French Treasury in the U.S. Flash Politique Commerciale #2017-5

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French Treasury in the U.S. Flash Politique Commerciale #2017-5 French Treasury in the U.S. Le Service Economique Régional de l’Ambassade de France aux Etats-Unis Les lettres d’actualité - Etats-Unis Flash Politique commerciale #2017-5 Par Anne Colombari Le 30 mars 2017 SOMMAIRE ADMINISTRATION La nouvelle administration précise sa vision du commerce mondial et sa conception d’un accord de libre-échange idéal. DEBATS AU CONGRES Les membres du Congrès, tant démocrates que républicains, sont engagés dans des consultations avec l’administration en préparation du lancement de la renégociation de l’ALENA. PARTIES PRENANTES L’opinion publique américaine et les groupes d’intérêt apparaissent très divisés sur les enjeux commerciaux, les accords de libre-échange étant l’élément le plus controversé. RELAIS D’OPINION Les médias américains continuent de couvrir les sujets commerciaux de façon extensive, tentant d’identifier les coalitions transpartisanes susceptibles d’émerger dans ce domaine. ADMINISTRATION L’administration Trump expose sa politique plus équilibrée. Angela Merkel a rappelé que la commerciale auprès de ses partenaires Commission Européenne négociait en matière internationaux. commerciale au nom de l’ensemble des Etats membres. La Chancelière Merkel s’est rendue à Washington le 17 mars pour sa première rencontre avec le nouveau L’administration a entamé un travail de Président américain. Au cours d’une conférence de fond en préparation de l’ouverture de presse commune, Donald Trump a déclaré que si les négociations commerciales, notamment la négociateurs commerciaux allemands se sont renégociation de l’ALENA. montrés meilleurs que leurs homologues américains par le passé, il souhaiterait aboutir à une relation 4101 Reservoir Road, NW l Washington, DC 20007 USA l www.frenchtreasuryintheus.org l @FRTreasury_US Flash Politique commerciale n°2017-5 30 mars 2017 L’administration est en train de définir une esquisse Pagan, ainsi que l’Assistant USTR for Agricultural d’accord de libre-échange, qui servirait de base pour Affairs and Commodity Policy Sharon Bomer de futures négociations bilatérales. Elle aurait Lauritsen se sont rendus au Sénat pour informer le notamment identifié une vingtaine de pratiques Senate Advisory Group on Negotiations des commerciales qu’elle voudrait voir modifiées dans orientations générales de la future renégociation de de futurs ALE : la manipulation du taux de change, l’ALENA, comme le prévoit la Trade Promotion les règles d’origine, la mise en place de « standards Authority. Leurs homologues à la Chambre ont été environnementaux et sociaux stricts ». Elle en briefés la semaine précédente. écarterait les indications géographiques « qui Selon un document de travail confidentiel obtenu restreignent le commerce ». Cette liste, intitulée par Politico, la Maison Blanche souhaiterait « Key Elements of a Model Trade Agreement », a été rediriger 60 M d’USD d’un programme d’aides construite à partir de 13 objectifs initiaux définis par financières du Department of Labor (DOL) vers un Peter Navarro, le Directeur du National Trade dispositif de contrôle du respect (enforcement) des Council, et Jason Greenblatt, Special normes sociales issues d’accords de libre-échange Representative for International Negotiations, qui (ALE). Il s’agirait là seulement d’une proposition de ont ensuite été complétés par des parlementaires. budget, dont il est possible qu’elle ne soit pas Lors de son audition au Sénat en janvier, le approuvée par le Congrès. Le DOL consacre déjà Commerce Secretary Wilbur Ross avait expliqué certaines ressources à cette mission et a ainsi lancé qu’il souhaitait définir une liste d’exigences à une procédure contre le Guatemala pour violation opposer à la partie adverse lors de futures des droits syndicaux garantis dans le cadre du négociations (« I think it's a huge mistake to start Central American Free Trade Agreement (CAFTA). out each time with kind of a blank page from ground zero. Makes it take longer, makes it harder Vers un déblocage des capacités to negotiate. The best negotiating tool is to be able d’intervention de l’EXIM Bank ? to tell someone: I can't change this. This is official policy. You know it is. We've got it in 10 other Le 23 mars, Stephen Mnuchin a déclaré au deals. ») Congressional Problem Solvers Caucus de la Chambre des Représentants que la nouvelle L’équipe commerciale de l’administration Trump administration s’apprêtait à nommer de nouveaux continue d’organiser des réunions au Congrès dans membres au conseil d’administration de l’Export- la perspective d’une notification officielle prochaine Import Bank (ExIm), organisme américain de au Congrès de la renégociation de l’ALENA. Le soutien à l’export. Cette annonce intervient après un 28 mars, le Commerce Secretary Wilbur Ross, an et demi de blocage : l’EXIM Bank ne peut en effet l’USTR par intérim Stephen Vaughn, la Directrice valider les projets d’un montant supérieur à adjointe des affaires juridiques de l’USTR Maria 10 M d’USD, faute de quorum. DEBATS AU CONGRES Les auditions de membres du gouvernement le système américain, auquel il s’agissait de par le Sénat se poursuivent, « résister ». Il a annoncé une stratégie plus offensive l’administration comptant encore de très devant l’Organe de Règlement des Différends de nombreux postes vacants. l’OMC. R. Lighthizer a estimé au cours de cette audition qu’un accord de libre-échange avec le Robert Lighthizer, l’avocat spécialisé en droit Japon favoriserait les exportations du secteur commercial choisi par le Président pour le poste agricole américain. Il n’a pas abordé les détails de la d’United States Trade Representative (USTR) a été future renégociation de l’ALENA, se bornant à juger auditionné le 14 mars par la Commission des que l’accord nécessitait une « mise à jour ». La date Finances du Sénat. Son intervention n’a pas du vote de confirmation de la nomination de vraiment apporté de nouveaux éléments quant à la R. Lighthizer n’a pas été fixée, mais il apparaît politique commerciale que la nouvelle probable qu’il n’interviendra pas avant la fin avril, le administration entend mettre en œuvre. Il a décrit Sénat n’étant pas en session du 7 au 24 avril. les Indications géographiques comme un « effort organisé » de l’Union Européenne pour mettre à mal 2 Flash Politique commerciale n°2017-5 30 mars 2017 Lors de son audition au Sénat, l’ex-gouverneur de la authority over trade and, instead, has delegated too Géorgie Sonny Perdue, candidat au poste de much of that authority to the president. ») Secretary of Agriculture, a affirmé sa volonté de Les membres du House Ways and Means participer aux futures négociations commerciales et Committee ont reçu le 28 mars une première version d’y défendre les intérêts des exportateurs agricoles de la notification au Congrès nécessaire pour le américains. Le Président de la Commission déclenchement de la renégociation de l’ALENA Agriculture du Sénat, Pat Roberts (Rép. – Kansas), conformément à la Trade Promotion Authority. s’est inquiété de la multiplication des interlocuteurs Bien que la date de la notification officielle ne soit en matière commerciale (« I have been concerned pas encore connue, elle est déterminante : les that there may be too many cooks in the kitchen négociations ne pourront commencer au plus tôt que when it comes to trade, and we want to make sure 90 jours après l’annonce. Le Commerce Secretary they are familiar with the main ingredients. ») Wilbur Ross et Kevin Brady de la Chambre des Le House Ways and Means Committee est en Représentants ont tous deux déclaré qu’il était contact constant avec la nouvelle encore trop tôt pour savoir si la renégociation serait administration. tripartite ou scindée en deux négociations bilatérales. En tout état de cause, un éventuel accord Kevin Brady (Rép. – Texas), le Président de la requerra un vote du Congrès pour entrer en vigueur. Commission des Finances (Ways and Means) de la Chambre des Représentants, a déclaré que l’accès au Le Chairman du House Ways and Means trade marché canadien des produits laitiers américains subcommittee Dave Reichert (Rép. – Etat de était une de ses priorités pour la renégociation de Washington) a récemment affirmé qu’un ALE l’ALENA. La presse a relevé que si les Etats-Unis bilatéral avec le Japon était la priorité de n’avaient pas obtenu de concession importante dans l’administration. Il a expliqué que cette négociation ce domaine avec le TPP, il serait cependant difficile ne pouvait intervenir qu’après la conclusion de celle pour le Canada de refuser plus longtemps un de l’ALENA. meilleur accès à son marché alors que l’Union Certains Sénateurs s’interrogent sur la Européenne en bénéficiera dans le cadre du CETA. pertinence des programmes actuels censés Le Représentant Brady a de plus affirmé sur Fox protéger les travailleurs américains des News le 26 mars que, suite au retrait de la réforme externalités négatives de la mondialisation. de l’assurance-santé dite « Obamacare » de Les Sénateurs Chris Coons (Dém. – Delaware) et l’agenda législatif, les Républicains à la Chambre Shelley Moore Capito (Rép. – Virginie Occidentale) allaient consacrer leurs efforts à une réforme fiscale ont demandé conjointement au Government de grande ampleur, comprenant en particulier une Accountability Office (équivalent de la Cour des « border adjustment tax » (BAT). Comptes) de réaliser un audit de la Trade Bill Pascrell (Dém. – New Jersey), Ranking member Adjustment Assistance ainsi que des autres du House Ways and Means Subcommittee on programmes d’aide à la reconversion destinés aux Trade, a rédigé un document de deux pages intitulé
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