Zooplankton Community Structure in Pengkalan Chepa River Basin
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ZOOPLANKTON COMMUNITY STRUCTURE IN PENGKALAN CHEPA RIVER BASIN SITI ZULFARINA BINTI FADZLI UNIVERSITI SAINS MALAYSIA 2015 ZOOPLANKTON COMMUNITY STRUCTURE IN PENGKALAN CHEPA RIVER BASIN By SITI ZULFARINA BINTI FADZLI Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of Master of Science 2015 ACKNOWLEDMENT Bismillahirrahmanirrrahim. In the name of Allah, all praises is due to Him, the most merciful and may His blessings be upon the Prophet Muhammad SAW, peace is upon him. First of all, I would like to express my deepest appreciation and sincere gratitude to my beloved main supervisor, Dr. Rohasliney Hashim for her sincere and warm personal guidance, opinion, tolerance and encouragement throughout both of my endeavours in the field work and in this thesis preparation. I am greatly admired her patience and kindness in teaching and guiding me in completing this project. Not forgetting my sincere appreciation and acknowledgement to my co- supervisor, Assoc. Prof. Dr. Wan Maznah Wan Omar for her warm and valuable opinion, guidance and advice on this project. My acknowledgement is due to En. Johan Ismail (UPM, Bintulu Campus) in helping me in the identification of plankton species as well as the dean and staff of the School of Health Sciences and Institute of Postgraduate Studies (IPS) of USM, for their help and cooperation. My appreciation also goes to the Environmental lab staff, especially En. Mohd Kamarizan, En. Khairul Azuan, En Azilah and USM PPSK van drivers for lending their hand during my field work and Pn. Juskasmini and Pn Noor Haslina during my laboratory work. Not forgetting staff from Biomedicine lab for helping me out during my laboratory work, Dr. Amir Shah Ruddin for his consultation during completing this project. To all members of River Ecology Team; Linda, Amzar, Amirah and Rezza, thanks for your friendly help and ii support. I also would like to thank Dr. Zarul Hazrin Hashim for the assistance in my data statistical analysis. Last but not least I would like to thank both my parents and families for the support and understanding all the time. I love u all very much. Thank you, Siti Zulfarina binti Fadzli iii TABLE OF CONTENT ACKNOWLEDMENT ................................................................................................. ii TABLE OF CONTENT .............................................................................................. iv LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................... vii LIST OF TABLES ..................................................................................................... xii LIST OF PLATE ....................................................................................................... xiii LIST OF SYMBOLS ................................................................................................. xv ABSTRAK ................................................................................................................ xvi ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................. xvii CHAPTER 1 ................................................................................................................ 1 INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Study Background .......................................................................................... 1 1.2 Importance of the study ............................................................................... 10 1.3 Objectives .................................................................................................... 11 CHAPTER 2 .............................................................................................................. 12 LITERATURE REVIEW........................................................................................... 12 2.1 Plankton ....................................................................................................... 12 2.1.1 Zooplankton ........................................................................................... 13 2.1.1.1 Rotifera ........................................................................................ 15 2.1.1.2 Cladocera ..................................................................................... 17 2.1.1.3 Copepoda ..................................................................................... 18 2.2 Role of Plankton in the Environment........................................................... 19 2.3 Plankton as bio-indicator in evaluating water quality .................................. 23 2.4 Plankton study in Malaysia .......................................................................... 26 2.5 Water quality study in Malaysia .................................................................. 29 CHAPTER 3 .............................................................................................................. 33 MATERIALS AND METHODS ............................................................................... 33 3.1 Sampling sites .............................................................................................. 33 3.1.1 Tok Sadang (TS)................................................................................. 36 3.1.2 Alor Lintah (AL) ................................................................................ 37 3.1.3 Pengkalan Chepa (PC) ........................................................................ 38 3.1.4 Alor B (AB) ........................................................................................ 39 3.1.5 Keladi (KD) ........................................................................................ 40 3.2 Data Collections ........................................................................................... 41 iv 3.2.1 Zooplankton sample collection ........................................................... 41 3.2.2 Physico-chemical parameters ............................................................. 43 3.2.3 Sample identification and enumeration .............................................. 43 3.3 Data Analysis Indices .................................................................................. 48 3.3.1 Statistical Analysis ............................................................................. 48 3.3.2 Ecological Indices .............................................................................. 49 i. Shannon-Weiner Index, ............................................................... 49 ii. Evenness Pielou Index, ................................................................ 49 iii. Menhinick Richness Index ........................................................... 50 iv. Berger-Parker Index ..................................................................... 50 CHAPTER 4 .............................................................................................................. 51 RESULTS .............................................................................................................. 51 4.1 Species distribution, composition and variation .......................................... 51 4.1.1 Rotifers ............................................................................................... 52 4.1.2 Cladocerans ........................................................................................ 53 4.1.3 Copepods ............................................................................................ 53 4.1.4 Diversity and evenness indices analysis ............................................. 65 4.1.5 Cluster analysis of zooplankton community ...................................... 65 4.2 Physico-chemical parameters variation ....................................................... 68 4.3 Physico-chemical analysis ........................................................................... 71 4.3.1 Temperature ........................................................................................ 71 4.3.2 Conductivity ....................................................................................... 71 4.3.3 Salinity ................................................................................................ 73 4.3.4 Dissolved oxygen ............................................................................... 73 4.3.5 Turbidity ............................................................................................. 75 4.3.6 Total dissolved solids (TDS) .............................................................. 75 4.3.7 Secchi depth........................................................................................ 77 4.3.8 Total suspended solid (TSS) ............................................................... 77 4.3.9 Velocity .............................................................................................. 79 4.4 Plankton community interrelation with physico-chemical .......................... 80 CHAPTER 5 .............................................................................................................. 88 DISCUSSION ............................................................................................................ 88 CHAPTER 6 .............................................................................................................. 97 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION ......................................................... 97 v LIMITATIONS AND PROBLEMS .........................................................................