In Honorem Ivo Goldstein
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Jewish Citizens of Socialist Yugoslavia: Politics of Jewish Identity in a Socialist State, 1944-1974
JEWISH CITIZENS OF SOCIALIST YUGOSLAVIA: POLITICS OF JEWISH IDENTITY IN A SOCIALIST STATE, 1944-1974 by Emil Kerenji A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (History) in The University of Michigan 2008 Doctoral Committee: Professor Todd M. Endelman, Co-Chair Professor John V. Fine, Jr., Co-Chair Professor Zvi Y. Gitelman Professor Geoffrey H. Eley Associate Professor Brian A. Porter-Szűcs © Emil Kerenji 2008 Acknowledgments I would like to thank all those who supported me in a number of different and creative ways in the long and uncertain process of researching and writing a doctoral dissertation. First of all, I would like to thank John Fine and Todd Endelman, because of whom I came to Michigan in the first place. I thank them for their guidance and friendship. Geoff Eley, Zvi Gitelman, and Brian Porter have challenged me, each in their own ways, to push my thinking in different directions. My intellectual and academic development is equally indebted to my fellow Ph.D. students and friends I made during my life in Ann Arbor. Edin Hajdarpašić, Bhavani Raman, Olivera Jokić, Chandra Bhimull, Tijana Krstić, Natalie Rothman, Lenny Ureña, Marie Cruz, Juan Hernandez, Nita Luci, Ema Grama, Lisa Nichols, Ania Cichopek, Mary O’Reilly, Yasmeen Hanoosh, Frank Cody, Ed Murphy, Anna Mirkova are among them, not in any particular order. Doing research in the Balkans is sometimes a challenge, and many people helped me navigate the process creatively. At the Jewish Historical Museum in Belgrade, I would like to thank Milica Mihailović, Vojislava Radovanović, and Branka Džidić. -
TEACHING ABOUT the HOLOCAUST and the PREVENTION of CRIMES AGAINST HUMANITY Zagreb and Jasenovac, 25 – 27 January 2011
TEACHING ABOUT THE HOLOCAUST AND THE PREVENTION OF CRIMES AGAINST HUMANITY Zagreb and Jasenovac, 25 – 27 January 2011 PROGRAMME HOTEL PALACE, ZAGREB Tuesday 25 January 2011 Opening Address 10.00 – 10.30 Vinko Filipović, Director of the Education and Teacher Training Agency Dijana Vican, State Secretary, the Ministry of Science, Education and Sports Jasen Mesić, the Minister of Culture Zrinka Vrabec Mojzeš, the representative of the President of the Republic of Croatia 10.30 – 11.00 Have we learned the lessons from history? Challenges of the 21st century, lecture; H. E. Yosef Amrani, the Ambassador of the State of Israel 11.00 – 11.50 The History of Jews on Croatian Territory until the 2nd World War, lecture Naida Mihal Brandl, Faculty of Philosophy, University of Zagreb 11.50 – 12.10 Break 12.10 – 13.00 The Holocaust in the Independent State of Croatia; lecture Ivo Goldstein, PhD, Faculty of Philosophy, University of Zagreb 13.00 – 14.30 Lunch 14.30 – 15.30 France during the 2nd World War, lecture Tal Bruttmann, PhD, Memorial de la Shoah, France 15.30 – 16.00 Croatia and France during the 2nd World War, discussion Ivo Goldstein and Tal Bruttmann 16.00 – 16.15 Break 16.15 – 17.30 Educational Philosophy of Yad Vashem, Chava Baruch, Yad Vashem, Israel The Age appropriate approach of teaching about the Holocaust: “ Through their Eyes “ pedagogical unit, Yiftach Ashkenazy, Yad Vashem, Israel two parallel workshops 17.30 – 17.45 Break 17.45 – 19.00 Teaching about the Holocaust through Literature and Art Yiftach Ashkenazy and Chava Baruch, Yad -
The Croatian Ustasha Regime and Its Policies Towards
THE IDEOLOGY OF NATION AND RACE: THE CROATIAN USTASHA REGIME AND ITS POLICIES TOWARD MINORITIES IN THE INDEPENDENT STATE OF CROATIA, 1941-1945. NEVENKO BARTULIN A thesis submitted in fulfilment Of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of New South Wales November 2006 1 2 3 Acknowledgements I would like to thank my supervisor Dr. Nicholas Doumanis, lecturer in the School of History at the University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, Australia, for the valuable guidance, advice and suggestions that he has provided me in the course of the writing of this thesis. Thanks also go to his colleague, and my co-supervisor, Günther Minnerup, as well as to Dr. Milan Vojkovi, who also read this thesis. I further owe a great deal of gratitude to the rest of the academic and administrative staff of the School of History at UNSW, and especially to my fellow research students, in particular, Matthew Fitzpatrick, Susie Protschky and Sally Cove, for all their help, support and companionship. Thanks are also due to the staff of the Department of History at the University of Zagreb (Sveuilište u Zagrebu), particularly prof. dr. sc. Ivo Goldstein, and to the staff of the Croatian State Archive (Hrvatski državni arhiv) and the National and University Library (Nacionalna i sveuilišna knjižnica) in Zagreb, for the assistance they provided me during my research trip to Croatia in 2004. I must also thank the University of Zagreb’s Office for International Relations (Ured za meunarodnu suradnju) for the accommodation made available to me during my research trip. -
The Power of God's Servants: Catholic Hierarchy and the Independent
The Power of God’s Servants: Catholic Hierarchy and the Independent State of Croatia Daniel Schumick The Catholic Church’s role in the Holocaust has been hotly contested for decades. Countless polemics have emerged from historians, journalists, and clergy denouncing the Catholic Church, Pope Pius XII in particular, for its seemingly idle stance on Nazism and the Holocaust. For every polemic denouncing The Church there exists a polemic defending or apologizing for its actions. The excuses given in defense of The Church range from a lack of power to a fear of retribution against Catholics. Many of these apologetics and counter arguments spend their time focusing on Vatican relations with France, Germany, Italy, or Poland (where Church activity saw the most success). These apologists, often ignore the fate of the 30,000 Jews1 and the 330,000-390,000 Serbians2 who perished under the Ustasha regime of the Independent Croatian State (NDH). However, a number of historians3 have criticized the Catholic Church’s relationship with the NDH and its failure to intervene in the killings committed under a self-proclaimed Catholic State. Perhaps the most articulated argument, as well as free of ethnic, religious, or national bias, has been crafted by historian Michael Phayer. Phayer argues that since Croatia was a “Catholic State”, the papacy could have acted against the NDH with no fear of retribution and in choosing not to act, the Church lost an important opportunity to exercise moral leadership.4 This argument appears to be very solid as many of the academic works defending the Church avoid the topic of Croatia all together: Frank J. -
'Today, the Situation with Jews in Croatia Is Just Ugly' from Division to Pluralism in Croatian Jewish Community
‘TODAY, THE SITUATION WITH JEWS IN CROATIA IS JUST UGLY’ FROM DIVISION TO PLURALISM IN CROATIAN JEWISH COMMUNITY By Biljana Lalic Submitted to Central European University Department of Nationalism Studies In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Supervisor: Professor András Kovács Budapest, Hungary CEU eTD Collection 2016 ABSTRACT The aim of this thesis is to demonstrate that the current situation of the division in the Croatian Jewish community goes beyond the binary discourse of revival vs. disappearance of Jewish communal life in post-communist Europe. The emergence of Bet Israel, an Orthodox religious community in Croatia, in 2006 serves as a case study for examining the impact of internal and external determinates on the group(s) making process. The methodology employed to argue the hypothesis involves qualitative research conducted in Zagreb, in April 2016, with three generations of Croatian Jews. Findings of the research propose that there is a strong need for belonging to a significant Jewish group among Jews in Croatia. Expressed in different institutional options, it reflects the plurality of groupness crystallization processes. Key words: Jewish revival, disappearance thesis, groupness, pluralism CEU eTD Collection i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Firstly, I would like to thank András Kovács, my supervisor, for useful comments and suggestions. Without his help, this thesis would not have been possible. Secondly, I would like to express my gratitude to all of the participants in this research who have selflessly dedicated their time and energy to provide their contribution to this work. Lastly, I want to thank my friends and colleagues for the inspiration they provided me with, as well as immense support in the process. -
Croatia 2020 Human Rights Report
CROATIA 2020 HUMAN RIGHTS REPORT EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The Republic of Croatia is a constitutional parliamentary democracy. Legislative authority is vested in the unicameral parliament (Sabor). The president serves as head of state and nominates the prime minister, who leads the government, based on majority support of parliament. The latest presidential election was held in December 2019 with a second round for the top two candidates held on January 5. President Zoran Milanovic was elected by a majority of voters. Domestic and international observers stated that the presidential election and parliamentary elections held on July 5 were free and fair. The national police, under the control of the Ministry of the Interior, have primary responsibility for domestic security. In times of disorder, the prime minister and the president may call upon the armed forces to provide security. The president is commander in chief of the armed forces. The armed forces report to the Ministry of Defense and to the president as commander in chief. Civilian authorities maintained effective control over the security forces. There were allegations that some members of the border police committed abuses of irregular migrants. Significant human rights issues included: instances of violence against, and intimidation and censorship of, journalists and the existence of criminal libel laws; reported acts of unjustified police violence against irregular migrants, some of whom may have been asylum seekers; corruption; and discrimination and violence against members of ethnic minority groups, particularly Serbs and Roma. The government took significant steps to prosecute and punish individuals who committed abuses of human rights. Section 1. Respect for the Integrity of the Person, Including Freedom from: a. -
The Jews of Yugoslavia 1918-1941: Antisemitism and the Struggle For
THE JEWS IN YUGOSLAVIA 1918–1941 Antisemitism and the Struggle for Equality Ivo Goldstein The Kingdom of Yugoslavia was a very complex state: it stretched from the Alps almost to the Aegean Sea, covering an area that had not been under a single administration since the fourth century. It had about 70,000 Jews, of whom about 60 percent were Ashkenazim and 40 percent Sephardim. Most of them lived in towns, and made up approximately 0.5 percent of the population. Antisemitism was never very strong: it was of a ‘Central European’ type, and there were no pogroms like in Poland and Russia. Nevertheless, the internal situation and the position of Yugoslavia in the international community strongly affected the position of the Jews. Antisemitism was only one facet of the problem. Even when antisemitism was relatively weak, it was always an issue whether Jews were considered equal in everyday life, whether they were able to achieve the same professional goals with the same education, and so on. The distinguished Croatian scholar Mirjana Gross addressed this issue in a recently published paper on the period when equality before the law had already been achieved but full equality, in the sense that the Jews, their religion and culture were considered equal in Croatian and Serbian society, in the Catholic and Orthodox environments, was still a long way away. Resistance was often not explicit but involved the very complicated and problematic relation between the State and the (Catholic and Orthodox) Church. Jews faced deeply rooted prejudice; they were threatened by envy and business competition. -
Key Facts and Figures on Croatia / Unesco Cooperation
Last update: December 2019 KEY FACTS AND FIGURES ON CROATIA / UNESCO COOPERATION I. COOPERATION WITH UNESCO 1. Membership since 1 June 1992 2. Membership on the Executive Board: not a member 3. Membership on Intergovernmental Committees, Commissions (by year of end of term): 2023: Intergovernmental Council of the MOST Programme (Management of Social Transformations) 2021: Intergovernmental Committee for the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions Permanent Membership in the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission 4. Director-General’s visits to Croatia: none 5. Former Director-General’s visits to Croatia: 1 in 2011 6. Permanent Delegation: H.E. Mr Filip Vučak, Ambassador of Croatia to France, Permanent Delegate (since 26 September 2017) Ms Martina Borovac Pecarevic, Deputy Permanent Delegate Previous Permanent Delegate: H.E. Mr Ivo Goldstein (2013-2017) 7. UNESCO Office: none. Croatia is covered by the UNESCO Venice Office. 8. National Commission: Creation: July 1992 President: Mr Radoslav Tomić (since March 2015) Deputy President: Mr Kresimir Nemec (since December 2004) Secretary-General: Ms Rut Carek (since July 2004) 9. Personalities linked to UNESCO’s activities: 1 - Mr Ino Mirkovic (violinist), Artist for Peace 10. UNESCO Chairs: 4 2016: Chair on the Social Sciences and Medical Humanities, University of Rijeka 2014: Chair on the Free Movement of People, Migration and Inter-Cultural Dialogue, University of Zagreb 2008: Chair in Entrepreneurship Education, J.J. Strossmayer University of Osijek 2003: Chair in Governance and Management of Higher Education, University of Zagreb 11. Associated Schools: 28 institutions 1 pre-primary, 9 primary, 16 secondary, 2 vocational school and 1 unspecified institutions. -
Nation-Building in Franjo Tuđman's Political Writings
58 Đurašković, S., Nation-building in Franjo Tuđman’s Political Writings Original research article Received: 3 October 2014 Nation-building in Franjo Tuđman’s Political Writings STEVO ĐURAŠKOVIĆ University of Zagreb Summary Detecting the gap in the existing literature of Franjo Tuđman’s political thought, this article comprehensively analyzes Tuđman’s nationalist ideology prior to the 1990s. Using a morphological approach to ideology, the article presents three main clusters of concepts regarding Tuđman’s ideology: the narrative on the nature of humankind as teleological struggle to achieve in- dependent national states; the narrative of supranational ideologies – such as liberalism and communism – acting as a pure geopolitical means used by the great nations to subjugate small ones; and finally the narrative of the Croatian thousand-year long struggle to achieve an independent national state. More- over, the article exposes how Tuđman already by the 1970s created the idea of an all-embracing national movement grounded in the synthesis of abovemen- tioned teleological concept on Croatian history, which would eventually bring about a national reconciliation of Ustaša and the Croatian partisans in a final struggle for the independent state. Keywords: Franjo Tuđman, Nation-building, Croatian National Identity, Na- tional Reconciliation, Historical and Natural Borders Introduction The majority of scholarship dealing with Franjo Tuđman’s nationalist ideas mostly focus on depicting how his ideas were operationalized in the 1990s.1 Assuming Tuđmanism to represent an exclusivist Croatian ethnic nationalism, Tuđman’s ide- 1 This article stems from research done in the scope of my PhD dissertation The Politics of Hi- story in Croatia and Slovakia in the 1990s. -
Between Ethnic Bosniak and Civic Croatian Identity
Südosteuropa 62 (2014), no. 3, 275-304 DINo MujaDžEvIć The Islamic Community in Croatia: Between Ethnic Bosniak and Civic Croatian Identity Abstract. The Islamic Community in Croatia (ICC) is generally seen as an internally stable religious organization that enjoys very good relations with the state . However, its complex ethnic background and the historical context of its formation during the twentieth century have resulted in the emergence of different visions of the ICC, and since 2012 have led to internal tensions that are generally unknown to the public . The author points out two contemporary views of this organization: one seeing the ICC as part of an international Bosniak Islamic network led by the Islamic Community of Bosnia and Herzegovina (ICBH), the other stress- ing that the ICC’s principal goal should be identification with the broader Croatian society. To explain the genesis of this division, the author analyzes the makeup of the ethnic identity of Croatian Muslims, the organizational development of Islamic life in modern Croatia, and, in particular, the historical and demographic relations of Croatian Muslims with Bosnia and other parts of former Yugoslavia . The division has emerged as a product of several additional sociopolitical factors, such as the specific historical connections between Croatian Muslims and modern Croatian nationalism, the appearance of a Muslim and later a Bosniak ethnic category, the disintegration of the formerly unified Islamic Community of Yugoslavia (ICY), and the 1991–1995 wars in former Yugoslavia. Dino Mujadžević earned his PhD in History from the university of Zagreb in 2010 and is presently a Humboldt Fellow at the Chair for the History of the ottoman Empire and Turkey at the Ruhr University Bochum . -
Council of Europe and EUROCLIO in International Cooperation on Facilitating the Innovation of the Learning and Teaching of History in the Matra Countries
DGIV/EDU/HIST (2004) 01 Council of Europe and EUROCLIO in international cooperation on facilitating the innovation of the learning and teaching of history in the Matra countries Seminars Day of Remembrance of the Holocaust and for the Prevention of Crimes against Humanity with the Awarding Ceremony of Yad Vashem Righteous among the Nations 2003 – Croatia Zagreb, Croatia 27 January 2004 and Teaching the History of the 20th Century Zagreb, Croatia 28 January 2004 Report Strasbourg Seminars Day of Remembrance of the Holocaust and for the Prevention of Crimes against Humanity with the Awarding Ceremony of Yad Vashem Righteous among the Nations 2003 – Croatia Zagreb, Croatia 27 January 2004 and Teaching the History of the 20th Century Zagreb, Croatia 28 January 2004 Report by Snježana Koren Faculty of Philosophy Zagreb, Croatia The opinions expressed in this work are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the official policy of the Council of Europe. CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION..........................................................................................7 Introductory remarks......................................................................................7 The Awarding Ceremony of Yad Vashem Righteous among the Nations 2003 - Croatia.................................................................................................8 Opening of the seminars................................................................................8 II. AIMS OF THE SEMINARS..........................................................................9 -
Introduction Apart from the Third Reich Itself, No Other Axis State Has Been
INTRODUCTION Apart from the Third Reich itself, no other Axis state has been con- demned to villainy in such unequivocal terms by posterity as the Ustasha1 Independent State of Croatia (Nezavisna Država Hrvatska, NDH), which existed as a formal political entity within Axis Europe between 1941 and 1945 under the dictatorial rule of the Poglavnik (Leader) Ante Pavelić (1889–1959). The moral reprobation that accompanies the NDH in histo- riographical (and related political) discourses, in and outside of the pres- ent day Republic of Croatia,2 is certainly not in proportion to the small political and military significance that the Ustasha state actually pos- sessed during the Second World War. The NDH could not claim the mili- tary or political position of Axis countries such as Italy or even Romania and Hungary. The NDH was, however, the German Reich’s closest ally in terms of its political-military structures, racial ideology and policies toward ethnic and racial minorities (albeit with considerable differences), and therein lies the historical significance of the Ustasha state. The NDH was in fact the last standing ally of National Socialist Germany in early May 1945. The NDH was closely attached to Germany through the racial policies of the Ustasha regime. According to the general historiographical view of the NDH, the Ustasha government was ‘the most brutal and most sangui- nary satellite regime in the Axis sphere of influence.’3 Yet, while the ethnic and racial policies of the Ustasha state toward Serbs, Jews and Gypsies in wartime Croatia and Bosnia-Herzegovina have received a great deal of attention in both Croatian and non-Croatian historiography,4 historians 1 Ustasha (Ustaša) is the singular form, while Ustashe (Ustaše) is plural.