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On Field Populations of European Corn Borers in Nebraska

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On Field Populations of European Corn Borers in Nebraska Effects of the Microsporidium, Nosema pyrausta, on Field Populations of European Corn Borers· in Nebraska2 ROSCOE E. HILL AND WALTER J. GARY Department of Entomology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln 68583 ABSTRACT Environ. Enlomol. 8: 91-95 (1979) The incidence and development of the protozoan parasite, Nosema pyrausta (Paillol), in field populations of the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hbn.), is documented for 2 Nebraska counties over a ]6-yr period. In one county, N. pyrausta reached epizootic propor- tions twice and in the other the relationship wasm~t]y enzootic. The epizootic development followed periods of increasing host density. Reduced ECB populations and ]arval weights followed epizootic peaks attesting to the debilitating and mortal effects of-No pyrausta on the hosl. Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/ee/article/8/1/91/2396372 by guest on 01 October 2021 That the biology of the European corn borer (ECB), et al. ]961, Hill et al. ]967, 1973). In the northeastern Ostrillia Ilubilalis (HUbner) is significantly affected by area (Cuming Co.) corn is grown largely under normal the microsporidium Nosema pyrausta (Paillot), has been rainfall, whereas in the central area (Hall Co.) intensive demonstratcd by several researchers. Zimmack and irrigation farming is practiced. ECB populations were Brindley (1957) reported histo]ogical evidence that fe- determined by counting all larvae and pupae from three males infected with N. pyrausta transmit the parasite 4.05x 10-4 ha (111000 acre) plots in each of 24-30 transovarily. Zimmack et al. (1954) also noted that com- cornfields in both counties. The summer (1st generation) pared to uninfected moths, diseased female moths were census was made when the majority of the borers had shorter lived, and laid fewer eggs. Progeny survival was become full grown or were beginning to pupate. The fall lower and growth slower in infected than in uninfected census was conducted at the time of 2nd-generation larvae. Kramer (] 959a) observed that infected female borer maturity. Borer abundance and density were re- moths transmined the microsporidium to no less than corded as no./plant, % plants infested and % plants in- 50% of their offspring. Among the infected larvae ca. fested/field examined. 14% reached adulthood compared to 75% for their dis- Every fall, from ]957-7], borer samples from the 2 ease-free counterparts. Kramer (l959b) also presented counties were sent to the USDA Corn Insects Research evidence showing that the debilitating effects of micros- Laboratory at Ankeny, Iowa where a minimum of 25 poridiosis interact with temperature extremes to cause larvae from each area was examined for the presence of mortality in host populations in the field. His observa- Nosema pyrausta, the level or intensity of infection (no. tions show that seasonal weather extremes interact with spores/larva) and larval weight. The 1972 collections disease causing larval mortality. were processed by the junior author using method of Several entomologists have suggested this protozoan Raun et al. (1960). may be an important natural control agent closely asso- N. pyrausta infections in corn borers from Nebraska ciated with poor survival and resulting borer population were 1st detected during 1959. That year 18.3 and 2.0% fluctuations in the field (Brindley and Dicke ]963, of the larvae were infected in Cuming and Hall Co., Decker 1960, Van Denburgh and Burbutis 1962). Re- respectively. The percent infection generally increased cently. Lewis and Lynch (1976) studying the interaction over the next few years reaching 100% during 1963 in of Nosema infection and resistant com on com borers Cuming Co. and 44% in Hall Co. during 1964 (Table noted in their experimental plantings that N. pyrausta 1). In each county from 1959-1972 there were 2 waves alone substantially reduced ]arval weight and the number of infection as shown in Fig. I. In Cuming Co. the 1st of borers per plant. They concluded if means existed peak (100% infection) in 1963 was followed by 2 yr of whereby N. pyrausta could be introduced into large seg- very high incidence and greatly lowered corn borer pop- ments of a natural ECB population the suppressive effect ulations. This in turn was followed by a year of low of this protozoan could be tremendous. percentage infection and 3 seasons (1967, ]968, and In this paper we present and discuss the incidence and 1969) when zero infection was found in the fall samples development of N. pyrausta as it has occurred in natura] and during which increasingly high fall borer popula- populations of European corn borers in 2 areas of Ne- tions occurred. The rather high abrupt infection of 48% braska over several years. in the peak borer year of 1970 was followed by another 100% infection in 1971 along with a reduced borer pop- Methods and Results ulation. In 1972 both the borer population and infection Beginning in 1955, an intensive census was con- rate decreased sharply. ducted of ECB populations in 2 Nebraska areas (Chiang The development of N. pyrausta in Hall Co. corn- fields was less intense than that described for Cuming I Lepidoptera: Pynlidae. Co. The ]st peak of 44% in 1964 was followed by a 2- , Contribution No. 423. Department of Entomology. University of Nebraska. Published with approval of the Director as Poper No. 5495 in the Journal Series, yr decline in percent infection. Another rise in infection Nebraska Agricultuml Experimenl Station. Lincoln. Contributory to North Central occurred in 1967, 1968, and 1969 reaching 40% the lat- ~f~~nol Projects NC-20. NC-87. and NC-105. Received for publication Feb. 13. ter 2 yr and then dropping through 20 to 0% in 1970 and 91 © 1979 Entomological Society of America 0046-225X/79/0 100-91 05$00. 75/0 92 ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY Vol. 8, no. I Table I.-European corn borer populations, their spatial distribution and trends in Nosema pyrausta infections of corn borer larvae in Cuming and Hall Co., NE.a % fields infested 61 + % Avg wt all Year & % in summer & % larvae Avg no. larvae corn borer Avg no. plants 100% infected by spores/infected examined generation borers/plant infested in fall N. Pyrausta larvax 1()6 (mg) Cuming Co. 1957 1st 0.23 32.8 12.5 2nd 5.50 97.3 66.7 0.0 1958 1st 0.72+ 66.1+ 62.5+ 2nd 4.74 99.9+ 95.8+ 0.0 1959 1st 0.28 36.9 20.8 2nd 2.25 86.5 25.0 18.3+ 19.2+ 97.7+ 1960 1st 0.80+ 55.2+ 45.8+ 2nd 2.68+ 91.7+ 20.8 28.0+ 4.4 112.5+ 1961 1st 0.31 40.4 16.7 Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/ee/article/8/1/91/2396372 by guest on 01 October 2021 2nd 0.99 86.4 20.8 20.8 8.9+ 86.5- 1962 1st 0.24 27.2 20.8+ 2nd 1.74+ 93.1+ 50.0+ 36.0+ 20.6+ 98.6+ 1963 1st 0.36+ 44.2+ 29.2+ 2nd 2.83+ 99.9+ 95.8+ 100.0+ 48.7+ 116.6+ 1964 1st 0.52+ 47.1+ 33.3+ 2nd 0.96 72.0 16.7 76.0 14.4 101.3- 1965 1st 0.27 30.4 20.8 2nd 0.39 62.3 4.2 88.0+ 10.8 81.9- 1966 1st 0.14 24.4 4.2 2nd 1.38+ 73.7+ 12.5+ 8.0 7.8 85.1+ t967 1st 0.20+ 22.1 3.3 2nd 0.61 52.3 3.3 0.0 0.0 92.9+ 1968 1st 0.Q7 15.9 0.0 2nd 1.83+ 81.6+ 30.0+ 0.0 0.0 102.3+ 1969 1st 0.38+ 47.2+ 23.3+ 2nd 4.66+ 97.7+ 83.3+ 0.0 0.0 105.2+ 1970 1st 0.85+ 77.0+ 2nd 6.00+ 100.0+ 100.0+ 48.0+ 13.2+ 82.6- 1971 1st 0.80 73.5 2nd 2.61 96.8 66.7 100.0+ 23.6+ 73.7- 1972 1st 2nd 0.49 41.6 0.0 10.5 9.2 76.9+ Hall Co. 1957 1st 0.17 30.3 12.5 2nd 3.70 98.0 75.0 0.0 1958 1st 0.41+ 40.2+ 25.0+ 2nd 1.83 100.0+ 100.0+ 0.0 1959 1st 0.13 20.8 4.2 2nd 1.98+ 85.0 20.8 2.0+ 8.4+ 97.4+ 1960 1st 0.36+ 33.9+ 16.7+ 2nd 2.31+ 90.0+ 41.7+ 4.0+ 0.6 109.3+ 1961 1st 0.27 34.7+ 12.5 2nd 1.12 82.7 8.3 11.9+ 0.6 94.5- 19621st 0.44+ 40.0+ 29.2+ 2nd 3.28+ 97.0+ 70.8+ 20.0+ 12.2+ 94.3- 1963 1st 0.10 17.6 0.0 2nd 1.98 97.9+ 54.1 36.0+ 20.4+ 105.7+ 1964 1st 0.18+ 20.5+ 0.0 2nd 2.15+ 99.0+ 83.3+ 44.0+ 8.5 113.7+ 1965 1st 0.15 21.6+ 4.0+ 2nd 1.33 83.3 12.5 30.0 2.2 92.3- 19661st 0.13 16.5 0.0 2nd 2.98+ 96.4+ 62.5+ 8.0 2.6+ 99.4+ 1967 1st 0.26+ 24.7+ 6.7+ 2nd 0.66 61.8 10.0 35.0+ 4.2+ 86.5- 1968 1st 0.01 2.7 0.0 2nd 0.98+ 69.2+ 20.0+ 40.0+ 5.8+ 98.8+ 1969 1st 0.02+ 8.6+ 0.0 2nd 1.12+ 74.4+ 13.3 40.0+ 7.0+ 103.4+ 1970 1st 0.05+ 13.7+ 2nd 1.85+ 94.7+ 23.3+ 20.0 0.6 102.2- 1971 1st 0.67+ 64.8+ 2nd 5.15+ 97.0+ 70.0+ 0.0 0.0 94.4- 1972 1st 2nd 0.78 48.8 0.0 1.7+ 6.4+ 93.5- o Exceptfor 1972data,all infectiondeterminationsweremadeby USDAComInsectsResearchLaboratorypersonnel.The 1972dataweredeterminedby WalterGary usin~e methodof Raunet al (1960).
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