HIGH SPEED RAIL (London

High Speed Rail (London - West Midlands) Supplementary Environmental Statement and Additional Provision 2 Environmental Statement Volume 5 | Technical appendices CFA17 | Offchurch and Cubbington

July 2015

SES and AP2 ES 3.5.1.4

SES and AP2 ES – VOLUME 5 www.gov.uk/hs2 High Speed Rail (London - West Midlands) Supplementary Environmental Statement and Additional Provision 2 Environmental Statement Volume 5 | Technical appendices CFA17 | Offchurch and Cubbington

July 2015

SES and AP2 ES 3.5.1.4

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Index This table shows the topics covered by the technical appendices in this volume, and the reference codes for them.

CFA name and number Topic Code

CFA17, Offchurch and Cubbington Cultural heritage CH‐002‐017

CH‐003‐017

CH‐004‐017

SES and AP2 ES Appendix CH-002-017

Environmental topic: Cultural heritage CH Appendix name: Gazetteer of heritage 002 assets Community forum area: Offchurch and Cubbington 017

SES and AP2 ES Appendix CH-002-017

Contents

1 Introduction 1 2 Gazetteer 2

List of tables Table 1 – Gazetteer of heritage assets for CFA17 2

SES and AP2 ES Appendix CH-002-017

1 Introduction 1.1.1 This appendix provides an update to Appendix CH-002-017 Cultural heritage gazetteer of heritage assets to the main Environmental Statement (ES) as a result of changes assessed as part of the Supplementary Environmental Statement (SES) and the Additional Provision 2 Environmental Statement (AP2 ES). This update should be read in conjunction with Appendix CH-002-017 Cultural heritage gazetteer of heritage assets from the main ES.

SES and AP2 ES Appendix CH-002-017

2 Gazetteer

Table 1 – Gazetteer of heritage assets for CFA17

Unique ID Map Asset type Name Description Period Designation Grade Significance/ NHL HER reference value reference reference

OFC057 Potential Burnt Firs Shown on 1834 1st edition Medieval/ Potential n/a High n/a n/a Ancient Ordnance Survey (OS) Post- Ancient Woodland mapping as irregular medieval Woodland parcel of woodland surrounding Burnt Firs Farm. Titled ‘Burnt Furze’ on 1845 map suggesting management as wood pasture.

OFC058 Archaeology Land off Geophysical survey has Undated None n/a Low n/a n/a Fosse Way, revealed presence of near ditches, pits and ridge and Offchurch furrow of archaeological origin.

OFC059 Archaeology Site between Geophysical survey results Romano- None n/a Moderate n/a n/a Fields Farm have revealed significant British and River areas of archaeology; Leam including ditches, enclosures, pits and ridge and furrow associated with possible settlement.

SES and AP2 ES Appendix CH-003-017

Environmental topic: Cultural heritage CH Appendix name: Impact assessment table 003 Community forum area: Offchurch and Cubbington 017

SES and AP2 ES Appendix CH-003-017

Contents

1 Introduction 1 2 Impact assessment 2

List of figures

List of tables Table 1 – Impact assessment for CFA17 2

SES and AP2 ES Appendix CH-003-017

1 Introduction 1.1.1 This appendix provides an update to Appendix CH-003-017 Cultural heritage impact assessment to the main Environmental Statement (ES) as a result of changes assessed as part of the Supplementary Environmental Statement (SES) and the Additional Provision 2 Environmental Statement (AP2 ES). This update should be read in conjunction with Appendix CH-003-017 Cultural heritage impact assessment from the main ES.

SES and AP2 ES Appendix CH-003-017

2 Impact assessment

Table 1 – Impact assessment for CFA17

Unique Name Designation(s) Value Construction impact Operation impact New or different identification Nature of impact Scale of Effect Nature of impact Scale of Effect environmental effect including mitigation impact including mitigation impact from that reported in the main ES or the Additional Provision (AP1) ES

OFC057 Burnt Firs Potential High The route will cut High Major The woodland would Low Moderate The impact of the HS2 Ancient through a portion of adverse adverse experience an increase adverse adverse scheme on Burnt Firs is Woodland the woodland and in noise and trains a new significant the underlying would be visible from effect, not previously topography the woods. This will identified in the main remodeled. There effect the rural ES or the AP1 ES would be a character and setting noticeable change to of the woodlands. the setting of the woodland.

Landscape mitigation planting is proposed.

OFC058 Land off None Low The construction of High Moderate The operation of the No Neutral The impact of the HS2 Fosse Way the mainline, adverse adverse HS2 scheme would not change scheme on the excavation of impact the significance archaeological site cuttings and of the asset identified by landscaping would geophysical surveys on result in the removal land off the Fosse Way of archaeological constitutes a new remains. This would significant effect not be mitigated through previously identified in a scheme of the main ES or the AP1 archaeological works. ES

SES and AP2 ES Appendix CH-003-017

OFC059 Site between None Moderate The construction of High Major The operation of the No Neutral The impact of the HS2 Fields Farm the mainline, adverse adverse HS2 scheme would not change scheme on the and River excavation of impact the significance archaeological site Leam cuttings and of the asset identified by landscaping would geophysical surveys on result in the removal land between Fields of archaeological Farm and the River remains. This would Leam constitutes a be mitigated through new significant effect a scheme of not previously archaeological works. identified in the main ESor AP1 ES

SES and AP2 ES Appendix CH-004-017

Environmental topic: Cultural heritage CH Appendix name: Survey reports 004 Community forum area: Offchurch and Cubbington 017

SES and AP2 ES Appendix CH-004-017

Figure 21 - CN012 greyscale, south side 31 Contents Figure 22. CN012 greyscale, north side 31 Figure 23 - CN012 greyscale, detail 32 Figure 24 - CN012 XY trace, south side 32 Figure 25 - CN012 XY trace, north side 32 Figure 26 - CN012 XY trace, detail 33 Figure 27 - CN012 interpretation, south side 34 Figure 28 - CN012 Interpretation, north side 35 Figure 29 - CN012 interpretation detail 36 Figure 30 - CN017 site location 39 Figure 31 - CN017 greyscale 40 Figure 32 - CN017 XY trace 40 Figure 33 - CN017 interpretation 40

1 Introduction 1 2 Geophysical surveys 1 2.1 CN008 Land off Fosse Way 1 2.2 CN009 Additional Land Off Fosse Way 7 2.3 CN010 Land South of Sutton Spinney 12 2.4 CN011 Land near Fields Farm 19 2.5 CN012 Land east of the River Leam 27 2.6 CN017 land near Lower Grange 37 2.7 Annex 1: survey equipment and data processing 41 2.8 Annex 2: geophysical interpretation 42

List of figures Figure 1 - CN008 Site location 4 Figure 2 - CN008 greyscale 5 Figure 3 - CN008 XY trace 5 Figure 4 - CN008 interpretation 6 Figure 5- CN009 Site location 10 Figure 6 - CN009 greyscale 10 Figure 7. CN009 XY trace 10 Figure 8 - CN009 interpretation 11 Figure 9 - CN010 site location 15 Figure 10 - CN010 greyscale, west side 15 Figure 11 - CN010 greyscale, east side 16 Figure 12 - CN010 XY trace, west side 16 Figure 13 - CN010 XY trace, east side 17 Figure 14 - CN010 Interpretation, west side 17 Figure 15 - CN010 interpretation, east side 18 Figure 16 - CN011 site location 23 Figure 17 - Cn011 XY trace 24 Figure 18- CN011 Greyscale 25 Figure 19 - CN011 interpretation 26 Figure 20 - CN012 site location 31

SES and AP2 ES Appendix CH-004-017

2.1.8 The soils underlying the site are likely to comprise the typical brownearths of the 541r (Wick 1) 1 Introduction association with clayey soils of 572f (Whimple 3) association to the south (SSEW 1983). Soils derived from such geological parent material have been shown to produce magnetic contrasts 1.1.1 This appendix provides an update to Appendix CH-004-017 Cultural heritage survey reports acceptable for the detection of archaeological remains through magnetometer survey. from the main Environmental Statement (ES) as a result of changes assessed as part of the Supplementary Environmental Statement (SES) and the Additional Provision 2 Environmental Archaeological background Statement (AP2 ES). This update should be read in conjunction with Appendix CH-004-017 2.1.9 Detailed assessment of the known archaeology of the site and surrounding area is contained Cultural heritage survey reports from the main ES. within Vol 5 appendix CH-001-017, ES 3.5.2.17.4. A summary of relevant sites within approximately 1km of the survey area are summarised in paragraphs 2.1.10 to 2.1.14 and have 2 Geophysical surveys been included to provide context and inform the geophysical interpretation. Sites referred to can be found either within volume 5 appendix CH-002-017, ES 3.5.2.17.5 in the Environmental 2.1 CN008 Land off Fosse Way Statement (OFC numbers) in the supplementary survey works (WA numbers) or in the Warwickshire scope and methodology report (SMR) (MWA/HWA numbers). Introduction 2.1.10 The current landscape is characterised as very large irregular fields with curvilinear boundaries 2.1.1 Survey parcel CN008 was not reported in the main ES due to access being unavailable at the (HWA8171). Remote sensing identified the route of the Fosse Way which borders the time. southeast of the site (WA17.9) and a larger irregular shaped reservoir to the south-east of the Project background site (WA17.8) (Wessex Archaeology, 2013). 2.1.2 Wessex Archaeology was commissioned on the behalf of HS2 Ltd, to undertake a geophysical 2.1.11 Approximately 150m to the east of the site and to the southeast of Burnt Heath Farm is an survey of area CN008 off Fosse Way, near Offchurch, Warwickshire (Figure 1), hereafter “the undated cropmark enclosure discovered from aerial photographs, it is an incomplete circular site” (centred on NGR 437293, 265347). The survey forms part of an ongoing programme of enclosure containing a small rectangular enclosure (OFC 009). There are two undated archaeological works being undertaken ahead of the proposed development of HS2. cropmark enclosures approximately 0.8km to the south-west of the site boundary (OFC014). They are all undated but due to their form and layout have been interpreted as prehistoric in 2.1.3 The geophysical survey undertaken here has been preceded by desk-based research (HS2 origin. Environmental Statement, 2013) and a remote sensing survey comprising LiDAR and hyperspectral survey and analysis (Volume 5 CH-004-017,ES 3.5.2.17.7). Geophysical survey 2.1.12 The Roman road of the Fosse Way borders the north-western boundary of the site (OFC012). areas have been identified based on the archaeological potential and conclusions identified in Although the Roman road no longer survives as a surface feature there is considered to be these reports. increased archaeological potential for Roman remains in its vicinity immediately to the northwest and southeast of the modern Fosse Way road. 2.1.4 This site, CN008, was selected for geophysical survey as it is considered to be an area at high risk with potential for Roman remains and it will be an area of major construction works (risk 2.1.13 No sites or findspots are recorded within the survey area but in the immediate surroundings model score: 2). find spots dated to the Neolithic, Roman and post-medieval periods have been recorded. A Neolithic axe (MWA9276) was found 150m south-east of the site, whilst Roman and post- Site details medieval pottery has been found in a number of places within the 1km survey area (MWA2243, MWA2230, MW4545). 2.1.5 The site comprises a single arable field located approximately 1.5km, east of Offchurch, Warwickshire. It is bounded to the north by Leamington Road, to the west by Fosse Way 2.1.14 The site lies within the parish of Offchurch which is characterised by medieval enclosed field (B4455) to the south by Welsh Road and to the east by farm buildings, a small wood and a systems, with the village of Offchurch itself located to the west of the site. Earthworks lake. The gradiometer survey covered 9.3ha out of a proposed 9.8ha with only a small area surrounding the village display evidence for settlement shrinkage. Ridge-and-furrow is still lost due to field boundaries. evident with five plots located in the survey area (OFC 027; 036; 044; 047; 048). Other medieval earthworks and deposits associated with extant built heritage are likely to survive in 2.1.6 The site lies on an area of gently sloping land that falls away towards the south. The northern the village cores and particularly near the medieval churches with earthworks forming an region of the survey area lies at a height of 104m aOD (above Ordnance Datum) and falls from enclosure (OFC 023). this height to less than 88m aOD at the south of the site. 2.1.7 The solid geology is recorded as Mercia Mudstone Formation (Early Triassic) (Ordnance Survey (OS) 1957). There are superficial deposits recorded on site, these include areas of Dunsmore Gravel to the north, with banding of Thrussington Member and Wolston sand and gravel throughout the site. (Ordnance Survey (OS), 1977).

SES and AP2 ES Appendix CH-004-017

Survey objectives traverse position due to varying ground cover and topography. These two steps were applied to all survey data, with no interpolation applied. 2.1.15 A Written Scheme of Investigation (WSI) was prepared by Wessex Archaeology which outlined the aims of the survey and the proposed methodology to be followed (Wessex Archaeology 2.1.23 Further details of the geophysical and survey equipment, methods and processing are 2014). The stated aims include the following: described in Annex 1.  to conduct a detailed survey which covers as much of the specified area as possible, Data presentation allowing for artificial obstructions; 2.1.24 The processed gradiometer data were output as .png image files and georeferenced in CAD  to clarify the presence/absence and extent of any buried archaeological remains within (AutoCAD Map 3D 2011); these images were exported as georeferenced .png image files the site; (accompanied by .pgw files). The interpretation layers were digitised in CAD and the resulting interpretation layers were exported as ESRI shapefiles, in accordance with the specification.  to determine the general nature of the remains present; and The data images and interpretation shapefiles were then passed to Atkins’ graphics team who  to combine the results of the geophysical surveys with data from other archaeological produced the final figures in GIS (ESRI ArcMap 10). assessments carried out as part of the project in order to analyse the archaeological 2.1.25 The gradiometer data are displayed at -2nT (white) to +3nT (black) for the greyscale image potential of the survey locations and ±25nT at 25nT per cm for the XY trace plots. The XY trace plot images have been produced at a scale of 1:1500. 2.1.16 This report presents a brief description of the methodology followed, the detailed survey results and the archaeological interpretation of the geophysical data. Results Methods 2.1.26 The gradiometer survey has been successful in identifying anomalies of possible Survey dates archaeological interest, along with numerous trends. Results are presented as a series of greyscale and XY plots, and archaeological interpretations, at a scale of 1:1500 (Figures 2 to 4). 2.1.17 A detailed gradiometer survey was carried out by Wessex Archaeology's in-house geophysics team between the 10 -12 February 2015. 2.1.27 The interpretation of the datasets highlights the presence of potential archaeological anomalies, ferrous/burnt or fired objects, and magnetic trends (Figure 4). Full definitions of Grid location the interpretation terms used in this report are provided in Appendix 2. 2.1.18 The individual survey grid nodes were established at 30m x 30m intervals using a Leica Viva 2.1.28 A very large number of ferrous anomalies are visible throughout the detailed survey dataset. RTK GNSS instrument, which is precise to approximately 0.02m and therefore exceeds These are presumed to be modern in provenance and are not referred to, unless considered Historic England’s recommendations (Historic England, 2008). relevant to the archaeological interpretation. 2.1.19 A representative sample of survey grid nodes (around 10%) were re-surveyed in the mornings Interpretation: archaeology in the event they were left out in the field overnight. This was undertaken along with a visual inspection of entire lines of grid nodes to ensure the survey grid remained accurate for the 2.1.29 Anomalies of archaeological potential are concentrated in the northern part of the site and in entire survey. the south-west in proximity to the route of the Fosse Way. Instruments used and survey method 2.1.30 A series of oval and elongated oval shaped anomalies around 4000 to 4003 are discernible as positive anomalies against the highly ferrous background and have been interpreted as 2.1.20 The magnetometer survey was conducted using a Bartington Grad601-2 fluxgate gradiometer Archaeology. It cannot be identified what their associations are to each other but they are instrument, which has a vertical separation of 1m between sensors. Data were collected at typical of cut features such as sections of ditch or pits. Between 4000 and 4001 the anomalies 0.25m intervals along transects spaced 1m apart with an effective sensitivity of 0.03nT, in are oriented north-west to south-east and suggest a ditch but the anomalies around 4002 and accordance with Historic England’s guidelines (Historic England, 2008). 4003 are not as regular and are not as easily distinguishable as either pits or ditches. 2.1.21 Data were collected in the zigzag method with grids oriented north to south (Grid North). The 2.1.31 A second series of elongated positive anomalies are evident at 4004, 4005 and 4006 and have first direction walked for each grid was heading towards the north. been interpreted as Archaeology (weak) with a weaker and more intermittent line of positive anomalies at 4007 interpreted as Possible Archaeology. Overall they appear as three ditches Data processing oriented approximately north-south and are intermittent and weak against the high number 2.1.22 Data from the survey was subject to minimal data correction processes. These comprise a of ferrous anomalies across the site. zero mean traverse (ZMT) function (±5nT thresholds) applied to correct for any variation 2.1.32 A number of smaller oval shaped positive anomalies are grouped around 4008 with slightly between the two Bartington sensors used, and a de-step function to account for variations in larger semi-circular positive anomalies at 4009. They are typical responses of cut features

SES and AP2 ES Appendix CH-004-017

such as pits or sections of ditch and are smaller discrete anomalies compared to the long 2.1.43 Possible ditches are evident at 4000 to 4001 with a second perpendicular set of anomalies linear ditch-type anomalies at 4004 to 4007. around 4003 to 4004; their association with each other cannot be established though. 2.1.33 A second area that shows a concentration of several oval and elongated positive anomalies is 2.1.44 Still in the same area but on a different alignment of north-south are three parallel features at located at 4010 and overall the area of anomalies extends in an east-west direction from the 4004 to 4007 made up of intermittent positive anomalies that are typical responses of ditches. current field boundary. They are assumed to be associated with each other due to their similar orientation and response. 2.1.34 There are a few isolated pit-type responses, such as at 4011 to the south of the site; no further anomalies of archaeological or possible archaeological interest have been identified around 2.1.45 A smaller area of more discrete oval and curvilinear shaped anomalies at 4008 and 4009 are these except for some short curvilinear trends. more typical or pits with the larger curvilinear anomaly possibly a section of ditch. 2.1.35 Against the background of a large number of ferrous anomalies are identified several regularly 2.1.46 The east-west series of positive anomalies around 4010 is in the same orientation as a former spaced, positive linear trends approximately 10-12m apart in some areas and they have been field boundary visible on available OS mapping so would suggest this function but it cannot be interpreted as ridge and furrow. The linear anomalies are oriented approximately north-east ascertained if it is in the same location as the one recorded (Ordnance Survey (OS), 1887). to south-west and there is a greater concentration around 4012 which peters out towards

4013. 2.1.47 Ridge and furrow is visible around 4012 and 4013 interpreted primarily from the regular but wider spacing of the weak linear trends and at a different orientation to the current field 2.1.36 Some ploughing trends are visible in the western half of the site, such as those south west of boundaries and ploughing trends on site. 4010 and those at 4025, these are oriented north-west to south-east and also south-west to

north-east. 2.1.48 The relative dimensions of the modern services identified by the gradiometer survey are indicative of the strength of their magnetic response, which is dependent upon the materials 2.1.37 A number of linear and curvilinear trends are identified across the site with no particular used in their construction and the backfill of the service trenches. The physical dimensions of concentration or arrangement. Examples can be seen at 4017 and 4026 which could possibly the services indicated may therefore differ from their magnetic extents in plan; it is assumed be archaeological in origin but cannot be characterised further due to their weak positive that the centreline of services is coincident with the centreline of their anomalies. It is difficult ephemeral form. to estimate the depth of burial of the services through 2.1.38 The site has a large number of modern services running through it and also a large number of 2.1.49 It should be noted that small, weakly magnetised features may produce responses that are ferrous anomalies indicating a spread of debris containing ferrous and ceramic material and below the detection threshold of magnetometers. It may therefore be the case that more assumed to be modern in origin. One area of note against the highly ferrous background is archaeological features may be encountered than have been identified through geophysical around 4027 because it is relatively ferrous free compared to the rest of the site. survey. Given how weak many of the features interpreted in this data are and the large number of ferrous anomalies across the site it seems very likely that more features may be Interpretation: modern services present than were detected during the survey. 2.1.39 There are at least seven modern services identified across the survey area. These are References identified at 4013 to 4016 and 4018 to 4024. Historic England, (2008), Geophysical Survey in Archaeological Field Evaluation. Research and 2.1.40 It is not clear from the geophysical data whether the services identified are in active use or Professional Service Guideline No. 1, 2nd Edition not. Also gradiometer data will not be able to locate and identify all services present on site. This report and accompanying illustrations should not be used as the sole source for service HS2 Environmental Statement, (2013), London-West Midlands Environmental Statement, Volume 5: locations and appropriate equipment (e.g. CAT and Genny radiodetection tools) should be Technical Appendices: CFA17: Offchurch to Cubbington Baseline Report: Cultural Heritage. Report used to confirm the location of buried services before any trenches are opened on site. Reference: CH-001-017 Conclusions Ordnance Survey, OS (1887), OS County Series: Warwickshire, 1:2500 2.1.41 The detailed gradiometer survey has been successful in detecting anomalies of likely and Ordnance Survey, OS (1957), Sheet 2, Geological Map of Great Britain. England and Wales: Ordnance possible archaeological interest within the site along with ploughing trends, trends of Survey: Chessington uncertain origin, a large number of ferrous anomalies and several modern services. Ordnance Survey, OS (1977), Quaternary Map of the United Kingdom: South. Ordnance Survey: Discussion Southampton 2.1.42 The data shows a concentration of archaeological and possible archaeological anomalies to Soil Survey of England and Wales, (1983), Sheet 3, Soils of Midland and Western England. Ordnance the north of the site and to the south-west. Survey: Southampton. Wessex Archaeology,(2013), LiDAR and Hyperspectral Analysis Report Reference 86252.01

SES and AP2 ES Appendix CH-004-017

Wessex Archaeology, (2014), HS2: Geophysical Survey Written Scheme of Investigation: Warwickshire Figure 1 - CN008 Site location Report Reference: 86257.01. HER records consulted HWA 8171 - Historic Landscape Characterisation: Very large irregular fields with curvilinear boundaries OFC009 - Burnt Heath Farm cropmark OFC012 - Fosse Way Roman road OFC014 - Fosseway Cottage cropmarks OFC023 - Offchurch earthwork enclosures OFC027 - Valley Fields ridge and furrow OFC036 - Lower Grange ridge and furrow OFC044 - Mill Lane ridge and furrow OFC047 - Rugby Road ridge and furrow OFC048 - Coventry Road ridge and furrow MWA 2230 - Find spot - Imperial pottery MWA 2243 - Find spot - Roman pottery sherd MWA 4545 - Roman to modern tiles MWA 9276 - Neolithic axe found in Offchurch

SES and AP2 ES Appendix CH-004-017

Figure 2 - CN008 greyscale Figure 3 - CN008 XY trace

SES and AP2 ES Appendix CH-004-017

Figure 4 - CN008 interpretation

SES and AP2 ES Appendix CH-004-017

2.2 CN009 Additional Land Off Fosse Way (OFC numbers) in the supplementary survey works (WA numbers) or in the Warwickshire SMR (MWA/HWA numbers). Introduction 2.2.10 The current landscape is characterised as very large irregular fields with curvilinear boundaries 2.2.1 The survey of CN009 was not reported in the main ES due to access being unavailable. (HWA8171). Remote sensing identified the route of the Fosse Way which borders the southeast of the site (WA18.9) (Wessex Archaeology, 2013). Project Background 2.2.11 Approximately 0.5km to the east of the site and to the southeast of Burnt Heath Farm is an 2.2.2 Wessex Archaeology was commissioned on the behalf of HS2, to carry out a geophysical undated cropmark enclosure discovered from aerial photographs, it is an incomplete circular survey of area CN009 off Fosse Way, near Offchurch, Warwickshire (Figure 5), hereafter “the enclosure containing a small rectangular enclosure (OFC 009). There are two undated site” (centred on NGR 437087, 265505). The survey forms part of an ongoing programme of cropmark enclosures approximately 0.8km to the south-west of the site boundary (MWA archaeological works being undertaken ahead of the proposed development of the HS2 4635; OFC014). They are all undated but may be prehistoric in origin due to their form and scheme. layout. 2.2.3 The geophysical survey undertaken here has been preceded by a desk-based research (HS2 2.2.12 The Roman road of the Fosse Way borders the south-eastern boundary of the site (OFC012). Environmental Statement, 2013) and a remote sensing survey comprising LiDAR and Although the Roman road no longer survives as a surface feature there is considered to be hyperspectral survey and analysis (Volume 5 appendix CH-004-017, ES 3.5.2.17.2)(). increased archaeological potential for Roman remains in its vicinity immediately to the Geophysical survey areas have been identified based on the archaeological potential and northwest and southeast of the modern Fosse Way road. conclusions identified in these reports. 2.2.13 No sites or findspots area recorded within the survey area but in the immediate surroundings 2.2.4 This site, CN009, was selected for geophysical survey as it is considered to be an area at high find spots dated to the Neolithic, Roman and post-medieval periods have been recorded. A risk (risk model score: 2) with potential for Roman remains and is proposed to be an area of Neolithic axe (MWA9276) was found 150m south-east of the site, whilst Roman and post- major construction works. medieval pottery has been found in a number of places within the 1km survey area Site Details (MWA2243, MWA2230, MW4545). 2.2.5 The site comprises a single arable field located approximately 1.1km, east of Offchurch, 2.2.14 The site lies within the parish of Offchurch which is characterised by medieval enclosed field Warwickshire. It is bounded to the north by Long Itchington Road, to the south-east by Fosse systems with the village of Offchurch itself located to the west of the site. Earthworks Way (B4455) and to the south-west by farmland and Welsh Road. The gradiometer survey surrounding the village provide evidence of settlement shrinkage. Ridge-and-furrow is also covered 6.8ha out of the proposed survey area of 7.5ha as some of the area was unsurveyable evident, with five plots located in the vicinity (OFC 027, 036, 044, 047 and 048). Other due to obstruction from a bird scarer device. medieval earthworks and deposits associated with extant built heritage are likely to survive in the village cores and particularly near the medieval churches with earthworks forming an 2.2.6 The site lies on an area of gently sloping land that falls away towards the south. The northern enclosure (OFC 023). region of the survey area lies at a height of 100m aOD and the land falls to less than 85m aOD at the southern end of the site. Survey Objectives 2.2.7 The solid geology is recorded as Mercia Mudstone Formation (Early Triassic) (Ordnance 2.2.15 A WSI was prepared by Wessex Archaeology which outlined the aims of the survey and the Survey (OS) 1957). There are superficial deposits recorded on site including bands of proposed methodology to be followed (Wessex Archaeology, 2014). The stated aims include Thrussington Member throughout, with Wolston sand and gravel to the northwest and the following: Dunsmore gravel to the northeast of the site. (Ordnance Survey (OS), 1977).  to conduct a detailed survey which covers as much of the specified area as possible, 2.2.8 The soils within the Site are likely to comprise the typical brownearths of the 541r (Wick 1) allowing for artificial obstructions; association with clayey soils of 572f (Whimple 3) association to the north (SSEW 1983). Soils  to clarify the presence/absence and extent of any buried archaeological remains within derived from such geological parent material have been shown to produce magnetic contrasts the site; acceptable for the detection of archaeological remains through magnetometer survey.  Archaeological Background to determine the general nature of the remains present; and  to combine the results of the geophysical surveys with data from other archaeological 2.2.9 For a detailed assessment of the known archaeology of the site and surrounding area the assessments carried out as part of the project in order to analyse the archaeological relevant DBA should be consulted -(volume 5 appendix Ch-001-017, ES 3.5.2.17.4). A summary of relevant sites within approximately 1km of the survey area are summarised and have been potential of the survey locations. included to provide context and inform the geophysical interpretation. Sites referred to can be 2.2.16 This report presents a brief description of the methodology followed, the detailed survey found either within the gazetteer for CFA17 (Volume 5 appendix CH-002-017, ES 3.5.2.17.5) ES results and the archaeological interpretation of the geophysical data.

SES and AP2 ES Appendix CH-004-017

Methods Results Survey Dates 2.2.26 The gradiometer survey has been successful in identifying anomalies of possible 2.2.17 A detailed gradiometer survey was carried out by Wessex Archaeology's in-house geophysics archaeological interest, along with numerous trends. The results are presented as a series of team between the 6 - 10 February 2015. greyscale and XY plots, and archaeological interpretations, at a scale of 1:2000 (Figures 6 to 8). Grid Location 2.2.27 The interpretation of the datasets highlights the presence of potential archaeological 2.2.18 The individual survey grid nodes were established at 30m x 30m intervals using a Leica Viva anomalies, ferrous/burnt or fired objects, and magnetic trends (Figure 8). Full definitions of RTK GNSS instrument, which is precise to approximately 0.02m and therefore exceeds the interpretation terms used in this report are provided in Annex 2. Historic England recommendations (Historic England, 2008). 2.2.28 Ferrous anomalies are visible throughout the detailed survey dataset. These are presumed to 2.2.19 A representative sample of survey grid nodes (around 10%) were re-surveyed in the mornings be modern in provenance and are not referred to, unless considered relevant to the in the event they were left out in the field overnight. This was undertaken along with a visual archaeological interpretation. inspection of entire lines of grid nodes to ensure the survey grid remained accurate for the entire survey. Interpretation: Archaeology

Instruments Used and Survey Method 2.2.29 The most significant anomalies of archaeological potential are a cluster of pit type anomalies at 4000, with a magnetic strength in excess of +3nT. The anomalies are oval and elongated in 2.2.20 The magnetometer survey was conducted using a Bartington Grad601-2 fluxgate gradiometer shape and may indicate either pits or ditch sections. Several ferrous anomalies and some instrument, which has a vertical separation of 1m between sensors. Data were collected at curvilinear trends in the vicinity of these anomalies of archaeological potential may be 0.25m intervals along transects spaced 1m apart with an effective sensitivity of 0.03nT, in associated, and of archaeological interest. accordance with Historic England guidelines (Historic England, 2008). 2.2.30 There are several oval and sub-oval pit-type anomalies across the site, such as at 4001 and 2.2.21 Data were collected in the zigzag method with grids oriented north to south (Grid North). The 4002, which do not form any identifiable layout or concentrations. These anomalies have first direction walked for each grid was heading towards the north. been classed as possible archaeology but could also be in response to changes in the superficial geology or natural features such as a tree throw. Data Processing 2.2.31 An area of the site has weak, regularly spaced alternating positive and negative linear trends 2.2.22 Data from the survey was subject to minimal data correction processes. These comprise a which have been interpreted as the remains of ridge and furrow. These are oriented north- zero mean traverse (ZMT) function (±5nT thresholds) applied to correct for any variation northwest to south-southeast and can be seen at 4003 and 4004 with a second smaller area in between the two Bartington sensors used, and a de-step function to account for variations in the north-western corner of the site at 4005. traverse position due to varying ground cover and topography. These two steps were applied to all survey data, with no interpolation applied. 2.2.32 Two weakly positive anomalies at 4006 have been identified as natural in origin due to their broad and weak profiles and irregular shape. 2.2.23 Further details of the geophysical and survey equipment, methods and processing are described in Annex 1. 2.2.33 The remaining anomalies across the site are weak, positive, parallel linear trends visible between 4008 and 4010 which have been interpreted as the result of ploughing and presumed Data Presentation to be post-medieval and modern in origin. They are oriented in a north-west to south-east 2.2.24 The processed gradiometer data were output as .png image files and georeferenced in CAD direction and are on a different alignment to the presumed ridge and furrow. (AutoCAD Map 3D 2011); these images were exported as georeferenced .png image files 2.2.34 An area of increased magnetic response is identified at 4009 in the southern area of the site (accompanied by .pgw files). The interpretation layers were digitised in CAD and the resulting adjacent to the current field boundary. While not distinctly dipolar in profile and indicative of interpretation layers were exported as ESRI shapefiles, in accordance with the specification. ferrous material their location adjacent to the field boundary and road suggests they are The data images and interpretation shapefiles were then passed to Atkins’ graphics team who probably in response to ferrous material in the vicinity. produced the final figures in GIS (ESRI ArcMap 10). 2.2.35 Several trends have been identified, such as the large curvilinear trend at 4010. These could 2.2.25 The gradiometer data are displayed at -2nT (white) to +3nT (black) for the greyscale image prove to be archaeological in origin but they are too weak and indistinct to be further and ±25nT at 25nT per cm for the XY trace plots. The XY trace plot images have been characterised at this time. produced at a scale of 1:1500. Interpretation: Modern Services

2.2.36 No modern services were identified within the survey data.

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2.2.37 Gradiometer data will not be able to locate and identify all services present on site. This report Wessex Archaeology, (2013), LiDAR and Hyperspectral Analysis Report Reference 86252.01 and accompanying illustrations should not be used as the sole source for service locations and appropriate equipment (e.g. CAT and Genny) should be used to confirm the location of buried Wessex Archaeology, (2014), HS2: Geophysical Survey Written Scheme of Investigation. Report services before any trenches are opened on site. Reference: 86257.01. Conclusions HER Records Consulted HWA8171 - Historic Landscape Characterisation: Very large irregular fields with curvilinear boundaries 2.2.38 The detailed gradiometer survey has been successful in detecting anomalies of likely and MWA2230 - Find spot - Imperial pottery possible archaeological interest within the site, in addition to regions of increased magnetic MWA2243 - Find spot - Roman pottery sherd response, evidence of ploughing and trends of uncertain origin. MWA4545 - Roman to modern tiles Discussion MWA4635 - Undated cropmark enclosure MWA9276 - Neolithic axe found in Offchurch 2.2.39 The data shows an area of archaeological potential at 4000 that contains pit and possible OFC009 - Burnt Heath Farm cropmark ditch-type responses together with several other anomalies and trends. This concentration of OFC012 - Fosse Way Roman road possible features is situated at the base of a gentle slope and in close proximity to the known OFC014 - Fosseway Cottage cropmarks Roman road. As such this is an area where there is considered to be a high potential for OFC023 - Offchurch earthwork enclosures archaeological activity OFC027 - Valley fields ridge and furrow 2.2.40 The areas of ridge and furrow are interesting in that the stronger contrasting anomalies OFC036 - Lower Grange ridge and furrow identified are located within the sloping area within the site around 4003 and 4004 with the OFC044 - Mill Lane ridge and furrow OFC047 - Rugby Road ridge and furrow ridge and furrow orientated along rather than across the contours. The area in the north-west OFC048 - Coventry Road ridge and furrow of the site at 4005 is located in much flatter area and here the anomalies are much fainter and weakly contrasting. While ridge and furrow has been identified from LiDAR data in areas surrounding the site, within the site this has only been identified through geophysical survey further contributing to the understanding of the medieval landscape and settlement pattern in this parish. 2.2.41 It should be noted that small, weakly magnetised features may produce responses that are below the detection threshold of magnetometers. It may therefore be the case that more archaeological features may be encountered than have been identified through geophysical survey. Given how weak many of the features interpreted in this data are it seems very likely that more features may be present than were detected during the survey. References Historic England, (2008), Geophysical Survey in Archaeological Field Evaluation. Research and Professional Service Guideline No. 1, 2nd Edition

HS2 Environmental Statement, (2013), London-West Midlands Environmental Statement, Volume 5: Technical Appendices: CFA17: Offchurch to Cubbington Baseline Report: Cultural Heritage. Report Reference: CH-001-017

Ordnance Survey (OS), (1957), Sheet 2, Geological Map of Great Britain. England and Wales: Ordnance Survey: Chessington

Ordnance Survey (OS), (1977), Quaternary Map of the United Kingdom: South. Ordnance Survey: Southampton

Soil Survey of England and Wales, (1983), Sheet 3, Soils of Midland and Western England. Ordnance Survey: Southampton.

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Figure 5- CN009 Site location Figure 6 - CN009 greyscale

Figure 7. CN009 XY trace

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Figure 8 - CN009 interpretation

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2.3 CN010 Land South of Sutton Spinney 2.3.10 The current landscape is characterised as very large irregular fields with curvilinear boundaries (HWA8171). Remote sensing identified the route of the Fosse Way which borders the south- Introduction east of the site (WA17.9) (Wessex Archaeology 2013). 2.3.1 The survey of CN010 was not reported in the main ES due to access being unavailable. 2.3.11 Approximately 0.5km to the east of the site and to the south-east of Burnt Heath Farm is an undated cropmark enclosure discovered from aerial photographs. This cropmark is an Project Background incomplete circular enclosure containing a small rectangular enclosure (OFC 009). There are 2.3.2 Wessex Archaeology was commissioned on the behalf of HS2, to carry out a geophysical two undated cropmark enclosures approximately 0.8km to the south-west of the site survey of area CN010 off Fosse Way, near Offchurch, Warwickshire (Figure 9), hereafter “the boundary (MWA 4635; OFC019). They are all undated but may be prehistoric in origin due to site” (centred on NGR 437215, 265768). The survey forms part of an ongoing programme of their form and layout. archaeological works being undertaken ahead of the proposed development of the HS2 2.3.12 The Roman road of the Fosse Way borders the eastern boundary of the site (OFC012). scheme. Although the Roman road no longer survives as a surface feature there is considered to be 2.3.3 The geophysical survey undertaken here has been preceded by a Desk-Based Assessment increased archaeological potential for Roman remains in its vicinity immediately to the north- (DBA) (HS2 Environmental Statement 2013) and a remote sensing survey comprising LiDAR west and south-east of the modern Fosse Way road. and hyperspectral survey and analysis ((Volume 5 appendix CH-004-017, ES 3.5.2.17.2)). 2.3.13 No sites or findspots area recorded within the survey area but in the immediate surroundings Geophysical survey areas have been identified based on the archaeological potential and find spots dated to the Neolithic, Roman and Imperial periods have been recorded. A Neolithic conclusions identified in these reports. axe (MWA9276) was found 150m south-east of the site, whilst Roman and post-medieval 2.3.4 This site, CN010, was selected for geophysical survey as it is considered to be an area at high pottery has been found in a number of places within the 1km survey area (MWA2243, risk (risk model score: 2) with the potential for Roman archaeological remains and it will be an MWA2230, MWA4545). area of major construction works. 2.3.14 The site lies within the parish of Offchurch which is characterised by medieval enclosed field Site Details systems with the village of Offchurch itself located to the west of the site with surrounding earthworks displaying evidence of settlement shrinkage. Ridge-and-furrow is still evident with 2.3.5 The site comprises a single arable field located approximately 1.2km east of Offchurch, five plots located in the survey area (OFC 027, 036, 044, 047 and 048). Other medieval Warwickshire. The site is bounded to the north-east by a thick treeline, to the east by Fosse earthworks and deposits associated with extant built heritage are likely to survive in the Way (B4455) and to the south by Long Itchington Road. The gradiometer survey covered village cores and particularly near the medieval churches with earthworks forming an 13.8ha out of a proposed survey area of 14.4ha. enclosure (OFC 023). 2.3.6 The site lies on an area of gently sloping land that falls away towards the north-west. The Survey Objectives south-east region of the survey area lies at a height of 100m aOD and falls from this height to less than 90m aOD at the north-east of the site. 2.3.15 A WSI was prepared by Wessex Archaeology which outlined the aims of the survey and the proposed methodology to be followed (Wessex Archaeology, 2014). The stated aims include 2.3.7 The solid geology is recorded as Mercia Mudstone Formation (Early Triassic) (Ordnance the following: Survey (OS) 1957). The superficial deposits recorded on the site include areas of Dunsmore Gravel to the south-east, a band of Thrussington Member in the centre of the site and  to conduct a detailed survey which covers as much of the specified area as possible, Wolston sand and gravel to the north-west of the site. (Ordnance Survey (OS) 1977). allowing for artificial obstructions; 2.3.8 The soils underlying the site are likely to comprise the typical brownearths of the 541r (Wick 1)  to clarify the presence/absence and extent of any buried archaeological remains within association (SSEW 1983). Soils derived from such geological parent material have been shown the site; to produce magnetic contrasts acceptable for the detection of archaeological remains  to determine the general nature of the remains present; and through gradiometer survey.  to combine the results of the geophysical surveys with data from other archaeological Archaeological Background assessments carried out as part of the project in order to analyse the archaeological potential of the survey locations. 2.3.9 For a detailed assessment of the known archaeology of the site and surrounding area the relevant DBA should be consulted ((volume 5 appendix Ch-001-017, ES 3.5.2.17.4). A summary 2.3.16 This report presents a brief description of the methodology followed, the detailed survey of relevant sites within approximately 1km of the survey area are provided below and have results and the archaeological interpretation of the geophysical data. been included to provide context and inform the geophysical interpretation. sites referred to

can be found either within the gazetteer for CFA17 (Volume 5 appendix CH-002-017, ES 3.5.2.17.5) (OFC numbers) in the supplementary survey works (WA numbers) or in the Warwickshire SMR (MWA/HWA numbers).

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Methods Results Survey Dates 2.3.26 The gradiometer survey has been successful in identifying anomalies of possible 2.3.17 A detailed gradiometer survey was carried out by Wessex Archaeology's in-house geophysics archaeological interest, along with numerous trends. Results are presented as a series of team between the 4 - 10 February 2015. greyscale and XY plots, and archaeological interpretations, at a scale of 1:1500 (Figures 10 to 15). Grid Location 2.3.27 The interpretation of the datasets highlights the presence of potential archaeological 2.3.18 The individual survey grid nodes were established at 30m x 30m intervals using a Leica Viva anomalies, ferrous/burnt or fired objects, and magnetic trends (Figures 14 and 15). Full RTK GNSS instrument, which is precise to approximately 0.02m and therefore exceeds definitions of the interpretation terms used in this report are provided in Annex 2. Historic England recommendations (Historic England, 2008). 2.3.28 Numerous ferrous anomalies are visible throughout the detailed survey dataset. These are 2.3.19 A representative sample of survey grid nodes (around 10%) were re-surveyed in the mornings presumed to be modern in provenance and are not referred to, unless considered relevant to in the event they were left out in the field overnight. This was undertaken along with a visual the archaeological interpretation. inspection of entire lines of grid nodes to ensure the survey grid remained accurate for the entire survey. Interpretation: Archaeology

Instruments Used and Survey Method 2.3.29 A small cluster of pit-type anomalies at 4000 have been classed as possible archaeology. They are oval-shaped positive anomalies with a magnetic strength of +2nT and they lie within a 2.3.20 The gradiometer survey was conducted using a Bartington Grad601-2 fluxgate gradiometer wider area of positive linear trends at 4001 that have been interpreted as ridge-and-furrow. instrument, which has a vertical separation of 1m between sensors. Data were collected at These are oriented in a north-west to south-east direction and are distinct from narrower and 0.25m intervals along transects spaced 1m apart with an effective sensitivity of 0.03nT, in weaker ploughing trends in that they are broader with pronounced negative areas between accordance with Historic England guidelines (Historic England, 2008). them. 2.3.21 Data were collected in the zigzag method with grids oriented north to south (Grid North). The 2.3.30 Two potential ditch-like anomalies at 4002 take the form of weakly positive linear anomalies first direction walked for each grid was heading towards the north. in an approximate L-shaped layout measuring approximately 12 x 8m. There are two further weakly positive oval-shaped anomalies nearby which appear to be possible pits. This feature is Data Processing interpreted as possible archaeology (very weak response) as it is on a completely different 2.3.22 Data from the survey was subject to minimal data correction processes. These comprise a orientation to the current field boundaries or to ploughing and ridge-and-furrow trends zero mean traverse (ZMT) function (±5nT thresholds) applied to correct for any variation elsewhere across the site. between the two Bartington sensors used, and a de-step function to account for variations in 2.3.31 There are a few further isolated pit-type anomalies at 4003, 4004 and 4005, they are weak traverse position due to varying ground cover and topography. These two steps were applied positive oval shaped anomalies and are classed as possible archaeology. They do not form a to all survey data, with no interpolation applied. concentration or a significant distribution to be interpreted further. 2.3.23 Further details of the geophysical and survey equipment, methods and processing are 2.3.32 A pair or parallel, weak curvilinear anomalies at 4004 are interpreted as agricultural, probably described in Annex 1. ploughing trends, but they could also be a track as it follows the route of the current field Data Presentation boundary.

2.3.24 The processed gradiometer data were output as .png image files and georeferenced in CAD 2.3.33 Ploughing trends are visible at 4003 and 4005 which are regular spaced, linear trends that are (AutoCAD Map 3D 2011); these images were exported as georeferenced .png image files closely spaced and predominantly oriented in a north-west to south-east direction. As well as (accompanied by .pgw files). The interpretation layers were digitised in CAD and the resulting ploughing trends there are several weak linear and curvilinear trends, such as at 4006, which interpretation layers were exported as ESRI shapefiles, in accordance with the specification. are ephemeral and do not form any significant patterns or distributions therefore they cannot The data images and interpretation shapefiles were then passed to Atkins’ graphics team who be characterised further. produced the final figures in GIS (ESRI ArcMap 10). 2.3.34 In the north-east half of the field around 4007 and 4008 is an area containing several features 2.3.25 The gradiometer data are displayed at -2nT (white) to +3nT (black) for the greyscale image of possible archaeological interest. A concentration around 4007 of weak, positive, oval and and ±25nT at 25nT per cm for the XY trace plots. The XY trace plot images have been sub-oval anomalies is potentially a number of pits and although their distribution is random produced at a scale of 1:1500. they have interpreted as possible archaeology. At 4008 are two broad and weakly positive linears in an L-shaped layout. They have been classed as possible archaeology (very weak response) and their identification is tentative due to their weak contrast, it could possibly represent a natural change in the superficial geology.

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2.3.35 There are very few anomalies of possible archaeological interest elsewhere in this area with a the services indicated may therefore differ from their magnetic extents in plan. It is assumed couple of examples between 4008 and 4009 and at 4010. that the centreline of services is coincident with the centreline of their anomalies. It is difficult to estimate the depth of burial of the services through 2.3.36 Across this area of the site are a number of linear repeating bipolar anomalies which are a typical response of ceramic field drains. Where faint linears continue or are intermittent they 2.3.45 It should be noted that small, weakly magnetised features may produce responses that are have been interpreted as linear trends of uncertain origin but when they are on the same below the detection threshold of magnetometers. It may therefore be the case that more orientation as the more obvious field drain responses they are assumed to be former field archaeological features may be encountered than have been identified through geophysical drains. survey. Given how weak many of the features interpreted in this data are it seems very likely that more features may be present than were detected during the survey. 2.3.37 At 4011 abutting the modern field boundary is a large area containing numerous large and small dipolar anomalies with a section of repeating linear dipolar anomalies. The dipolar References anomalies are typical of ferrous and this whole area is assumed to have a large amount of Historic England, (2008), Geophysical Survey in Archaeological Field Evaluation. Research and ferrous debris with possibly a short section of pipe within it. An approximate linear scatter of Professional Service Guideline No. 1, 2nd Edition dipolar anomalies can be identified between 4007 and 4008 and extending in a northwest - southeast direction terminating at the ferrous debris area of 4011. This could possibly be the HS2 Environmental Statement, (013), London-West Midlands Environmental Statement, Volume 5: remains of a former internal field boundary visible on former Ordnance Survey (OS) mapping Technical Appendices: CFA17: Offchurch to Cubbington Baseline Report: Cultural Heritage. Report but no longer existing (Ordnance Survey (OS) 1887). Reference: CH-001-017 Interpretation: Modern Services Ordnance Survey (OS), (1887), OS County Series Warwickshire 1:2.500 2.3.38 There is one short section of pipe or modern service within the area of ferrous anomalies at 4011. It does not extend beyond this area. Ordnance Survey (OS) (1957), Sheet 2, Geological Map of Great Britain. England and Wales: Ordnance Survey: Chessington 2.3.39 Gradiometer data will not be able to locate and identify all services present on site. This report

and accompanying illustrations should not be used as the sole source for service locations and Ordnance Survey(OS), (1977), Quaternary Map of the United Kingdom: South. Ordnance Survey: appropriate equipment (e.g. CAT and Genny) should be used to confirm the location of buried Southampton services before any trenches are opened on site.

Conclusions Soil Survey of England and Wales, (1983), Sheet 3, Soils of Midland and Western England. Ordnance Survey: Southampton. 2.3.40 The detailed gradiometer survey has been successful in detecting anomalies of likely and possible archaeological interest within the site, in addition to areas of ridge-and-furrow, a Wessex Archaeology, (2013), LiDAR and Hyperspectral Analysis Report Reference 86252.01 complex of field drains, numerous ploughing trends and trends of uncertain origin. Discussion Wessex Archaeology, (2014), HS2: Geophysical Survey Written Scheme of Investigation. Report Reference: 86257.01. 2.3.41 The data shows some possible archaeological features primarily in the south-west area of the HER Records Consulted site and in the form of pit-type anomalies at 4000 and 4007 and two possible L-shaped anomalies at 4002 and 4008. Apart from these features there are some isolated pits across the HWA8171 - Historic Landscape Characterisation: Very large irregular fields with curvilinear boundaries site but nothing to suggest a concentration or spatial distribution of any significance such as MWA2230 - Find spot - Imperial pottery at 4000. The remaining features of note are two areas of ridge-and-furrow at 4001 and 4007 MWA2243 - Find spot - Roman pottery sherd which are both oriented in the same north-west to south-east direction. MWA4545 - Roman to modern tiles MWA4635 - Undated cropmark enclosure 2.3.42 There are only a few possible pit-type anomalies in the north-west of the site possibly due to MWA9276 - Neolithic axe found in Offchurch the complex of ceramic field drains visible across the area. The construction of the field drains OFC009 - Burnt Heath Farm cropmark could have destroyed any possible archaeological remains. OFC012 - Fosse Way Roman road OFC014 - Fosseway Cottage cropmarks 2.3.43 There is a short section of pipe or modern service within a larger area of ferrous debris at 4011, OFC023 - Offchurch earthwork enclosures this is also an area where a possible former internal field boundary terminates as seen on OFC027 - Valley fields ridge and furrow available Ordnance Survey mapping (Ordnance Survey,(OS) 1887). OFC036 - Lower Grange ridge and furrow 2.3.44 The relative dimensions of the modern services identified by the gradiometer survey are OFC044 - Mill Lane ridge and furrow indicative of the strength of their magnetic response, which is dependent upon the materials OFC047 - Rugby Road ridge and furrow used in their construction and the backfill of the service trenches. The physical dimensions of OFC048 - Coventry Road ridge and furrow

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Figure 9 - CN010 site location Figure 10 - CN010 greyscale, west side

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Figure 11 - CN010 greyscale, east side Figure 12 - CN010 XY trace, west side

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Figure 13 - CN010 XY trace, east side Figure 14 - CN010 Interpretation, west side

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Figure 15 - CN010 interpretation, east side

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2.4 CN011 Land near Fields Farm 002-017, ES 3.5.2.17.5)ES (OFC numbers) in the supplementary survey works (WA numbers) or in the Warwickshire SMR (MWA/HWA numbers). Introduction 2.4.10 The survey area is characterised as very large irregular post-war fields with curvilinear and 2.4.1 The survey of CN011 was not reported in the main ES due to access being unavailable. straight boundaries (HWA8604). Remote sensing revealed a number of linear earthworks probably representing disused former field boundaries (WA17.12) (Wessex Archaeology, Project Background 2013). 2.4.2 Wessex Archaeology was on the behalf of HS2 Ltd, to carry out a geophysical survey of area 2.4.11 Few clear prehistoric, Roman or post-Roman records exist in the immediate vicinity of CN011 CN011 close to Hunningham, near Royal Leamington Spa, Warwickshire (Figure 16), hereafter although a number of significant sites lie within the wider area around the site. No sites are “the site” (centred on NGR 436290 266759). The survey forms part of an ongoing programme known within the survey area but 1km to the north-east are four possible linear features of archaeological works being undertaken ahead of the proposed development of HS2. observed as cropmarks on aerial photographs and interpreted as a potential prehistoric pit 2.4.3 The geophysical survey undertaken here has been preceded by a Desk-Based Assessment alignment (MWA4870). In addition to this there are several find spots recorded of flints (DBA) (HS2 Environmental Statement, 2013a) and a remote sensing survey comprising LiDAR (undated) and Roman items (not specified) in the immediate vicinity at Hunningham (e.g. and hyperspectral survey and analysis (HS2 Environmental Statement, 2013b). Geophysical MWA6005; MWA5272). survey areas have been identified based on the archaeological potential and conclusions 2.4.12 sites within the wider CFA include a Palaeolithic site of potential international importance at identified in these reports. Waverley Wood Farm Pit (OFC041) and the former Roman road known as the Fosse Way 2.4.4 This site, CN011, was selected for geophysical survey as it is considered to be an area of (OFC012) (HS2 Environmental Statement, 2013a). increased archaeological potential at medium risk to borderline high risk due to its 2.4.13 The site lies between the shrunken medieval settlements and earthwork enclosures of topographic position around a river course on an area of gravels (risk model score: 3 borderline Offchurch to the south-west (OFC23; OFC024) and Hunningham to the north-east (MWA9523; 2; see below). MWA2526; MWA7268). Medieval remains are present in close proximity to the site in the form Site Details of fragmentary remains of ridge and furrow in the field to the north-west of the survey area that was observed from LiDAR data (WA2.12). 2.4.5 The site comprises three arable fields located approximately 4.3km north-east of Royal Leamington Spa, Warwickshire. The survey extents are defined by field boundaries on all sides 2.4.14 Post-medieval remains include a watermill and timber bridge named Weston Mill crossing the with farm buildings of Field's Farm to the north and north-east. The gradiometer survey River Leam to the north of the site (OFC038) and Offchurch Mill and associated bridge covered 15.7ha of the 17.4ha site with a small area lost to field boundaries and surface crossing the River Leam to the south-west of the site on the outskirts of the village obstructions. (MWA2214; 2221). A quarry pit is located approximately 1km to the north-east of the site (MWA2534). 2.4.6 The site lies on an area of generally flat land that rises fairly steeply towards the east. The highest point of the survey area is to the east and lies at a height of a little over 70m aOD and 2.4.15 A World War II lighting decoy and a bombing decoy lie to the north-east of the survey area falls from this height to less than 58m aOD at the western edge, towards the River Leam. A and they were designed to confuse enemy aircraft and protect assets in Coventry. Two narrow area of woodland known as Ash Beds borders the southern site boundary around a buildings related to this complex remain upstanding (OFC034). A Hawker Hurricane Mark I small unnamed stream that flows into the River Leam. British fighter plane crashed within 1km of the survey area (Historic England V6680). 2.4.7 The solid geology is recorded as Mercia Mudstone (Triassic) and the superficial geology is 2.4.16 Undated records include the finding of a quernstone to the north-east of the site (MWA5078). recorded as river terrace deposits with boulder clay and morainic drift close by (Ordnance Survey Objectives Survey (OS) 1957 and 1977). 2.4.17 A WSI was prepared by Wessex Archaeology which outlined the aims of the survey and the 2.4.8 The soils underlying the south-east half of the site are likely to be stagnogley argillic brown proposed methodology to be followed (Wessex Archaeology, 2014). The stated aims include earths of the 572f (Whimple 3) association (SSEW, 1983). Soils derived from such geological the following: parent material have been shown to produce magnetic contrasts acceptable for the detection of archaeological remains through gradiometer survey.  to conduct a detailed survey which covers as much of the specified area as possible, allowing for artificial obstructions; Archaeological Background  to clarify the presence/absence and extent of any buried archaeological remains within 2.4.9 For a detailed assessment of the known archaeology of the site and surrounding area the the site; relevant desk-based assessment (DBA) should be consulted (volume 5 appendix Ch-001-017,  to determine the general nature of the remains present; and ES 3.5.2.17.4). A summary of relevant sites within 1km of the survey area are summarised below and have been included to provide context and inform the geophysical interpretation.  to combine the results of the geophysical surveys with data from other archaeological sites referred to can be found either within the gazetteer for CFA17 (Volume 5 appendix CH- assessments carried out as part of the project in order to analyse the archaeological

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potential of the survey locations. 2.4.27 The gradiometer data are displayed at -2nT (white) to +3nT (black) for the greyscale image and ±25nT at 25nT per cm for the XY trace plots. The XY trace plot images have been 2.4.18 This report presents a brief description of the methodology followed, the detailed survey produced at a scale of 1:2000. results and the archaeological interpretation of the geophysical data. Results Methods Survey Dates 2.4.28 The gradiometer survey has been successful in identifying a few anomalies of possible archaeological interest, along with numerous trends of uncertain origin. Results are presented 2.4.19 A detailed gradiometer survey was carried out by Wessex Archaeology's in-house geophysics as a series of greyscale and XY plots, and archaeological interpretations, at a scale of 1:2000 team on the 12th and between the 17 - 19 March 2015. (Figures 17 to 19). Grid Location 2.4.29 The interpretation of the datasets highlights the presence of potential archaeological anomalies, ferrous/burnt or fired objects, and magnetic trends (Figure 19). Full definitions of 2.4.20 The individual survey grid nodes were established at 30m x 30m intervals using a Leica Viva the interpretation terms used in this report are provided in Appendix 2. RTK GNSS instrument, which is precise to approximately 0.02m and therefore exceeds Historic England recommendations (Historic England, 2008). 2.4.30 Numerous ferrous anomalies are visible throughout the detailed survey dataset. These are presumed to be modern in provenance and are not referred to, unless considered relevant to 2.4.21 A representative sample of survey grid nodes (around 10%) were re-surveyed in the mornings the archaeological interpretation. in the event they were left out in the field overnight. This was undertaken along with a visual inspection of entire lines of grid nodes to ensure the survey grid remained accurate for the Interpretation: Archaeology entire survey. 2.4.31 The geophysical survey has detected a significant number of archaeological features Instruments Used and Survey Method concentrated in the western field with a continuation of some of these features into the eastern field. 2.4.22 The gradiometer survey was conducted using a Bartington Grad601-2 fluxgate gradiometer instrument, which has a vertical separation of 1m between sensors. Data were collected at 2.4.32 The majority of the archaeological features are concentrated within a circular ditch. The 0.25m intervals along transects spaced 1m apart with an effective sensitivity of 0.03nT, in response from the ditch varies across the site most likely due to the difference in the accordance with Historic England guidelines (Historic England, 2008). superficial deposits and their respective depths as the land climbs more steeply towards the east compared to the majority of the enclosure on the lower lying flat area. Between 4000 and 2.4.23 Data were collected in the zigzag method with grids oriented north to south (Grid North). The 4001 an intermittent positive curvilinear anomaly extends with a magnetic strength of first direction walked for each grid was heading towards the north. between +1 and +1.5nT and this linear is again picked up at 4002 but as a weaker positive Data Processing anomaly with a magnetic strength of < +1nT. The enclosure ditch then disappears at its northern edge but a large positive curvilinear anomaly is visible again at 4003 to 4005 and 2.4.24 Data from the survey was subject to minimal data correction processes. These comprise a presumed to be the same feature due to its layout and form. It has a strong magnetic zero mean traverse (ZMT) function (±5nT thresholds) applied to correct for any variation response of between +7nT and +10nT and appears wider in size than the corresponding ditch between the two Bartington sensors used, and a de-step function to account for variations in on the opposite side of the site. traverse position due to varying ground cover and topography. These two steps were applied to all survey data, with no interpolation applied. 2.4.33 At 4004 is a rectilinear ditch that appears attached to the outer enclosure ditch and is possibly an internal subdivision. The larger circular positive anomaly adjacent to it is possibly a pit due 2.4.25 Further details of the geophysical and survey equipment, methods and processing are to its shape and both anomalies have similar magnetic strength as the outer enclosure ditch. A described in Annex 1. second larger internal ditch is to the south-west of 4005 and it is of a similar response and shape to the anomalies at 4003 and 4004. Data Presentation 2.4.34 The enclosure ditch is interrupted around 4006 and 4007 by several ditch responses of linear 2.4.26 The processed gradiometer data were output as .png image files and georeferenced in CAD and curvilinear positive anomalies with a magnetic strength of between +3nT and +9nT with (AutoCAD Map 3D 2011); these images were exported as georeferenced .png image files the strongest values over the possible ring ditch (accompanied by .pgw files). The interpretation layers were digitised in CAD and the resulting interpretation layers were exported as ESRI shapefiles, in accordance with the specification. 2.4.35 The enclosure ditch anomaly is not identifiable within this area at all and suggests it might not The data images and interpretation shapefiles were then passed to Atkins’ graphics team who have existed in this area. At 4007 is a narrow and approximately rectangular positive anomaly produced the final figures in GIS (ESRI ArcMap 10). that is possibly on the same alignment as the enclosure ditch but it is wider in size and stronger in response to that of the enclosure ditch and suggests that it is not the same feature.

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2.4.36 The majority of the features within the enclosure ditch are positive linear and intermittently magnetic strength with some very ephemeral anomalies interpreted as Possible Archaeology linear anomalies interpreted as Archaeology and Archaeology (very weak response) (very weak response). They are weaker in response and appear more ephemeral than the main depending on their magnetic strength. The anomalies are typical of ditches and they area of enclosures but they represent ditches and smaller, discrete cut features such as pits. interconnect and are mostly aligned on similar orientations so that there are several rectilinear The relationship between these features and the rectangular enclosure and between this area enclosures visible with multiple internal divisions. and the circular enclosure settlement cannot be established from this geophysical data. The only clear indication of phasing is that the ridge and furrow linear anomalies truncate the

2.4.37 The most prominent and identifiable is the larger rectilinear enclosure subdivided into narrow rectangular enclosure resulting in the ditch anomaly becoming intermittent in its response. corridors and internal rectangular enclosures around 4008 to 4011. There is a second larger but more intermittent rectilinear enclosure with internal subdivisions extending between 4012 2.4.44 The area around 4023 and 4024 also has a lower concentration of ridge and furrow and ferrous and 4013. The rectilinear enclosures are either side of a central area running north-east to anomalies therefore it could be a more general trend that features are not as detectable or are south-west at 4018 and possibly interpreted as the main "street" or access through the not as surviving in this area possibly due to factors such as the superficial geology or the settlement. topography. 2.4.38 Within the circular enclosure ditch are at least five annular or intermittent curvilinear ditch 2.4.45 A weakly positive ditch anomaly at 4025 is interpreted as Possible Archaeology as it is a single anomalies that are interpreted as Archaeology and most probably ring ditches. These can be anomaly and does not appear as part of a larger enclosure or group of features. seen at 4014; 4015; there are two adjacent to each other at 4016 and a further two adjacent to 2.4.46 At least two linear positive anomalies in an approximate north-south orientation at 4027 each other just to the north of 4008. Whilst the ring ditch at 4015 is in an area on its own the represent ditches and are interpreted as Archaeology (very weak response). The angle of other ring ditches are within the internal rectilinear enclosures and appear to be truncated by these anomalies suggests they run into the larger ditch anomaly between 4003 and 4004. the linear ditches suggesting they are an earlier phase of the settlement, see especially the two ring ditches at 4016. 2.4.47 To the north-west and the west of the site are numerous parallel positive linear which are regularly spaced at an interval of approximately 8m. These anomalies around 4028 and 4029 2.4.39 An intermittent L-shaped ditch at 4017 lies at an oblique angle to the other ditches and are interpreted as ridge and furrow with further areas visible at 4030 to 4032 although these enclosures; it is possibly a different type of feature or phase of the site. are more ephemeral and not in such a large concentration. 2.4.40 Within the rectilinear enclosure areas, although some possible pit type of response have been 2.4.48 A number of trends are identified across the site primarily of single linear and curvilinear identified there are no obvious concentrations or clusters. There are, however, at least six weakly positive anomalies, they are of uncertain origin as they cannot be characterised large circular shaped positive anomalies at 4018, to the north and south of 4019 and at 4020 further. The trends around 4019 are within the circular enclosure ditch and are in proximity to that have been interpreted as Archaeology or Possible Archaeology and could represent pits. anomalies of archaeological interest and therefore could be in response to very weak They are all of a similar size being between 3 and 5m in diameter and all have a relatively ephemeral anomalies associated with the rectilinear enclosure identified. strong magnetic value of between +3nT and +10nT with one of the pits to the south of 4019 having a magnetic strength of >+30nT suggesting a possible ferrous/ceramic/burnt 2.4.49 There are a number of weak and broad irregular shaped anomalies around 4031 and 4033 in component or equally there could be modern ferrous debris in the same location to explain the area where the ground starts to climb. These have been interpreted as Natural in origin this higher value. Anomaly 4018 in particular is of interest because of its location and its and are distinct in form and strength from the ditch anomalies of 4003 to 4005. isolation compared to the other pit anomalies around 4019 and 4020 that occur along the current field boundary therefore an association with this cannot be ruled out. 2.4.50 Compared to the background response from the western field where there is a relatively low concentration of dipolar anomalies across the area, the eastern field has two particularly high 2.4.41 To the west of the circular enclosure around 4022 is an approximately rectangular enclosure concentrations of dipolar anomalies at 4034 and 4035. The area around 4034 is in the interior identified as a U-shaped positive anomaly, if the fourth side is present it is beyond the survey of the circular enclosure ditch and although some feature of archaeological interest have been boundary. Within the rectangular enclosure are several oval and circular shaped positive identified they area much fewer in number and not as defined as in the western field. This area anomalies all identified as Possible Archaeology, they are weaker in response at between +1 is generally low-lying with the second concentration of dipolar anomalies at the top of the to +2nT than the surrounding ditch anomaly which has a magnetic strength of >+5nT. There slope at 4035. are no internal subdivisions identified within this enclosure. 2.4.51 A modern service is identified at 4036 and probably associated with its construction is an area 2.4.42 An east-west linear ditch feature extends across the eastern area of the circular enclosure of increased magnetic response and a large number of ferrous anomalies in this area of the settlement at 4021 which has been interpreted as Archaeology. A similarly oriented linear runs site possibly indicating a spread of debris and presumed to be modern in origin. parallel but to the north just below 4004, however it has been interpreted as ploughing or could even be a track as it appears as a negative linear anomaly and does not appear in the Interpretation: Modern Services interior of the circular enclosure ditch. 2.4.52 One modern service has been identified within the geophysical data at 4036 running east- 2.4.43 Between the rectangular enclosure at 4022 and the circular enclosure ditch are a number of west parallel to the northern boundary of the site. weak, positive linear, curvilinear and circular anomalies identified around 4023 and 4024. They are interpreted as Archaeology and Possible Archaeology depending on their form and

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2.4.53 Gradiometer data will not be able to locate and identify all services present on site. This report 2.4.64 It should be noted that small, weakly magnetised features may produce responses that are and accompanying illustrations should not be used as the sole source for service locations and below the detection threshold of magnetometers. It may therefore be the case that more appropriate equipment (e.g. CAT and Genny) should be used to confirm the location of buried archaeological features may be encountered than have been identified through geophysical services before any trenches are opened on site. survey. Given how weak many of the features interpreted in this data are it seems very likely that more features may be present than were detected during the survey. Conclusions References 2.4.54 The detailed gradiometer survey has been successful in detecting anomalies of possible archaeological interest within the Site, in addition to areas of ridge and furrow, ploughing Historic England, (2008), Geophysical Survey in Archaeological Field Evaluation. Research and trends and trends of uncertain origin. Professional Service Guideline No. 1, 2nd Edition

Discussion HS2 Environmental Statement, (2013a), London-West Midlands Environmental Statement, Volume 5: Technical Appendices: CFA17: Offchurch and Cubbington Baseline Report (CH-001-017): Cultural 2.4.55 This area was identified as an area of increased archaeological potential and the gradiometer Heritage. Report Reference: ES 3.5.2.17.4 survey has detected significant anomalies of archaeological interest relating to an enclosed

settlement with internal enclosures and ring ditches with further enclosures to the west and HS2 Environmental Statement, (2013b), London-West Midlands Environmental Statement, Volume 5: areas of ridge and furrow. This site should be assessed together with CN012 directly north of Technical Appendices: CFA17: Offchurch and Cubbington Survey Reports (CH-004-017): LiDAR and this site and also located on an area of gravels. Significant anomalies of archaeological Hyperspectral survey report. Report Reference ES 3.5.2.17.7 interest were identified from this survey area too.

2.4.56 A large circular ditch encloses an area containing several rectilinear enclosures located either Ordnance Survey (OS), (1957), Sheet 2, Geological Map of Great Britain. England and Wales: Ordnance side of a main axis. The rectilinear enclosures are further subdivided and contain numerous Survey: Chessington parallel and aligned ditches with the majority of the features in the western half of the survey but some enclosures have also been identified to the east. Ordnance Survey (OS), (1977), Quaternary Map of the United Kingdom: South. Ordnance Survey: Southampton 2.4.57 At least five annular or curvilinear ditch features are identified in the data and are interpreted as ring ditches. Although this is not possible to suggest a relationship for all of these, at 4016 Soil Survey of England and Wales, (1983), Sheet 3, Soils of Midland and Western England. Ordnance the ditches of the rectilinear enclosures appear to truncate the ring ditches suggesting they Survey: Southampton. pre-date these larger rectilinear enclosures. 2.4.58 The enclosure ditch is interrupted by an area of interconnecting linear and some annular and Wessex Archaeology, (2013), LiDAR and Hyperspectral Analysis Report Reference 86252.01 curvilinear ditches and it is not clear from the data whether the large circular enclosure ditch continued through here. Wessex Archaeology, (2014), HS2: Geophysical Survey Written Scheme of Investigation: Warwickshire Report Reference: 86257.01. 2.4.59 There is also no circular enclosure ditch identified to the north between 4002 and 4003 but HER Records Consulted there are fewer anomalies in general within this area as a whole. It is possible that features exist but are not being detected due to factors such as the superficial geology, the depth of HWA8604 - Historic Landscape Characterisation: very large irregular post-war fields with curvilinear and the feature or the topography or they could equally not have survived due to modern straight boundaries agricultural activities. MWA2214 - Offchurch Mill MWA2221 - Offchurch Bridge 2.4.60 Further settlement is evident to the west of the circular enclosure in the form of a rectangular MWA2526 - Site of Medieval shrunken Settlement at the Vicarage, Hunningham ditch enclosure and several anomalies possibly representing smaller enclosures and/or pits. MWA2534 - Quarry The relationship between these areas cannot be established from the geophysics. MWA4870 - prehistoric pit alignment 2.4.61 Several large pit type anomalies have been interpreted as Archaeology with the main MWA5078 - Findspot - Undated quern stone emphasis being on the anomaly at 4018 as it is isolated from the rest and appears with the MWA5272 - Findspot - Roman finds, Hunningham enclosure areas rather than along and in the vicinity of the current field boundary. MWA6005 - Findspot - Neolithic flint MWA7268 - Medieval Settlement Earthworks, Hunningham 2.4.62 Ridge and furrow is visible in greatest concentration around 4028 and 4029 where it truncated MWA9523 - Hunningham Medieval Settlement the rectangular enclosure and there are lower concentrations around 4030 to 4032. OFC012 - Fosse Way Roman Road OFC023 - Offchurch earthwork enclosures 2.4.63 A large concentration of dipolar anomalies within the circular enclosure ditch in the eastern OFC024 - Manor Farm, Offchurch, shrunken medieval settlement field is possibly masking weaker anomalies of potential archaeological interest if you compare OFC034 - False Coventry/Hunningham Lighting Decoy site this area with the number of features identified in the western field.

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OFC038 - Weston Mill and Bridge OFC041 - Bytham River Figure 16 - CN011 site location Historic England PastScape Records Consulted HE V6680 - Hawker Hurricane Mark I British fighter

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Figure 17 - Cn011 XY trace

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Figure 18- CN011 Greyscale

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Figure 19 - CN011 interpretation

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2.5 CN012 Land east of the River Leam ES 3.5.2.17.4). A summary of relevant sites within 1km of the survey area is presented below and is included to provide context and inform the geophysical interpretation. sites referred to Introduction can be found either within the gazetteer for CFA17 (Volume 5 appendix CH-002-017, ES 3.5.2.17.5)ES (OFC numbers) in the supplementary survey works (WA numbers) or in the 2.5.1 The survey of CN012 was not reported in the main ES due to access being unavailable. Warwickshire SMR (MWA/HWA numbers). Project Background 2.5.10 The survey area is characterised as very large irregular post-war fields with curvilinear and 2.5.2 Wessex Archaeology was commissioned on the behalf of HS2, to carry out a geophysical straight boundaries (HWA8604). Remote sensing revealed a number of linear earthworks survey of area CN012 close to Hunningham, near Royal Leamington Spa, Warwickshire probably representing disused former field boundaries (WA17.15) (HS2 Environmental (Figure 20), hereafter “the site” (centred on NGR 436100, 267200). The survey forms part of an Statement, 2013b). ongoing programme of archaeological works being undertaken ahead of the proposed 2.5.11 Few clear prehistoric, Roman or post-Roman records exist in the immediate vicinity of CN011 development of the HS2 scheme. although a number of significant sites lie within the wider area around CFA17. No sites are 2.5.3 The geophysical survey undertaken here has been preceded by a desk-based assessment (HS2 known within the survey area but 1km to the north-east are four possible linear features Environmental Statement 2013a) and a remote sensing survey comprising LiDAR and observed as cropmarks on aerial photographs and interpreted as a potential prehistoric pit hyperspectral survey and analysis (HS2 Environmental Statement, 2013b). Geophysical survey alignment (MWA4870). In addition to this there are several findspots of flints and Roman areas have been identified based on the archaeological potential and conclusions identified in items (not specified) recorded in the immediate vicinity at Hunningham (e.g. MWA6005; these reports. MWA5272). 2.5.4 This site, CN012, was selected for geophysical survey as it is considered to be an area of 2.5.12 site within the wider area include a Palaeolithic site of potential international importance at increased archaeological potential at medium risk to borderline high risk due to its Waverley Wood Farm Pit (OFC041) and the former Roman road known as the Fosse Way topographic position around a river course on an area of gravels (risk model score: 3 borderline (OFC012) (HS2 Environmental Statement, 2013a). 2; see below). 2.5.13 The site lies between the shrunken medieval settlements and earthwork enclosures of Site Details Offchurch to the south-west (OFC23; OFC024) and Hunningham to the north-east (MWA9523; MWA2526; MWA7268). Medieval remains are present in close proximity to the site in the form 2.5.5 The site comprises two arable fields located approximately 4.5km northeast of Royal of fragmentary remains of ridge and furrow in the field to the north-west of the survey area Leamington Spa, Warwickshire. The survey extents are defined by field boundaries on all sides that was observed from LiDAR data (WA2.12). with farm buildings of Field's Farm southeast corner of the survey area. The gradiometer survey covered 21.8ha of the 22.6ha site with a small area lost to field boundaries and surface 2.5.14 Post-medieval remains include a watermill and timber bridge named Weston Mill crossing the obstructions. River Leam to the north of the site (OFC038) and Offchurch Mill and associated bridge crossing the River Leam to the south-west of the site on the outskirts of the village 2.5.6 The site lies on a very gentle west facing slope that slopes down toward the River Leam (MWA2214; 2221). A quarry pit is located approximately 1km to the north-east of the site further to the west and north. The highest point of the survey area is to the east and lies at a (MWA2534). height of a little over 60m aOD and falls from this height to less than 60m aOD at the western edge. Aside from the River Leam the only other watercourses recorded in the vicinity of the 2.5.15 A World War II lighting decoy and a bombing decoy lie to the north-east of the survey area. site are small unnamed streams that emerge from springs. These were designed to confuse enemy aircraft and protect assets in Coventry. Two buildings related to this complex remain upstanding (OFC034). A Hawker Hurricane Mark I British 2.5.7 The solid geology is recorded as Mercia Mudstone (Triassic) and the superficial geology is fighter plane crashed within 1km of the survey area (Historic England V6680). recorded as river terrace deposits with boulder clay and morainic drift close by (Ordnance Survey (OS) 1957 and 1977). 2.5.16 Undated records include the finding of a quernstone to the north-east of the site (MWA5078). 2.5.8 The soils underlying most of the site are likely to be typical brown earths of the 541r (Wick 1) Survey Objectives association. Stagnogley argillic brown earths of the 572f (Whimple 3) association lie close to 2.5.17 A WSI was prepared by Wessex Archaeology which outlined the aims of the survey and the the east and typical stagnogley soils of the 711b (Brockhurst 1) association lie close to west proposed methodology to be followed (Wessex Archaeology 2014). The stated aims include (SSEW 1983). Soils derived from such geological parent material have been shown to produce the following: magnetic contrasts acceptable for the detection of archaeological remains through magnetometer survey.  to conduct a detailed survey which covers as much of the specified area as possible, allowing for artificial obstructions; Archaeological Background  to clarify the presence/absence and extent of any buried archaeological remains within 2.5.9 For a detailed assessment of the known archaeology of the site and surrounding area the the site; relevant desk-based assessment (DBA) should be consulted (volume 5 appendix Ch-001-017,

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 to determine the general nature of the remains present; and The data images and interpretation shapefiles were then passed to Atkins’ graphics team who produced the final figures in GIS (ESRI ArcMap 10).  to combine the results of the geophysical surveys with data from other archaeological assessments carried out as part of the project in order to analyse the archaeological 2.5.27 The gradiometer data are displayed at -2nT (white) to +3nT (black) for the greyscale image potential of the survey locations. and ±25nT at 25nT per cm for the XY trace plots. The XY trace plot images have been produced at a scale of 1:2000. 2.5.18 This report presents a brief description of the methodology followed, the detailed survey results and the archaeological interpretation of the geophysical data. Results Methods 2.5.28 The gradiometer survey has been successful in identifying numerous anomalies of likely and Survey Dates possible archaeological interest, along with numerous trends of uncertain origin. Results are presented as a series of greyscale and XY plots, and archaeological interpretations, at a scale 2.5.19 A detailed gradiometer survey was carried out by Wessex Archaeology's in-house geophysics of 1:2000 (Figures 20 to 29). An additional set of figures have been produced at a scale of team between the 5 - 12 March 2015. 1:1000 to show an area of concentrated archaeological features in detail (Figures 23, 26, and Grid Location 29). 2.5.29 The interpretation of the datasets highlights the presence of potential archaeological 2.5.20 The individual survey grid nodes were established at 30m x 30m intervals using a Leica Viva anomalies, ferrous/burnt or fired objects, and magnetic trends (Figures 27 to 29). Full RTK GNSS instrument, which is precise to approximately 0.02m and therefore exceeds definitions of the interpretation terms used in this report are provided in Annex 2. Historic England recommendations (Historic England, 2008). 2.5.30 Numerous ferrous anomalies are visible throughout the detailed survey dataset. These are 2.5.21 A representative sample of survey grid nodes (around 10%) were re-surveyed in the mornings presumed to be modern in provenance and are not referred to, unless considered relevant to in the event they were left out in the field overnight. This was undertaken along with a visual the archaeological interpretation. inspection of entire lines of grid nodes to ensure the survey grid remained accurate for the entire survey. Interpretation: Archaeology Instruments Used and Survey Method 2.5.31 The most significant group of anomalies are located toward the centre of the survey area and comprise at least two adjoining large sub-rectangular enclosures around 4000 and 4001. Both 2.5.22 The magnetometer survey was conducted using a Bartington Grad601-2 fluxgate gradiometer of these enclosures measure around 80m x 75m and both show signs of internal divisions. instrument, which has a vertical separation of 1m between sensors. Data were collected at 0.25m intervals along transects spaced 1m apart with an effective sensitivity of 0.03nT, in 2.5.32 Small rectangular sub-enclosures can be seen within and butting up against the larger accordance with Historic England guidelines (Historic England, 2008). enclosures at 4002 to 4005; a possible larger sub-enclosure lies to the south of 4005. These sub-enclosures typically measure less than 25m in length and less than 20m in width. There 2.5.23 Data were collected in the zigzag method with grids oriented north to south (Grid North). The are few clear internal features visible within these small enclosed areas. first direction walked for each grid was heading towards the north. 2.5.33 The larger enclosures also contain other sub-dividing ditches such as 4006 that splits the Data Processing eastern of the two enclosures. Another weaker dividing ditch is visible in the western 2.5.24 Data from the survey was subject to minimal data correction processes. These comprise a enclosure on a similar alignment to 4006 to the northeast of 4000. zero mean traverse (ZMT) function (±5nT thresholds) applied to correct for any variation 2.5.34 Five clear ring and oval shaped ditches are visible inside and outside the two enclosures at between the two Bartington sensors used, a multiply function and a de-step function to 4007 to 4011. These are likely to be roundhouses and all five appear to measure around 10m in account for variations in traverse position due to varying ground cover and topography. These diameter. Some other incomplete arcs and possible outlying ring ditches are visible at 4012 three steps were applied to all survey data, with no interpolation applied. and around 4013 that may indicate that other ring ditches are present both within and outside 2.5.25 Further details of the geophysical and survey equipment, methods and processing are these enclosures. described in Annex 1. 2.5.35 Some sub-rectangular anomalies are visible at 4014 and 4015 with the former seemingly Data Presentation interrupted by the ditch at 4006. These may also represent structures built within the enclosure and the interruption of 4014 likely suggests that at least two phases of occupation 2.5.26 The processed gradiometer data were output as .png image files and georeferenced in CAD are evident within this area. (AutoCAD Map 3D 2011); these images were exported as georeferenced .png image files (accompanied by .pgw files). The interpretation layers were digitised in CAD and the resulting 2.5.36 Smaller features such as short sections of ditch and pits are visible within these enclosures, interpretation layers were exported as ESRI shapefiles, in accordance with the specification. such as around 4016. Some of the fragmentary ditch sections could have formed part of larger structures.

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2.5.37 All of the features discussed are considered to be cut features such as pits, ditches or gullies 2.5.47 There are numerous small positive anomalies classed as possible archaeology spread and have been classed as either archaeology or archaeology weak response depending on throughout the dataset. Many are likely to relate to natural features such as tree throws or their magnetic values. gravel deposits but some may prove to be small archaeological cut features such as pits. As there is no significant patterning to their spatial distribution these features are regarded as

2.5.38 These archaeological anomalies can measure over +5nT at their strongest regions to as low as having a low archaeological potential. +0.5nT at their weakest. The weakest regions of some features coincide with the ridge and furrow which suggests that the furrows have removed some of the archaeological deposits 2.5.48 As has been mentioned ridge and furrow can be seen running across much of the survey area whereas the ridges have protected them. This varying damage from medieval or post- and the change in direction of this ridge and furrow shows evidence of the former scheme of medieval ridge and furrow provides a relative date for these enclosures and the presence of dividing the land. Ridge and furrow is particularly noticeable across the north and central area roundhouses provides further evidence that this settlement area is very likely to be pre- of the site. medieval, possibly Romano-British. Interpretation: Modern Services 2.5.39 Weaker ditch-like anomalies are visible further away from the main enclosed area at 4017 to 4019. The ditches around 4017 and 4018 share alignments with the enclosures but the pair of 2.5.49 One modern service has been identified within the geophysical data at4022. The form of the ditches at 4019 are aligned more closely with the modern field boundaries. All have been anomaly suggests that this service may prove to be a cable. classed as possible archaeology (weak response). 2.5.50 It is not clear from the geophysical data whether the services identified are in active use or 2.5.40 Another ditch is visible at 4020 but this follows the line of a former field boundary that is not. Also gradiometer data will not be able to locate and identify all services present on site. visible on OS maps as early as 1887, but seems to have been removed by the 1985 edition OS This report and accompanying illustrations should not be used as the sole source for service map. This boundary is classed as possible archaeology weak response. locations and appropriate equipment (e.g. CAT and Genny) should be used to confirm the location of buried services before any trenches are opened on site. 2.5.41 Other weak isolated ditches are visible in the data such as at 4021; these are classed as possible archaeology weak response. Conclusions 2.5.42 A modern service is visible at 4022 but this will be discussed in more detail in the next section 2.5.51 The detailed gradiometer survey has been successful in detecting anomalies of likely and of the report. possible archaeological interest within the site, in addition to areas of ridge and furrow, ploughing trends and trends of uncertain origin. 2.5.43 The northern field shows a much lower concentration of ferrous responses than the southern field. This difference is most likely the result of differing materials added to each field with Discussion manure/compost added to the southern field that contained trace amounts of 2.5.52 The most significant features detected are the two adjoining sub-rectangular enclosures at ceramic/metallic material. 4000 and 4001. Analysis of the geophysical data shows sub-divisions are evident that suggest 2.5.44 The most noticeable feature in the north is a large L-shaped land division that runs through areas were divided into different zones of activity and the presence of ring ditches strongly the area at 4023 to 4026. This feature has varying magnetic values across its length and like suggests these enclosures served as a settlement area. These features appear to be some features in the vicinity of the enclosed area is disrupted by the ridge and furrow. The line interrupted by the ridge and furrow, suggesting that these enclosures are pre-medieval in of the ditches is fairly straight apart from the section marked at 4026 which is curving and date, and possibly Romano-British. slightly irregular. This feature is not marked on any of the OS maps consulted although it does 2.5.53 The ditches detected appear to gradually peter into the background as they extend away from appear to roughly line up with a boundary marked on an 1813 map drawn by Henry Stevens. the core of the settlement and this may suggest that more archaeology is present here than This feature has been interpreted as archaeology although the irregular section at 4026 is was detected in the geophysical survey. interpreted as possible archaeology due to its shape in plan. 2.5.54 A land division was detected in the north of the survey area that may correlate with a 2.5.45 A small L-shaped ditch is visible at 4027 although it is not clear what function this may have boundary recorded on an 1813 edition map drawn by Henry Stevens. The initial date of this served. This has been interpreted as archaeology weak response. feature is unclear so its archaeological significance is also unclear. Its relationship with the 2.5.46 The remaining anomalies are numerous weak linear trends running through the area such as settlement enclosures, if any exists, is also unclear. at 4028, spreads of increased magnetic response as at 4029 and natural deposits such as 2.5.55 Ridge and furrow was detected across the survey area and changes in the direction of this are around 4030. The trends are considered to be of uncertain origin and could prove to be evident in the geophysical data. The ridge and furrow was not clearly observed in the LiDAR anything from agricultural features to weak archaeological features. The spreads of increased data but these changes in direction of the ridge and furrow were evident as broad, low magnetic response are likely to relate to areas of intense human activity but could equally earthworks. relate to the deposition of modern material or even geological deposits. The spreads of natural responses are likely to relate to underlying geological variation such as from gravel 2.5.56 The larger southern field shows a much higher concentration of ferrous responses than the deposits. field to the north. This is likely to relate to different agricultural use of these fields in recent centuries, with more material added to the southern field during manuring that contained

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magnetic debris. This higher concentration of ferrous responses will make the identification of HER Records Consulted small or weak archaeological features more difficult and in places may obscure features HWA8604 - Historic Landscape Characterisation: very large irregular post-war fields with curvilinear and completely, straight boundaries 2.5.57 The relative dimensions of the modern services identified by the gradiometer survey are MWA2214 - Offchurch Mill indicative of the strength of their magnetic response, which is dependent upon the materials MWA2221 - Offchurch Bridge used in their construction and the backfill of the service trenches. The physical dimensions of MWA2526 - Site of Medieval shrunken Settlement at the Vicarage, Hunningham the services indicated may therefore differ from their magnetic extents in plan; it is assumed MWA2534 - Quarry that the centreline of services is coincident with the centreline of their anomalies. It is difficult MWA4870 - prehistoric pit alignment to estimate the depth of burial of the services through gradiometer survey. MWA5078 - Findspot - Undated quern stone MWA5272 - Findspot - Roman finds, Hunningham References MWA6005 - Findspot - Neolithic flint Historic England, (2008), Geophysical Survey in Archaeological Field Evaluation. Research and MWA7268 - Medieval Settlement Earthworks, Hunningham Professional Service Guideline No. 1, 2nd Edition MWA9523 - Hunningham Medieval Settlement OFC012 - Fosse Way Roman Road HS2 Environmental Statement, (2013a), London-West Midlands Environmental Statement, Volume 5: OFC023 - Offchurch earthwork enclosures Technical Appendices: CFA17: Offchurch and Cubbington Baseline Report (CH-001-017): Cultural OFC024 - Manor Farm, Offchurch, shrunken medieval settlement Heritage. Report Reference: ES 3.5.2.17.4 OFC034 - False Coventry/Hunningham Lighting Decoy Site OFC038 - Weston Mill and Bridge HS2 Environmental Statement, (2013b). London-West Midlands Environmental Statement, Volume 5: OFC041 - Bytham River Technical Appendices: CFA17: Offchurch and Cubbington Survey Reports (CH-004-017): LiDAR and Historic England PastScape Records Consulted Hyperspectral survey report. Report Reference ES 3.5.2.17.7 HE V6680 - Hawker Hurricane Mark I British fighter Ordnance Survey (OS), (1887), Warwickshire. 1:2500.

Ordnance Survey (OS), (1957), Sheet 2, Geological Map of Great Britain. England and Wales: Ordnance Survey: Chessington.

Ordnance Survey (OS), (1977), Quaternary Map of the United Kingdom: South. Ordnance Survey: Southampton.

Ordnance Survey (OS), (1985), Warwickshire. 1:10000.

Soil Survey of England and Wales, (1983), Sheet 3, Soils of Midland and Western England. Ordnance Survey: Southampton.

Stevens, H., (1813), Warwick. [Online, Accessed 02/04/2015]. Available at: http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/ordsurvdraw/w/002osd000000012u00215000.html

Wessex Archaeology, (2014), HS2: Geophysical Survey Written Scheme of Investigation: Warwickshire Report Reference: 86257.01.

SES and AP2 ES Appendix CH-004-017

Figure 20 - CN012 site location Figure 21 - CN012 greyscale, south side

Figure 22. CN012 greyscale, north side

SES and AP2 ES Appendix CH-004-017

Figure 23 - CN012 greyscale, detail Figure 24 - CN012 XY trace, south side

Figure 25 - CN012 XY trace, north side

SES and AP2 ES Appendix CH-004-017

Figure 26 - CN012 XY trace, detail

SES and AP2 ES Appendix CH-004-017

Figure 27 - CN012 interpretation, south side

SES and AP2 ES Appendix CH-004-017

Figure 28 - CN012 Interpretation, north side

SES and AP2 ES Appendix CH-004-017

Figure 29 - CN012 interpretation detail

SES and AP2 ES Appendix CH-004-017

2.6 CN017 land near Lower Grange 3.5.2.17.5)ES (OFC numbers) in the supplementary survey works (WA numbers) or in the Warwickshire SMR (MWA numbers). Introduction 2.6.10 Few clear prehistoric, Roman or post-Roman records exist in the immediate vicinity of CN017 2.6.1 The survey of CN017 was not reported in the main ES due to access being unavailable. although a number of significant sites lie within the wider area around CFA17. These sites include a Palaeolithic site of potential international importance at Waverley Wood Farm Pit Project Background and the former Roman road known as the Fosse Way (HS2 Environmental Statement, 2013a). 2.6.2 Wessex Archaeology was commissioned on the behalf of HS2 Ltd, to carry out a geophysical 2.6.11 Medieval remains are present in close proximity to the site in the form of ridge and furrow that survey of area CN017 close to Lower Grange, near Royal Leamington Spa, Warwickshire has been observed at Cubbington Primary School (OFC042) and fragmentary remains in the (Figure 30), hereafter “the site” (centred on NGR 435675 267650). The survey forms part of an field to the west of the survey area that was observed from LiDAR data (WA17.4). ongoing programme of archaeological works being undertaken ahead of the proposed development of the HS2 scheme. 2.6.12 Post-medieval remains include a watermill and bridge named Weston Mill that was in use up to the late 19th century. It is possible this site was in use from the medieval and appears on 2.6.3 The geophysical survey undertaken here has been preceded by a Desk-Based Assessment maps as early as 1725. A timber bridge crossing the River Leam is associated with the mill (volume 5 appendix Ch-001-017, ES 3.5.2.17.4) and a remote sensing survey comprising LiDAR (OFC038). and hyperspectral survey and analysis (HS2 Environmental Statement, 2013b). Geophysical survey areas have been identified based on the archaeological potential and conclusions 2.6.13 A World War II lighting decoy lies to the east of the survey area and was designed to confuse identified in these reports. enemy aircraft and protect assets in Coventry. Two buildings related to this complex remain upstanding (OFC034). A Hawker Hurricane Mark I British fighter plane crashed within 1km of 2.6.4 This site, CN017, was selected for geophysical survey as it is considered to be an area at the survey area (Historic England V6680). medium risk to borderline high risk due to its topographic position around a river course on an area of gravels (risk model score: 3 borderline 2). 2.6.14 Undated records include the finding of quernstones to the southeast of the site (MWA13118) and an area known as Gallows Knob near Cubbington where criminals are reputed to have Site Details been hanged (MWA2519). 2.6.5 The site is comprised of one arable field located approximately 4km northeast of Royal Survey Objectives Leamington Spa, Warwickshire. The survey extents are defined by field boundaries on all sides. The gradiometer survey covered 7.7ha of the 8.3ha site with only a very small area lost 2.6.15 A WSI was prepared by Wessex Archaeology which outlined the aims of the survey and the to field boundaries and surface obstructions. proposed methodology to be followed (Wessex Archaeology 2014). The stated aims include the following: 2.6.6 The site lies on an area of gently sloping land that falls away towards the southeast. The highest point of the survey area is to the northwest and lies at a height of a little over 65m  To conduct a detailed survey which covers as much of the specified area as possible, aOD (above Ordnance Datum) and falls from this height to less than 60m aOD at the south- allowing for artificial obstructions; east edge, a short distance from the River Leam. A small unnamed stream flows along the  To clarify the presence/absence and extent of any buried archaeological remains northeast edge of the site and into the River Leam. within the site; 2.6.7 The solid geology is recorded as Keuper Marl (Triassic) and the superficial geology is recorded  To determine the general nature of the remains present; and as river terrace deposits with boulder clay and morainic drift close by (Ordnance Survey (OS),  To combine the results of the geophysical surveys with data from other archaeological 1957 and 1977). assessments carried out as part of the project in order to analyse the archaeological 2.6.8 The soils underlying the southeast half of the site are likely to be typical stagnogley soils of potential of the survey locations. the 711m (Salop) association. Typical argillic pelosols of the 431 (Worcester) association are 2.6.16 This report presents a brief description of the methodology followed, the detailed survey likely to lie under northeast half of the site (SSEW, 1983). Soils derived from such geological results and the archaeological interpretation of the geophysical data. parent material have been shown to produce magnetic contrasts acceptable for the detection of archaeological remains through magnetometer survey. Methods Archaeological Background Survey Dates 2.6.9 For a detailed assessment of the known archaeology of the site and surrounding area the 2.6.17 A detailed gradiometer survey was carried out by Wessex Archaeology's in-house geophysics relevant desk-based assessment (DBA) should be consulted (HS2 Environmental Statement team between the 26-27 February 2015. 2013a). A summary of relevant sites within 1km of the survey area are summarised and have been included to provide context and inform the geophysical interpretation. sites referred to can be found either within the gazetteer for CFA17 (Volume 5 appendix CH-002-017, ES

SES and AP2 ES Appendix CH-004-017

Grid Location 2.6.27 The interpretation of the datasets highlights the presence of potential archaeological anomalies, ferrous/burnt or fired objects, and magnetic trends (Figure 33). Full definitions of 2.6.18 The individual survey grid nodes were established at 30m x 30m intervals using a Leica Viva the interpretation terms used in this report are provided in Annex 2. RTK GNSS instrument, which is precise to approximately 0.02m and therefore exceeds Historic England recommendations (Historic England, 2008). 2.6.28 Numerous ferrous anomalies are visible throughout the detailed survey dataset. These are presumed to be modern in provenance and are not referred to, unless considered relevant to 2.6.19 A representative sample of survey grid nodes (around 10%) were re-surveyed in the mornings the archaeological interpretation. in the event they were left out in the field overnight. This was undertaken along with a visual inspection of entire lines of grid nodes to ensure the survey grid remained accurate for the Interpretation: Archaeology entire survey. 2.6.29 The most significant looking anomaly is a weak curvilinear positive response at 4000; this Instruments Used and Survey Method feature has very weak magnetic values around +0.5nT and could represent a ditch. This feature has been classed as possible archaeology as a geological explanation for its formation 2.6.20 The magnetometer survey was conducted using a Bartington Grad601-2 fluxgate gradiometer cannot be ruled out. instrument, which has a vertical separation of 1m between sensors. Data were collected at 0.25m intervals along transects spaced 1m apart with an effective sensitivity of 0.03nT, in 2.6.30 Other small sub-circular and sub-oval positive responses such as the example south of 4001 accordance with Historic England guidelines (Historic England, 2008). are visible across the dataset. It is unclear whether these small anomalies represent cut archaeological features or are natural; given they have no obvious patterning in their spatial 2.6.21 Data were collected in the zigzag method with grids oriented north to south (Grid North). The distribution they have all been classed as possible archaeology. first direction walked for each grid was heading towards the north. 2.6.31 An isolated section of ceramic field drain can be seen at 4002. Ridge and furrow and ploughing Data Processing scars can be seen running across the entire field. 2.6.22 Data from the survey was subject to minimal data correction processes. These comprise a 2.6.32 A broad band of bipolar responses can be seen running through the field at a NNW-SSE zero mean traverse (ZMT) function (±5nT thresholds) applied to correct for any variation alignment at 4003. This spread is presumed to be geological either corresponding to gravel between the two Bartington sensors used, and a de-step function to account for variations in deposits or some other water lain deposit. Trends of uncertain origin highlight some of the traverse position due to varying ground cover and topography. These two steps were applied curvilinear responses that define this area. to all survey data, with no interpolation applied. 2.6.33 Outside of this geological spread are other trends of uncertain origin; some may correspond 2.6.23 Further details of the geophysical and survey equipment, methods and processing are to agricultural or modern activity whereas other could prove to be weak archaeological described in Annex 1. features. Data Presentation Interpretation: Modern Services 2.6.24 The processed gradiometer data were output as .png image files and georeferenced in CAD 2.6.34 No modern services have been identified within the geophysical data. (AutoCAD Map 3D 2011); these images were exported as georeferenced .png image files (accompanied by .pgw files). The interpretation layers were digitised in CAD and the resulting 2.6.35 Gradiometer data will not be able to locate and identify all services present on site. This report interpretation layers were exported as ESRI shapefiles, in accordance with the specification. and accompanying illustrations should not be used as the sole source for service locations and The data images and interpretation shapefiles were then passed to Atkins’ graphics team who appropriate equipment (e.g. CAT and Genny) should be used to confirm the location of buried produced the final figures in GIS (ESRI ArcMap 10). services before any trenches are opened on site. 2.6.25 The gradiometer data are displayed at -2nT (white) to +3nT (black) for the greyscale image Conclusions and ±25nT at 25nT per cm for the XY trace plots. The XY trace plot images have been 2.6.36 The detailed gradiometer survey has been successful in detecting a few anomalies of possible produced at a scale of 1:1500. archaeological interest within the site, in addition to an area of ridge and furrow, regions of Results increased magnetic response, numerous ploughing trends and trends of uncertain origin. Introduction Discussion 2.6.26 The gradiometer survey has been successful in identifying a few anomalies of possible 2.6.37 No definite anomalies of archaeological interest have been identified; a possible ditch at 4000 archaeological interest, along with numerous trends of uncertain origin. Results are presented may prove to be of significance but could equally prove to be geological given the close as a series of greyscale and XY plots, and archaeological interpretations, at a scale of 1:1500 proximity of a band of clear geological responses. (Figures 31 to 33). 2.6.38 Some small pit-like responses have been detected within this field but it should be noted that there is a good chance many of these anomalies correspond to natural features.

SES and AP2 ES Appendix CH-004-017

2.6.39 Ridge and furrow can be seen running across much of the data suggesting some element of Figure 30 - CN017 site location the former medieval landscape survives below ground. Other features including ploughing scars and a field drain relate to more recent agricultural use of this area. 2.6.40 It should be noted that small, weakly magnetised features may produce responses that are below the detection threshold of magnetometers. It may therefore be the case that more archaeological features may be encountered than have been identified through geophysical survey. Given how weak many of the features interpreted in this data are it seems very likely that more features may be present than were detected during the survey. References Historic England, (2008), Geophysical Survey in Archaeological Field Evaluation. Research and Professional Service Guideline No. 1, 2nd Edition

HS2 Environmental Statement, (2013a), London-West Midlands Environmental Statement, Volume 5: Technical Appendices: CFA17: Offchurch and Cubbington Baseline Report (CH-001-017): Cultural Heritage. Report Reference: ES 3.5.2.17.4

HS2 Environmental Statement, (2013b), London-West Midlands Environmental Statement, Volume 5: Technical Appendices: CFA17: Offchurch and Cubbington Survey Reports (CH-004-017): LiDAR and Hyperspectral survey report. Report Reference ES 3.5.2.17.7

Ordnance Survey (OS), (1957), Sheet 2, Geological Map of Great Britain. England and Wales: Ordnance Survey: Chessington

Ordnance Survey (OS), (1977), Quaternary Map of the United Kingdom: South. Ordnance Survey: Southampton

Soil Survey of England and Wales, (1983), Sheet 3, Soils of Midland and Western England. Ordnance Survey: Southampton.

Wessex Archaeology, (2014), HS2: Geophysical Survey Written Scheme of Investigation. Report Reference: 86257.01. HER Records Consulted MWA2519 - Gallows Knob, Mill Lane, Cubbington MWA13118 - Quernstones findspot Historic England PastScape Records Consulted HE V6680 - Hawker Hurricane Mark I British fighter

SES and AP2 ES Appendix CH-004-017

Figure 31 - CN017 greyscale

Figure 33 - CN017 interpretation

Figure 32 - CN017 XY trace

SES and AP2 ES Appendix CH-004-017

2.7 Annex 1: survey equipment and data processing  despike - Filtering isolated data points that exceed the mean by a specified amount to reduce the appearance of dominant anomalous readings (generally only used for earth Survey methods and equipment resistance data); 2.7.1 The magnetic data for this project was acquired using a Bartington 601-2 dual magnetic  deslope - This function is used to remove a linear trend within a data set. It is most gradiometer system. This instrument has two sensor assemblies fixed horizontally 1m apart commonly used to remove grid edge discontinuities that can result from applying zero allowing two traverses to be recorded simultaneously. Each sensor contains two fluxgate mean traverse to a data set; and magnetometers arranged vertically with a 1m separation, and measures the difference  multiply - The multiply function multiplies the data by a negative or positive constant between the vertical components of the total magnetic field within each sensor array. This value. It has a variety of functions but its typical use is to normalise data that has been arrangement of magnetometers suppresses any diurnal or low frequency effects. collected with sensors at different heights from the ground. 2.7.2 The gradiometers have an effective resolution of 0.03nT over a ±100nT range, and 2.7.9 Typical displays of the data used during processing and analysis: measurements from each sensor are logged at intervals of 0.25m. All of the data are stored on an integrated data logger for subsequent post-processing and analysis.  XY Plot - Presents the data as a trace or graph line for each traverse. Each traverse is displaced down the image to produce a stacked profile effect. This type of image is 2.7.3 Wessex Archaeology conducts detailed gradiometer surveys using an accurate 20m or 30m useful as it shows the full range of individual anomalies; and site grid, which is achieved using a Leica Viva RTK GNSS instrument and then extended using tapes. The Leica Viva system receives corrections from a network of reference stations  greyscale - Presents the data in plan view using a greyscale to indicate the relative operated by the Ordnance Survey (OS) and Leica Geosystems, allowing positions to be strength of the signal at each measurement point. These plots can be produced in determined with a precision of 0.02m in real-time and therefore exceed the level of accuracy colour to highlight certain features but generally greyscale plots are used during recommended by Historic England (2008) for geophysical surveys. analysis of the data. 2.7.4 The detailed surveys consist of 20m x 20m or 30m x 30m grids, and data are collected at 0.25m intervals along traverses spaced 1m apart. These strategies give 1600 or 3600 measurements per 20m or 30m grid respectively, and are the recommended methodologies for archaeological surveys of this type (Historic England 2008). 2.7.5 Data may be collected with a higher sample density where complex archaeological anomalies are encountered, to aid the detection and characterisation of small and ephemeral features. Data may be collected at up to 0.125m intervals along traverses spaced up to 0.25m apart, resulting in a maximum of 28800 readings per 30m grid, exceeding that recommended by Historic England (2008) for characterisation surveys. Post-processing 2.7.6 The magnetic data collected during the detail survey are downloaded from the Bartington system for processing and analysis using both commercial and in-house software. This software allows for both the data and the images to be processed in order to enhance the results for analysis; however, it should be noted that minimal data processing is conducted so as not to distort the anomalies. 2.7.7 As the scanning data are not as closely distributed as with detailed survey, they are georeferenced using the Global Positioning System (GPS) information and interpolated to highlight similar anomalies in adjacent transects. Directional trends may be removed before interpolation to produce more easily understood images. 2.7.8 Typical data and image processing steps may include:  destripe - Applying a zero mean traverse in order to remove differences caused by directional effects inherent in the magnetometer;  destagger - Shifting each traverse longitudinally by a number of readings. This corrects for operator errors and is used to enhance linear features;

SES and AP2 ES Appendix CH-004-017

2.8 Annex 2: geophysical interpretation Interpretation categories 2.8.1 The interpretation methodology used by Wessex Archaeology separates the anomalies into two main categories: archaeological and unidentified responses. 2.8.2 The archaeological category is used for features when the form, nature and pattern of the anomaly are indicative of archaeological material. Further sources of information such as aerial photographs may also have been incorporated in providing the final interpretation. This category is further sub-divided into three groups, implying a decreasing level of confidence:  archaeology - used when there is a clear geophysical response and anthropogenic pattern; and  possible archaeology - used for features which give a response but which form no discernible pattern or trend. 2.8.3 The unidentified category is used for features when the form, nature and pattern of the anomaly are not sufficient to warrant a classification as an archaeological feature. This category is further sub-divided into:  industrial, Burnt-Fired, Increased magnetic response - used for areas dominated by bipolar and dipolar anomalies which may have some archaeological potential;  uncertain Origin - used for low amplitude or indistinct linear anomalies;  ferrous - used for responses caused by ferrous material. These anomalies are likely to be of modern origin;  agricultural - used for linear trends that can be shown to relate to agricultural activity including ridge and furrow, drainage and ploughing scars; and  natural - used for spreads of anomalies that are considered to be geological or more discrete anomalies considered to be natural. 2.8.4 Finally, utilities such as water pipes are marked where they have been identified along with ceramic field drains.

Finham Brook A445 STAFFORDSHIRE

River Sowe Birmingham

River Avon Viaduct

NORTHAMPTONSHIRE

WARWICKSHIRE

RUGBY BUCKINGHAMSHIRE BOROUGH OXFORDSHIRE London

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Cubbington CH-07-206 Retaining Wall

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A425 Long Itchington Wood Tunnel

STRATFORD-ON-AVON A426 DISTRICT

h Brook A452 Tac

Stow er e Riv M40 Long Itchington Wood Green Tunnel

Note: Not all data layers in the legend are represented on every map.

Map Number Main Map Legend HS2 Ltd accept no responsibility for any circumstances, which Map sheets included CH-07-INDEX-CFA17 arise from the reproduction of this map after alteration, Route in tunnel amendment or abbreviation or if it is issued in part or issued in this community forum Map Name incomplete in any way. Route on surface with amendment I Depot, station, headhouse or portal building Map sheets not included Community forum boundary in this community forum Scale at A3: 1:50,000 Registered in England. Registration number 06791686. !( Existing railway station Registered office: One Canada Square, London, E14 5AB. 0 500 1,000 1,500 2,000 © Crown copyright and database rights 2015. Metres County boundary Ordnance Survey Licence Number 100049190. District/Borough boundary Doc Number: C253-ATK-EV-MAP-030-001851-AP02-P01 Date: 17/06/15 ³A ³B ³C ³D ³E ³F ³G ³H ³I ³J

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³A ³B ³C ³D ³E ³F ³G ³H ³I ³J Map Number Legend HS2 Ltd accept no responsibility for any circumstances, which Area identified for survey 2014 CH-07-205 arise from the reproduction of this map after alteration, Route in tunnel Watercourse amendment or abbreviation or if it is issued in part or issued Route on surface Water body Geophysical and Fieldwalking surveys Map Name incomplete in any way. I Depot, station, headhouse or portal building Woodland Geophysical surveys Archaeological Geophysical Land potentially required during construction Areas surveyed in 2013 Survey - Location Scale at A3: 1:10,000 Registered in England. Registration number 06791686. Community forum boundary Fieldwalking surveys completed SES and AP2 ES Registered office: One Canada Square, London, E14 5AB. 0 100 200 300 400 © Crown copyright and database rights 2015. Geophysical surveys completed Metres County boundary Community Forum Area CFA17: Ordnance Survey Licence Number 100049190. District/Borough boundary Offchurch and Cubbington Doc Number: C253-ATK-EV-MAP-030-001791-AP02-P01 Date: 17/06/15 A B C D E F G H I J SC ³ ³ ³ ³ ³ ³ ³ ³ ³ ³ HOOL LANE

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D A O R E Y G B AN G P T GR U S IN R E E R E H AN

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OK R A O OAD E 10 R D 10 B R ³ D Y ³ O E T C L A HIL S R L E D D C R O OA F LSHR T E ³A ³B ³C ³D ³E ³F ³G ³H ³I W ³J Map Number Legend HS2 Ltd accept no responsibility for any circumstances, which Area identified for survey 2014 CH-07-206 arise from the reproduction of this map after alteration, Route in tunnel Watercourse amendment or abbreviation or if it is issued in part or issued Route on surface Water body Geophysical and Fieldwalking surveys Map Name incomplete in any way. I Depot, station, headhouse or portal building Woodland Geophysical surveys Archaeological Geophysical Land potentially required during construction Areas surveyed in 2013 Survey - Location Scale at A3: 1:10,000 Registered in England. Registration number 06791686. Community forum boundary Fieldwalking surveys completed SES and AP2 ES Registered office: One Canada Square, London, E14 5AB. 0 100 200 300 400 © Crown copyright and database rights 2015. Geophysical surveys completed Metres County boundary Community Forum Area CFA17: Ordnance Survey Licence Number 100049190. District/Borough boundary Offchurch and Cubbington Doc Number: C253-ATK-EV-MAP-030-001792-AP02-P01 Date: 17/06/15 Finham Brook A445 STAFFORDSHIRE

River Sowe Birmingham

River Avon Viaduct

NORTHAMPTONSHIRE

WARWICKSHIRE

RUGBY BUCKINGHAMSHIRE BOROUGH OXFORDSHIRE London

ch un Cattle Brook The L River Leam

Cubbington Retaining Wall

B A423 ir d in Map Series Information: g b u r y B ro on CH-09-212 o Av k er v i R WARWICK DISTRICT

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River Leam h CH-09-211 c It r e Viaduct iv R

Warwick WARWICKSHIRE Leamington Spa CH-09-210

nion n nd U Canal i St John's Brook Myton Brook ra s G k a

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A425 Long Itchington Wood Tunnel

STRATFORD-ON-AVON A426 DISTRICT

h Brook A452 Tac

Stow er e Riv M40 Long Itchington Wood Green Tunnel

Note: Not all data layers in the legend are represented on every map.

Map Number Main Map Legend HS2 Ltd accept no responsibility for any circumstances, which Map sheets included CH-09-INDEX-CFA17 arise from the reproduction of this map after alteration, Route in tunnel amendment or abbreviation or if it is issued in part or issued in this community forum Route on surface Map Name incomplete in any way. with amendment I Depot, station, headhouse or portal building Map sheets not included Community forum boundary in this community forum Scale at A3: 1:50,000 Registered in England. Registration number 06791686. !( Existing railway station Registered office: One Canada Square, London, E14 5AB. 0 500 1,000 1,500 2,000 © Crown copyright and database rights 2015. Metres County boundary Ordnance Survey Licence Number 100049190. District/Borough boundary Doc Number: C253-ATK-EV-MAP-030-001858-AP02-P01 Date: 10/06/15 A B C D E F G H I J

1 1

2 FOSSE WAY 2

B 4 4 5 5

3 3

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5 5

6 132+000 6

131+000

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8 8

9 9

10 10

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Map Number Legend HS2 Ltd accept no responsibility for any circumstances, which CH-09-210 arise from the reproduction of this map after alteration, Route in tunnel amendment or abbreviation or if it is issued in part or issued Route on surface Map Name incomplete in any way. Depot, station, headhouse or portal building Archaeological Geophysical Land potentially required during construction Survey - Magnetometer Data Plot Scale at A3: 1:5,000 Registered in England. Registration number 06791686. Community forum boundary SES and AP2 ES Registered office: One Canada Square, London, E14 5AB. 0 50 100 150 200 © Crown copyright and database rights 2015. Metres District/Borough boundary Community Forum Area CFA17: Ordnance Survey Licence Number 100049190. Edge of geophysical survey Offchurch and Cubbington Doc Number: C253-ATK-EV-MAP-030-001811-AP02-P01 Date: 08/06/15 A B C D E F G H I J

1 1

2 2

3 3

4 4

WARWICK DISTRICT

5 5 ForContinuation Refer to Map Number CH-09-210 ForContinuation Refer to Map Number CH-09-212

6 6

7 7

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133+000 Overbridge River Leam Viaduct 8 8

9 9

River Leam

10 10

A B C D E F G H I J

Map Number Legend HS2 Ltd accept no responsibility for any circumstances, which CH-09-211 arise from the reproduction of this map after alteration, Route in tunnel amendment or abbreviation or if it is issued in part or issued Route on surface Map Name incomplete in any way. Depot, station, headhouse or portal building Archaeological Geophysical Land potentially required during construction Survey - Magnetometer Data Plot Scale at A3: 1:5,000 Registered in England. Registration number 06791686. Community forum boundary SES and AP2 ES Registered office: One Canada Square, London, E14 5AB. 0 50 100 150 200 © Crown copyright and database rights 2015. Metres District/Borough boundary Community Forum Area CFA17: Ordnance Survey Licence Number 100049190. Edge of geophysical survey Offchurch and Cubbington Doc Number: C253-ATK-EV-MAP-030-001812-AP02-P01 Date: 08/06/15 A B C D E F G H I J

1 1

2 2

3 3

Cubbington Retaining Wall

4 ForContinuation Refer to Map NumberCH-09-211 4

5 5 B4453 Rugby Road Overbridge

135+000 WARWICK DISTRICT

134+000

6 6 River Leam Viaduct

7 7

D A O R

Y B G U R

3 5 4 4

B River Leam 8 8

P in g le B r o o MILL LANE k

9 9

GE AN GR HE P T IN EH CHURCH HILL 10 U RS T 10

CHUR CH LANE A B NEW STREET C D E F G H I J

Map Number Legend HS2 Ltd accept no responsibility for any circumstances, which CH-09-212 arise from the reproduction of this map after alteration, Route in tunnel amendment or abbreviation or if it is issued in part or issued Route on surface Map Name incomplete in any way. Depot, station, headhouse or portal building Archaeological Geophysical Land potentially required during construction Survey - Magnetometer Data Plot Scale at A3: 1:5,000 Registered in England. Registration number 06791686. Community forum boundary SES and AP2 ES Registered office: One Canada Square, London, E14 5AB. 0 50 100 150 200 © Crown copyright and database rights 2015. Metres District/Borough boundary Community Forum Area CFA17: Ordnance Survey Licence Number 100049190. Edge of geophysical survey Offchurch and Cubbington Doc Number: C253-ATK-EV-MAP-030-001813-AP02-P01 Date: 08/06/15 Finham Brook A445 STAFFORDSHIRE

River Sowe Birmingham

River Avon Viaduct

NORTHAMPTONSHIRE

WARWICKSHIRE

RUGBY BUCKINGHAMSHIRE BOROUGH OXFORDSHIRE London

ch un Cattle Brook The L River Leam

Cubbington Retaining Wall

B A423 ir d in Map Series Information: g b u r y B ro on CH-10-212 o Av k er v i R WARWICK DISTRICT

i n

l e

r o A429

n e

River Leam h CH-10-211 c It r e Viaduct iv R

Warwick WARWICKSHIRE Leamington Spa CH-10-210

nion n nd U Canal i St John's Brook Myton Brook ra s G k a

o B

o l r

a B Longhole Viaduct n

h a s a C n t i

A425 Long Itchington Wood Tunnel

STRATFORD-ON-AVON A426 DISTRICT

h Brook A452 Tac

Stow er e Riv M40 Long Itchington Wood Green Tunnel

Note: Not all data layers in the legend are represented on every map.

Map Number Main Map Legend HS2 Ltd accept no responsibility for any circumstances, which Map sheets included CH-10-INDEX-CFA17 arise from the reproduction of this map after alteration, Route in tunnel amendment or abbreviation or if it is issued in part or issued in this community forum Route on surface Map Name incomplete in any way. with amendment I Depot, station, headhouse or portal building Map sheets not included Community forum boundary in this community forum Scale at A3: 1:50,000 Registered in England. Registration number 06791686. !( Existing railway station Registered office: One Canada Square, London, E14 5AB. 0 500 1,000 1,500 2,000 © Crown copyright and database rights 2015. Metres County boundary Ordnance Survey Licence Number 100049190. District/Borough boundary Doc Number: C253-ATK-EV-MAP-030-001865-AP02-P01 Date: 10/06/15 A B C D E F G H I J

1 1

2 FOSSE WAY 2

B 4 4 5 5

3 3

ForContinuation Refer to Map NumberCH-10-211

4 4

WARWICK DISTRICT

5 5

6 132+000 6

131+000

WELSH ROAD

B4455 Fosse Way Overbridge 7 7

8 8

9 9

10 10

A B C D E F G H I J

Map Number Legend HS2 Ltd accept no responsibility for any circumstances, which Route in tunnel Geophysical survey results Uncertain origin Old field boundary Ridge and furrow CH-10-210 arise from the reproduction of this map after alteration, amendment or abbreviation or if it is issued in part or issued Route on surface Possible archaeology (VWR) Archaeology (discrete) Increased magnetic response Uncertain Map Name incomplete in any way. Depot, station, headhouse or portal building Drain Archaeology (zone) Industrial burnt fired Archaeological Geophysical Land potentially required during construction Pipe Archaeology (VWR) Modern service Survey - Interpretation Plot Scale at A3: 1:5,000 Registered in England. Registration number 06791686. Plough Registered office: One Canada Square, London, E14 5AB. Community forum boundary Possible archaeology (VWR) Natural SES and AP2 ES 0 50 100 150 200 © Crown copyright and database rights 2015. District/Borough boundary Ridge and furrow Possible archaeology Pipe, modern service Metres Community Forum Area CFA17: Ordnance Survey Licence Number 100049190. Edge of geophysical survey Trend Ferrous Plough Offchurch and Cubbington Doc Number: C253-ATK-EV-MAP-030-001832-AP02-P01 Date: 08/06/15 A B C D E F G H I J

1 1

2 2

3 3

4 4

WARWICK DISTRICT

5 5 ForContinuation Refer to Map Number CH-10-210 ForContinuation Refer to Map Number CH-10-212

6 6

7 7

134+000 Hunningham Road

133+000 Overbridge River Leam Viaduct 8 8

9 9

River Leam

10 10

A B C D E F G H I J

Map Number Legend HS2 Ltd accept no responsibility for any circumstances, which Route in tunnel Geophysical survey results Uncertain origin Old field boundary Ridge and furrow CH-10-211 arise from the reproduction of this map after alteration, amendment or abbreviation or if it is issued in part or issued Route on surface Possible archaeology (VWR) Archaeology (discrete) Increased magnetic response Uncertain Map Name incomplete in any way. Depot, station, headhouse or portal building Drain Archaeology (zone) Industrial burnt fired Archaeological Geophysical Land potentially required during construction Pipe Archaeology (VWR) Modern service Survey - Interpretation Plot Scale at A3: 1:5,000 Registered in England. Registration number 06791686. Plough Registered office: One Canada Square, London, E14 5AB. Community forum boundary Possible archaeology (VWR) Natural SES and AP2 ES 0 50 100 150 200 © Crown copyright and database rights 2015. District/Borough boundary Ridge and furrow Possible archaeology Pipe, modern service Metres Community Forum Area CFA17: Ordnance Survey Licence Number 100049190. Edge of geophysical survey Trend Ferrous Plough Offchurch and Cubbington Doc Number: C253-ATK-EV-MAP-030-001833-AP02-P01 Date: 08/06/15 A B C D E F G H I J

1 1

2 2

3 3

Cubbington Retaining Wall

4 ForContinuation Refer to Map NumberCH-10-211 4

5 5 B4453 Rugby Road Overbridge

135+000 WARWICK DISTRICT

134+000

6 6 River Leam Viaduct

7 7

D A O R

Y B G U R

3 5 4 4

B River Leam 8 8

P in g le B r o o MILL LANE k

9 9

GE AN GR HE P T IN EH CHURCH HILL 10 U RS T 10

CHUR CH LANE A B NEW STREET C D E F G H I J

Map Number Legend HS2 Ltd accept no responsibility for any circumstances, which Route in tunnel Geophysical survey results Uncertain origin Old field boundary Ridge and furrow CH-10-212 arise from the reproduction of this map after alteration, amendment or abbreviation or if it is issued in part or issued Route on surface Possible archaeology (VWR) Archaeology (discrete) Increased magnetic response Uncertain Map Name incomplete in any way. Depot, station, headhouse or portal building Drain Archaeology (zone) Industrial burnt fired Archaeological Geophysical Land potentially required during construction Pipe Archaeology (VWR) Modern service Survey - Interpretation Plot Scale at A3: 1:5,000 Registered in England. Registration number 06791686. Plough Registered office: One Canada Square, London, E14 5AB. Community forum boundary Possible archaeology (VWR) Natural SES and AP2 ES 0 50 100 150 200 © Crown copyright and database rights 2015. District/Borough boundary Ridge and furrow Possible archaeology Pipe, modern service Metres Community Forum Area CFA17: Ordnance Survey Licence Number 100049190. Edge of geophysical survey Trend Ferrous Plough Offchurch and Cubbington Doc Number: C253-ATK-EV-MAP-030-001834-AP02-P01 Date: 08/06/15

High Speed Two (HS2) Limited One Canada Square London E14 5AB T 020 7944 4908 E [email protected] X61

SES and AP2 ES – VOLUME 5