New Paths in Filtration – Optimal Control Approaches Based on Continuum Models

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New Paths in Filtration – Optimal Control Approaches Based on Continuum Models Technische Universität München Wissenschaftszentrum Weihenstephan für Ernährung, Landnutzung und Umwelt Lehrstuhl für Systemverfahrenstechnik New Paths in Filtration – Optimal Control Approaches Based on Continuum Models Michael Kuhn Technische Universität München Wissenschaftszentrum Weihenstephan für Ernährung, Landnutzung und Umwelt Lehrstuhl für Systemverfahrenstechnik New Paths in Filtration – Optimal Control Approaches Based on Continuum Models Michael Kuhn Vollständiger Abdruck der von der Fakultät Wissenschaftszentrum Weihenstephan für Ernährung, Landnutzung und Umwelt der Technischen Universität München zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades eines Doktor-Ingenieurs (Dr.-Ing.) genehmigten Dissertation. Vorsitzende: Prof. Dr. Mirjana Minceva Prüfer der Dissertation: 1. Prof. Dr.-Ing. Heiko Briesen 2. Prof. Dr.-Ing. Sergiy Antonyuk, Technische Universität Kaiserslautern Die Dissertation wurde am 10.10.2017 bei der Technischen Universität München eingereicht und durch die Fakultät Wissenschaftszentrum Weihenstephan für Ernährung, Landnutzung und Umwelt am 06.02.2018 angenommen. Abstract This dissertation explores the use of optimal control methods in the field of filtration. All sim- ulation and optimization approaches are based on continuum models because this model type provides the required computational efficiency. Two case studies are considered in detail. First, the design of depth filters is optimized with respect to the spatial distribution of deposit within the filter and achievable filtration times. The control variable is the local filtration performance as described by the filter coefficient. For a simplified problem, an analytical optimal control solution is derived and the numerical algorithm is validated against this solution. Furthermore, a method to derive discrete filter layers from the continuous optimal control trajectories, as required for practical filter design, is presented. The second case study considers filter-aid filtration. In a first step, a mechanistic model is derived which takes the contributions of surface and depth filtration to the total separation into account. Appropriate mathematical and numerical tools for solving the model equations, a moving boundary problem with sharp discontinuities, are identified. Secondly, an analytical optimal control solution for the dosage of filter aids is presented for a simplified problem, where all separation takes place due to surface filtration. In a third step, optimal filter-aid dosage is computed numerically for the full model. Goal of both optimal control approaches is to minimize energy consumption. Furthermore, a broader historical and systematic framework is developed in which the two case studies on depth filtration and filter-aid filtration are embedded. Using systematic analo- gies, it is argued that the methods and results of the two case studies can be transferred to related applications. Flow through compressible porous media and processes based on intra- particle diffusion are discussed as promising candidates for such a transfer. The conducted historical analysis shows that we are entering a period in which, for the first time, the mi- crostructure of filters can be tailored according to given specifications, e.g., using 3D printing technologies. It is asserted that the developed optimal control methods can play an important part in determining spatially-distributed microstructural properties and that they, therefore, aid a multi-scale approach to filter design and control. i ii Abstract Kurzzusammenfassung Diese Dissertation erschließt Optimalsteuerungsmethoden für das Feld der Filtration. Alle Simu- lations- und Optimierungsansätze beruhen auf Kontinuumsmodellen, da dieser Modelltyp die benötigte Recheneffizienz gewährleistet. Zwei Fallstudien werden detailliert behandelt. In der ersten Studie wird der Aufbau von Tiefenfiltern in Bezug auf die örtliche Verteilung von Abschei- dungen im Filter und erzielbare Filtrationszeiten optimiert. Die Kontrollvariable ist die lokale Filtrationsleistung, wie sie durch den Filterkoeffizienten beschrieben wird. Für ein vereinfachtes Modell wird eine analytische Optimalsteuerungslösung hergeleitet und der numerische Algorith- mus damit validiert. Außerdem wird eine Methode vorgestellt, um diskrete Filterschichten, wie sie für das praktische Auslegen von Filtern benötigt werden, aus den kontinuierlichen Optimal- steuerungstrajektorien abzuleiten. Die zweite Fallstudie behandelt das Verfahren der Anschwemmfiltration. Hierbei wird als erstes ein mechanistisches Modell hergeleitet, das Beiträge von Oberflächen- und Tiefenfil- tration an der gesamten Trennung berücksichtigt. Geeignete mathematische und numerische Werkzeuge zur Lösung der Modellgleichungen, die ein Moving-Boundary-Problem mit scharfen Diskontinuitäten bilden, werden identifiziert. Weiterhin wird eine analytische Optimalsteue- rungslösung der Dosierung von Filterhilfsmitteln für ein vereinfachtes Model präsentiert, in dem nur Oberflächenfiltration berücksichtigt wird. Außerdem wird die Filterhilfsmitteldosierung nu- merisch für das volle Modell optimiert. Ziel der Optimalsteuerung ist je die Minimierung des Energieeinsatzes. Die beiden zentralen Fallstudien dieser Arbeit werden zudem in einen umfassenderen his- torischen und systematischen Rahmen gestellt. Basierend auf systematischen Analogien wird dafür argumentiert, dass die Methoden und Ergebnisse der Fallstudien auf verwandte Anwen- dungen übertragen werden können. Als zwei vielversprechende Beispiele für eine solche Über- tragung werden die Durchströmung kompressibler poröser Medien und diffusionsgetriebene Prozesse diskutiert. Die durchgeführte historische Analyse zeigt, dass gerade eine Phase be- ginnt, in der es zum ersten Mal möglich ist, Filtermikrostrukturen nach gegebenen Anforderun- gen herzustellen, z.B. unter Verwendung von 3D-Drucktechnologien. Es wird vermutet, dass die entwickelten Optimalsteuerungsmethoden einen wichtigen Beitrag zur Ermittlung örtlich verteilter Mikrostruktureigenschaften leisten können und damit einen Multiskalen-Ansatz im Bereich Filterauslegung und -steuerung unterstützen. iii iv Kurzzusammenfassung Acknowledgments My deepest gratitude goes to Prof. Dr.-Ing. Heiko Briesen for supervising this work. He al- ways had an open ear and was singularly helpful and encouraging. Professor Briesen is also thanked for providing a uniquely inspiring and creative environment in which new ideas can be developed and openly discussed. I am very grateful to Prof. Dr.-Ing. Sergiy Antonyuk for exam- ining this dissertation and to Prof. Dr.-Ing. Mirjana Minceva for presiding over the examination committee. For proof reading parts of the work and providing many helpful hints, I thank Jörg Engstle, Moritz Kindlein, Christoph Kirse, Dimitrios Kokkinos, Marco Meixner, and Thomas Riller. Peter Bandelt read the whole dissertation and made various helpful comments. Obviously, all remain- ing mistakes are mine. Special thanks go, again, to Christoph Kirse for many fruitful discussions on optimal control. I am grateful to Jörg Engstle, again, and Alexander Scheidel (former employee of the Chair for Process Engineering of Disperse Systems) for beneficial exchange on the more practical aspects of filtration. I further thank all students who were supervised by me over the years and who, directly or indirectly, all contributed to this work. I thank Wiley for the kind permission to use parts of the text in Chapter1 from Kuhn et al. (2017c), to reuse Kuhn and Briesen(2016b) for Chapter4 and large parts of Kuhn and Briesen (2016b) for Chapter5. All helpful comments on my publications, provided by various anony- mous reviewers, are acknowledged. For a great shared time in the office EG30, I thank Jörg Engstle and Tijana Kovaˇcevi´c. Equally, I am grateful to all other former and current employes of the Chair of Process Systems Engineer- ing for creating such a pleasant working atmosphere. Finally, I deeply thank my parents and friends. My parents supported my education and provided general encouragement during the last years. Also, I am very grateful to my girlfriend Veronika for her great support and her patience during many a stressful period. v vi Acknowledgments Contents Abstract i Kurzzusammenfassung iii Acknowledgmentsv List of Figures xi List of Tables xiii Symbols and Abbreviations xv 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Introducing the Topic by an Explication of the Title.................1 1.2 Filtration and Control: A Short History of Practice and Theory...........2 1.2.1 Paradigms in Filtration.............................2 1.2.2 Developments in Process Control.......................5 1.2.3 Lessons from History..............................6 1.3 Epistemological Positioning..............................7 1.3.1 Scientific Stance................................7 1.3.2 Technological Stance..............................7 1.4 Outline of the Thesis..................................8 2 Theoretical Background 11 2.1 Continuum Treatment of Porous Media........................ 11 2.1.1 Micro, Meso, and Macro Scale......................... 11 2.1.2 From Micro to Macro Scale by Spatial Averaging.............. 13 2.2 Filtration........................................ 17 2.2.1 Nomenclature and Classifications....................... 18 2.2.2 Separation Mechanisms............................ 20 2.2.3 Basic Equations................................. 21 2.3 Optimal Control..................................... 26 2.3.1 Types of Objective Functionals........................ 26 vii viii Contents 2.3.2 Classification of Problems..........................
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