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Plant Science Today (2019) 6(2): 170-182 170 Plant Science Today (2019) 6(2): 170-182 170 https://doi.org/10.14719/pst.2019.6.2.511 ISSN: 2348-1900 Plant Science Today http://www.plantsciencetoday.online Review Article Review on the genus Tectaria Cav. from India Sachin M Patil*, Ronak N Kachhiyapatel & Kishore S Rajput Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, The M. S. University of Baroda, Vadoadara 390002, India Article history Abstract Received: 20 February 2019 The fern genus Tectaria Cav. (Tectariaceae) is one of the largest, morphologically Accepted: 04 April 2019 diverse and more complex genera having difficulties in identifying the species and Published: 27 April 2019 their groups. Since its description, a number of new genera had been separated from it or merged within it created considerable ambiguity. Thus, the main aim of the present review is to provide comprehensive information of the taxonomy, cytology, anatomy, palynology and molecular research carried out so far on the genus Tectaria. Present work is not merely compilation but includes personal observations and is presented here after critical evaluation. Keywords: Fern; diversity; cytology; taxonomy; Tectariaceae Publisher Horizon e-Publishing Group Citation: Patil SM, Kachhiyapatel RN, Rajput KS. Review on the genus Tectaria Cav. from India. Plant Science Today 2019;6(2):170-182. https://doi.org/10.14719/pst.2019.6.2.511 Copyright: © Patil et al (2019). This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited *Correspondence (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Sachin M. Patil [email protected] Indexing: Plant Science Today is covered by Scopus, CAS, AGRIS, CABI, Google Scholar, etc. Full list at http://www.plantsciencetoday.online Introduction types (semi-arid to evergreen forests) (48). Due to As an important group of ferns, different species of its remarkable diverse morphology, there is no Tectaria are known to occupy a variety of ecological unanimous opinion on the number of species in niches across different habitats in numerous forest this genus. According to Tryon and Tryon (3) and ecosystems of the country. The diversity, Kramer (4) there are nearly 150 species, while conservation status and state of knowledge of Holttum (5) and Ding et al. (2) considered about 230 Tectaria (Tectariaceae) are not uniform worldwide. species throughout the globe. However, according The genus Tectaria Cav., is popularly known as to PPG-I (6) there are ca. 200 species are accepted “halberd fern”, was described by Cavanilles (1). The internationally. genus is mostly distributed in tropical regions and Thus, the present review intends to compile maximum species are terrestrial in rain forests (2). various studies on this fern from worldwide and The word Tectaria was derived from Latin words critically evaluates the issues related to the “tectum” means “a covering” and the “adjectival taxonomy, anatomy, cytology, palynology and suffic-aria”, referring to the “indusium” (118). molecular research on this genus. Generally, Tectaria species are small to large sized herbs, having erect, suberect or creeping rhizome, Taxonomic history monomorphic or dimorphic, unipennate, bipinnate- tetrapinnate fronds, growing along the roadsides, The treatment of tectaroid ferns has un- edges of hills and hillocks, along the water channels orthodoxically undergone several changes in their from low to high altitude or in different forests names time to time. It was popularly known as Horizon e-Publishing Group ISSN: 2348-1900 Plant Science Today (2019) 6(2): 170-182 171 Aspidium Sw., whereas few species were treated (21) raised these tribe to subfamily rank but placed under the Dryopteris Adans., Nephrodium Marthe under the family Dennstaedtiaceae. For separating ex Michx., Pleocnemia C. Presl., and Polystichum these subfamilies, different characters, viz., costae, Roth. The genus Tectaria was described by smaller rachises grooved, and groove with raised Cavanilles (1). Soon after discovery of Tectaria, edges for the Dryopteridoideae and costae raised, describe a new genera Aspidium by Swartz (7) for not grooved, presence of hairs for the Aspidieae the same and this name was widely accepted by were used. He accepted many new genera, viz., several pteridologists. Later on, many new genera, Amphiblestra C.Presl, Arcypteris Underw., Ctenitis viz., Arcypteris Underw., Pleocnemia C. Presl, and (C. Chr.) C. Chr., Cyclopeltis J. Sm., Dictyoxiphium Sagenia C. Presl, were described and accepted by Hook., Hemigramma Christ, Heterogonium C.Presl, many pteridologists (8-10). Beddome (11-12) Lastreopsis Ching, Pleocnemia C. Presl, reported different tectaroid ferns, viz., Aspidium Pleuroderris Maxon, Pteridrys C. Chr. & Ching, and Plecomenia, although these generic Quercifilix Copel., Stenosemia C. Presl and Tectaria delimitations were widely adopted at that time by Cav., in his classification system. At the same time pteridologists; it was ultimately recognized as Copland (22) recognized a large family illegitimate names. However, the concept of Aspidiaceae, including the genera, viz., Thelypteris Tectaria was progressively accepted by and its allies, Athyrium, Diplazium and pteridologists in the 20th century. Lomariopsis. Subsequently, Holttum (23) The first major work on tectaroid ferns in Arcypteris Underw., is maintained as different the 20th century was Christensen's “Index Filicum” from Tectaria and is very closely related to (13). Further, he realised that the species listed Pleocnemia rather than Tectaria. Pichi Sermolli under the genus Dryopteris were an unnatural (24) had proposed to conserve the family mixture which indeed needs further study. First Aspidiaceae but it failed because the family name time he pointed out the presence of ctenitoid type Aspidiaceae is illegitimate since it is based on an of hairs in the species aggregate under the genus illegitimate generic name Aspidium. Nayar (25) Dryopteris. He distinguished Ctenitis from didn’t follow the Ching’s classification and placed Dryopteris, pointing out the relationship of the tectarioid and Dryopteris group of ferns in former to Tectaria and also has anastomosing separate subfamilies of Dryopteridaceae. Mathew veins in thelypteroid ferns. At the same time, (26) studied diversity of pteridophytes of Copland (14) studied the Philippine species and Darjeeling district and reported Tectaria cicutaria recognized seven groups, viz., the Arcypteris and T. polymorpha from Darjeeling. Sledge (27) group, the Cicutariae group, the Crenatae group, studied the tectarioid ferns of Ceylon and reported the Decurrentes group, the Pleocnemia group, the five genera (Hypodematium, Ctenitis, Lastreopsis, Trifoliatae-Polymorphae group, and the Vastae Tectaria and Pteridrys) and sixteen species with group. Subsequently, Christensen (15) made an the rejection of the genus Quercifilix. In disparity, a effort to differentiate natural assemblies within number of unlike genera had been isolated from that mixture by exploring the species of tropical Tectaria, viz., Aenigmopteris Holttum, America. Later on, he published a monograph Amphiblestra, Aspidium, Camptodium, “Index Filicum” (16), subgenera, though he Cardiochlaena Fée, Chlamydogramme Holttum, observed them as very diverse and specified that Cionidium T. Moore, Ctenitopsis Ching ex Tardieu & some should eventually have generic rank. Blater C. Chr., Dictyoxiphium, Dictyopteris J.V. Lamour., and d'Almeida (17) studied the ferns of Bombay Dryomensis Fée, Fadyenia, Hemigramma, presidency and reported 06 species of Aspidium. Heterogonium, Luerssenia Kuhn ex Luerssen, Ching (18) for the treatment of Tectaria from China Microbrochis C. Presl, Phlebiogonium Fée, and Sikkim-Himalaya, divided the genus into three Pleocnemia, Pleuroderris, Podopeltis Fée, sections, viz., T. sect. Arcypteris (Underw.) C. Chr., Psomiocarpa C. Presl, Pseudotectaria Tardieu-Blot, T. sect. Pleocnemia (C. Presl) Diels, and T. sect. Quercifilix, Sagenia, Stenosemia, and Trichiocarpa Eutectaria Ching (=T. sect. Tectaria). Christensen (Hook.) J. Sm., by various pteridologists (28). In (19) published the classification of extant ferns addition, some species of Ctenitis and Dryopteris retained a major family Polypodiaceae with two Adans., are often treated as members of Tectaria subfamilies, one is Dryopteridoideae which which has on occasion led to unstable includes the genus Dryopteris and second is delimitations of those genera (3,29). Holttum (30) Thelypteridaceae which includes the genus studied the genus Tectaria from Mascarene Tectaria with other related genera. Later on, Ching Islands. On the basis of venation patterns, he (20) divided Christensen's Polypodiaceae into divided the genus Tectaria of Mascarene Islands several families, amongst these Aspidiaceae is one into three groups i.e. Group I includes the species which is similar to Christensen's subfamily (T. picta and T. puberula) having elaborate Dryopteridoideae. This family Aspidiaceae is network of veins, with free veinlets, often divided into tribes, Aspidieae (includes Tectaria branched, which run in all direction in the areoles and its allies) and Dryopterideae (includes of the network including the areole of the main Dryopteris and related genera). Ching (20) also veins of the pinnae. Group II includes the species accepted the genera, viz., Arcypteris Underw., (T. gemmifera) had no free veinlets in the areoles Pleocnemia
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