Dossier | Heroïneïne

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Dossier | Heroïneïne HEROdossier | heroïneÏNE v.u.: Frieda Matthys Vanderlindenstraat 15 | 1030 Brussel HEROÏNEdossier | heroïne Colofon Auteur Hilde Kinable, stafmedewerker VAD Geert Verstuyf, stafmedewerker VAD Met dank aan Jelissa Boiy – MSOC Het Veerhuis-Siddartha Jan Van Bouchaute - MSOC Gent Paul Van Deun - De Spiegel Rita Verrando - MSOC Limburg Lay-out cover EPO – drukkerij en vormgeving, Berchem Verantwoordelijke uitgever F. Matthys, Vanderlindenstraat 15, 1030 Brussel Wettelijk depotnummer: D/2010/6030/25 2010 VAD, Vereniging voor Alcohol- en andere Drugproblemen vzw Vanderlindenstraat 15, 1030 Brussel T 02 423 03 33 | F 02 423 03 34 | [email protected] | www.vad.be Alle rechten voorbehouden. Niets uit deze uitgave mag worden verveelvoudigd en/of openbaar gemaakt, in enige vorm of op enige wijze, zonder voorafgaande toestemming van VAD. Dossier heroïne 2010 p. 1 Inhoudstafel Inhoudstafel 1. Van papaver somniferum tot heroïne ................................................................ 7 1.1. OPIUM .......................................................................................................... 7 1.2. MORFINE ....................................................................................................... 7 1.3. HEROÏNE ....................................................................................................... 8 2. De geschiedenis van heroïne ........................................................................... 9 2.1. DE OUDHEID TOT DE MIDDELEEUWEN ..................................................................... 9 2.2. ZESTIENDE EEUW ............................................................................................. 9 2.3. ZEVENTIENDE EEUW .........................................................................................10 2.4. ACHTTIENDE EEUW ...........................................................................................10 2.5. NEGENTIENDE EEUW .........................................................................................10 2.6. TWINTIGSTE EEUW ...........................................................................................11 3. Het product heroïne ......................................................................................14 3.1. TERMINOLOGIE ...............................................................................................14 3.1. CHEMISCHE STRUCTUUR VAN HEROÏNE ....................................................................14 3.1. NEUROFARMACOLOGISCHE WERKING ......................................................................16 3.1.1 Opiaatreceptoren ................................................................................17 3.1.2 Excretie .............................................................................................19 3.1.1 Aantoonbaarheid .................................................................................19 4. Wijzen van gebruik .......................................................................................21 4.1. INJECTEREN ...................................................................................................21 4.2. CHINEZEN .....................................................................................................21 4.3. ANDERE WIJZEN VAN GEBRUIK .............................................................................21 5. Epidemiologie ...............................................................................................23 5.1. KANTTEKENING VOORAF .....................................................................................23 5.2. VLAANDEREN .................................................................................................23 5.2.1 Jongeren ............................................................................................23 5.2.2 Jongvolwassenen en volwassenen .........................................................24 5.2.3 Hulpvraag ..........................................................................................24 5.2.3.1. Categoriale hulpverlening ...................................................................24 5.2.3.2. Niet-categoriale hulpverlening ............................................................26 5.3. EUROPA .......................................................................................................27 5.3.1 Adolescenten en volwassenen (15-64 jaar) ............................................27 5.3.2 Injecterend gebruik .............................................................................27 5.3.3 Hulpvraag ..........................................................................................28 5.4. DRUGGERELATEERDE STERFTE ..............................................................................28 5.5. TRENDS .......................................................................................................28 5.5.1 Heroïnegebruik ...................................................................................28 5.5.2 Injecterend gebruik .............................................................................29 Dossier heroïne 2010 p. 3 Inhoudstafel 5.5.3 Druggerelateerde overlijdens ................................................................29 6. De illegale markt...........................................................................................30 6.1. BESCHIKBAARHEID VAN HEROÏNE OP DE EUROPESE MARKT ............................................30 6.2. VRAAG & AANBOD............................................................................................30 6.3. PRIJS ..........................................................................................................32 6.4. ZUIVERHEID ..................................................................................................33 7. Set en setting van heroïnegebruik ...................................................................34 7.1. BEGINNEN MET GEBRUIK ....................................................................................34 7.2. NA DE EERSTE KEER… .......................................................................................35 7.3. GEBRUIKSCARRIÈRE .........................................................................................36 7.4. TYPES VAN GEBRUIKERS .....................................................................................38 7.4.1 Gecontroleerd heroïnegebruik ...............................................................38 7.4.2 Misbruik en afhankelijkheid van heroïne .................................................39 7.4.2.1. De spiraal van stoppen & terugval .......................................................40 7.4.2.2. Injecteren ........................................................................................43 7.4.2.3. Polydruggebruik ................................................................................44 8. Effecten en risico's ........................................................................................45 8.1. WAT DE GEBRUIKER ERVAART ..............................................................................45 8.1.1 … bij heroïnegebruik ............................................................................45 8.1.2 … bij ontwenning van heroïne ...............................................................45 8.2. RISICO'S VAN HEROÏNEGEBRUIK ...........................................................................46 8.2.1 Afhankelijkheid en misbruik ..................................................................46 8.2.2 Lichamelijke risico's .............................................................................47 8.2.2.1. Overdosis ........................................................................................47 8.2.2.2. Seksualiteit en reproductie .................................................................49 8.2.2.2.1 Seksualiteitsbeleving .....................................................................49 8.2.2.2.2 Hormonale cycli ............................................................................49 8.2.2.2.3 Zwangerschap ..............................................................................49 8.2.2.2.4 Borstvoeding ................................................................................49 8.2.2.3. Besmettelijke ziektes .........................................................................50 8.2.2.1. Andere lichamelijke gezondheidsrisico's ...............................................50 8.2.2.2. Mortaliteit ........................................................................................50 8.3. PSYCHISCHE RISICO'S .......................................................................................51 8.3.1 Persoonlijkheidsstoornissen ..................................................................52 8.3.1.1. Antisociale persoonlijkheidsstoornis .....................................................52 8.3.1.2. Borderline persoonlijkheidsstoornis .....................................................52 8.3.2 Stemmingsstoornissen .........................................................................52 8.3.2.1. Bipolaire stoornis ..............................................................................52 8.3.2.2. Depressie .........................................................................................52 8.3.2.3. Suïcide ............................................................................................53 8.3.3 Angststoornissen ................................................................................53 Dossier heroïne 2010 p. 4 Inhoudstafel 8.3.4
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