Selected Bibliography

Books and Articles in English and European Languages

Abisaab, Rula Jurdi. Converting Persia: Religion and Power in the Safavid Empire. London: I. B. Tauris, 2004. Abrahamian, Ervand. A History of Modern . Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2008. ———. Iran between Two Revolutions . Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1982. ———. Khomeinism: Essays on the Islamic Republic. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1993. Afary, Janet and Kevin B. Anderson. Foucault and the : Gender and the Seductions of Islamism . Chicago: Chicago University Press, 2005. Aghajanian, Akbar. “Population Policy, Fertility and Family Planning in Iran.” In Fertility Policies of Asian Countries , edited by K. Mahadevan, 228–247. New Delhi: Sage Publications, 1989. Ahmadi, Fereshteh. “Islamic Feminism in Iran: Feminism in a New Islamic Context,” Journal of Feminist Studies in Religion 22, no. 2 (2006): 33–53. Ahmadi Khorasani, Noushin. Iranian Women’s One Million Signatures: Campaign for Equality, the Inside Story . Washington, DC: Women’s Learning Partnership, 2009. Amanat, Abbas. Apocalyptic Islam and Iranian Shi’ism . London and New York: I. B. Tauris, 2009. Amir-Ebrahimi, Masserat. “Blogging from Qom: Behind Walls and Veils,” Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East 28, no. 2 (2008): 235–249. ———. “Une Révolution et deux jeunesses,” Les Cahiers de l’Orient no. 60 (2000): 111–123. Amuzegar, Jahangir. Iran’s Economy under the Islamic Republic . London and New York: I. B. Tauris, 1993. ———. “Islamic Social Justice, Iranian Style,” Middle East Policy Journal XIV, no. 3 (2007): 60–78. Anonymous . An Analysis of the Population Situation in the Islamic Republic of Iran. : UNFPA, 1993. Ansari, Ali. “Iranian Nationalism Rediscover ed.” In The Middle East Institute Viewpoints Special Edition: The Iranian Revolution at 30 . Washington, DC: The Middle East Institute, 2009. Arjomand, Said Amir. After Khomeini: Iran under His Successors. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2009. ———. “The Law, Agency, and Policy in Medieval Islamic Society: Development of the Institutions of Learning from Tenth to the Fifteenth Century,” Comparative Studies in Society and History 41, no. 2 (April 1999): 263–293. ———. The Turban for the Crown: The Islamic Revolution in Iran. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 1988. 168 SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY

Asgharzadeh, Alireza. Iran and the Challenge of Diversity: Islamic Fundamentalism, Aryanist Racism, and Democratic Struggles . New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007. Ashraf, Ahmad and Ali Banuazizi. “The State, Classes, and Modes of Mobilization in the Iranian Revolution,” State, Culture, and Society 1, no. 3 (Spring 1985): 3–40. Atabaki, Touraj. “Ethnic Diversity and Territorial Integrity of Iran,” Iranian Studies 31, no. 1 (2005): 23–44. Bakhash, Shaul. The Reign of the Ayatollahs: Iran and the Islamic Revolution. London and New York: I. B. Tauris, 1985. Baktiari, Bahman. Parliamentary Politics in Revolutionary Iran: The Institutionalization of Factional Politics . Gainesville, FL: University Press of Florida, 1996. Balandier, Georges. Anthropo-logique . Paris: Librairie générale française, 1985. Basmenji, Kaveh. Tehran Blues: Youth Culture in Iran . London: Saqi Books, 2006. Bayart, Jean-François. “Jeux de pouvoir à Teheran,” Politique internationale 82 (Winter 1998–1999): 107–122. Bayat, Asef. Street Politics: Poor People’s Movements in Iran. New York: Columbia University Press, 1997. Behdad, Sohrab. “From Populism to Economic Liberalism: The Iranian Predicament.” In The Economy of Iran: Dilemmas of an Islamic State, edited by Parvin Alizadeh, 100–149. London and New York: I. B. Tauris, 2000. Behnam, Djamshid. “Familles nucléaires et groupement de parenté en Iran,” Extrait de Diogène 76 (1971): 124–141. Behrooz, Maziar. Rebels with a Cause: The Failure of the Left in Iran. London and New York: I. B. Tauris, 1999. Bennani-Chraibi, Mounia and Olivier Fillieule, eds., Résistances et protestations dans les sociétés musulmanes . Paris: Presses de Sciences Po, 2003. Bessis, Sophie. Les Arabes, les femmes, la liberté. Paris: Albain Michel, 2007. Bromberger, Christian. “Islam et révolution en Iran : quelques pistes pour une lecture,” Revue de l’Occident musulman et de la Méditerranée 29 (1980): 109–130. Brumberg, Daniel. Reinventing Khomeini: The Struggle for Reform in Iran . Chicago: Chicago University Press, 2001. Bucar, Elizabeth M. and Roja Fazaeli. “Free Speech in Weblogistan? The Offline Consequences of Online Communication,” International Journal of Middle East Studies 40, no. 3 (2008): 403–419. Chelkowski, Peter and Hamid Dabashi. Staging a Revolution: The Art of Persuasion in the Islamic Republic of Iran . New York: New York University Press, 1999. Chubin, Shahram. “Iran and the Persian Gulf States.” In The Iranian Revolution and the Muslim World , edited by David Menashri, 73–84. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1990. Cole, Juan. The Ayatollahs and Democracy in Iraq . Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2006. Connor, Walker. “Beyond Reason: The Nature of the Ethno-national Bond.” In Ethnicity , edited by J. Hutchinson and A. D. Smith, 69–74. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 1996. Cottam, Richard. Nationalism in Iran: Updated through 1978, rev. ed., Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1979. Coville, Thierry, ed., L’économie de l’Iran islamique: Entre l’état et le marché. Tehran: Institut français de recherche en Iran, 1994. Dabashi, Hamid. Iran, the Green Movement and the USA: The Fox and the Paradox . New York: Zed Books, 2010. Ehsani, Kaveh. “Survival through Dispossession: Privatization of Public Goods in the Islamic Republic,” Middle East Report 39, no. 250 (Spring 2009): 26–33. SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY 169

Ehteshami, Anoushiravan and Mahjoob Zweiri. Iran and the Rise of Its Neoconservatives: The Politics of Tehran’s Silent Revolution . London and New York: I. B. Tauris, 2007. Elling, Rasmus C. “State of Mind, State of Order: Reactions to Ethnic Unrest in the Islamic Republic of Iran,” Studies in Ethnicity and Nationalism 8, no. 3 (2008): 481–501. Fargues, Philippe. “Changing Hierarchies of Gender and Generation in the Arab World.” In Family, Gender, and Population in the Middle East: Policies in Context , edited by Carla Makhlouf-Obermeyer, 179–198. Cairo: The American University of Cairo Press, 1995. ———. “La femme dans les pays arabes: vers une remise en cause du système patriarcal?” Population & Sociétés no. 387 (2003): 1–4. Farhi, Farideh. “Crafting a National Identity Amidst Contentious Politics in Contemporary Iran,” Iranian Studies 38, no. 1 (2005): 7–22. ———. “Iran’s 2008 Majlis Elections: The Game of Elite Competition,” Middle East Brief May 29, 2008. ———. “Religious Intellectuals, the ‘Woman Question,’ and the Struggle for the Creation of a Democratic Public Sphere in Iran.” In Intellectuals in Post-Revolutionary Iran , edited by Ahmad Ashraf and Ali Banuazizi, special issue, International Journal of Politics, Culture and Society 15, no. 2 (Winter 2001): 315–339. Farzin, Y. Hossein. “Foreign Exchange Reform in Iran: Badly Designed, Badly Managed,” World Development 23, no. 6 (1995): 987–1001. Fathi, Nazila and Robert F. Worth. “Clerics’ Call for Removal Challenges Iran Leader,” New York Times August 17, 2009. Foucault, Michel. “Questions of Method.” In The Foucault Effect: Studies in Governmentality, edited by Graham Burchill, Colin Gordon, and Peter Miller, 73–86. London: Harverster Wheatsheaf, 1991. Gauthier, Madeleine. “L’âge des jeunes: un fait social instable,” Lien social et politique 43 (2000): 23–32. Ghamari-Tabrizi, Behrooz, Mansour Bonakdarian, Nasrin Rahimieh, Ahmad Sadri, and Ervand Abrahamian. “ Editors’ Introduction.” In “The Iranian Revolution Turns Thirty,” special issue, Radical History Review 2009, no. 105 (Fall 2009): 1–12. Gheissari, Ali and Vali Nasr. Democracy in Iran: History and the Quest for Liberty . Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2006. Gheytanchi, Elham and Babak Rahimi. “The Politics of Facebook in Iran,” Open Democracy June 1, 2009. Halm, Heinz. Shi’ism . Translated by Janet Watson and Marian Hill. New York: Columbia University Press, 2004. Hashemi, Nader and Danny Postel, eds., The People Reloaded: The Green Movement and the Struggle for Iran’s Future . New York: Melville House Publishing, 2010. Héritier, Françoise. “Vers un nouveau rapport des catégories du masculin et du féminin.” In Contraception: Contrainte ou Liberté? edited by E. E. Beaulieu, F. Héritier, and H. Leridon, 37–52. Paris: Odile Jacob, 1999. Holliday, Shabnam. “The Politicization of Culture and Contestation of Iranian National Identity in Khatami’s Iran,” Studies in Ethnicity and Nationalism 7, no. 1 (2007): 27–45. Hoodfar, Homa. “Activism under the Radar: Volunteer Health Workers in Iran,” Middle East Report 39, no. 250 (Spring 2009): 56–60. Hourcade, Bernard. “Iran: Revolution islamiste ou tiers-mondiste?” Hérodote 36 (1985): 138–158. ———. “Vaqf et modernité en Iran: Les agro-business de l’Astan-e qods de Mashhad.” In Entre l’Iran et l’Occident: Adaptation et assimilation des idées occidentales en Iran , edited by Yann Richard, 117–141. Paris: Editions de la Maison des Sciences de l’Homme, 1989. 170 SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY

Hourcade, Bernard and Farhad Khosrokhavar. “La bourgeoisie iranienne ou le contrôle de l’appareil de spéculation,” Revue Tiers Monde 31, no. 124 (1990): 877–898. Hunter, Shireen. Iran after Khomeini . New York: Praeger, 1992. Kamrava, Mehran. “The Civil Society Discourse in Iran,” British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies 28, no. 2 (2001): 165–185. ———. Iran’s Intellectual Revolution. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2008. Kashani-Sabet, Firoozeh. “Cultures of Iranian-ness: The Evolving Polemic of Iranian Nationalism.” In Iran and the Surrounding World: Interactions in Culture and Politics , edited by Nikki Keddie and Rudi Mathhee, 162–181. Seattle, WA: University of Washington Press, 2002. Katouzian, Homa. Iranian History and Politics: The Dialectic of State and Society . London and New York: Routledge, 2003. Keddie, Nikki. “The Minorities Question in Iran.” In The Iran-Iraq War: New Weapons, Old Conflicts , edited by Shireen Tahir-Kheli and Shaheen Ayubi, 85–108. New York: Praeger, 1995. Keyhani, Mohammad and Saeed Jafari Moghadam. “Language Barriers to Meme Contagion: The Case of Entrepreneurship as a Concept in Iran,” Social Science Research Network May 28, 2008, http://ssrn.com/abstract=1145647. Khalaji, Mehdi. “The Last Marja: Sistani and the End of Traditional Religious Authority in Shi’ism.” Policy Focus no. 59 (September 2006), Washington, DC: Washington Institute for Near East Policy. Khosrokhavar, Farhad. “Le nouvel individu en Iran.” Cahiers d’études sur la Méditerranée orientale et le monde turco-iranien 26 (1998): 125–155. Khosrokhavar, Farhad and Amir Nikpey. Avoir vingt ans au pays des ayatollahs: vivre dans la ville sainte de Qom . Paris: Robert Laffont, 2009. Khosrokhavar, Farhad and Olivier Roy. Iran: comment sortir d’une révolution religieuse . Paris: Seuil, 1999. Ladier-Fouladi, Marie. “The Fertility Transition in Iran,” Population: An English Selection 9 (1997): 191–214. ———. Iran: un monde de paradoxes. Nantes: Atalante, 2009. ———. Population et politique en Iran: De la monarchie à la République islamique . Les Cahiers de l’INED, no. 150. Paris: INED-PUF, 2003. Ladier-Fouladi, Marie, Jean-Claude Chasteland, and Youssef Courbage. Famille et fécon- dité à Shiraz. Dossiers et Recherches, no. 60. Paris: INED, 1996. Levitsky, Steven and Lucan Way. “The Rise of Competitive Authoritarianism,” Journal of Democracy 13, no. 2 (April 2002): 51–65. Lust, Ellen. ”Competitive Clientelism in the Middle East,” Journal of Democracy 20, no. 3 (July 2009): 122–135. Mahdavi, Pardis. Passionate Uprisings: Iran’s Sexual Revolution . Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2009. Maloney, Suzanne. “Identity and Change in Iran’s Foreign Policy.” In Identity and Foreign Policy in the Middle East, edited by Shibley Telhami and Michael Barnett, 88–116. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2002. Mashayekhi, Mehrdad. “The Politics of Nationalism.” In Iran: Political Culture in the Islamic Republic , edited by Samih Farsoun and Mehrdad Mashayekhi, 56–79. London and New York: Routledge, 1992. Al Massawi, Zein. “Spéculation et marché noir: L’état au quotidien,” Peuples méditer- ranéans 29 (1984): 85–90. Mehran, Golnar. “The Presentation of the ‘Self’ and the ‘Other’ in Postrevolutionary Iranian School Textbooks.” In Iran and the Surrounding World: Interactions in SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY 171

Culture and Politics, edited by Nikki Keddie and Rudi Mathee, 232–253. Seattle, WA: University of Washington Press, 2002. Menashri, David, ed., The Iranian Revolution and the Muslim World . Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1990. ———. Post-Revolutionary Politics in Iran: Religion, Society and Power. London: Frank Cass , 2001. Mir-Hosseini, Ziba. “Broken Taboos in Post-Election Iran,” Middle East Report Online December 17, 2009, http://www.merip.org/mero/mero121709.html. ———. Islam and Gender: The Religious Debate in Contemporary Iran. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1999. Mir-Hosseini, Ziba and Richard Tapper. Islam and Democracy in Iran: Eshkevari and the Quest for Reform . London and New York: I. B. Tauris, 2006. Mirsepassi, Ali. Democracy in Modern Iran: Islam, Culture and Political Change . New York: New York University Press, 2010. Moin, Baqer. Khomeini: Life of the Ayatollah . New York: Thomas Dunne Books, 2000. Momen, Moojan. An Introduction to Shi’i Islam: The History and Doctrines of Twelver Shi’ism . New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1987. Moslem, Mehdi. Factional Politics in Post-Revolutionary Iran . Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 2002. Naji, Kasra. Ahmadinejad: The Secret History of Iran’s Radical Leader . London and New York: I. B. Tauris, 2009. Nakash, Yitzhak. Reaching for Power: The Shi`a in the Modern Arab World . Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2006. Nasr, Vali. The Shia Revival: How Conflicts within Islam Will Shape the Future . New York: Norton, 2006. Paidar, Parvin. Women and the Political Process in Twentieth Century Iran. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1995. Paul, Ludwig. “‘Iranian Nation’ and Iranian-Islamic Revolutionary Ideology,” Die Welt des Islams , n.s., 39, no. 2 (1999): 183–217. Pesaran, M. Hashem. “The Iranian Foreign Exchange Policy and the Black Market for Dollars,” International Journal of Middle East Studies 24, no. 1 (1992): 101–121. Price, Massoume. Iran’s Diverse Peoples: A Reference Sourcebook. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-Clio, 2005. Rahimi, Babak. “The Politics of the Internet in Iran.” In Media, Culture and Society in Iran: Living with Globalization and the Islamic State, edited by Mehdi Semati, 37–56. London and New York: Routledge, 2008. Ram, Haggai. Iranophobia: The Logic of an Israeli Obsession. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2009. Richard, Yann. “Intégrisme islamique en Iran,” Social Compass 32, no. 4 (1985): 421–428. Roy, Olivier. L’échec de l’islam politique. Paris: Seuil, 1992. Sadeghi, Fatemeh. “The Foot Soldiers of the Islamic Republic’s Culture of Modesty,” Middle East Report 39, no. 250 (Spring 2009): 50–55. ———. “Lower Class Women and Tradition in Iran,” Goft-o-gu no. 56 (Summer 2010): 127–146. Salehi-Esfahani, Hadi and Farzad Taheripour. “Hidden Public Expenditures and the Economy in Iran,” International Journal of Middle East Studies 34 (2002): 691–718. Sanasarian, Eliz. The Women’s Rights Movement in Iran: Mutiny, Appeasement and Repression from 1900 to Khomeini . New York: Praeger, 1982. Sariolghalam, Mahmoud. The Evolution of the State in Iran: A Political Culture Perspective. Kuwait: Center for Strategic and Future Studies, 2010. 172 SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY

Schirazi, Asghar. “The Debate on Civil Society in Iran.” In Civil Society in the Middle East , edited by Amr Hamzawy, 47–83. Berlin: Verlag Hans Schiler, 2002. Shaery-Eisenlohr, Roschanack. “Imagining Shi`ite Iran: Transnationalism and Religious Authenticity in the Muslim World,” Iranian Studies 40, no. 1 (2007): 17–35. Shahrokni, Nazanin. “All the President’s Women,” Middle East Report 39, no. 4 (Winter 2009): 2–6. Sherkat, Shahla. Zanan: le journal de l’autre Iran . Paris: CNRS Éditions, 2009. Taheri, Amir. Nest of Spies: America’s Journey to Disaster in Iran. New York: Pantheon, 1989. Tezcür, Günes Murat. Muslim Reformers in Iran and Turkey: The Paradox of Moderation . Austin, TX: University of Texas Press, 2010. Tilly, Charles. La France conteste de 1600 à nos jours. Paris: Fayard, 1986. Tohidi, Nayereh. “Ethnicity and Religious Minority Politics in Iran.” In Contemporary Iran: Economy, Society, Politics , edited by Ali Gheissari, 299–323. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2009. ———. “The Women’s Movement and Feminism in Iran: A Glocal Perspective.” In Women’s Movements in the Global Era: The Power of Local Feminisms , edited by Amrita Basu, 375–414. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 2010. Touraine, Alain. Le retour de l’acteur . Paris: Fayard, 1984. Vieille, Paul and Farhad Khosrokhavar. Le Discours populaire de la révolution iranienne . 2 vols. Paris: Éditions Contemporanéité, 1990. Walbridge, Linda S., ed., The Most Learned of the Shi`a: The Institution of the Marja` Taqlid . Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2001. Wehrey, Frederic, Jerrold D. Green, Brian Nichiporuk, Alireza Nader, Lydia Hansell, Rasool Nafisi, and S. R. Bohandy. The Rise of the Pasdaran: Assessing the Domestic Roles of Iran’s Islamic Revolutionary Guards Corps. Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation, 2009. http://www.rand.org/pubs/monographs/MG821. Yount, Kathryn M. and Hoda Rashad, eds., Family in the Middle East: Ideational Change in Egypt, Iran, and Tunisia . London and New York: Routledge, 2008. Zubaida, Sami. “Is Iran an Islamic State?” In Political Islam: Essays from Middle East Report, edited by Joel Beinin and Joe Stork, 103–119. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1997.

Books and Articles in Persian

Abdi, Abbas. “Negahi jame`eh-shenakhti beh vaqe`eh-ye dovvom-e khordad: dar goft-o-gu ba Abbas Abdi” (A sociological look at the event of the Second of Khordad: in conversation with Abbas Abdi), Rah-e naw , no. 1, 5 Ordibehesht 1377/ April 25, 1998, 16–19. ———. “Seda-ye mokhalefan bayad saf shavad” (The voice of the dissidents must be made clear), Rah-e naw , no. 6, 9 Khordad 1377/ May 30, 1998, 3. Ahmadi, Hamid. Qawmiyyat va qawm-gara‘i dar Iran (Ethnicity and ethnic nationalism in Iran). Tehran: Nashr-e Ney, 1378/ 1999. Al-Taie, Ali. Bohran-e hoviyyat-e qawmi dar Iran (The crisis of ethnic identity in Iran). Tehran: Shadegan, 1378/ 1999. Armin, Mohsen, ed., Eslahat va porseshha-ye asasi: majmu`eh maqalat (Essential reforms and questions: collected essays). Tehran: Zekr, 1380/ 2001. . Nesbat-e din va jame`eh-ye madani (The relationship between religion and civil society). Tehran: Zekr, 1378/ 1999. SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY 173

Baba‘i-Zarech, Ali-Mohammad. Ommat va mellat dar andisheh-ye Emam Khomeini (The Umma and nation in Imam Khomeini’s thought). Tehran: Markaz-e asnad-e enqelab-e eslami, 1383/ 2004. Baqi, Emadeddin. Goft-o-gu ba Saeed Hajjarian: bara-ye tarikh. (In conversation with Saeed Hajjarian: for the record). Tehran: Nashr-e Ney, 1379/ 2000. ———. Hoquq-e mokhalefan: tamrin-e demokrasi bara-ye jame`eh-ye irani (The Rights of dissidents: An exercise in democracy for the Iranian society). Tehran: Nashr-e Sara’i, 2000, 24. ———. Jonbesh-e eslahat-e demokratik dar Iran: enqelab ya eslah (The Democratic reform movement in Iran: revolution or reform). Tehran: Nashr-e Sara’i, 1383/ 2004. ———. “Mas’aleh-ye zanan: kodam mas’aleh?” (The woman question: what question?), Zanan , no. 57, Aban 1378/ October–November 1999, 23–25. ———. “Vezarat-e hoquq-e bashar ta’sis konid” (Establish a ministry for human rights), E`temad-e melli: si sal, si khatereh, Special Nawruz supplement, spring 2009, 109–110. Fawzi-Toyserkani, Yahya. Emam Khomeini va hoviyyat-e melli (Imam Khomeini and national identity). Tehran: Markaz-e asnad-e enqelab-e eslami, 1385/ 2006. Hajjarian, Saeed. Az shahed-e qodsi ta shahed-e bazaari: `urfi shodan-e din dar sepehr-e siyasat (From the sacred witness to the profane witness: the secularization of religion in the sphere of politics). Tehran: Tarh-e Naw, 1380/ 2001. ———. “Dovvom-e Khordad: bimha va omidha, payamha va cheshmandazha, dar goft-o-gu ba Saeed Hajjarian” (The Second of Khordad: fears and hopes, messages and expecta- tions, in conversation with Saeed Hajjarian), Rah-e naw, no. 5, 2 Khordad 1377/ May 23, 1998, 16–20. ———. “Hajjarian: eslahtalaban dar teori aqab mandehand” (Hajjarian: the reformists are lagging behind in theoretical thinking), Sharq , 29 Bahman 1383/ February 17, 2005. ———. Jomhuriyyat: afsunzeda’i az qodrat (Republicanism: the demystification of power). Tehran: Tarh-e Naw, 1379/ 2000. Hosseini, Seyyedeh Zahra. Da: Khaterat-e Seyyedeh Zahra Hosseini (Da: Seyyedeh Zahra Hosseini’s diarieis). Tehran: Soureh, 1388/ 2009. Kar, Mehrangiz. “Aya hoquq-e zan yek maquleh-ye siyasi ast?” (Is women’s rights a polit- ical topic?), Zanan , no. 23, Farvardin-Ordibehesht 1374/ March-May 1995, 22–26. Khatami, Mohammad. “Jame`eh-ye madani az negah-e Eslam” (Civil society as seen by Islam), in Nesbat-e din va Jame`eh-ye madani (The relationship between religion and civil society) , edited by Mohsen Armin. Tehran: Zekr, 1378/ 1999, 178–194. Khomeini, Ruhollah. Sahifeh-ye emam: majmu`eh-ye asar, bayanat, mosabehhehha, ahkam, ejazat-e shar`I va namehha. (The Imam’s book: the collection of works, speeches, interviews, decrees, legal certifications, and letters). Tehran: Mo’aseseh-ye Tanzim va Nashr-e asar-e Emam Khomeini, 2003, CD-ROM. Malek Afzali, Hossein. “Jam`iyyat va tanzim-e khanevadeh dar jomhuri-ye eslami-ye iran” (Population and family planning in the Islamic Republic of Iran), Nabze , no. 2, 1371/ 1992, 3–7. Mardiha, Seyyed Morteza. Ba mas`uliyyat-e sardabir: moqadameh-i bar projeh-ye eslah (With the responsibility of the editor: an introduction to the project of reform). Tehran: Jame`eh-ye Iraniyan, 1379/ 2000. “Mohemtarin masa’el-e zanan-e Iran chist? Miz-e gerdi ba sherkat-e Shirin Ebadi, Alireza Alavitabar va Nahid Moti`” (What are the most important problems of Iranian women? A round-table with Shirin Ebadi, Alireza Alavitabar and Nahid Moti`), Zanan , no. 34, Ordibehesht 1376/ May 1997, 18. 174 SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY

Nazer, Behruz. “Dar nafy-e radikalism beh onvan-e ravesh” (In refuting radicalism as a method), Rah-e naw , no. 5, 2 Khordad 1377/ May 23, 1998, 7. Quchani, Mohammad. Bazi-ye bozorgan: Vaqaye`-negari-ye jonbesh-e eslahat-e demokratik dar Iran (The Elite’s game: Chronicling the democratic reform movement in Iran). Tehran: Jame`eh-ye Iraniyan, 1379/ 2000. Sadr-ol-Ashrafi, Zia. Kesrat-e qawmi va hoviyyat-e melli-ye iraniyan (Ethnic diversity and national identity of Iranians). Tehran: Andisheh-ye Naw, 1377/ 1998. Soroush, Abdolkarim. Ideolozhi-ye sheytani (Satanic Ideology). Tehran: Sarat, 1373/ 1994.

Selected Websites and Weblogs Cited

h t t p : / / a y a n d e . i r http://www.emadbaghi.com http://www.entekhabnews.com http://www.esteghamat.ir http://www.farsnews.com http://www.iran-emrooz.net http://www.iranian.com http://www.iranonline.com http://www.jahannews.com http://www.kadivar.com http://www.khabaronline.ir http://www.ksabz.net http://www.montazeri.com http://www.president.ir http://www.roozonline.com http://www.shahabnews.com http://www.shafaf.ir http://www.tabnak.ir http://www.webneveshteha.com

Contributors

F a r i b a A d e l k h a h is senior research fellow at the Institut d’Études Politiques (Sciences Po) in Paris and the author of numerous publications, among them Être Moderne en Iran (Being Modern in Iran) (Paris: Karthala, 2006); and Les Mosquées: Espaces, Institutions et Pratiques (Mosques: Spaces, Institutions and Practices) (coedited with Abdarahmane Moussaoui) (Paris, 2009.) Rasmus Christian Elling is currently postdoctoral research fellow at the School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS), University of London. He obtained his PhD in Iranian Studies at the University of Copenhagen with a dissertation on the politics of ethnic and national identity in postrevolutionary Iran. His forthcoming book is entitled Minorities in Iran: Eth- nicity and Nationalism aft er Khomeini . F a r i d e h F a r h i is an independent scholar and Iran analyst, and affi liate of the Graduate Faculty of Political Science at the University of Hawaii at Manoa. Marie Ladier-Fouladi is a social demographer and researcher at the French National Center for Scientifi c Research (CNRS), and the Centre on Population and Development (CEPED), University of Paris Descartes. She is the author of several books and articles on demographic changes and sociopolitical transformation in Iran. Her most recent publica- tion is entitled Iran: un monde de Paradoxes (Nantes: l’Atalante, 2009). Negin Nabavi is associate professor of history at Montclair State University. She has taught at Princeton University, NYU and University of Maryland. She has authored a number of articles as well as books, among them, Intellectuals and the State in Iran: Politics, Discourse and the Dilemma of Authenticity (University Press of Florida, 2003). Babak Rahimi is assistant professor of Iranian and Islamic Studies at University of California, San Diego. He has written many articles on the culture, religion, and as well as contemporary Iraq. His forthcoming book is entitled Between Mourning and Carnival: the Emergence of the Early Modern Iranian Public Sphere in the Safavid Period, 1592–1618 . Fatemeh Sadeghi is an independent scholar and Tehran-based researcher of political thought and women’s studies. She was born in 1971 and has a PhD in Political Philosophy from Tarbiyat Modarres University in Tehran. Her book Gender, Nationalism, and Moder- nity in Iran during the fi rst Pahlavi Ruler was published in Persian in 2005. Kjetil Selvik is assistant professor at the University of Oslo and researcher at the Fafo Insti- tute of Applied International Studies. He earned his PhD in Political Science from l’Institut d’Études Politiques (Sciences Po) in Paris in 2004 with a thesis on “Private Industrial Entre- preneurs in the Islamic Republic of Iran.” He has also published on the social and political roles of the private sector in Syria, and is most recently (with Stig Stenslie), the author of Stability and Change in the Modern Middle East (I. B. Tauris, 2011). Index

A b b a s I ( 1 5 8 7 – 1 6 2 9 ) , 5 5 Association of Clerics (majma’-e A b b a s i , H a s a n , 2 6 rohaniyun-e mobarez ) , 2 2 A b d i , A b b a s , 4 2 – 3 , 4 6 , 1 1 1 , 1 1 8 n 1 9 “Association of Researchers and Teachers Abdi, Kamyar, 96n18 of Qom,” 69–70 , 73n23 A b r a h a m i a n , E r v a n d , 5 7 , 8 0 – 1 , 9 7 n 2 8 Association of Scholars of the Seminary A b t a h i , R e z a , 6 3 of Qom (Jame`eh-ye Moddaresin-e A c h a e m e n i d e m p i r e , 7 9 , 8 2 – 3 Hawzeh-ye `Elmiyyeh-ye Qom) , A f g h a n i , J a m a l - a l - D i n , 5 8 5 9 – 6 0 , 7 3 n 2 3 A f g h a n i s t a n , 2 4 – 5 , 8 1 , 8 5 Astan-e Qods, 24–32 , 36n18 , 37n32,36 A g h a - S o l t a n , N e d a , 1 2 4 – 5 , 1 3 3 , 1 3 5 n 7 a u t h o r i t a r i a n i s m , 4 – 9 , 1 8 – 1 9 , 3 3 – 4 , 4 3 – 4 , “Ahl al-Bayt Global Information and 6 8 , 7 0 , 1 6 1 Media Center in Qom,” 65 A z e r i s , 8 9 A h m a d i K h o r a s a n i , N o u s h i n , 2 3 , 4 9 , 5 4 n 6 2 A h m a d i n e j a d , M a h m o u d , x i i i , 5 , 9 – 1 3 , B a a t h i s t , 5 8 , 6 4 – 5 , 6 7 1 5 n 1 2 , 1 7 – 1 8 , 2 2 – 9 , 3 4 – 5 , 3 5 n 6 , 9 , B a b a ’ i - Z a r e c h , A l i - M o h a m m a d , 8 5 – 9 , 3 9 , 5 0 n 8 , 6 6 – 8 , 7 9 – 8 4 , 9 4 , 9 6 n 1 8 , 2 0 , 9 7 n 3 3 , 9 8 n 3 6 9 8 n 4 8 , 1 1 2 – 1 7 , 1 2 4 – 9 , 1 3 6 n 1 4 , B a l u c h m i n o r i t i e s , 8 9 , 9 3 – 4 1 6 0 – 2 , 1 6 3 n 1 1 B a n i S a d r , A b o l - H a s a n , 5 7 and “big business,” 113 B a q i , E m a d e d d i n , 3 9 , 4 2 – 3 , 4 5 – 8 , 5 3 n 4 7 discriminatory policies toward women, , 2 0 , 2 5 , 2 7 – 8 , 7 9 , 1 2 4 , 1 2 6 – 7 , 1 4 6 , 126–8 1 5 0 , 1 6 4 n 3 1 as “entrepreneurial president,” 116 B a y a r t , J e a n - F r a n ç o i s , 3 0 and the Green Movement, 126–8 B a y a t - Z a n j a n i , A s a d o l l a h , 6 9 and the keffiyeh , 79–80 bazaar n e t w o r k s , 5 6 , 1 0 6 misrepresentation of economy, 10–11 B a z a r g a n , M e h d i , 3 7 n 3 2 , 5 1 n 1 6 , 5 7 s u c c e s s o f , 3 4 B a z a r g a n i - y e Q o d s , 3 1 – 2 A h m a d z a d e h , T a h e r , 3 7 n 3 2 Beheshti, Mohammad, 5 A l a v i - T a b a r , A l i r e z a , 1 5 n 1 4 , 5 1 n 1 5 , 1 1 1 Beyt-e rahbari (Headquarters of the A l m a k a s e b , 3 1 – 2 L e a d e r ) , 2 5 A m i r a h m a d i , H o o s h a n g , 8 2 b l o g s , 1 7 – 1 8 , 5 4 n 6 2 , 6 3 , 6 9 , 7 4 n 3 7 , A n s a r i , A l i , 8 3 1 2 5 , 1 6 0 A r a b m i n o r i t i e s , 8 9 , 9 1 – 2 B o r o u j e r d i , H o s s e i n K a z e m e i n i , 6 7 – 8 , A r a b S p r i n g ( 2 0 1 1 ) , x i 75n61 Araki, Mohammad Ali, 73n23 B r i t i s h M u s e u m , 8 2 A s g h a r z a d e h , A l i r e z a , 9 1 A s s e m b l y o f E x p e r t s , 4 , 6 – 7 C a l i p h a t e , 6 9 “Association for the Defense of the Rights c a p i t a l i s m , x i v , 3 1 , 1 0 1 , 1 0 6 – 8 , 1 1 0 , 1 1 2 – 1 5 of Prisoners” (Anjoman-e defa` az C a u c a s u s , 8 1 hoquq-e zendaniyan ) , 4 6 c e n s o r s h i p , 6 3 – 4 , 6 9 , 9 0 , 1 5 8 178 INDEX

C e n t e r f o r S t r a t e g i c S t u d i e s , 4 1 “Convergence of Women” ( Hamgarayee- “Center for the Defense of Human Rights” ye zanan ) , 4 0 (Kanun-e modafe`an-e hoquq-e c o r p o r a t i s m ( I s l a m i c ) , 2 3 – 9 bashar ) , 4 8 , 1 3 0 c o r r u p t i o n , 1 1 , 1 5 n 1 5 , 2 3 , 2 6 , 3 4 , 5 8 , 6 5 , 1 1 3 Center for the Diffusion of Islamic Truth, “cultural invasion” ( tahajom-e farhangi ) , 37n32 1 1 3 , 1 4 6 “Center for Women and Family Affairs,” Cultural Revolution (1980), 98n42 , 160 127 C y r u s C y l i n d e r , 7 9 , 8 2 – 4 , 9 3 C e n t r a l A s i a , 2 8 , 8 1 C h a b a h a r , 3 0 , 3 7 n 3 3 Da ( H o s s e i n i ) , 2 0 “Charter of Fraternity” ( manshur-e D a b a s h i , H a m i d , 6 8 baradari ) , 1 6 3 n 9 d e b a t e s ( t e l e v i s i o n ) , 5 , 1 0 – 1 1 , 1 4 n 5 , 1 5 n 1 5 , 1 6 , 1 7 charter of human rights ( manshur-e “ degar-andish , ” 3 5 n 6 hoquq-e bashar ) , 4 0 , 5 0 n 8 D e h n a m a k i , M a s o u d , 2 6 C h i n a , 6 , 2 3 , 1 1 6 d e m o c r a c y , x i v - x v , 4 – 5 , 7 , 2 2 , 4 1 – 3 , 4 6 – 7 , C h r i s t i a n i t y , 9 0 5 1 n 1 6 , 6 1 – 7 , 8 0 , 1 1 0 – 1 1 , 1 1 4 , 1 3 0 – 1 , c i v i l r i g h t s , 4 , 4 6 – 5 0 , 5 4 n 5 5 , 1 2 6 , 1 2 8 , 1 3 8 1 3 8 , 1 4 6 , 1 5 2 – 6 2 civil society ( Jame`eh-ye madani ) , 1 9 , 2 2 , a n d f a m i l i e s , 1 5 2 – 6 2 2 7 , 4 3 , 4 6 , 5 2 n 3 3 , 6 2 , 8 2 , 1 1 1 – 1 2 , “ r e l i g i o u s , ” 6 1 – 7 1 2 5 – 6 , 1 3 0 , 1 3 8 , 1 5 8 d e m o n s t r a t i o n s , 3 , 1 1 – 1 2 , 1 4 n 1 , 1 7 – 2 1 , 2 3 , classless society ( nezam-e tawhidi ) , 1 0 1 , 2 7 – 8 , 3 3 – 4 , 3 5 n 3 , 4 0 – 1 , 4 9 – 5 0 , 5 1 n 1 0 , 1 0 7 , 1 1 1 6 8 – 7 0 , 7 9 – 8 0 , 1 2 4 , 1 2 6 , 1 2 8 – 9 , 1 3 1 – 5 , c l e r g y , 5 – 6 , 1 9 – 2 0 , 2 2 , 2 7 , 3 4 , 3 6 n 1 6 , 1 3 6 n 1 4 , 1 4 5 , 1 4 7 , 1 6 0 – 2 5 5 – 7 1 , 7 2 n 7 , 7 3 n 1 3 , 1 5 , 1 9 , 3 1 , 7 4 n 3 7 , s t u d e n t p r o t e s t s ( 1 9 9 9 ) , 2 1 , 2 7 – 8 8 1 , 1 0 6 , 1 1 7 n 1 0 2005 and 2006, 49 Coalition of Islamic Associations (h ey’atha- 2 0 0 9 , 1 1 – 1 2 , 3 3 ye mo’talefeh-ye eslami ) , 1 1 7 n 1 0 2 0 1 1 , 3 4 “Committee for the Application of the a n d Y o u T u b e , 6 9 Orders of the Imam” ( hey’at-e ejra-ye Deng Xiaoping, 116 farman-e Emam ) , 1 0 8 d i a s p o r a ( I r a n i a n ) , 3 3 , 1 4 6 “Competitive Clientelism in the Middle “discourse of rights” in Iran (1997–2009), E a s t , ” 5 3 9 – 5 0 C o n s e r v a t i v e f o r c e s , x i i , 5 – 1 1 , 1 5 n 1 4 , 2 1 , and civil, women, and human rights, 2 3 – 5 , 2 7 , 3 4 , 3 5 n 9 , 3 6 n 1 7 , 4 0 , 4 2 – 3 , 46–50 5 0 n 8 , 5 1 n 1 1 , 5 2 n 2 7 , 6 2 – 3 , 6 5 – 6 , a n d “ c i v i l s o c i e t y , ” 4 3 , 4 6 7 0 , 8 3 , 9 4 , 1 0 6 , 1 1 1 – 1 4 , 1 1 6 , a s “ e q u a l r i g h t s , ” 4 0 1 2 4 – 8 , 1 3 2 , 1 3 4 a n d i n t e l l e c t u a l s , 4 0 – 1 , 4 4 , 4 7 , 5 1 n 1 4 , and the rule of law, 52n27 54n57 C o n s t i t u t i o n , x i i , 3 , 5 – 6 , 1 4 n 6 , 2 2 – 5 , 4 4 , a n d l a w s , 4 2 – 5 4 7 – 8 , 5 7 – 9 , 6 2 , 6 4 , 7 0 , 7 4 n 4 1 , 9 0 , a n d n o n v i o l e n c e , 4 3 – 4 1 0 1 – 2 , 1 1 4 – 1 5 , 1 2 7 a n d r e f o r m i s m , 4 0 – 6 A r t i c l e 1 5 , 9 0 a n d r e v o l u t i o n s , 4 2 A r t i c l e 4 4 , 1 0 1 – 2 , 1 1 4 – 1 5 a n d “ r i g h t s o f d i s s i d e n t s , ” 4 6 A r t i c l e 9 9 , 6 s h a p i n g , 4 0 – 6 A r t i c l e 1 1 5 , 5 D u b a i , 2 6 , 3 1 – 2 , 3 5 n 1 0 , 3 7 n 2 7 1 9 8 9 , 3 , 7 0 “dynamic jurisprudence” (fiqh-e puya ) , 6 3 Constitutional Assembly, xii , 3 C o n s t i t u t i o n a l R e v o l u t i o n ( 1 9 0 6 – 1 9 1 1 ) , 3 3 , E b a d i , S h i r i n , 4 8 – 9 , 1 3 0 4 4 , 6 4 – 5 , 7 4 n 4 1 , 8 1 , 1 2 5 e c o n o m i c l i b e r a l i z a t i o n , 1 8 – 1 9 , 2 2 , 2 4 , c o n t r a c e p t i o n , 1 3 9 – 4 0 2 6 – 8 , 3 0 , 3 2 , 1 1 2 – 1 3 , 1 1 5 , 1 4 5 INDEX 179 e d u c a t i o n , x i v - x v , 2 0 – 1 , 2 6 , 6 0 – 1 , 6 3 , 6 7 , f e m i n i s m , 6 1 , 6 3 , 1 2 5 9 0 , 1 0 5 , 1 1 6 , 1 2 9 , 1 3 6 n 1 7 , 1 3 8 – 5 8 , f e r t i l i t y , x i v - x v , 1 3 8 – 4 1 1 6 2 , 1 6 5 n 4 6 “ f i f t h c o l u m n , ” 2 3 , 1 1 2 a n d e n t r e p r e n e u r s , 1 0 5 Fifth Majles, 8 w o m e n ’ s , 1 4 1 – 5 7 , 1 6 5 n 4 6 fiqh ( I s l a m i c j u r i s p r u d e n c e ) , 6 , 4 7 , E g y p t , 4 54n55 elections f o r e i g n p o l i c y , 5 , 1 3 , 5 9 , 7 9 , 1 0 9 , 1 1 7 and “Competitive Clientelism in the F o u c a u l t , M i c h e l , 5 5 – 6 , 1 2 3 , 1 3 5 Middle East,” 5 Foundation of the Oppressed (Bonyad-e and the Green Movement, 20 mostaz`afan ) , 2 7 a n d m o b i l i z a t i o n , See mobilization F o u r t h Majles ( 1 9 9 2 – 1 9 9 6 ) , 7 – 8 numerousness of, 3 F r a n c e , 1 9 , 1 6 2 n 3 p r e s i d e n t i a l , See presidential elections f r e e t r a d e , 2 4 , 3 0 – 2 , 3 5 n 9 a n d r e f e r e n d u m s , 4 , 5 8 F r e e d o m M o v e m e n t , 8 2 a n d t h e v o t i n g a g e , 4 , 1 4 n 4 f r e e d o m o f t h e p r e s s , 4 , 2 1 endogamy, 143 f u n d a m e n t a l i s t s , 2 2 , 2 4 , 8 5 , 1 6 0 entrepreneurial business, See industrial entrepreneurs; rentier G n o s t i c s , 1 1 1 entrepreneurship G o l p a y e g a n i , M o h a m m a d R e z a , 6 0 esalat ( a u t h e n t i c i t y ) , 8 6 , 8 8 “government of action” (dawlat-e kar ) , 2 2 E`temad ( n e w s p a p e r ) , 1 5 n 1 4 G r e a t B r i t a i n , 2 3 , 6 5 , 9 6 n 2 0 E`temad-e melli ( n e w s p a p e r ) , 3 9 G r e e n M o v e m e n t , x i , x i i , x i v , 1 7 – 3 5 , 6 9 , e t h n i c i d e n t i t i e s , 1 8 – 2 1 , 5 1 n 9 , 7 9 – 8 0 , 1 2 3 – 3 5 8 5 – 9 5 , 9 5 n 3 , 9 8 n 4 0 , 4 5 , 4 8 , 1 2 4 a n d a b s e n c e o f “ a g g i o r n a m e n t o , ” 3 2 a n d d i v e r s i t y , 9 1 – 3 beginnings of, 19–23 Ettela`at-e siyasi-eqtesadi , 1 1 1 and court cases, 21 E x p e d i e n c y C o u n c i l , 2 4 , 1 1 4 – 1 5 a n d e l e c t i o n s , 2 0 a n d i n s t i t u t i o n a l p l u r a l i s m , 2 3 – 9 F a c e b o o k , 6 9 – 7 0 and new “repertories of contention,” f a m i l i e s , 1 3 7 – 6 2 19–23 and father-child relationship, and the patriarchy, 123–35 See father-child relationship a n d p o l i c e b r u t a l i t y , 2 7 – 8 , 6 9 and kinship groups, 143–6 p olitical economy of, 17–35 and the legitimacy of Islamic state, 159–61 and the public sphere, 29–32 s i z e o f , 1 4 3 – 4 , See also fertility and social grievances, 21–3 sociodemographic changes in, a s “ s o c i a l m o v e m e n t , ” 1 8 See sociodemographic changes (in “ G r e e n W a v e , ” 6 8 – 7 0 families) gross domestic product, 102 a n d w o m e n , See women G u a r d i a n C o u n c i l , 6 – 9 , 1 4 n 8 , 2 2 , 5 0 n 2 , a n d y o u t h , See youth 5 7 , 6 2 , 6 6 , 6 9 – 7 0 , 1 0 9 , 1 2 8 “ F a m i l y B i l l , ” 1 2 7 , 1 3 5 n 1 2 “Guardians of the Right to Life” F a m i l y P l a n n i n g P r o g r a m , 1 3 9 – 4 0 (Pasdaran-e haqq-e hayat ) , 4 6 “ f a m i l y w o r k e r s , ” 1 4 8 , 1 5 3 , 1 6 5 n 5 0 Fatemi (Sotuti), Parivash, 96n20 H a b e r m a s , J ü r g e n , 1 9 f a t h e r - c h i l d r e l a t i o n s h i p , 1 3 8 , 1 4 3 – 6 , H a ’ e r i Y a z d i , M o r t e z a , 5 8 1 5 1 – 8 , 1 6 1 H a j j P i l g r i m a g e O r g a n i z a t i o n , 3 6 and schooling (2002) (figure), 156 H a j j a r i a n , S a e e d , 4 1 – 4 , 5 1 n 1 6 , 1 7 , 1 8 , 5 2 n 3 6 , fatwa , 2 8 , 4 7 , 1 3 9 1 1 1 – 1 2 , 1 1 8 n 1 7 F a w z i - T o y s e r k a n i , Y a h y a , 8 5 , 8 7 – 9 , 9 1 – 2 , assassination attempt (2000), 51n17 97n33 H a r a m - e M o t a h h a r , 2 4 180 INDEX

H a s h e m i R a f s a n j a n i , A k b a r , 3 – 4 , 8 – 1 0 , 1 2 , a n d m a r t y r d o m , 1 1 0 1 5 n 1 0 , 1 2 , 2 0 , 2 2 , 2 4 – 8 , 3 4 , 5 9 , 6 1 , 6 5 – 6 , and the middleman ( dallal), 1 0 9 6 8 , 7 3 n 3 1 , 8 1 – 2 , 1 0 9 – 1 3 , 1 1 5 , 1 1 8 n 1 4 and Pahlavi entrepreneurs, 102–3 as “Commander of Reconstruction” and populist backlash, 112–13 (sardar-e sazandegi ) , 1 1 0 and pragmatism, 1 0 9 – 1 0 p r e s i d e n c y ( 1 9 8 9 – 1 9 9 7 ) , 6 5 a n d p r i v a t i z a t i o n , 1 0 1 – 4 , 1 0 6 , 1 0 8 – 1 7 , H a s h e m i R a f s a n j a n i , M e h d i , 2 6 , 7 3 n 3 1 1 1 8 n 2 0 Hashemi Rafsanjani, Mohsen, 26 and production (tawlid ) , 1 0 8 – 9 Hashemi Rafsanjani, Yasser, 26 a n d r e c o g n i t i o n , 1 0 6 – 9 hawzeh, 2 5 , 5 8 – 6 0 , 6 1 , 7 3 n 1 3 , 7 4 n 4 5 and reform, 111–12 hejab , 124 , 134 and rentier entrepreneurship, 104–5 H a z r a t - e M a ` s u m e h , 2 4 , 3 6 n 1 3 social origins of, 105–6 H e z b o l l a h , 8 1 and the “Twenty-Year Perspective,” 115 Hojjatiyeh, 2 6 , 3 6 , 5 8 and velayat-e faqih , 1 1 1 , 1 1 5 Hokumat-i Mardomi va Qanun-e Asasi Industrial Managers’ Association, 107–8 (Democratic Government and i n f l a t i o n , 2 1 – 2 , 1 0 3 , 1 1 3 , 1 2 8 – 9 , 1 4 2 C o n s t i t u t i o n a l i s m ) , 6 2 i n s t i t u t i o n a l p l u r a l i s m , 2 3 – 9 hoquq-e shahrvand ( c i t i z e n s ’ r i g h t s ) , x i i , i n t e l l e c t u a l s , x i i , 1 9 , 2 1 , 2 6 , 3 3 , 4 0 – 1 , 4 4 , 4 0 , 5 0 n 8 , 6 8 – 9 , 7 3 n 3 1 4 7 , 5 1 n 1 4 , 5 4 n 5 7 , 6 1 – 2 , 6 4 – 5 , 7 0 , 8 0 , H o s s e i n i , S e y y e d A l i - A k b a r , 2 0 8 3 , 1 0 8 , 1 1 1 , 1 1 8 n 1 7 , 1 2 8 , 1 5 9 H o s s e i n i , Z a h r a , 2 0 a n d a c t i v i s t s , 4 0 H o u r c a d e , B e r n a r d , 3 7 n 3 6 a s s a s s i n a t i o n s o f , 2 1 households in Iran, demographics of c o n s e r v a t i v e , 8 3 ( 2 0 0 2 ) ( t a b l e ) , 1 5 2 International Atomic Energy Agency h u m a n r i g h t s , 3 9 – 4 0 , 4 6 – 5 0 , 5 0 n 8 , ( I A E A ) , 2 3 5 1 n 9 , 1 0 , 5 3 n 4 7 , 6 2 , 6 9 , 8 2 – 3 , 9 0 , 1 3 0 I n t e r n e t , 6 3 – 4 , 6 8 – 7 0 , 9 7 n 3 3 , 1 3 2 , 1 4 6 , H u n t e r , S h i r e e n , 9 5 n 9 1 6 0 , See also b l o g s ; F a c e b o o k ; H u s a y n ( t h i r d I m a m ) , 3 5 n 1 , 5 8 – 9 , 6 7 T w i t t e r ; Y o u T u b e I r a n , See Islamic Republic of Iran I A E A , See International Atomic Energy Iran ( n e w s p a p e r ) , 8 2 Agency I r a n - I r a q W a r ( 1 9 8 0 – 1 9 8 8 ) , 3 , 1 9 – 2 0 , 2 4 , “Imam of the Age” (Mahdi ) , 3 4 , 5 8 , 6 5 – 8 , 3 6 , 5 7 – 9 , 6 5 , 7 3 n 1 6 , 8 1 , 8 5 , 1 0 3 , 1 2 8 , 7 5 n 5 8 , 1 0 7 1 4 0 , 1 4 6 , 1 5 0 , 1 6 4 n 3 1 , 3 2 , 1 6 5 n 3 9 I m a m R e z a F o u n d a t i o n , 2 4 – 5 , 3 1 – 2 Iranian Cultural Heritage Foundation, 82–3 S h r i n e , 2 5 , 2 9 – 3 0 , 3 6 n 1 2 , 1 8 Iranian Diaspora, 33 , 146 “Imam’s Rescue Committee” ( Komiteh-ye Iranian Islamic Developers Coalition Emdad-e Emam ) , 2 5 (E`telaf-e Abadgaran-e Iran-e i n d u s t r i a l e n t r e p r e n e u r s , x i v , 1 0 1 – 1 7 Eslami ) , 6 6 and adjustment ( ta‘dil ) , 1 0 9 – 1 0 I r a n i a n R e v o l u t i o n ( 1 9 7 9 ) , x i - x i v , 3 , 1 7 , 3 4 , a n d A h m a d i n e j a d , 1 1 3 – 1 5 3 6 n 1 7 , 4 8 , 5 1 n 1 6 , 5 5 – 6 , 6 2 – 3 , 6 6 , 7 0 , background of, 101–2 8 1 , 1 0 2 , 1 0 5 , 1 2 3 , 1 3 5 , 1 3 7 – 9 , 1 4 1 , 1 4 5 , and bazaar families, 106 1 5 0 , 1 5 4 , 1 6 2 and construction ( sazandegi ) , 1 0 8 – 1 0 “Iranian Underground Music,” 160 a n d c o n t r a d i c t i o n s , 1 1 5 – 1 6 I r a n i a n - n e s s ( iraniyyat ) , 8 0 , 8 2 , 8 8 , 9 0 – 1 and jihad , 101 , 114 I r a q , 3 – 4 , 1 9 , 2 7 , 3 1 , 3 5 n 7 , 5 8 – 6 0 , 6 4 – 5 , and the justice share ( sahm-e `adalat ) 6 7 , 7 5 n 5 8 , 5 9 , 8 1 , 8 5 , 1 0 9 – 1 0 , 1 6 3 n 9 , p r o g r a m , 1 1 3 See also Iran-Iraq War and karafarin , 1 0 7 – 8 , 1 1 6 , 1 1 7 n 1 2 B a a t h i s t , 5 8 , 6 4 – 5 , 6 7 a n d m a n u f a c t u r i n g , 1 0 1 – 5 , 1 0 7 – 8 , 1 1 0 , I R G C , See Islamic Revolution Guard Corps 1 1 2 , 1 1 5 – 1 7 “ I s l a m i c f e m i n i s m , ” 6 1 , 6 3 INDEX 181

I s l a m i c f i n a n c e , 2 6 K h a t a m i e r a ( 1 9 9 7 – 2 0 0 5 ) , 2 2 Islamic governance (hokumat-e eslami ) , 6 2 Khoddam, 2 5 Islamic Republic Martyrs Foundation, K h o e i , A b d o l - Q a s e m , 5 8 , 6 0 , 7 3 n 1 4 1 6 4 n 3 2 K h o m e i n i , R u h o l l a h , 5 , 8 , 9 , 1 4 , 2 1 , 2 3 , Islamic Republic of Iran 2 4 , 2 6 , 2 8 , 3 1 , 3 3 , 3 5 n 7 , 4 4 , 5 6 – 6 8 , e l e c t i o n s , See elections 7 0 – 1 , 7 3 n 1 3 , 7 9 – 8 2 , 8 4 – 9 , 9 1 – 5 , 9 5 n 3 , Constitution of, See Constitution 9 7 n 3 3 , 1 0 6 , 1 0 9 , 1 1 0 – 1 1 , 1 1 4 , 1 1 7 n 1 0 , a n d n a t i o n a l i s m , See nationalism 1 2 3 – 5 , 1 3 9 , 1 6 3 n 9 , 1 6 4 n 2 7 Islamic Revolution Guard Corps (IRGC), K h o m e i n i s m , 5 7 , 6 5 , 7 1 , 8 0 – 1 , 8 4 , 8 8 , 9 4 1 1 – 1 3 , 2 4 – 8 , 3 1 , 3 6 n 2 2 , 6 6 , 6 8 , 7 0 , 9 4 , “ K h o m e i n i s t ” P h a s e ( a n d S h i ‘ i I r a n ) , 5 6 – 9 , 9 9 n 5 1 , 1 1 2 , 1 1 6 , 1 6 4 n 3 0 See also “Neo-Khomeinist” Phase I s l a m i s m , x i i i , 7 9 , 8 4 , 9 1 , 9 3 – 4 , 9 7 n 2 1 , 1 4 5 Khoms , 74n45 ijtihad, 6 , 6 0 K h o r a s a n , 2 1 , 2 4 – 6 , 3 1 , 3 6 n 1 8 , 2 2 , 3 7 n 3 2 K h o r a s a n i , M o h a m m a d K a z e m , 7 4 n 4 1 J a ` f a r i , F a r h a d , 2 0 Khordad , 2 1 , 3 5 n 8 J a ` f a r i , M o h a m m a d , 1 2 – 1 3 , 3 5 n 6 Khorramshahr, liberation of (1982), 27 Jahan-e-Eslam (the world of Islam) K h o s h g o v a r , 3 0 ( newspaper ) , 8 2 kinship groups, 143–6 Jahromi, Mohammad, 116 Kirzner, Israel, 104 J a l a e i p o u r , H a m i d r e z a , 4 5 Kiyan , 4 1 Jame`eh ( n e w s p a p e r ) , 4 1 K u r d i s h m i n o r i t i e s , 8 9 , 9 2 – 4 jame`eh-ye madani , See civil society K u w a i t , 6 5 Jame‘eh-ye Moddaresin-e Hawzeh-ye ‘Elmiyyeh-ye Qom (Association of “laissez-faire” philosophy, xiv Scholars of the Seminary of Qom), 60 l e a d e r s h i p ( rahbari ) , 6 , 1 2 – 1 3 Jens-e Dovvom (The Second Sex), 61 L e b a n o n , 6 5 , 8 1 J u d a i s m , 9 0 l i t e r a c y , 1 4 1 , 1 4 7 – 5 1 , 1 6 4 n 3 0 , 1 6 5 n 3 7 , justice share ( sahm-e `adalat ) p r o g r a m , 1 1 3 4 4 , 4 5 L u s t , E l l e n , 5 K a d i v a r , J a m i l e h , 4 0 K a d i v a r , M o h s e n , 6 3 Mahallati, Baha’ al-Din, 58 K a h r i z a k , 1 2 7 , 1 3 4 , 1 3 6 n 1 4 Mahdi , 3 4 , 5 8 , 6 5 – 8 , 7 5 n 5 8 , 1 0 7 , 1 1 7 n 1 1 Kanun Ehya-e Tafakkorat-e Shi`eh, 2 6 M a h d i s m , 6 6 – 7 , 7 5 n 5 8 KAP (Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice) Majles , See Parliament survey, 140 maktab-e Iran ( S c h o o l o f I r a n ) , x i i i , 8 3 , K a r , M e h r a n g i z , 4 8 9 7 n 2 1 , 9 8 n 4 8 karafarin , 1 0 7 – 8 , 1 1 6 , 1 1 7 n 1 2 Maktab-e Narjes , 2 6 K a r b a s c h i , G h o l a m H o s s e i n , 2 1 , 3 5 n 8 M a l a y s i a , 2 8 , 1 1 6 K a r r o u b i , M e h d i , 1 1 – 1 2 , 1 5 n 1 3 , 1 6 , 1 7 , 2 7 , M a l o n e y , S u z a n n e , 8 1 4 0 , 5 0 n 8 , 6 8 , 1 1 8 n 1 9 , 1 2 6 – 8 , 1 3 4 , 1 6 1 “Management Center of the Seminary” keffiyeh , 79–80 ( Markaz-e modiriyyat-e Hawzeh-ye K h a m e n e i , A l i , 6 , 1 0 – 1 3 , 2 2 , 2 5 , 2 7 , 5 9 – 6 0 , `Elmiyyeh-ye Qom ) , 6 0 – 1 6 6 , 6 8 , 7 0 , 7 3 n 1 6 , 7 5 n 6 0 , 8 2 , 9 4 , M a r d i h a , M o r t e z a , 4 1 – 3 9 6 n 2 0 , 9 8 n 3 7 , 1 0 1 , 1 1 3 – 1 4 marjà (high religious authority), 24 , K h a t a m a l - a n b i y a , 2 8 3 6 n 1 1 , 5 9 – 6 0 , 7 4 n 4 1 K h a t a m i , M o h a m m a d , x i i , 5 , 8 – 1 0 , 1 2 , marja‘iyyat (sources of emulation), 58 1 4 n 5 , 2 0 , 2 2 – 3 , 2 6 , 2 8 , 3 4 , 3 5 n 8 , 4 0 – 1 , m a r r i a g e , 3 4 , 1 3 8 , 1 4 0 , 1 4 3 – 4 , 1 4 7 – 5 5 , 4 5 – 6 , 4 9 , 5 2 n 2 4 , 5 3 n 4 4 , 6 1 – 2 , 6 7 – 8 , 1 5 7 – 8 , 1 6 2 n 3 , 1 6 5 n 4 9 8 1 – 2 , 9 6 n 1 2 , 9 7 n 2 2 , 1 1 0 – 1 5 , 1 1 8 n 2 0 , m a r t y r d o m , 5 6 , 5 8 , 6 5 , 8 5 , 1 1 0 , 1 6 4 n 3 2 1 2 5 , 1 3 6 n 2 1 M a r x i s m , 1 0 6 – 7 182 INDEX

M a s h h a d , 2 0 – 1 , 2 4 , 2 7 , 3 0 , 3 5 n 1 0 , 3 7 n 3 6 , National Bank (Bank-e Melli), 32 5 6 , 5 8 , 1 2 8 N a t i o n a l F r o n t , 8 2 mashru‘iyyat ( l e g i t i m a c y ) , 5 6 National Iranian Oil Company (NIOC), 28 M e c c a , 2 5 , 3 6 n 1 9 , 3 7 n 3 6 N a t i o n a l K u r o s h D a y , 8 2 m e m b e r s o f p a r l i a m e n t ( M P s ) , 2 3 , 2 6 N a t i o n a l S e c u r i t y C o u n c i l , 2 4 “Mercy Plan” ( tarh e rahmat ) , 1 2 7 “National Women’s Charter Campaign,” 49 M e s b a h Y a z d i , M o h a m m a d T a q i , 6 1 , 6 7 , n a t i o n a l i s m ( I r a n i a n ) , x i i i , 1 9 – 2 0 , 3 3 – 4 , 6 7 , 7 3 n 2 3 , 1 1 3 7 9 – 9 5 , 9 6 n 1 2 , 9 7 n 3 2 , 9 8 n 3 4 , 3 7 , 9 8 n 4 9 M e s b a h i - M o g h a d d a m , G h o l a m r e z a , 2 9 a n d a u t h e n t i c i t y , 8 6 – 9 Mexico, 7 and chauvinism, 89–91 Meydan-e Zanan , 54n67 and the “cyrus of our times,” 82–4 m i d d l e c l a s s , x i i i , 5 – 6 , 2 6 , 6 1 , 8 3 , 8 5 , a n d d i v e r s i t y , 9 1 – 3 1 0 2 – 3 , 1 0 5 – 7 , 1 0 9 – 1 0 , 1 1 3 , 1 1 5 , and the Islamic republic, 79 1 2 7 – 9 , 1 3 6 n 1 7 , 1 4 5 and mellat/melliyyat , 8 6 – 7 m i d d l e m a n ( dallal ) , 1 0 9 a n d t h e n a t i o n a l c o n s t a n t , 8 0 – 2 M i n i s t r y o f C o m m e r c e , 3 2 a n d p a t r i o t s , 8 4 – 6 M i n i s t r y o f E d u c a t i o n , 2 1 and religious-nationalist groups, 82 M i n i s t r y o f H e a l t h , 1 3 9 – 4 0 , 1 6 3 n 6 a n d r h e t o r i c , 8 2 – 4 M i n i s t r y o f L a b o r , 1 1 6 and secular-nationalist groups, 80 , M i n i s t r y o f S c i e n c e , 1 1 6 8 2 – 5 , 8 9 , 9 4 Ministry of the Interior, 6 , 10–11 , 21 , 160 “Neo-Khomeinist” Phase (and Shi‘i Iran), Mo’aseseyeh hemayat az mostamandan-e 6 5 – 8 Tabriz , 3 6 Neshat ( n e w s p a p e r ) , 4 1 m o b i l i z a t i o n , 6 , 1 7 – 3 6 , 4 4 , 8 0 , 9 2 , 9 5 , 1 2 9 , n e w s p a p e r s , 4 – 5 , 1 5 n 1 6 , 2 2 , 3 5 n 8 , 4 5 , 8 2 , 1 3 8 , 1 6 4 n 3 0 9 6 n 1 9 , 2 0 , 1 1 3 , 1 2 6 of Green Movement, 17–35 nezam ( I s l a m i c “ s y s t e m ” ) , 7 , 1 3 m o d e r n i z a t i o n , x i v - x v , 3 0 , 3 3 , 5 8 , 8 0 , 1 0 6 , N i c a r a g u a , 7 1 4 3 , 1 5 2 – 6 2 N I O C , See National Iranian Oil Company M o h a m m a d i , M a j i d , 1 1 1 “nonstate reformists” (eslahtalaban-e M o n t a z e r i , H o s s e i n - A l i , 3 , 1 7 , 3 5 n 8 , 4 7 , birun az hokumat ) , 4 5 5 4 n 5 5 , 5 6 , 6 0 , 6 2 – 3 , 6 9 , 7 3 n 1 3 , 3 1 , N o u r i , A b d o l l a h , 2 1 74n34 N o z a r i , G h o l a m h o s s e i n , 3 6 M o r t a z a v i , S a e e d , 1 3 6 n 1 4 n u c l e a r p r o l i f e r a t i o n , 2 3 , 3 4 , 7 9 – 8 0 , 1 3 3 M o s a d d e q , M o h a m m a d , x i v , 3 3 , 8 3 , 1 0 6 , 1 2 5 “mostaz`af ” (the dispossessed), xii O c c u l t a t i o n , 5 6 , 6 1 , 1 1 7 n 1 1 Mo’talefeh, 2 4 – 5 , 3 6 n 1 7 , 1 0 6 , 1 1 7 n 1 0 o i l e c o n o m y , 2 2 , 2 6 , 2 8 – 9 , 3 1 , 3 3 – 4 , “Mothers for Peace” campaign, 49 3 6 n 2 5 , 1 0 4 – 6 , 1 0 9 , 1 1 2 – 1 3 , 1 1 8 n 1 9 , “Mourning Mothers,” 132–3 20 , 142 M o u s a v i , M i r - H o s s e i n , x i i , 9 – 1 2 , Oil Stabilization Fund, 118n20 1 5 n 1 3 , 1 6 , 1 7 , 2 5 , 2 7 , 2 9 , 3 1 , 3 3 – 4 , 4 0 , “ O n e M i l l i o n S i g n a t u r e s C a m p a i g n , ” 2 1 , 5 0 n 8 , 6 5 , 6 8 , 1 0 3 , 1 0 9 , 1 2 3 – 4 , 1 2 6 , 2 3 , 3 3 , 4 9 , 5 4 n 6 2 , 1 3 0 1 2 8 , 1 3 2 , 1 6 1 Mousavi Khoeiniha, Mohammad, 41 Pahlavi, Reza, 124–5 M u b a r a k , H o s n i , 4 P a h l a v i e r a ( 1 9 2 5 – 1 9 7 9 ) , 3 8 n 3 9 , 4 4 , 5 5 , 8 0 , Muhammad, Mahathir, 116 8 9 , 9 1 , 1 0 1 – 3 , 1 0 5 – 7 , 1 0 9 , 1 2 4 – 5 and dispossession of bourgeoisie (1979), N a b a v i , B e h z a d , 2 8 1 0 2 – 3 , 1 0 5 Na‘ini, Mohammad-Hossein, 64 , 74n41 a n d n a t i o n a l i s m , 8 0 Najaf spring (and Shi‘i Iran), 64–5 P a l e s t i n e , 7 9 N a t e q N o u r i , A l i A k b a r , 8 , 2 2 P a l i z d a r , A b b a s , 2 6 INDEX 183

P a r l i a m e n t ( Majles) , 4 , 6 – 9 , 1 5 n 1 1 , 2 1 – 3 , p o p u l a t i o n , 1 6 4 n 3 5 , 1 6 5 n 3 6 2 8 – 9 , 3 6 n 1 7 , 3 8 n 3 9 , 4 0 , 5 7 , 6 6 , 7 3 n 3 1 , p o p u l i s m , 1 1 2 – 1 3 1 1 1 , 1 1 8 n 1 4 , 1 2 6 – 8 , 1 3 6 n 1 2 , 1 4 7 pragmatism , 1 0 9 – 1 0 E c o n o m i c C o m m i s s i o n , 2 9 p r e s i d e n t i a l e l e c t i o n s , 3 – 1 5 , 1 5 n 1 0 , 2 4 , 2 7 , f i f t h , 8 4 3 , 4 5 , 5 0 n 2 , 6 1 , 6 6 , 1 1 2 – 1 3 , 1 6 0 f o u r t h , 7 – 8 1988, 15n10 s i x t h , 8 – 9 1 9 9 7 , 4 3 , 6 1 t h i r d , 8 2 0 0 5 , See 2005 presidential elections Participation Front Party (Hezb-e 2 0 0 9 , See 2009 presidential elections mosharekat ) , 5 1 n 1 6 p r i n c i p l i s t s ( usulgarayan ) , 1 2 , 1 5 9 Pasdaran , 146 , 150 p r i v a t i z a t i o n , 5 – 6 , 2 0 , 2 4 , 2 8 – 3 2 , 3 6 n 2 5 , p a t r i a r c h y , x i v - x v , 1 2 3 – 3 5 3 7 n 2 7 , 3 5 , 3 8 n 3 7 , 7 4 n 4 5 , 1 0 1 – 4 , 1 0 6 , and the father-child relationship, 1 0 8 – 1 7 , 1 1 8 n 2 0 , 1 2 3 – 5 , 1 2 9 , 1 3 2 , 1 3 4 , See father-child relationship 1 4 8 , 1 5 0 , 1 6 0 and the Green Movement, See patriarchy p r o t e s t s , See demonstrations and the Green Movement p u b l i c t r a n s p o r t a t i o n , 2 1 patriarchy and the Green Movement, 123–35 a n d a g o n i s t i c p r a c t i c e s , 1 2 9 – 3 0 Qalam-e Sabz, 15n16 a n d A h m a d i n e j a d , 1 2 6 – 8 Q a l i b a f , M o h s e n , 2 5 , 2 7 and the campaign of veiled men, 130–2 qanun-gara’i (lawfulness), xii and the “Human Dignity” slogan, 126 Q a z i z a d e h , H o s s e i n , 2 6 a n d h u m i l i a t i o n , 1 2 6 Q a z v i n , 2 1 and love as politics, 132–4 Q o m , 2 4 , 2 7 , 3 2 , 3 6 n 1 3 , 5 6 , 5 8 – 6 0 , 6 3 , 6 5 , and the politicization of women, 128–9 6 7 – 7 0 , 7 3 n 1 3 , 1 5 , 2 3 “patriotism,” 98n34 Q o m i , H o s s e i n , 5 8 P e r s e p o l i s , 8 2 Q u c h a n i , M o h a m m a d , 4 4 – 5 Persian blogs ( Weblagestan ) , 1 2 5 “ q u i e t i s t , ” 5 7 – 8 , 6 4 – 6 , 7 1 , 7 4 n 4 0 , 7 5 n 5 9 , 6 1 P e r s i a n c u l t u r e / l a n g u a g e , 3 5 n 6 , 8 , 3 9 , Q u r a n , 5 4 n 5 5 , 5 7 – 8 , 6 3 , 9 2 , 9 8 n 3 6 5 2 n 3 3 , 5 6 , 5 8 , 6 3 , 8 0 – 1 , 8 8 , 9 0 – 4 , 9 5 n 3 , 9 6 n 1 3 , 9 7 n 3 3 , 9 8 n 3 6 , R a f i q d o u s t , M o h s e n , 2 7 4 9 , 1 1 7 n 1 2 , 1 2 5 , 1 3 2 Rah-e naw w e e k l y , 4 3 , 4 6 Peru, 7 R a h i m - M a s h a e i , E s f a n d i y a r , x i i i , 8 3 , 9 4 , 9 7 n 2 1 p e t r o l e u m , 2 2 , 2 8 , 3 4 R a h n a v a r d , Z a h r a , 6 1 , 1 2 3 – 5 , 1 3 2 , 1 3 5 n 1 2 “Plan to Promote Public Chastity,” 127 R a m , H a g g a i , 8 3 p l u r a l i s m , x i i i - x i v , 1 9 , 2 3 – 9 , 6 2 , 6 4 , 9 1 , 9 3 – 4 Reagan, Ronald, 73n31 i n s t i t u t i o n a l p l u r a l i s m , 2 3 – 9 “Reconstruction” (kargozaran ) , 2 2 political economy and the Green r e f o r m i s m , x i - x i v , 3 , 6 – 1 3 , 1 5 n 1 3 , 1 4 , 1 8 , 2 0 – 7 , Movement, 17–35 3 4 , 3 5 n 6 , 3 9 – 5 0 , 5 1 n 1 0 , 1 7 , 5 2 n 1 9 , 2 6 , 3 0 , a n d a b s e n c e o f “ a g g i o r n a m e n t o , ” 3 2 5 3 n 3 8 , 3 9 , 4 0 , 5 6 , 5 9 , 6 1 – 7 1 , 7 2 n 6 , 7 4 n 3 7 , beginnings of, 19–23 8 1 – 2 , 9 1 , 1 0 5 , 1 0 9 – 1 2 , 1 1 4 , 1 1 6 , 1 2 3 , and court cases, 21 1 2 5 – 9 , 1 3 2 – 3 , 1 3 6 n 2 1 , 1 4 7 , 1 5 9 – 6 2 a n d e l e c t i o n s , 2 0 a n d d i s c o u r s e , 4 0 – 6 a n d i n s t i t u t i o n a l p l u r a l i s m , 2 3 – 9 era of (1997–2005), xii and new “repertories of contention,” 19–23 a n d i n c r e m e n t a l i s m , 4 3 – 4 a n d p o l i c e b r u t a l i t y , 2 7 – 8 and industrial entrepreneurs, 111–12 and the public sphere, 29–32 a n d n o n v i o l e n c e , 4 3 – 4 and social grievances, 21–3 p h a s e o f , 6 1 – 4 a s “ s o c i a l m o v e m e n t , ” 1 8 and the revolution, 41–3 p o l y g a m y , 1 3 5 n 1 2 and rights, 39–50 p o l y t h e i s m ( shirk ) , 1 0 7 and Shi‘i Iran, 61–4 184 INDEX

Reformist Phase (and Shi‘i Iran), 61–4 and the “Green Wave,” 68–70 “religious intellectual” ( rawshanfekr-e dini ) , a n d t h e “ K h o m e i n i s t ” P h a s e , 5 6 – 9 4 0 – 1 , 4 7 , 5 1 n 1 4 , 5 4 n 5 7 , 1 1 1 , 1 1 8 n 1 7 and the Najaf Spring, 64–5 religious-nationalist ( melli-mazhabi ) , 8 2 a n d t h e “ N e o - K h o m e i n i s t ” P h a s e , 6 5 – 8 r e l i g i o u s s a n c t u a r i e s , 2 4 and the Reformist Phase, 61–4 rentier entrepreneurship, 104–5 and the Statist Phase, 59–61 “ République des initiés ” (the Republic of “Shi’ism of the oppressed” (Ali’s Shi’ism), I n s i d e r s ) , 3 0 107 revolutionary line ( dar saff-e enqelab ) , 1 0 6 “Shi’ism of the oppressors” (Safavid R e z a e i , M o h s e n , 1 1 , 2 7 , 5 0 n 8 , 1 2 4 Shi’ism), 107 “rights of dissidents” (hoquq-e S h i r a z , 2 4 , 3 5 n 1 0 , 3 6 n 1 5 , 1 4 2 mokhalefan ) , 4 6 S i n g a p o r e , 4 R o h a n i , S a d e q , 5 8 , 7 3 n 1 3 S i s t a n i , A l i a l - H u s a y n i a l - , 6 0 , 6 4 – 5 , 7 1 , 74n45 S a f a v i d E m p i r e , 5 5 – 6 Sixth Majles , 8–9 S a n e ‘ i , H a s s a n , 5 6 “ s o c i a l r e p r e s e n t a t i o n , ” 1 6 4 n 2 3 S a n e ‘ i , Y u s e f , 6 9 , 7 1 , 7 3 n 1 5 Social Security Investment Company Sazman-e Enqelabi-ye Iran (the (SHASTA), 29–31 Revolutionary Organization of Iran), “Social Security Plan” ( tarh e amniyat- e 106 ejtema`i ) , 1 2 7 , 1 3 6 n 1 4 Sazman-e Fada’iyan-e Khalq-e Iran- s o c i a l i s m , 2 9 – 3 0 , 5 7 , 1 0 9 – 1 0 , 1 4 5 Aksariat (Organization of Iranian Society of Clergy (jame’eh rohaniyat-e People’s Fada’ian), 106 mobarez ) , 2 2 Schumpeter, Joseph, 104 , 110 sociodemographic changes (in families), S C I , See Statistical Center of Iran x i v - x v , 1 3 7 – 6 2 S e c o n d o f K h o r d a d , 4 1 – 4 , 5 2 n 2 4 , 2 7 a n d d e m o c r a c y , 1 5 2 – 6 1 s e c u l a r - n a t i o n a l i s t ( melli-gara ) g r o u p s , 8 0 , a n d f a l l i n f e r t i l i t y , 1 3 8 – 4 1 8 2 – 6 , 8 8 – 9 , 9 4 , 9 8 n 4 9 and family composition, 143–4 s e c u l a r i z a t i o n , 5 8 – 9 , 7 3 n 2 0 , 1 1 8 n 1 7 , 1 2 3 and father-child relationship, 154–5 “ s e d i t i o n , ” 1 3 , 2 3 and the legitimacy of Islamic state, s e l f - s u f f i c i e n c y ( khodkafa’i ) , 1 0 3 1 5 9 – 6 1 Sepah-e behdasht (the Health Corps), 163n6 and new generation of youth, 145–7 Serbia, 7 nuclear families in 2002, 152–4 “Servants of Construction,” 8 a n d s o c i a l t r a n s f o r m a t i o n s , 1 3 8 – 4 4 S h a b e s t a r i , M o j t a h e d , 6 3 and women’s education, 141–3 shahadat ( m a r t y r d o m ) , x i i “soft subversion” (barandazi-ye narm ) , 5 0 S h a h b a z i , A b d o l l a h , 9 6 S o l i d a r n o ś ć ( P o l a n d ) , x i i , 1 9 Shahnameh , 8 3 , 8 5 , 9 6 n 1 9 “the sons of the elites” (aqa-zadeh ) , 2 3 S h a h z a h e h `A b d o l ` a z i m , 2 4 S o r o u s h , A b d o l k a r i m , 4 1 , 6 1 S h a m s o l v a ` e z i n , M a s h a l l a h , 6 1 S o u t h K o r e a , 2 3 Sharia laws, 140 , 149 S o v i e t U n i o n , 6 S h a r i a t S a n g e l a j i , M i r z a R e z a - Q o l i , 5 8 s p e c i a l - e c o n o m i c z o n e s , 2 4 , 3 0 S h a r i a t i , A l i , 1 0 7 , 1 1 1 – 1 2 s p e c u l a t i o n , 2 2 – 3 , 2 9 , 3 1 , 3 5 n 1 0 , 1 0 6 , S h a r i a t m a d a r i , M o h a m m a d K a z e m , 5 8 108–9 S H A S T A , See Social Security Investment state and society (mellat/dawlat ) , x i i , 1 8 , Company 2 2 , 3 3 , 4 3 , 5 6 , 7 0 , 1 1 2 , 1 3 0 S h e r k a t , S h a h l a , 6 1 “state reformists” (eslahtalaban-e S h i ’ i s m ( i n I r a n ) , x i i i , 5 5 – 7 2 , 7 2 n 7 , 7 4 n 4 5 , hokumati ) , 4 5 9 4 , 1 0 7 , 1 1 7 Statist Phase (and Shi‘i Iran), 56 , 59–61 , c o n t e s t i n g , 7 0 – 2 6 6 , 7 0 INDEX 185

S t a t i s t i c a l C e n t e r o f I r a n ( S C I ) , 1 0 2 , 1 5 2 , , 116 1 5 5 – 7 , 1 6 2 u r b a n i t y , 5 , 8 , 2 1 , 6 1 , 7 1 , 1 4 0 – 6 0 , 1 6 2 n 3 , “Stop Stoning Forever Campaign,” 49 1 6 4 n 2 0 , 4 5 , 1 6 5 n 3 6 , 3 8 , 4 2 , 4 3 S u n n i s , 2 1 , 8 1 , 9 0 Uzbekistan, 4 S y r i a , 6 5 V a e z - T a b a s i , A b b a s , 2 5 – 7 , 3 7 n 3 2 T a b a r z a d i , H e s h m a t o l l a h , 2 6 V a e z - T a b a s i , N a s s e r , 3 0 – 2 T a h k i m - e V a h d a t , 1 3 0 , 1 3 6 n 2 1 V a h e b , 2 9 T a h m a s p I ( 1 5 2 4 – 1 5 7 6 ) , 7 2 n 7 value added tax (VAT), 23 T a j z a d e h , M o s t a f a , 3 9 – 4 0 , 1 3 2 vaqf , 2 4 – 6 , 2 9 – 3 2 , 3 7 n 3 2 , 3 6 , 7 4 n 4 5 T a l e q a n i , A` z a m , 6 1 , 6 3 VA T , See value added tax T a l e q a n i , M a h m o u d , 5 7 velayat-e Entekhabi-e Moqayyadeh tawhid (unification/stating that God is ( e l e c t e d c o n d i t i o n a l r u l e ) , 6 2 one), 107 velayat-e faqih (the rule of the jurist), xiii , tawse`eh-ye siyasi (political development), 4 3 , 5 7 – 6 1 , 7 0 , 1 1 1 , 1 1 5 4 1 , 5 1 n 1 6 “ v e l v e t r e v o l u t i o n , ” 1 3 , 5 0 T e h r a n , 9 , 1 4 n 5 , 1 8 , 2 0 – 1 , 2 3 – 5 , 2 7 , 3 2 , v i o l e n c e , 4 , 1 1 – 1 3 , 6 9 , 9 0 , 9 5 , 1 3 3 , 1 5 4 – 5 , 3 6 n 1 4 , 1 8 , 5 7 – 9 , 6 6 – 8 , 7 3 n 1 3 , 1 6 , 3 1 , 1 5 7 , 1 6 2 8 2 – 3 , 9 0 , 9 7 n 3 3 , 1 1 3 , 1 1 6 , 1 2 4 , v o t e r t u r n o u t , 4 – 1 1 , 1 5 n 1 0 , 1 4 , 1 5 1 2 6 – 9 , 1 3 6 n 1 8 , 1 6 1 , 1 6 2 n 3 v o t i n g a g e , 4 , 1 4 n 4 Tehran Chamber of Commerce, 24 , 36n17 , 113 “ W a r o n T e r r o r , ” 8 5 T e h r a n i , A l i , 5 8 W e s t e r n c u l t u r e , 5 , 3 3 , 5 7 , 8 0 – 3 , 8 5 , 8 7 – 8 , Third Development Plan (2000–2005), 9 3 , 9 8 n 4 0 , 1 0 3 , 1 1 0 , 1 1 2 – 1 4 , 1 4 3 – 7 , 116 1 5 3 , 1 5 8 Third Majles ( 1 9 8 8 – 1 9 9 2 ) , 8 W h i t e R e v o l u t i o n , 4 4 T i l l y , C h a r l e s , 1 9 w o m e n , x i v - x v , 1 3 , 2 0 – 3 , 3 4 , 4 0 , 4 6 – 5 0 , total fertility rates in Iran (figure), 139 5 1 n 1 1 , 5 4 n 5 7 , 6 2 , 6 1 – 3 , 6 9 , 1 0 7 , T u r k e y , 8 1 1 2 3 – 3 5 , 1 3 7 – 6 2 , 1 6 5 n 4 6 T u r k m e n i s t a n , 2 5 a n d A h m a d i n e j a d , 1 2 6 – 8 Tus ( n e w s p a p e r ) , 4 1 a n d d o m e s t i c i t y , 1 2 3 – 4 , 1 2 9 , 1 3 4 , 1 4 1 T w e l f t h I m a m , 2 6 , 5 7 , 1 1 7 n 1 1 a n d d r e s s c o d e s , 2 0 , 1 0 7 , 1 2 4 , 1 2 7 , 1 3 1 , T w e l v e r S h i ‘ i I s l a m , 5 5 , 7 2 n 6 1 3 4 , 1 5 8 “Twenty-Year Perspective,” 115 a n d e d u c a t i o n , 1 4 1 – 5 7 , 1 6 5 n 4 6 T w i t t e r , 6 9 a n d f a m i l i e s , 1 3 7 – 6 2 2 0 0 5 p r e s i d e n t i a l e l e c t i o n s , 7 , 9 – 1 0 , a n d f e r t i l i t y , x i v - x v , 1 3 8 – 4 1 2 2 – 3 , 2 5 , 2 7 , 3 4 , 4 5 , 6 6 , 8 2 , a n d i d e n t i t y , 6 3 1 1 2 – 1 3 , 1 2 6 – 8 , 1 6 0 in the labor force, 141–3 2 0 0 9 p r e s i d e n t i a l e l e c t i o n s ( t e n t h ) , x i - x i i , and literacy, See literacy 3 – 1 5 , 1 7 – 1 8 , 2 3 , 2 5 , 2 7 , 3 3 – 4 , 3 9 – 4 0 , and marriage, See marriage 4 8 , 5 0 , 5 1 n 1 0 , 6 5 , 6 8 – 7 0 , 7 9 – 8 0 , and the patriarchy, 128 1 1 8 n 1 9 , 1 2 7 – 8 , 1 3 0 , 1 3 2 , 1 3 5 , 1 3 6 n 1 8 , politicization of, 128–9 1 3 8 , 1 4 7 , 1 6 1 a n d p r o t e s t , 1 3 and electoral competition, 4–9 r i g h t s o f , See women’s rights S h i ‘ i , 6 3 U k r a i n e , 7 i n s p o r t s s t a d i u m s , 2 0 , 3 4 , 4 9 Umma , x i i i , 8 1 , 8 4 – 6 , 8 9 , 9 1 – 4 “Women for Equal Citizenship” U n i t e d N a t i o n s S e c u r i t y C o u n c i l , 2 3 c a m p a i g n , ” 4 9 Universal Declaration of Human “Women’s Access to Public Stadiums” Rights, 47 c a m p a i g n , 4 9 186 INDEX

w o m e n ’ s r i g h t s , x i i i - x v , 2 0 – 3 , 3 4 , 4 0 , 4 6 – and 1979 revolution, 137–8 5 0 , 5 1 n 1 1 , 5 4 n 5 7 , 6 2 , 6 1 – 3 , 6 9 and parenting styles, 154–8 c a m p a i g n s f o r , 4 9 p o r t r a i t o f , 1 4 4 – 5 2 World Bank, 116 a s s o c i a l c a t e g o r y , 1 4 4 – 5 a n d s o c i a l t r a n s f o r m a t i o n s , 1 3 8 – 4 4 Y a z d i , I b r a h i m , 5 7 still living with parents, 155 , 157 Y o u s e f i E s h k e v a r i , H a s a n , 6 1 u n m a r r i e d , 1 5 2 – 4 y o u t h ( m o d e r n ) , x i v - x v , 6 3 , 1 3 7 – 6 2 a n d u r b a n i t y , 1 4 4 – 5 , 1 4 7 – 6 0 , 1 6 2 n 3 , disapproval of, 158–9 1 6 4 n 2 0 , 4 5 , 1 6 5 n 3 6 , 3 8 , 4 2 , 4 3 economic characteristics of, 147–52 Y o u T u b e , 6 9 f a t h e r - c h i l d r e l a t i o n s h i p , See father- child relationship Z a h e d a n , 2 1 , 1 2 8 a n d i d e n t i t y , 6 3 Zahhak , 8 5 and Internet, See Internet zakat , 74n45 and the legitimacy of Islamic state, 159–61 Zanan m o n t h l y , 4 8 – 9 , 5 4 n 5 7 , 6 1 a n d m u s i c i a n s , 1 6 0 Z a n j a n i , A h m a d , 5 8 new generation of, 145–7 Z o r o a s t r i a n i s m , 9 0