Jean-Michel Basquiat. Der Afro-Amerikanische Kontext Seines Werkes

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Jean-Michel Basquiat. Der Afro-Amerikanische Kontext Seines Werkes Jean-Michel Basquiat. Der afro-amerikanische Kontext seines Werkes DISSERTATION zur Erlangung der Würde des Doktors der Philosophie der Universität Hamburg vorgelegt von Susanne Reichling aus Mannheim Hamburg 1998 1. Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Kemp 2. Gutachterin: Prof. Dr. Monika Wagner Tag des Vollzugs der Promotion: 20. Januar 1999 In Erinnerung an meine Oma, Helene Schultheiß INHALT 1. Einleitung 1.1 Forschungsstand und Ausstellungsgeschichte 1 1.2 Zur bisherigen kunsthistorischen Einordnung Basquiats 6 1.3 Das "Phänomen Basquiat" 11 1.3.1 Biographie: Version A 11 1.3.2 Julian Schnabels Film "Basquiat" 17 1.3.3 Biographie: Version B 20 1.4 Basquiats Rezeption in der (artistic) "black community" oder 27 "Nobody Loves a Genius Child" 2. Basquiats Collage-, Zitat- und Codierverfahren 2.1 Einführung in Basquiats Werk 33 2.2 Collage 34 2.3 Schrift im Bild 36 2.4 Basquiats Collageverfahren als visuelle Umsetzung der 37 musikalischen Strategie des "Sampling" 2.5 Basquiats Zitatverfahren 41 2.6 Basquiats Codierverfahren als visuelle Anwendung der 43 afro-amerikanischen Rhetorik des "Signifying" 2.6.1 Der Ursprung des "Signifying": Bildlektüre "Moses and the Egyptians" 46 2.6.2 Superman ist Dambala: Bildlektüre "Ascent" 48 3. Basquiats als Erforscher, Archivar und Vermittler afro-amerikanischer Kultur und Geschichte 3.1 Neo-Expressionismus oder Kontext-Kunst? 53 3.2 Basquiat als "Griot" 56 3.3 "Droppin' Science": Basquiat als Vermittler afro-amerikanischen Wissens 57 3.4 Europäische vs. afrikanische Schriftkonzeptionen im Werk Basquiats 58 3.4.1 Lateinische Schrift: Bildlektüre "Jesse" 58 3.4.2 Afrikanische Piktogramme: Bildlektüre "Grillo" 62 4. Afrikanische Kultur und Geschichte im Werk Basquiats 4.1 Die Problematik des "Primitivismus" 69 4.2 Basquiats Bildvokabular im Kontext der afro-amerikanischen Kunst 75 des 20. Jahrhunderts 4.3 Afrika als Zentrum der kulturellen Selbstdefinition Basquiats 82 4.4 Afrika vs. Amerika 89 4.5 Ägypten als Ursprung afro-amerikanischer Kultur: eine 91 afrozentrische Lesart afrikanischer Geschichte 4.6 Karthago vs. Rom: afrikanische oder europäische Hegemonie? 96 5. Afro-amerikanische Geschichte im Werk Basquiats 5.1 "Prelude to Our Age. A Negro History Poem" 99 5.2 Sklavenhandel und Sklaverei 102 5.3 Liberty? 105 5.4 Die Flucht aus der Sklaverei 111 5.5 Die haitianische Revolution 112 5.6 Der amerikanische Bürgerkrieg 114 5.7 Die "Reconstruction Era" 115 5.8 "Back to Africa": Marcus Garvey 115 5.9 Afro-amerikanische Sportler als Volkshelden 118 5.10 Die Sechziger Jahre 121 6. Die Repräsentation des "Schwarzen" im Werk Basquiats 6.1 Die Parallelität von Identitäts- und Signaturproblematik 123 6.2 Basquiats Selbstportraits: "Invisible Men" 127 6.3 Stereotype Repräsentationsformen der Afro-Amerikaner 131 6.3.1 Das "nigger"-image: Sambo, "blackface minstrels" & Co. 131 6.3.2 "Whitewashing Action": Das Leitmotiv Seife 139 6.4 Basquiats Gegenlesen der amerikanischen Populärkultur 144 6.5 Der Topos der Anatomie und die Geschichte des 146 wissenschaftlichen Rassismus 6.5.1 Bildlektüre "Leonardo da Vinci's Greatest Hits" 151 6.6 Basquiats Kritik der weißen Repräsentation schwarzer Sexualität 157 6.6.1 "King Kong und die weiße Frau" 157 6.6.2 Die "Hottentottenvenus" 159 6.7 Anatomische Profilvergleiche: "Cäsar" vs. "The Negro" 161 7. Ausblick 167 Vorwort Jean-Michel Basquiat (1960-1988) verkörpert durch sein Leben und Werk die Synthese von afrikanischer, karibischer, afro-amerikanischer, weißer amerikanischer und euro- päischer Kultur. Ein angemessenes Studium von Basquiats Arbeiten bewegt sich zwischen dem Situie- ren seines Lebens und Werks innerhalb der New Yorker Subkulturszene der frühen Achtziger Jahre und einem "akademischen" Lesen seiner Bildinhalte, wie Greg Tate in seinem Katalogessay Black Like B. 1992 feststellt: Basquiat was ... a populist postmodernist. He belongs to a black tradition, well established by our musicians, of making work that is heady enough to confound academics and hip enough to capture the attention span of the hip-hop nation.1 Gleichzeitig muß man, so die afro-amerikanische Feministin bell hooks, für ein tieferes Verständnis der Arbeiten Basquiats die "tragische Dimension" des Lebens der Afro- Amerikaner in den Vereinigten Staaten begreifen: To see and to understand these paintings, one must be willing to accept the tra- gic dimension of black life. In The Fire Next Time, James Baldwin declared that "for the horrors" of black life "there has been almost no language" .... Basquiat's work gives that private anguish artistic expression.2 Die anfängliche Motivation der vorliegenden Arbeit bildete 1991 meine Annahme, daß in Basquiats Bildtexte Subtexte eingewebt sind, die sich einer schnellen, an westlichem Bildungsgut orientierten Betrachtung und Interpretation entziehen. Bei der Beschäfti- gung mit der vor 1992 publizierten Sekundärliteratur stellte sich bald ein Unbehagen über deren völliges Ignorieren der afro-amerikanischen Elemente in Basquiats Arbeiten ein. Wichtiger schien den meisten weißen Interpreten Basquiats seine Etablierung im Kanon anerkannter europäischer und amerikanischer Künstler zu sein - seine kulturelle Identität als Afro-Amerikaner karibischer Abstammung wurde dadurch entweder ver- sucht zu kaschieren oder aber in die Bahnen stereotyper Muster wie "Graffitikünstler" und "authentischer Primitiver" gelenkt. Wolfgang Kemp gab mir in 1993/94 am Kunstgeschichtlichen Institut der Philipps- Universität in Marburg die Möglichkeit, meine Magisterarbeit über Basquiat frei zu 1 Tate In: Marshall, 56. 2 hooks In: Art in America, 72. gestalten. Meine daran anschließende Doktorarbeit führte mich nach New York, wo ich den Großteil meiner Forschungen im Schomburg Institute for Research in Black Cultu- re, einer Bibliothek der Public Library und weltweit größten Sammlung zum Thema Afro-Amerika, tätigte. Auch die Bibliotheken des Museums of Modern Art, des Whit- ney Museums of American Art, der Midtown Public Library und des Caribbean Cultu- ral Institutes waren sehr hilfreich. Richard Marshall, Kurator der 1992 ausgerichteten Basquiat-Retrospektive im New Yorker Whitney Museum of American Art, unterstützte mich durch die Zurverfügung- stellung seines gesamten Bild- und Informationsmaterial, der Beschaffung von Kon- takten zu Freunden Basquiats sowie der Sichtung von Orginalwerken. Basquiats Vater und Erbe Gerard Basquiat hingegen zeigte sich weniger kooperationsbereit. Er hätte mir den Zugang zu Basquiats Sammlung afrikanischer, amerikanischer, afro- amerikanischer und europäischer Kunst sowie seiner Bibliothek, Platten- und Video- sammlung ermöglichen und damit wertvolle Hinweise auf Basquiats Zitierweisen lie- fern können. Doch Gerard Basquiat steht jeglicher Beschäftigung mit dem Werk seines Sohnes mit äußerster Skepsis und Widerwillen gegenüber. Hier wird eine wissen- schaftliche Erforschung des Nachlasses in den nächsten Jahren wahrscheinlich über- haupt nicht möglich sein. Die Sammlerin Leonore Schorr zeigte mir viele Arbeiten Basquiats im Orginal und gab mir wichtige Hinweise zu seinem Bildvokabular. Die Interviews mit Basquiats frühen Freunden Michael Holman und Maripol haben mir Aufschluß über seine Situierung innerhalb der New Yorker Subkultur der frühen Achtziger Jahre sowie über die Hinter- gründe von Julian Schnabels Film Basquiat gegeben. Ein Gespräch sowie die daran anschließende Korrespondenz mit Robert Farris Thompson, Professor für afrikanische und afro-amerikanische Kunst in Yale, bestätigte viele meiner Annahmen und ermu- tigte mich, in die bereits eingeschlagene Richtung weiterzuforschen. Basquiats später Freund Ouattara, ein in New York lebender Künstler aus Abidjan, war im Bezug auf die afrikanische Ikonographie in Basquiats Arbeiten hilfreich. Basquiats Galerist Bruno Bischofsberger und der Schweizer Botschafter in Budapest Claudio Caratsch waren mit Informationen zu der von ihnen organisierten Ausstellung Basquiats 1986 in Abidjan behilflich. Dem afro-amerikanischen Künstler Michael Richards und dem afro- amerikanischen Kunsthistoriker Franklin Sirmans danke ich für die aufschlußreichen Gespräche über Basquiat und die Probleme des afro-amerikanischen Künstlerdaseins. Die Beschäftigung mit Basquiats Werk im Kontext der afro-amerikanischen Problema- tik hat mich gelehrt, viele Fakten der europäischen und amerikanischen Geschichte und Kunstgeschichte von einer anderen Seite und einer neuen Fragestellung zu betrachten. Insofern hat, so denke ich, Basquiat sein Ziel einer "Subversion" der weißen Kunstwelt erreicht, nämlich auch auf der "weißen Seite" zu einem Informieren und Umdenken über die "black experience" der Afro-Amerikaner aufzufordern. Daß die vorliegende Arbeit in dieser Form geschrieben werden konnte, verdanke ich der akademischen Nachwuchsförderung der Stadt Hamburg und dem Deutschen Aka- demischen Austauschdienst. Der größte Dank jedoch gilt meiner Familie, die mich in meiner Arbeit von Anfang an unterstützt hat. Meinem Bruder Stefan danke ich für die vielen Anregungen, Ermutigungen und das kritische Korrekturlesen der Arbeit. 1 1. Einleitung 1.1 Forschungsstand und Ausstellungsgeschichte Das Interesse an Leben und Werk Jean-Michel Basquiats beginnt - zehn Jahre nach sei- nem Tod - in diesem Jahr erneut zu erwachen. Basquiat wurde von vielen seiner New Yorker Zeitgenossen als ein "Genie", das seiner Zeit voraus und daher in seinem Leben unverstanden blieb, angesehen. So äußerte sich Basquiats Freund Fred Braithwaite a.k.a. Fab Five Freddy 1992 in einem Interview mit Sigrid Sischy: "Jean-Michel was the future, basically, and he still
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