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Challenges for Marine Botanical Research in East Africa: Results of a ,Bibliometric Survey

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Challenges for Marine Botanical Research in East Africa: Results of a ,Bibliometric Survey South AtnCRIl Journal of Botany 2001 67 4 11-419 Copyright © NISC Ply Ltd Pnnted III South Afffca ~ All fights reserved SOUTH AFRICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY ISSN 0254-6299 Minil'eview Challenges for marine botanical research in East Africa: Results of a ,bibliometric survey PLA Erftemeijer', AK Semesi" and CA Ochieng Department of Botany, University of Dar es Salaam, PO Box 35060, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania * Corresponding author, e·mail: [email protected] Received 7 January 2001 , accepted in revised form 5 June 2001 A bibliometric review was made of published and grey literature - obtained from various institutions and literature on marine botanical research in the Western libraries operating in this region - were systematically Indian Ocean (1950-2000) to evaluate the current status analysed to provide a diagnosis of strengths and weak­ of marine botanical research in the East African region. nesses in the marine botanical research in the region to All literature references indexed in Aquatic Sciences date. The results of the analysis are discussed in order and Fisheries Abstracts, Life Sciences Collection, and to identify the main challenges to be faced as a solid other computerised databases, as well as annual basis for future research efforts in marine botany in the reports, bibliographies, web-sites, review articles, East African region. cross-references, papers and reports published in grey Introduction Material and Methods Mari ne botanical research activities in the Western Indian Ocean region have increased si gnificantly over the past two A review is provided of the current status of marine botani­ decades, contributing to a growing awareness and cal research Ihrough a bi bl iometric survey of the literature enhanced understan ding of the important values and func· produced over the period 1950-2000, The bibliometric study tions of the main primary produce rs in the coastal ecosys­ involved a search for all publications produced on marine tems of thi s reg ion (UNEP 1982) , Whereas a major propor­ botanical research in East Africa between 1950 and 2000, tion of the research has been descriptive, focusing on the Marine botanical research was interpreted broadly as any distribution and general biology of mangrove, seaweed and research on mangroves, seaweeds, seagrasses, salt marsh­ seagrass plants and microalgae, more recent research has es, phytoplankton, or benthic microalgae (Dawes 1998), diversified its atten tion to include various other more quanti­ including research on associated fauna and studies on their tative and applied research topics (Bjork et ai, 1996). conservation, management and utilisation. The East African Throughout the region, increasing efforts are underway for region (or Western Indian Ocean) was considered to include coastal zone management, mangrove rehabilitation and Somalia, Kenya, Tanzania, Mozambique, Madagascar, marine conservation (e.g . Tanzania Coastal Management Seychelles, Comoros, Mauritius and Reunion. Partnership 1999), which call for a solid scientific knowledge The litera ture search was conducted from computerised base. Yet, new research initiated without a thorough review databases on CD-ROM (such as 'Aquatic Sciences and of past and recent research outputs may lead to a deficien· Fisheries Abstracts' and 'Life Sciences Collection'), library cy in the relevance of the knowledge being produced catalogues and collections at University of Dar es Salaam (Hatcher et ai, 1989), The present review 01 the current sta­ and RECOSCIX-WIO (based at KMFRI , Mombasa), bibli­ tus 01 marine botanical research (1950-2000) in the Eastern ographies and review papers (e,g, Roll et 1981, Erftemeijer African region was made to provide a diagnosis of its 1994, Semesi 2000), web-sites (e,g, of VUB and SAREC), strengths and weaknesses, with the aim of identifying the lists of publications in annual reports of research institutes main research challenges to be faced to assist in the devel­ and universities (incl. Ruwa 1995) , proceedings from local opment of a solid basis for the management, conservation and international symposia and workshops, and personal lit­ and wise use of the marine bo tanical res ources in this erature collections of the authors. Additional literature refe r­ region . ences were obtained through cross·reference checks an d by II> Deceased 412 ErftemelJer, $emesi and OChieng posting out requests on the seagrass and mangrove Tanzania and Kenya accounting for 76% of all marine botan­ research internet discussion lists. All literature was consid· ical research efforts in this region (Figu re 2). A significant ered, including publications in peer-reviewed international proportion (30%) of all papers were published in internation­ scientific journals, national and loca l journals, university the­ al, peer-reviewed scientific journals (Figure 3), but most ses , workshop and symposium proceedings, technical research was published in other more restrictive outlets, reports, and other grey literature. Substantial effort was such as technical reports (21%). workshop and conference made to ensure a search for literature references that was proceedings (20%), national and local journals (13%), uni­ as complete as possible, yet it is inevitable that several versity theses (11%) and book chapters (4 %). Whereas the reports and papers, especially those with a limited distribu­ overwhelming majority (93%) of all publications were in tion , have escaped our attention. English, 4% used French and 3% other languages For all references collected , the year of publication , coun­ (Portuguese, Dutch, Italian and German) to disseminate try of study, plant type studied, origin of authors, type of pub­ research findings. licalion, the approach used in the study, and its research Although the international scientific publications are dis­ lopic was recorded. The methodology used in this bibliomel­ tributed over 54 in ternational journals, Ihey are highly con­ ric survey largely followed that used by Duarte (1999). Data centrated in a few of them (50% in 6 journals). Hydrobiologia were processed in simple Excel spreadsheets. Records for (1 6%) and AMBIO (10%) clearly stand out as the leading the year 2000 are likely to be underestimated in this study journals, together printing nearly one-quarter of all papers. (and hence omitted from some of the graphs and interpreta­ Journal of Experimental Marine Biology & Ecology (7%), tions), because not all papers had been published or Aquatic Botany (7%), Botanica Marina (5%) and Marine indexed at the time the search was conducted (October Ecology Progress Series (5%) are also important outlets of 2000). The complete bibliography of all references used in research on marine botany in East Africa. Seven scientific this study (Erftemeijer and Semesi 2000) can be accessed meetings (out of a total of 32) accou nt for 67% of all papers at Ihe following web site: published in conference proceedings. The Journal 01 the http://science.udsm.ac.tzlhomeibotanyiindex.html. East African Natural History Society (7 papers) and the University Science Journal (Dar University) (7 papers; con­ Results tinued as Tanzania Journal of Science) hold 23% of all pub­ lications in a tolal of 39 local journals. General results Most (51%) of all papers had an East African senior author, but non-African scientis ts published 37% of all the A total of 478 papers were retrieved in the search. The bib­ papers as senior authors without any African co-authors, liometric analysis clearly showed an exponential increase in and 12% of all papers in collaboration with one or more the scientific production, with a doubling of the annual publi­ African scientists as co-authors (Figure 4). The number of cation rate every two years since the mid-1980s (Figure 1). publications by African scientists increased steadily, most A strong geographical imbalance was observed, with notably over the past 20 years. African scientists started 50 200 45 • 1 200 180 40 '6' '60 0 0 ...j 0 ~ 35 .., • 0 '" •~ ~ 8. 30 , • '" , § 100 •c '" .2 25 • ~ ;; I ..:;; BO .~ , J5 •• ~ 60 , 20 • 0 0- z 40 33 35 ci • 26 z 15 20 8 7 J' 2 10 • 0 0 0 0 D 0 5 •• • ••• J'. • • ...... J' -• 0 .. 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 Figure 1: Annual scientific productivity (in number of new publica­ Figure 2: The number of papers published in the period 1950- 2000 tions per year) of marine botanical research in East Africa in the on marine botanical research carried out in th e 9 different East period 1950- 2000 African countries. (The category 'East Africa' caters for papers deal­ ing with th e region in general) South African Journal of Botany 2001. 67: 411 - 419 413 160 1 145 i 140 i 24 5 120 I 250 102 .---- , 96 0- Q ~ 200 ': I 176 61 ,-- 60 ! :i: I n 53 ~ 150 40 I :; 1: 21 E, 20 '", z "a.. 100 o zci 11~ 57 i ;-- 50 I I o L--L__ ~ ____L- __L- __~ __~ ~i Afncan Non-African Figure 3: The number of papers on marine botany in East Africa Figure 4: The number of papers on marine botany in East Africa pub li shed in th e period 1950- 2000 in different types of publications published in the period 1950-2000 by senior authors of different ori­ gin. (Africa: senior author is of East Afri can origin; Non-African: sen­ Io r author as well as all co-authors are of non-African origin; Co­ publishing in international journals in 1986, and are increas­ authored: senior author is of non-African origin but co-authors ingly using international journals to publish their research include al !eas t one of East African origin) findings relatively in proportion (up to 25% at present) to their total research output (Figure 5) . By far the majority (56%) of marine botanical studies in sis, showing an exponential increase in the number of pub­ this region focussed on mangroves. Research on seaweeds lications on mangroves since the 19805, with research car­ accounted for 20% of a ll publications, while only 9% of the ried out primarily in Tanzania (43%) and Kenya (43%) , pub­ papers dealt with seagrasses and 5% with phytoplankton lished by African (47%) and non-African (40%) scientists, or and microbenthic algae (Figure 6).
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