE STUDY Sarcomatoid urothelial carcinoma arising in the female urethral diverticulum Heae Surng Park Department of Pathology, Ewha Womans University Seoul Hospital, Seoul, Korea A sarcomatoid variant of urothelial carcinoma in the female urethral diverticulum has not been reported previously. A 66-year-old woman suffering from dysuria presented with a huge urethral mass invading the urinary bladder and vagina. Histopathological examination of the resected specimen revealed predominantly undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma with sclerosis. Only a small portion of conven- tional urothelial carcinoma was identified around the urethral diverticulum, which contained glandular epithelium and villous adenoma. The patient showed rapid systemic recurrence and resistance to immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy despite high expression of pro- grammed cell death ligand-1. We report the first case of urethral diverticular carcinoma with sarcomatoid features. Key Words: Sarcomatoid carcinoma; Urothelial carcinoma; Urethral diverticulum Received: March 9, 2021 Revised: April 16, 2021 Accepted: April 23, 2021 Corresponding Author: Heae Surng Park, MD, PhD, Department of Pathology, Ewha Womans University Seoul Hospital, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, 260 Gonghang-daero, Gangseo-gu, Seoul 07804, Korea Tel: +82-2-6986-5253, Fax: +82-2-6986-3423, E-mail: [email protected] Urethral diverticular carcinoma (UDC) is extremely rare; the urinary bladder, and vagina with enlarged lymph nodes at both most common histological subtype is adenocarcinoma [1,2]. femoral, both inguinal, and both internal and external iliac areas Sarcomatoid urothelial carcinoma (UC) is also unusual. Due to (Fig. 1B). -
Gynecologic Malignancies J
Gynecologic Malignancies J. Brian Szender 31 March 2016 Outline • Female Cancer Statistics • Uterine Cancer • Adnexal Cancer • Cervical Cancer • Vulvar Cancer Uterine Cancer Endometrial Cancer Uterine Sarcoma Endometrial Cancer • Epidemiology and Risk Factors • Histology • Presentation • Diagnosis • Staging • Therapy • Early • Locally Advanced • Metastatic • Recurrent • Follow-Up • Future Therapy Epidemiology • 60,500 cases expected in 2016 • 25.3 per 100,000 women • 10,470 deaths expected in 2016 Epidemiology Increased Risk Decreased Risk • Age • Progestational Agents • Unopposed Estrogens • Oral Contraceptive Pills • Exogenous • Levonorgestrel IUS • Tamoxifen • Physical Activity • Obesity • Pregnancy • Genetic Risk • Breastfeeding • Lynch Syndrome • Cowden Syndrome Histology • Type I • Endometrioid, well differentiated • Less aggressive • Usually localized • Good Prognosis • Type II • Clear cell, papillary serous, MMMT, poorly differentiated • More aggressive • Likely to spread • Worse Prognosis Histology – Molecular Features Type I Type II • Diploid • Aneuploid • K-ras overexpression • K-ras overexpression • PTEN mutations • P53 overexpression • Microsatellite instability Clinical Presentation • Abnormal Uterine Bleeding • Postmenopausal Uterine Bleeding • Abnormal Vaginal Discharge • Endometrial cells on a pap smear • Bloating/pelvic pressure/pain (if advanced disease) Diagnosis • Ultrasound • Endometrial Biopsy • Hysteroscopy • Dilation and Curettage • Hysterectomy +/- BSO +/- Lymph node sampling Staging wikipedia Therapy – Early -
NCCN Guidelines for Patients Uterine Cancer
NCCN GUIDELINES FOR PATIENTS® 2021 Uterine Cancer Endometrial Carcinoma Uterine Sarcoma NATIONAL COMPREHENSIVE CANCER NETWORK Presented with support from: FOUNDATION Guiding Treatment. Changing Lives. Available online at NCCN.org/patients Ü Uterine Cancer It's easy to get lost in the cancer world Let NCCN Guidelines for Patients® be your guide 9 Step-by-step guides to the cancer care options likely to have the best results 9 Based on treatment guidelines used by health care providers worldwide 9 Designed to help you discuss cancer treatment with your doctors NCCN Guidelines for Patients® Uterine Cancer, 2021 1 UterineAbout Cancer National Comprehensive Cancer Network® NCCN Guidelines for Patients® are developed by the National Comprehensive Cancer Network® (NCCN®) NCCN Clinical Practice NCCN Guidelines NCCN Guidelines in Oncology for Patients (NCCN Guidelines®) 9 An alliance of leading 9 Developed by doctors from 9 Present information from the cancer centers across the NCCN cancer centers using NCCN Guidelines in an easy- United States devoted to the latest research and years to-learn format patient care, research, and of experience 9 For people with cancer and education 9 For providers of cancer care those who support them all over the world Cancer centers 9 Explain the cancer care that are part of NCCN: 9 Expert recommendations for options likely to have the NCCN.org/cancercenters cancer screening, diagnosis, best results and treatment Free online at Free online at NCCN.org/patientguidelines NCCN.org/guidelines These NCCN Guidelines for Patients are based on the NCCN Guidelines® for Uterine Neoplasms, Version 3.2021 — June 3, 2021. © 2021 National Comprehensive Cancer Network, Inc. -
Uterine Sarcomasarcoma Chapterchapter 55
UterineUterine SarcomaSarcoma ChapterChapter 55 FredFred UeUelland,and, MMDD Division of Gynecologic Oncology University of Kentucky UniveUniverrsitysity ofof KentuKentucckyky AnnualAnnual NewNew CancersCancers 140 128 120 100 Uterus 84 82 Ovary 80 Cervix 60 Vulva 42 40 Other 20 13 0 UniveUniverrsitysity ofof KentuKentucckyky AnnualAnnual RecurrentRecurrent CancersCancers 20 20 17 15 15 Uterus 10 Ovary 10 Cervix Other 5 0 OveOverrviewview 33--5%5% ofof allall uterineuterine mmalignancialignancieess 22 perper 100,000100,000 wwoomemenn inin UUSSAA AriseArise frfromom endendoommetrialetrial ssttrromaoma,, glaglanndsds oror uterineuterine mmuscusclle.e. OOttherher memesencsenchymahymall tutumormorss areare rararree 2020 yearyearss afterafter pelpelvvicic radiotheraradiotherappyy BlackBlack wwomeomenn mmoorree ccoommmmonon ClassifClassifiicaticatioonn OberOber,, 19591959 HHoomologousmologous – Pure Stromal sarcoma (endolymphatic stromal myosis) Leiomyosarcom Angiosarcoma Fibrosarcoma – Mixed Carcinosarcoma ClassifClassifiicaticatioonn OberOber,, 19591959 HeterologousHeterologous – Pure Rhabdomyosarcom Chondrosarcoma Osteosarcoma Liposarcoma – Mixed Mixed mullerian tumor (MMT) ClassifClassifiicaticatioonn SGOSGO EndEndoorsedrsed LeiLeiomomyoyossarcarcoommaa EndEndoomemettrialrial StrStromomalal SaSarrccomomaa MixedMixed hhoomologousmologous MullerMulleriianan SaSarrcocomamass ((cacarrcinosarccinosarcomaoma)) MixedMixed heterologousheterologous MullerMulleriianan SaSarrcocomamass (m(mixedixed mmesodeesodermrmalal sasarrccomaoma)) -
What Is Uterine Sarcoma?
cancer.org | 1.800.227.2345 About Uterine Sarcoma Overview and Types If you have been diagnosed with uterine sarcoma or are worried about it, you likely have a lot of questions. Learning some basics is a good place to start. ● What Is Uterine Sarcoma? Research and Statistics See the latest estimates for new cases of uterine sarcoma and deaths in the US and what research is currently being done. ● Key Statistics for Uterine Sarcoma ● What's New in Uterine Sarcoma Research? What Is Uterine Sarcoma? Cancer starts when cells in the body begin to grow out of control. Cells in nearly any part of the body can become cancer, and can spread to other areas of the body. To learn more about how cancers start and spread, see What Is Cancer?1 Uterine sarcoma is a rare cancer that starts in the muscle and supporting tissues of the uterus (womb). 1 ____________________________________________________________________________________American Cancer Society cancer.org | 1.800.227.2345 About the uterus The uterus is a hollow organ, usually about the size and shape of a medium-sized pear: ● The lower end of the uterus, which extends into the vagina, is the cervix. ● The upper part of the uterus is the body, also known as the corpus. The body of the uterus has 3 layers. ● The inner layer or lining is the endometrium. ● The serosa is the layer of tissue coating the outside of the uterus. ● In the middle is a thick layer of muscle known as the myometrium. This muscle layer is needed to push a baby out during childbirth. -
Male Urethral Cancer May Be Primary Or Secondary
Urethral cancer Male urethral cancer May be primary or secondary: primary rare; secondary commonly a/w urothelial carcinoma of the bladder Primary urethral carcinoma usually arises secondary to chronic irritation Urethral stricture Frequent STI/urethritis Presentation haematuria urethral bleeding persistent urethral stricture urethrocutaneous fistula Histology 80% squamous cell carcinoma (a/w HPV 16) 15% transitional cell carcinoma 5% other (adenoCa, melanoma etc.) Location 60% bulbomembranous 30% penile 10% prostatic Generally anterior urethral tumours do better than posterior urethral tumours Spread Anterior urethra – superficial and deep inguinal LNs (unlike penile carcinoma palpable LNs almost always metastatic) Posterior urethra – pelvic LNs Staging (UICC) Tx Tumour cannot be assessed T0 No evidence of primary tumour Tis CIS Ta Papillary, polypoid or verucoid tumour T1 Tumour invades subepithelial connective tissue T2 Tumour invades corpus spongiosum or prostate stroma T3 Corpus cavernosum, vagina or bladder neck T4 Other adjacent structures Nx Nodal disease cannot be assessed N0 No evidence of nodal disease N1 Metastasis to a single LN < 2cm N2 Metastasis to LN 2-5cm, or multiple LNs < 5cm N3 Metastasis to LN > 5cm Mx Distant mets cannot be assessed M0 No distant mets M1 Distant mets Tom Walton January 2011 1 Urethral cancer Management Depends on location and tumour stage: (i) Penile urethra Superficial (<T2) Transurethral resection Local excision and anastomosis Local excision and perineal urostomy Penis tip tumours may be treated