Ravirala Venkateshwarlu et al. / Journal of Pharmacy Research 2011,4(5),1423-1425 Review Article Available online through ISSN: 0974-6943 http://jprsolutions.info Phytochemistry and pharmacology of Alangium salvifolium: A review Ravirala Venkateshwarlu*1,,Dr. Akondi Butchi Raju2,Venu Gopal Yerragunta3 St. Peter’s institute of pharmaceutical sciences, Hanmakonda, Warangal (A.P)-506001. Received on: 05-12-2010; Revised on: 14-01-2011; Accepted on:09-03-2011 ABSTRACT Nowadays in the global scenario is supporting the development of modern drugs from less toxic plant products with proven medicinal properties. In India, medicinal plants are widely used by people as folk remedies or in different indigenous systems of medicine like Siddha, Unani and Ayurveda. They are also used in the pharmaceutical preparations. The plant Alangium salvifolium is a small tree or shrub, native to South India and Ceylon. It belongs to the family Alangiaceae. All the parts Root, bark, leaves, seeds and fruits possessed significant therapeutic value. Biologically active ingredients of alangium have diverse applications. These compounds belong to the natural products called flavinoids, glycosides, alkaloids, saponins. During the last three decades, apart from the chemistry of the alangiium compounds, considerable progress has been achieved regarding the medicinal applications and biological activity of alangium. It is considered as a valuable source of natural products for development of medicines against various diseases. This review gives a bird’s eye view mainly on distribution, phytochemistry, pharmacological activities of Alangium salvifolium plant extracts. Key words: Alangium, Ceylon, Alangiaceae, Flavinoids, Glycosides, Alkaloids, Plant Extract. INTRODUCTION Medicinal plants are part of human society to combat diseases, from the dawn of civilization. are alangine A and B, lamarckinine, markindine and emetine. Ankorine alkaloid was isolated Alangium salvifolium is well known in india and its one of the most versatile medicinal plants from leaves4. It is a rich source of tetrahydroisoquinoline monoterpene glycoside. E.g. having a wide spectrum of biological activity. The genus name Alangium comes from the alangiside-1 or ipecoside-2 whose Tamil name Alangi and its toxominomic position is as follows: structures are closely related to the Kingdom: Plantae ipecac alkaloid5. Sterols alangol (m. Unranked: Angiosperms p. 296OC) and alengol (m. p. 302 - Unranked: Eudicots 307OC) were isolated from seed ker- Unranked: Asterids nels6. Order: Cornales Family: Cornaceae (Alangiaceae) Three new phenolic glycosides, Genus: Alangium salviifosides A-C, and three known Species: salvifolium compounds salicin, kaempferol, and kaempferol 3-O-b-D-glucopyranoside Alangium salvifolium (Alangiaceae) is one of the most valuable drug in traditional system of were isolated from the leaves of medicine from ancient time. The genus contains of 17 species of small trees, shrubs and lianas. Alangium salviifolium (L.f.) It has common names as Sage-leaved Alangium Wangerin7. (English), Angol, Dhera (Hindi) Ankolam 1-Salviifoside A (Malayalam), and Urgu (Telugu). It is native to 2-Salviifoside B tropical Australia, Madagascar, Western Africa Figure 2: Chemical Structures of Alangium salvifolium 3-Salviifoside C Compounds. Southern and western Pacific Ocean islands 4- Salicin Eastern Asia (China, Malaysia, Indonesia, 5-Kaempferol, and India, and Philippines)and New Caledonia. In 6-Kaempferol 3-O-b-D-glucopyranoside India, it is found throughout the Hyderabad forests and Sitamata wildlife sanctuary, MEDICINAL USES AND PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES: Rajasthan1. The plant Alangium salvifolium is Alangium salvifolium wang. is the only species used medicinally in India, China and Phillipines. small, shrub or deciduous tree may or may not The different parts of this plant are used different types of diseases. Root bark is an antidote for be armed. Leaves are alternate, usually unequal, several poisons for rabies. Fruits are sweet and its use to treat burning sensation, constipation 12.5-17cm long, 2.5-7.0 cm broad, oblong and haemorrhage. Stem barks exerts a biphasic action on the blood pressure in cats at lower lanceolate or oblong-oval, acute or rounded at Figure 1: Alangim salvifolium base, more or less acuminate and obtuse at apex with 3-6 pairs of very oblique veins which are Table 1: Different Activites of Alangium salvifolium prominent beneath, glabrous above and pubescent on veins above and beneath. Flowers are Part of plant Type of extract Activity Active constituents white or yellowish-white and fragrant. The flowers have 4-10 linear petals and 4-10 small sepals. The 4-40 stamens distributed in a single cycle. While the fruit is drupe the ovary is Leaves Aqueous and Anti Epileptic Alkaloids, Tannins, 2 Ethanol extract Triterpene, and Steroids bilocular (sometimes unilocular), fruits 1-2 seeded berries, crowned by the calyx lobes . It is Root Alcoholic and Antioxidant and Phenolic compounds anti-hypertensive, antidote for several poisons for rabies. Roots are used in rheumatism and Aqueous extracts anti microbial and Flavinoids inflammation as external application. Fruits are used in treatment of hemorrhages. Stem and leaves Methanolic Antidiabetic and Flavonoids,Terpenoids, hypoglycemic Alkaloids and Steroids PHYTOCHEMISTRY: Leaves Alcoholic extract Wound healing Alkaloids, Phenolic compounds and The different successive extracts so obtained were subjected to preliminary phytochemical Flavonoids Stem bark Petroleum ether, Anti arthritic Alkaloids, Steroids, Tannins screening by applying different qualitative testes for phytoconstituents. The different extracts Ethyl acetate, contained alkaloids (ipecac and benzopyridoquinolizidine) carbohydrates, phenolic compounds, Chloroform, flavonoids, amino acids and volatile oil. The presence of these phytoconstituents was con- Methanol extracts Flowers Antibacterial Methyl-1H-pyrimidine-2,4-dione firmed by TLC. Crude powder was in of greenish colour with bitter taste. water soluble ash, and 3-O-b-D-glucopyranosyl-(24ß)- Loss on drying, total ash, acid insoluble ash, were found to be 1.78,3.15, 8.54 and 0.431 % ethylcholesta-5,22,25-triene w/w respectively3. Stem bark Ethyl acetate, Antifertility Alkaloids, Steroids, Saponin and Chloroform and Flavonoids Aqueous extracts Previous phytochemical investigation revealed that the phytochemical constitutes of the plant Flower juice Ethanolic extract Cardiac, alkaloids Root Anti inflammatory Phenolic glycosides, Salviifosides A,C and Salicin, Kaempferol, and Kaempferol 3-O-b-D- *Corresponding author. glucopyranoside Ravirala Venkateshwarlu Root bark Benzene and Ethyl Diuretic Flavonoids acetate extracts St. Peter’s Institute of Pharmaceutical Root Methanolic extract Analgesic and anti- - inflammatory Sciences, Hanmakonda, Root Aqueous and Anthelmentic - Warangal (A.P)-506001. Alcoholic extract Ground wood Lyophilized Antifungal Flavinoids, Glycosides, Alkaloids, Aqueous extract Saponins Journal of Pharmacy Research Vol.4.Issue 5. May 2011 1423-1425 Ravirala Venkateshwarlu et al. / Journal of Pharmacy Research 2011,4(5),1423-1425 doses and marked hypotension in higher doses. The leaves are used as poultice in rheumatism. steroids, tannins and saponins and aqueous extract contains alkaloids, steroids and saponins. The plant has been reported for its anti-tubercular, anti-spasmodic and anti-cholinesterase Steroids are possess anti-inflammatory property; since these phytoconstituents are found in activity. This plant has been used for rheumatism as externally by the local people of Vellore plant extracts may have contributed for exhibited anti-arthritic activity by inhibiting the and Tirupattur districts in Tamilnadu8.Root bark as an anthelmintic, emetic, febrifuge, inflammation due to the Freund’s adjuvant (inflammagen)18. purgative and for the treatment of leprosy and other skin diseases9-12. The stem bark powered is used as externally for scabies, leprosy etc. The medicated oil is used externally and Antibacterial activity: internally with palm jaggery for syphilitic ulcers and scabies, gonorrhea. The seed oil used The flowers of Alangium salviifolium showed remarkable antibacterial activity against a internally with palm jaggery for leprosy. The seed oil used as fuel. Stem is used in vomiting number of Gram-positive (Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus megatrium, Staphylococcus aureus, and diarrhoea13. Previously the methanolic extract has been reported to possess antibacterial, Sarcina lutea, Streptococcus b-haemolyticus) and Gram-negative (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties14.Brief description of activities of Alangium aeruginosa, Shigella dysenteriae, Shigella flexneri, Shigella sonnei, Shigella shiga, Shigella salviifolium: boydii, Salmonella typhi, Klebsiella) bacterial species.1-Methyl-1H-pyrimidine-2,4-dione Anti Epileptic activity: and 3-O-b-D-glucopyranosyl-(24ß)-ethylcholesta-5,22,25-triene, isolated from the flowers of Epilepsy is one of the most common brain diseases in human. Epilepsy has been divided into Alangium salviifolium has shown antibacterial activity19. three types that are partial epilepsy (simple and complex), generalized symptomatic epilepsy and unclassified epilepsy. At neuronal level, seizures activity often occurs when glutamatergic Antifertility activity: excitatory neurotransmitters increases Gamma Amino Butyric Acid (GABA) mediated inhibi- Antiprogesterogenic activity of the Ethyl acetate, Chloroform and Aqueous extracts of Alangium