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The Rise of Modern Universalism Timothy K Are All Doomed to Be Saved? The Rise of Modern Universalism Timothy K. Beougher Timothy K. Beougher is Billy With none to heed their crying this position may disagree on the timing Graham Associate Professor of Evan- For life, and love, and light and the means of this final salvation, but gelism and Church Growth at The South- Unnumbered souls are dying they all claim (either hopefully or dogmati- ern Baptist Theological Seminary, where And pass into the night.1 cally) that it will take place. he has taught since 1996. Beougher This article will begin by defining uni- co-edited Accounts of Campus Revival Or do they? Do people who die with- versalism and explaining its appeal. Then and Evangelism for a Changing World, out acknowledging Christ as their Savior a brief survey of the history of universal- and is the author of several scholarly ar- really “pass into the night”? Or should ism will be set forth. Next, the teachings of ticles. He is currently at work on a biog- that hymn, which embodies orthodox universalism (both in its “hope-so” and raphy of Richard Baxter. Christian thought about the fate of those “dogmatic” forms) will be presented, fol- who die without Christ, be abandoned lowed by an evangelical critique. The ar- along with other “outdated” beliefs? ticle will end with concluding remarks and Should traditional Christian teaching con- suggestions about where we go from here. cerning the final judgment and an eternal N. T. Wright maintains universalism is hell be “brought up to date,” modified to “perhaps the greatest unspoken premise fit the tolerant spirit of the times? of modern thought within the Christian It has long been noted there are three church.”3 While his sweeping assertion possible positions concerning the extent may be debatable, the importance of the of the salvation of humankind: (1) none issue is not. The doctrine of universalism will be saved; (2) some will be saved; or involves more than a mere difference of (3) all will be saved. The traditional Chris- opinion concerning eschatology. As tian teaching concerning the hereafter has Ronald Blue points out, this debate been the second option: only some will be touches on several major doctrines of saved. Within this position debates are Christianity.4 ongoing as to exactly who will be saved (must one have explicit faith in Christ?) Defining Universalism: “Wide is and what the final condition of the lost the Road that Leads to Life” will be (will they suffer eternal conscious Universalism may be defined as the torment?). Previous SBJT articles have teaching that though hell may exist it will analyzed various challenges to traditional eventually empty as God’s will to save all Christian teaching on these issues.2 persons individually will finally tri- This article seeks to explain and critique umph.5 All human beings ultimately will the third option: all will be saved, which is be saved. Hell thereby becomes a “means also known as the doctrine of universal- of grace” where God’s love eventually ism. Though it is presented in many forms, wins everyone, even Judas (and some the basic teaching common to universalist would say even Satan), back to Himself. systems is that God will eventually bring The doctrine of universalism has been all people to salvation. The advocates of presented differently by those who have 6 advocated it throughout the centuries. in the evangelical theological view of sal- Some have claimed that no person is bad vation are discernible.10 He reports that enough to be rejected ultimately. Recent one of three “Evangelicals” surveyed held universalism stresses that God’s power the view that “the only hope for Heaven and love is so great that it will secure even- is through personal faith in Jesus Christ tually the salvation of the entire human except for those who have not had the race.6 As Richard Bauckham notes, “Only opportunity to hear of Jesus Christ.”11 the belief that ultimately all men will be Hunter notes these numbers signify a saved is common to all universalists.”7 dramatic shift from the perspective of his- How then does the universalistic posi- torical orthodoxy: tion work out in practice? While there are varying versions, universalists generally The significance of all of this is plain. The introduction of these qualifica- agree that those who leave this world in tions tempers the purity of the theo- unbelief will enter hell. But having en- logical exclusivism traditionally tered, they will sooner or later come out, held. Ultimate truth is not at issue here, only what people perceive to having been brought to their senses and be ultimate truth. Thus, the existence seeing their error in not acknowledging of such a sizable minority of Christ. While in hell they will make a posi- Evangelicals maintaining this stance represents a noteworthy shift away tive response to Christ because their suf- from the historical interpretations.12 fering will have opened their eyes to the truth. Thus hell is real, but is only tempo- This viewpoint is reflected in the com- rary. All will be saved eventually and ment made by former United States Presi- God’s universal salvific desire will have dent and current Southern Baptist Sunday come to pass. No one will be finally lost. School Teacher Jimmy Carter: “I cannot Hell will end up empty. imagine an innocent person being de- prived of God’s eternal blessing because The Appeal of Universalism they don’t have a chance to accept Universalism has a strong appeal in Christ.”13 Leighton Ford aptly illustrates cultures confronted by the pressures of this cultural pressure in his article entitled, pluralism. James D. Hunter notes that in “Do You Mean to Tell Me that In This the face of intense religious and cultural Modern, Humanistic, Pluralistic, Tolerant pluralism during the past century the Society You Still Believe in Hell?”14 pressures to deny Christianity’s exclusive Another appeal of universalism is that claims to truth have been “fantastic.”8 it appeases our feelings about persons be- George Barna’s 1993 survey of the beliefs ing lost. When someone we know dies with of Americans (appropriately titled Abso- his or her relationship to Christ in ques- lute Confusion) found that nearly two out tion, we begin to wonder if perhaps God of three persons believe that all religions might decide to save everyone in the end. teach basically the same thing and no one I once talked with a pastor who had is superior to the others.9 adopted universalism for this very reason. Even Evangelicals have not been im- This man’s father had never been inter- mune from yielding to the pressure of plu- ested in spiritual things, had never dark- ralism. Using the results of his Evangelical ened the door of a church, and yet was, in Academy Project, Hunter notes that shifts this pastor’s words, “a good man.” This 7 pastor told me, “The thought of my father tradition of the East. In the West, the com- being in hell was just too much for me to bined influence of Augustine’s writings bear. The more I reflected on his situation, against universalism and Origen’s hereti- the more I became convinced that hell was cal reputation insured that the Augustin- a myth and that all would be saved.” His ian version of the doctrine of hell theological shift came not from careful prevailed almost without question for study of the Scriptures but from his own many centuries.18 During the Middle Ages subjective experience and feelings. universalism was propounded in the Pla- A third appeal of universalism relates tonic system of John Scotus Erigena (810- to the struggles of the missionary task. 877).19 During the Reformation period Bernard Ramm argues that belief in uni- some of the radical Anabaptists and Spiri- versalism is on the rise because the “task tualists, notably John Denck, were univer- of world evangelism seems so hopeless.”15 salists.20 Others espousing universalism With countless millions of people still prior to 1800 included some among the unreached with the gospel, the concept of Cambridge Platonists and a few of the universalism appeals to many people. In German Pietists. other words, if you think you are losing, F. D. E. Schleiermacher was the first then simply change the rules of the game. prominent theologian of modern times But all sentiment aside, is the posi- to teach universalism.21 In The Christian tion of universalism a viable option for Faith, Schleiermacher taught absolute pre- the Christian? Do the universalists destination, rejecting any form of double present a convincing case? Before the predestination. All men are elected to sal- arguments for universalism are pre- vation in Christ, and God’s desire to save sented in greater detail, I will offer a all cannot fail. Schleiermacher argued brief history of universalism. against the traditional view of hell, claim- ing that the blessedness of the redeemed The History of Universalism16 would be severely marred by their sym- Church historians generally agree that pathy for the damned if the traditional universalism first appeared in the teaching were true. Alexandrian School, especially with Nineteenth-century England saw a Origen (A.D. 185-254). Based on his belief great deal of discussion on issues related that God’s ultimate purpose is to restore to the future life. In 1853, F. D. Maurice the original unity in creation, Origen was dismissed from his chair at King’s taught that all of the condemned and even College, London, for teaching a theory of the demons would eventually be brought, a “wider hope.”22 In 1862, for a tentative through a time of “purifying” punish- assertion of universalism in Essays and ment, into voluntary subjection to Reviews (1860), H.
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