Ravirala Venkateshwarlu et al. / Journal of Pharmacy Research 2011,4(5),1423-1425 Review Article Available online through ISSN: 0974-6943 http://jprsolutions.info Phytochemistry and pharmacology of salvifolium: A review Ravirala Venkateshwarlu*1,,Dr. Akondi Butchi Raju2,Venu Gopal Yerragunta3 St. Peter’s institute of pharmaceutical sciences, Hanmakonda, Warangal (A.P)-506001. Received on: 05-12-2010; Revised on: 14-01-2011; Accepted on:09-03-2011 ABSTRACT Nowadays in the global scenario is supporting the development of modern drugs from less toxic products with proven medicinal properties. In , medicinal are widely used by people as folk remedies or in different indigenous systems of medicine like Siddha, Unani and Ayurveda. They are also used in the pharmaceutical preparations. The plant Alangium salvifolium is a small or , native to South India and Ceylon. It belongs to the Alangiaceae. All the parts Root, bark, , and possessed significant therapeutic value. Biologically active ingredients of alangium have diverse applications. These compounds belong to the natural products called flavinoids, glycosides, alkaloids, saponins. During the last three decades, apart from the chemistry of the alangiium compounds, considerable progress has been achieved regarding the medicinal applications and biological activity of alangium. It is considered as a valuable source of natural products for development of medicines against various diseases. This review gives a bird’s eye view mainly on distribution, phytochemistry, pharmacological activities of Alangium salvifolium plant extracts.

Key words: Alangium, Ceylon, Alangiaceae, Flavinoids, Glycosides, Alkaloids, Plant Extract. INTRODUCTION Medicinal plants are part of human society to combat diseases, from the dawn of civilization. are alangine A and B, lamarckinine, markindine and emetine. Ankorine alkaloid was isolated Alangium salvifolium is well known in india and its one of the most versatile medicinal plants from leaves4. It is a rich source of tetrahydroisoquinoline monoterpene glycoside. E.g. having a wide spectrum of biological activity. The name Alangium comes from the alangiside-1 or ipecoside-2 whose Tamil name Alangi and its toxominomic position is as follows: structures are closely related to the Kingdom: Plantae ipecac alkaloid5. Sterols alangol (m. Unranked: Angiosperms p. 296OC) and alengol (m. p. 302 - Unranked: 307OC) were isolated from ker- Unranked: nels6. Order: Family: (Alangiaceae) Three new phenolic glycosides, Genus: Alangium salviifosides A-C, and three known : salvifolium compounds salicin, kaempferol, and kaempferol 3-O-b-D-glucopyranoside Alangium salvifolium (Alangiaceae) is one of the most valuable drug in traditional system of were isolated from the leaves of medicine from ancient time. The genus contains of 17 species of small , and . (L.f.) 7 It has common names as Sage-leaved Alangium Wangerin . (English), Angol, Dhera () Ankolam 1-Salviifoside A (), and Urgu (Telugu). It is native to 2-Salviifoside B tropical , , Western Figure 2: Chemical Structures of Alangium salvifolium 3-Salviifoside C Compounds. Southern and western Pacific Ocean islands 4- Salicin Eastern (, , , 5-Kaempferol, and India, and )and . In 6-Kaempferol 3-O-b-D-glucopyranoside India, it is found throughout the Hyderabad forests and Sitamata wildlife sanctuary, MEDICINAL USES AND PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES: Rajasthan1. The plant Alangium salvifolium is Alangium salvifolium wang. is the only species used medicinally in India, China and Phillipines. small, shrub or deciduous tree may or may not The different parts of this plant are used different types of diseases. Root bark is an antidote for be armed. Leaves are alternate, usually unequal, several poisons for rabies. Fruits are sweet and its use to treat burning sensation, constipation 12.5-17cm long, 2.5-7.0 cm broad, oblong and haemorrhage. Stem barks exerts a biphasic action on the blood pressure in cats at lower lanceolate or oblong-oval, acute or rounded at Figure 1: Alangim salvifolium base, more or less acuminate and obtuse at apex with 3-6 pairs of very oblique veins which are Table 1: Different Activites of Alangium salvifolium prominent beneath, glabrous above and pubescent on veins above and beneath. are Part of plant Type of extract Activity Active constituents white or yellowish-white and fragrant. The flowers have 4-10 linear and 4-10 small . The 4-40 distributed in a single cycle. While the is drupe the is Leaves Aqueous and Anti Epileptic Alkaloids, Tannins, 2 Ethanol extract Triterpene, and Steroids bilocular (sometimes unilocular), fruits 1-2 seeded berries, crowned by the calyx lobes . It is Root Alcoholic and Antioxidant and Phenolic compounds anti-hypertensive, antidote for several poisons for rabies. Roots are used in rheumatism and Aqueous extracts anti microbial and Flavinoids inflammation as external application. Fruits are used in treatment of hemorrhages. Stem and leaves Methanolic Antidiabetic and Flavonoids,Terpenoids, hypoglycemic Alkaloids and Steroids PHYTOCHEMISTRY: Leaves Alcoholic extract Wound healing Alkaloids, Phenolic compounds and The different successive extracts so obtained were subjected to preliminary phytochemical Flavonoids Stem bark Petroleum ether, Anti arthritic Alkaloids, Steroids, Tannins screening by applying different qualitative testes for phytoconstituents. The different extracts Ethyl acetate, contained alkaloids (ipecac and benzopyridoquinolizidine) carbohydrates, phenolic compounds, Chloroform, flavonoids, amino acids and volatile oil. The presence of these phytoconstituents was con- Methanol extracts Flowers Antibacterial Methyl-1H-pyrimidine-2,4-dione firmed by TLC. Crude powder was in of greenish colour with bitter taste. water soluble ash, and 3-O-b-D-glucopyranosyl-(24ß)- Loss on drying, total ash, acid insoluble ash, were found to be 1.78,3.15, 8.54 and 0.431 % ethylcholesta-5,22,25-triene w/w respectively3. Stem bark Ethyl acetate, Antifertility Alkaloids, Steroids, Saponin and Chloroform and Flavonoids Aqueous extracts Previous phytochemical investigation revealed that the phytochemical constitutes of the plant juice Ethanolic extract Cardiac, alkaloids Root Anti inflammatory Phenolic glycosides, Salviifosides A,C and Salicin, Kaempferol, and Kaempferol 3-O-b-D- *Corresponding author. glucopyranoside Ravirala Venkateshwarlu Root bark Benzene and Ethyl Diuretic Flavonoids acetate extracts St. Peter’s Institute of Pharmaceutical Root Methanolic extract Analgesic and anti- - inflammatory Sciences, Hanmakonda, Root Aqueous and Anthelmentic - Warangal (A.P)-506001. Alcoholic extract Ground Lyophilized Antifungal Flavinoids, Glycosides, Alkaloids, Aqueous extract Saponins

Journal of Pharmacy Research Vol.4.Issue 5. May 2011 1423-1425 Ravirala Venkateshwarlu et al. / Journal of Pharmacy Research 2011,4(5),1423-1425 doses and marked hypotension in higher doses. The leaves are used as poultice in rheumatism. steroids, tannins and saponins and aqueous extract contains alkaloids, steroids and saponins. The plant has been reported for its anti-tubercular, anti-spasmodic and anti-cholinesterase Steroids are possess anti-inflammatory property; since these phytoconstituents are found in activity. This plant has been used for rheumatism as externally by the local people of Vellore plant extracts may have contributed for exhibited anti-arthritic activity by inhibiting the and Tirupattur districts in Tamilnadu8.Root bark as an anthelmintic, emetic, febrifuge, inflammation due to the Freund’s adjuvant (inflammagen)18. purgative and for the treatment of leprosy and other skin diseases9-12. The stem bark powered is used as externally for scabies, leprosy etc. The medicated oil is used externally and Antibacterial activity: internally with palm jaggery for syphilitic ulcers and scabies, gonorrhea. The seed oil used The flowers of Alangium salviifolium showed remarkable antibacterial activity against a internally with palm jaggery for leprosy. The seed oil used as fuel. Stem is used in vomiting number of Gram-positive (Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus megatrium, Staphylococcus aureus, and diarrhoea13. Previously the methanolic extract has been reported to possess antibacterial, Sarcina lutea, Streptococcus b-haemolyticus) and Gram-negative (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties14.Brief description of activities of Alangium aeruginosa, Shigella dysenteriae, Shigella flexneri, Shigella sonnei, Shigella shiga, Shigella salviifolium: boydii, Salmonella typhi, Klebsiella) bacterial species.1-Methyl-1H-pyrimidine-2,4-dione Anti Epileptic activity: and 3-O-b-D-glucopyranosyl-(24ß)-ethylcholesta-5,22,25-triene, isolated from the flowers of Epilepsy is one of the most common brain diseases in human. Epilepsy has been divided into Alangium salviifolium has shown antibacterial activity19. three types that are partial epilepsy (simple and complex), generalized symptomatic epilepsy and unclassified epilepsy. At neuronal level, seizures activity often occurs when glutamatergic Antifertility activity: excitatory neurotransmitters increases Gamma Amino Butyric Acid (GABA) mediated inhibi- Antiprogesterogenic activity of the Ethyl acetate, Chloroform and Aqueous extracts of Alangium tion. salvifolium wang. has been reported. It has produced abortifacient activity and less anti implantation activity. It indicates that the herbal drugs may have anti-progesterone effects. The ethanolic and aqueous extracts of leaves of Alangium salvifolium proved anticonvulsant Various extracts of the stem bark of Alangium salvifolium shown the presence of alkaloids, activity by delaying the onset of PTZ induced seizures and protecting treated mice from steroids, saponins and flavonoids, but, tannins and phenolic compounds were noticed only in mortality induced by seizures. The phytoconstituents such as tannins, triterpenes and steroids methanolic extract20. were reported as active substances for antiepileptic activity15. Cardiac activity: Antioxidant and anti microbial activity: Epinephrine and nor-epinephrine increases the heart rate and force of contraction. Epinephrine Free radicals generated due to imbalance in homeostatic phenomenon between oxidants and is a hormone, secreted by the adrenal medulla, in response to hypoglycemia. The extract of antioxidants in the body. The imbalance leads to oxidative stress that is the root cause of aging Alangium salviifolium had exhibited the hypoglycemic activity that indicates the release and and various human diseases like arteriosclerosis, stroke, diabetes, cancer and neurodegenerative potentiation of the action of epinephrine. The plant extract drastically increased the oxygen diseases such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinsonism. Plants and plant products play a significant demand and lead to tachycardia. The cardiotonic activity exhibited has positive ionotropic and role in preventing the excessive free radicals due to its antioxidant properties. Antioxidant chronotropic effects on an isolated frog’s heart probably due to the presence of alkaloids. The activities of the alcoholic and aqueous extracts from the root of Alangium salvifolium wang. characterization of the isolated compound is under progress based on structural studies; was reported. Antioxidant activity due to presence of phenolic compounds and flavanoids in moreover, it promises a lot of scope for further envisage on its cardiac activity21. alcoholic and aqueous extracts. Anti inflammatory activity: Antimicrobial activity of the alcoholic and aqueous extracts of Alangium salvifolium was The anti-in?ammatory activity of Alangium salvifolium was repoted against lipopolysaccha- reported. This activity evaluated against Gram positive and Gram negative ATCC (American ride (LPS)-induced murine macrophage cells line , this activity due to new phenolic glyco- Type Culture Collection) bacterial isolates, The isolates are: Bacillus cereus, Bacillus pumilus, sides, salviifosides A,C and salicin, kaempferol, and kaempferol 3-O-b-D-glucopyranoside7. Bacillus subtilis, Bordetella Staphylococcus epidermidis, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneu- monia), Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterococcus faecalis. The degree of susceptibility Diuretic activity: of alcoholic extract is in the order: Diuretic property of Benzene and Ethyl acetate extracts of Alangium salvifolium was evaluated against albino rats. For the evaluation of diuretic activity the method of Lipschitz et al, was S. dysenteries > S. aureus > E. aerogenes > S. typhi > E. coli. B. subtilis. employed. The diuretic activity of Alangium salvifolium may be due to the presence of In other hand degree of susceptibility of alcoholic extract is in the order: flavonoids in both the extracts22. E. aerogenes > S.typhi > S. dysenteries. > S. aureus. Analgesic and anti-inflammatory: The alcoholic extract and aqueous extract showed direct antimicrobial activity against all Analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of the Methanolic extract of Alangium salvifolium tested microorganism with minimum inhibitory concentration ranging between 0.130 to roots has been studied in animal models. The Methanolic extract showed significant dose- 0.520 mg/ml and 0.26 to 2.10 mg/ml, respectively. This activity due to presence of phenolic dependent inhibition of Carrageenan-induced rat paw edema. The extract also produced compounds and flavanoids in alcoholic and aqueous extracts16. marked analgesic activity14.

Hypoglycemic and Antidiabetic activity: Anthelmintic activity: Methanolic extract of Alangium salvifolium decreases serum glucose, insulin, triglyceride and Anthelmintic activity of the Aqueous and Alcoholic root extracts of Alangium salvifolium sub total cholesterol concentrations in dexamethasone-administered rats. Alangium salvifolium sp. hexapetalum were evaluated on adult earthworm, Pheritima posthuma (Indian variety) in leaves were found to contain flavonoids, terpenoids, alkaloids and steroids which are known vitro. The alcoholic extract was found to be less effective than the aqueous extract and the to be bioactive antidiabetic principles and its antioxidant properties17. activity was comparable with the reference drug, piperazine citrate23.

Wound healing activity: Antifungal activity: Wound is defined as disruption of anatomic/functional continuity of living tissue; the causative The antifungal activity of lyophilized aqueous extract of Alangium salviifolium subsp factors for wound may be physical, chemical thermal and electrical22. As a consequence, the hexapetalum has investigated on Dermatophytes, Candidia albicans. The inhibitory effect of affected tissue triggers responses that culminate in restoration of damaged living tissue. The lyophilized aqueous extract on dermatophytes was not significantly differs from that of the restoration process of disruptive tissues leads to wound healing23.Wound healing property of reference drug (ketaconazole) ,but differs against Candida albicans. In addition, lyophilized leaves of Alangium salvifolium was reported. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence extract has no induction of dermal irritability in rabbits24. of alkaloids, phenolic compounds and flavonoids. Flavonoids have been reported to possess potent antioxidant and free radical scavenging effect, which is believed to be one of the most CONCLUSION: important components of wound healing. Because of the enhanced wound healing may be due The Alangium salvifolium plant is the most inexpensive and providing good nutrition, but to free radical scavenging action of the plant, and enhanced level of antioxidant enzymes in also used to cure and prevent a lot of diseases. The multiple benefits of Alangium salvifolium granuloma tissue3. made it a miracle of nature. Numerous studies have been conducted on different parts of Alangium salvifolium, but this plant has not yet developed as a drug by pharmaceutical Anti arthritic activity: industries .More research work can be done on plant so that a drug with multifarious effects will The anti-arthritic activity of stem barks of Alangium salviifolium wang has been reported by be available in the future market. Freund’s adjuvant induced arthritis model. Petroleum ether, Ethyl acetate, Chloroform, Methanolic extracts of Alangium salvifolium have been exhibited significant anti-arthritic Alangium salviifolium bioactive components can be further developed into naturally based activity. All the extracts of Alangium salviifolium wang showed potent anti-arthritic activity cosmetic, externally used products and herbal drugs for treatment of dermatomycotic infec- and the potency of the activity follows the order: tions. Chloroform > Ethyl acetate > Aqueous > Petroleum ether > Methanol. The clinical studies with human subjects should be taken to investigate. Nutrient, bio- Phytochemical investigation revealed that Petroleum ether extract contains steroids, saponins availability and bio-toxicity, positive effects on infections tuberculosis effects are claimed by and flavonoids. Ethyl acetate extracts contains alkaloids, steroids, and flavonoids. Chloroform traditional medicine in regard to diseases, such as: diabetes and cardiac disease , antioxidant extract contains alkaloids, steroids, and saponins. Methanolic extract contains alkaloids, properties in fighting diseases, such as: heart disease, cancer and Alzheimer’s disease. Journal of Pharmacy Research Vol.4.Issue 5. May 2011 1423-1425 Ravirala Venkateshwarlu et al. / Journal of Pharmacy Research 2011,4(5),1423-1425 REFERENCES: Approach Drug Invention Today, 2, 2010, 381-384. 1. Jain A, Katewa SS, Galav PK, Sharma P, Medicinal plant diversity of Sitamata wildlife sanc 14. Porchezhian E, Ansari SH, S. Ahmad, Analgesic and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Alangium tuary , India. J Ethnopharmacol, 102, 2005, 143-157. salvifolium, Pharmaceutical Bio., 39, 2001, 65. 2. Nadkarni KM, Indian Materia Medica, Popular Prakashan Pvt. Ltd., India, 1,2000,59. 15. Ambawade SD, Kasture VS, Kasture SB, Anticonvulsant activity of roots and rhizomes of 3. Inayathulla, Karigar Asif A, Shariff WR, Wound healing property of alcoholic extract of leaves Glycyrrhiza glabra. Indian J Pharmacol., 34, 2002, 251-255. of Alangium salvifolium, Journal of Pharmacy Research, 3, 2010,2 67-269. 16. Vineet CJ, Patel NM, Dhiren P, Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities of Alangium salvifolium 4. Ramni VA, Jagajeevanram P, Kalaiselvi, Extraction and characterization of chromone from fat (L.F) Wang Root, Global Journal of Pharmacology, 4, 2010, 13-18. Alangium salvifolium, Asian J Chemistry, 15, 2003, 1693. 17. Kalarani D, Dinakar A, Senthilkumar N, Hypoglycemic and Antidiabetic activity of Alangium 5. Jain S, Sinha A, Bhakuni DS. The biosynthesis of beta- carboline and quinolizidine alkaloids of salvifolium wang in Alloxan Induced Diabetic Rats, Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Alangium lamarckii. Phytochemistry, 60, 2002, 853-859. Research,4, 2011,131-133. 6. Pakrashi SC, Mookerjee S, Samantha TB, Studies on Indian medicinal plant: The Non Alkaloidal 18. Jubie S,Jawahar N,Anti-Arthritic Activity Of Bark Extracts of Aalangium salviifolium wang, Rasayan constituents from the seed of Alangium lamarkii, Phytochemistry,7, 1968,461-466. J. Chem,1,2008,433-436. 7. Tran MH, Nguyen HD, Phenolic glycosides from Alangium salviifolium leaves with inhibitory 19. Adeeba Anjum, Ekramul Haque M, Antibacterial compounds from the flowers of Alangium activity on LPS-induced NO, PGE2, and TNF-a production,Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 19, 2009, salviifolium, Fitoterapia 73 (2002) 526–528. 4389–4393. 20. Murugan V, Shareef H, Anti-Fertility Activity of The Stem Bark of Alangium Salviifolium 8. Jubie S, Jawahar N, Anti-arthritic activity of bark extracts of Alangium salviifolium wang, Rasayan (Linn.F)Wang in Wistar Female Rats, Indian Journal of Pharmacology,32,2000,388-389. J. Chem, 1, 2008, 433-436. 21. Muralikrishna KS, Latha KP, Shreedhara CS, Vaidya VP and Krupanidhi AM, Effect of Bauhinia 9. Kirtikar KR, Basu BD, Indian medicinal plants II, 2nd edition, India, 1994, p.1236. purpurea Linn. on Alloxan-induced diabetic rats and isolated frog’s heart.Int J Green Pharm, 2, 10. Yusuf M, Chowdhury JU, Wahab MA, Begum J, Medicinal plants of Bangladesh, BCSIR Labora- 2008, 83-86. tories, Chittagong, Bangladesh, 1994, p.11. 22. Rajamanickam V, Rajasekaran A, Diuretic activity of Alangium salvifolium sub.sp.hexapetalum. 11. Duke JA, Dr Duke’s phytochemical and ethnobotanical databases, phytochemical database, USDA- The Int. J Alt. Med., 8, 2009. ARS-NGRL, Beltsville Agricultural Research Centre, Maryland, USA. 2000; available online at 23. Rajasekaran A, Rajamanickam V, Sivagnanam G, Anthelmintic activity of the root extract http:yywww.ars-grin.govycgi-binydukeyethnobot.pl. of Alangium salvifolium journal of tropical medicinal plants, 8, 2008. 12. Mosaddik MA, Kabir KE, Hassan P, Fitoterapia 71, 2000, p.447. 24. Mansuang W, Sompop Prathanturarug, Yuvadee Wongkrajang, Antifungal activity and local tox- 13. Goutam Kumar J, Anshita Gupta, Arpita Das, Herbal Treatment To Skin Diseases: A Global icity study of Alangium salviifolium subsp hexapetalum, Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health,33,2002,152-154 Source of support: Nil, Conflict of interest: None Declared

Journal of Pharmacy Research Vol.4.Issue 5. May 2011 1423-1425