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An Assessment of Studies of Human Fatigue in Land and Sea Transport

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An Assessment of Studies of Human Fatigue in Land and Sea Transport TØI report 1354/2014 Ross Owen Phillips An assessment of studies of human fatigue in land and sea transport Fatigue in Transport Report II TØI Report 1354/2014 An assessment of studies of human fatigue in land and sea transport Ross Owen Phillips This report is covered by the terms and conditions specified by the Norwegian Copyright Act. Contents of the report may be used for referencing or as a source of information. Quotations or references must be attributed to the Institute of Transport Economics (TØI) as the source with specific mention made to the author and report number. For other use, advance permission must be provided by TØI. ISSN 0808-1190 ISBN 978-82-480-1565-9 Electronic version Oslo, December 2014 Title: An assessment of studies of human fatigue in land Tittel: En vurdering av studier om trøtthet i land- og sjøtransport and sea transport Author: Ross Owen Phillips Forfatter: Ross Owen Phillips Date: 12.2014 Dato: 12.2014 TØI report: 1354/2014 TØI rapport: 1354/2014 Pages 98 Sider 98 ISBN Electronic: 978-82-480-1565-9 ISBN Elektronisk: 978-82-480-1565-9 ISSN 0808-1190 ISSN 0808-1190 Financed by: The Research Council of Norway Finansieringskilde: Norges forskningsråd Project: 3719 - Kunnskap om trøtthet og nedsatt Prosjekt: 3719 - Kunnskap om trøtthet og nedsatt vaktsomhet blant transportoperatører vaktsomhet blant transportoperatører Project manager: Prosjektleder: Quality manager: Torkel Bjørnskau Kvalitetsansvarlig: Torkel Bjørnskau Key words: Driver Emneord: Jernbane Fatigue Sjø Rail Trafikksikkerhet Road Trøtthet Safety Vei Sea Yrkessjåfør Tiredness Summary: Sammendrag: Despite technological developments, human operator fatigue Til tross for teknologisk fremgang, er trøtthet blant operatører fortsatt continues to threaten safe transport by road, sea, rail and air. en vesentlig trussel mot sikker transport. Denne rapporten har som The current report hopes to help improve research progress mål å bidra til mer og bedre forskning samt økt anvendelse av and application by reviewing research on fatigue in operators forskningsbasert kunnskap om trøtthet i transport. Rapporten går working in road, sea and rail, and assessing its quality (i) in gjennom og vurderer en rekke internasjonale studier på trøtthet i relation to a broad operationalization of fatigue; and (ii) by vei-, jernbane- og sjøtransport. Studiene vurderes ut fra en bred structuring the findings using a fatigue-risk trajectory. The operasjonalisering av begrepet «fatigue», noe som er nødvendig for review finds that while the focus of studies is influenced by the fullt ut å forstå og håndtere problemstillingene rundt trøtthet. Mange transport sector of interest, there is good coverage of the av studiene ser på effektene av arbeidstid på søvn, søvnighet og effects of working time on sleep, sleepiness and experienced opplevd trøtthet. Imidlertid er forståelsen av trøtthet i transport fatigue. However, progress towards an understanding of fatigue begrenset av at man ofte bruker ulike og for smale definisjoner av in transport is restricted by a range of different but narrow «fatigue». Viktige faktorer som kan bidra til trøtthet, er ofte oversett, conceptualisations of the construct. Important contributors and og det samme gjelder viktige konsekvenser av trøtthet. Rapporten outcomes to fatigue have also been overlooked. Our anbefaler å anvende et standard målebatteri som kan brukes for å recommendations include that future studies employ a standard måle ulike aspekter av trøtthet. Det anbefales også at framtidig test battery for broader fatigue, and that they account for forskning i større grad tar hensyn til belastninger og muligheter for recovery from work during non-work life and the longer-term hvile som arbeidstakere har i livet utenfor arbeid. Framtidige studier safety impacts of operator burnout. Better management of the bør også vurdere langsiktige sikkerhetsmessige effekter av trøtthet risks of fatigue in transport requires that future studies address og utbrenthet. Bedre risikostyring i transport forutsetter at framtidige important knowledge gaps by attending to the broader concept studier anvender en slik bredere forståelse av trøtthet for å bøte på of fatigue. svakhetene i de foreliggende studiene. Language of report: English This report is available only in electronic version. Rapporten utgis kun i elektronisk utgave. Institute of Transport Economics Transportøkonomisk Institutt Gaustadalleen 21, 0349 Oslo, Norway Gaustadalleen 21, 0349 Oslo Telefon 22 57 38 00 - www.toi.no Telefon 22 57 38 00 - www.toi.no Copyright © Transportøkonomisk Institutt Denne publikasjonen er vernet i henhold til Åndsverkloven av 1961 Ved gjengivelse av materiale fra publikasjonen, må fullstendig kilde oppgis An assessment of studies of human fatigue in land and sea transport Preface This is the second report from the project «Fatigue in Transport» (FiT), which has been carried out within the TRANSIKK programme («Transportsikkerhet») of the Research Council of Norway. The main objective of the FiT project is to increase what we know about fatigue in human transport operators in the road, maritime and rail sectors in Norway. The first report from the FiT project was issued as TØI Report 1351/2014, with the title “What is fatigue and how does it affect the safety performance of human transport operators?”. This was an account of how fatigue can be operationalised in order to study its prevalence and effects in human operators of land and sea transport. The present report uses the findings from the first report as the basis for assessment of applied international studies of human fatigue in road, rail and sea transport. By summarising the methodology and findings of studies conducted out across transport sectors, it also identifies conclusions about common findings, knowledge gaps, and ways forward for research and practice in the field of transport operator fatigue. The remainder of the FiT project will attempt to apply some of these conclusions to the study of fatigue in Norwegian transport operators. The project manager and report author, Ross Owen Phillips, wishes to thank Torkel Bjørnskau, Fridulv Sagberg, and Tor-Olav Nævestad for comments and discussions in the development of the report, and Trude Rømming who has been involved in editing the report and preparing it for publication. Torkel Bjørnskau has quality assured the report. TØI also wishes to thank FiT Reference Group – Margareta Lützhöft, Ebba Wergeland, Emma Wadsworth and Anne Kari Rasmussen – for their contribution at the outset of this report. Oslo, December 2014 Institute of Transport Economics (TØI) Gunnar Lindberg Torkel Bjørnskau Managing Director Chief Research Political Scientist An assessment of studies of human fatigue in land and sea transport Contents Sammendrag Summary 1. Introduction ................................................................................................ 1 1.1 Assessing fatigue studies ...................................................................................... 1 1.1.1 What is fatigue? ....................................................................................... 2 1.1.2 Fatigue and sleepiness ............................................................................ 3 1.1.3 Conceptualizing the fatigue process .................................................... 3 1.1.4 Other ways to conceptualise fatigue .................................................... 4 1.1.5 Causes of fatigue ..................................................................................... 4 1.1.6 Outcomes of fatigue .............................................................................. 5 1.2 Basis of study assessment .................................................................................... 6 1.3 Assessing knowledge gaps and lessons learned ............................................... 7 1.4 Assessing implications for practice .................................................................... 7 2 Aims........................................................................................................... 10 2.1 Report structure .................................................................................................. 10 3 Method and scope ..................................................................................... 11 3.1 Strategy ................................................................................................................. 11 3.2 Study inclusion criteria ....................................................................................... 11 3.3 Study retrieval...................................................................................................... 12 3.4 Caveat ................................................................................................................... 12 4 Description of studies ............................................................................... 13 4.1 Road ..................................................................................................................... 13 4.1.1 Contributors and outcomes studied .................................................. 13 4.1.2 Populations studied .............................................................................. 14 4.1.3 Data collection and methods .............................................................. 15 4.1.4 Operationalization of the fatigue state .............................................. 15 4.1.5 Findings ................................................................................................
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