ISSN 2319 - 8168 Science [Chemistry] Research Zone India Vol. 1 Issue - (4) Sept.- 2013 Page - 1-7 ISSN 2319 - 8168 * V. J. HUSHARE

SYNTHESIS, CHARACTERIZATION OF SOME NOVEL HETEROCYCLES AND THEIR GROWTH PROMOTING EFFECT ON SOME FLOWERING PLANTS

A series of chlorosubstituted 4-aroylpyrazolines have been synthesized by the interaction of chlorosubstituted-3-aroylflavanones and 3-alkoylchromanone with phenylhydrazine hydrochloride refluxing in dioxane medium with 0.5 ml of piperidine. Initially chlorosubstituted- 3-aroylflavanones and 3-alkoylchromanone have been prepared by the interaction of different aldehydes with 1(2-hydroxy-3,5-dichloropheny)-3-phenyl-1,3-propendione. Constitutions of synthesized compounds have been confirmed on the basis of elemental analysis, molecular weight determination, UV-Visible, I.R. and 1H-NMR spectral data. The synthesized compounds were evaluated for their growth promoting activity on some flowering plants viz. Papaver rhoeas, Dianthus chinensis, Candy tuft, Calendula officinalise, Gladiola tristis, Gaillardia.

KEY WORDS: Synthesis of chlorosubstituted-3-aroylflavanones, 3-alkoylchromanone and pyrazolines.

INTRODUCTION: tristis, Gaillardia. Heterocyclic compounds1 promote the life on EXPERIMENTAL: earth as they are widely distributed in nature The melting points of all synthesized and essential for the sustains of life. Any of compounds were recorded using hot paraffin the groups of heterocyclic compound bath and are uncorrected. Chemicals used containing three carbon atoms i.e. two were of A. R. Grade. 1H NMR spectra using adjacent nitrogen atom and one double bound CDCl3. I.R. spectra were recorded on Perkin- in the ring is pyrazolines. Pyrazoline Elmer spectrophotometer in the range 4000 derivatives have been found to possess a broad – 400 Cm-1 in nujol mull and as KBr pellets. spectrum of biological activities such as anti- UV-VIS spectrum was recorded in nujol inflamatory2, insecticidal3, anti-tuberculor4, medium. anti-tumor5, tranquilizing6, Synthesis of 2-benzoyloxy-3-5- immunosuppressive7, diuretic8, dichloroacetophenone (3a): anticonvulsant9, antifungal10, antidepressant 2-Hydroxy-3,5-dichloroacetophenone (2a) ( 11, antibacterial12, and molluscidal13. These 0.04Mmol) and benzoyl chlorides (0.05 mol) compounds successfully screened for their were dissolved in 10% NaOH (30 ml). The growth promoting impacts on some crop reaction mixture was shacked for about half plants viz. Papaver rhoeas, Dianthus chinensis, an hour. The products thus separated was Candy tuft, Calendula officinalise, Gladiola filtered washed with water followed by * Department of Chemistry, GVISH Amravati (Maharashtra)

Research Zone India - 1, Vol. (IV) 4, September - 2013 [ 1 ] ISSN 2319 - 8168 sodium bicarbonate (10%) washing and then crystallized from ethanol. again with water. The solid product thus Similarly other compounds 3-(-2-hydroxy-3,5- separated was crystallized from ethanol. dichlorophenyl)-4-benzoly-5-(4- Synthesis of 1-(-2-hydroxy-3,5- chlorophenyl)-1-phenyl-”2-pyrazoline (6b) dichlorophenyl)-3-phenyl-1,3- and 3-(-2-hydroxy-3,5-dichlorophenyl)-4- propendione (4a) : benzoly-5-butyl-1-phenyl-”2-pyrazoline (6c) 2-Benzoyloxy-3,5-dichloroacetophenone (3a) were synthesized separately from the (0.05mol) was dissolved in dry pyridine (40 compounds (5b) and (5c) respectively. ml). The solution was warm up to 60°C and The synthesized compounds were pulverized KOH (15 gm) was added slowly with characterized on the basis of elemental constant stirring. The reaction mixture was analysis, molecular determination, U.V., kept for overnight and then acidified by adding I.R., N.M.R. spectral data. ice cold HCl (10%). The brownish yellow solid Compound (5a): Yield 75%, M.P. 90°C (Found product thus separated was filtered, washed C = 59.68, H = 2.86, O = 18.00, Cl = 15.96, with sodium bicarbonate solution (10%) and N = 3.10. Calculated for C22H13O5NCl2 C = 59.72, finally again with water. It was then H = 2.94, O = 18.09, Cl = 16.06, N = crystallized from ethanol to get the compound 3.16%) ëmax – 364 nm ( n à p*) IR cm-1 (4a). 3050.5 (C-H streaching in Ar) 1611.4 (C=O),

Synthesis of 3-benzoyl-2-(4-nitrophenyl-)- 1473.9 (C-NO2), 1278 (-C-O), 1182.6 (-C-O) -1 6, 8-dichloroflavonone (5a): 717.7 cm (-C-Cl). ä(CDCl3 solvent) 6.75 A mixture of 1-(2-hydroxy-3, 5- (1H, d, -CH-CH) 6.9 (1H, d, -CH-CH), 6.875 – dichlorophenyl)-3-phenyl-1, 3-propendione 8.712 (11H, m, Ar-H). (4a) (0.01mol) and p-nitrobenzaldehyde Compound (5b): Yield70%, M.P. 120°C (0.02mol) was refluxed in dioxane (25 ml) (Found C = 61.10, H = 2.96, O = 11.00, Cl = containing (0.5 ml) piperidine for 15 – 20 min. 24.18, Calculated for C22H13O3Cl3 C = 61.18, H After cooling the reaction mixture was = 3.01, O = 11.12, Cl = 24.68 %) ëmax – acidified with dil. HCl (10%). The product thus 319 nm ( n à p*) IR cm-1 2928.6 (C-H separated was crystallized from ethanol to get streaching in Ar) 1612.6 (C=O), 1427.7 (C-H the compound (5a). in Ar), -1 Similarly 3-benzoyl-2-(4-chlorophenyl-)-6,8- 1086.5 (C-O), 764.6 cm (-C-Cl). ä(CDCl3 dichloroflavonone (5b) and 3-benzoyl-2-butyl- solvent) 6.76 (1H, d, -CH-CH) 6.79 (1H, d, - 6,8-dichloroflavonone (5c) were synthesized CH-CH), 6.926– 8.315 (11H, m, Ar-H). separately from the compound (4a) by using Compound (5c): Yield75%, M.P. 155°C p-chlorobenzaldehyde and valeraldehyde (Found C = 63.54, H = 4.50, O = 12.68, Cl = respectively. 18.75,

Synthesis of 3-(-2-hydroxy-3, 5- Calculated for C20H18O3Cl2 C = 63.66, H = 4.77, dichlorophenyl)-4-benzoly-5-(4- O = 12.73, Cl = 18.83 %) ëmax – 363 nm ( nitrophenyl)-1-phenyl-”2-pyrazoline (6a): n à p*) IR cm-1 3068.7 (C-H streaching in Ar) A mixture of 3-benzoyl-2-(4-nitrophenyl)-6, 8- 2866.4 (C-H streaching in Ar), 2866.4 (C- dichloroflavanone (5a) (0.01 mol) and H in –(CH2)3-), 1689.5 (C=O), 1605.8 (C- H phenylhydrazine hydrochloride (0.02mol) was streaching in Ar) 1457.7 (-CH3 Bending), refluxed in dioxane (20 ml) containing 0.5 ml 1286.3 (C – O in ether), 705.4 cm-1 (-C-Cl). piperidine for two hours. After cooling the ä(CDCl3 solvent) 0.90 (3H, t, (CH2)3-CH3) 1.25 reaction mixture was diluted with water. The (2H, m (CH2)2-CH2 – CH3) 1.50 (2H, t, -CH2-CH2- product thus separated was filtered and CH2-CH3) 2.65 (2H, t, CH2-(CH2)2-CH3)

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6.88 (1H, d, C-H), 6.93 (1H, d, C-H) 7.00 – 8.225 Scheme

(7H, ,m, Ar-H). OCOCH3 OH Al Cl3 (C H3CO)2O Compound (6a): Yield 80%, M.P. 153°C 1200 C CH3COONa Cl (Found C = 63.10, H = 3.50, O = 12.00, N = 7.80, Cl I II Cl = 13.25, Calculated for C28H19O4N3Cl2 C = Cl 63.15, H = 3.57, O = 12.03, N = 7.89, Cl = OH OH -1 NaOH 10% Cl2 in Acet ic acid 13.34 %) ëmax – 341 nm ( n à p*) IR cm C6H5COCl Cl COCH3 COCH 3438.6 (Strong intermolecular H-bended O-H Cl 3 ( 2a ) streaching) 3071.8 (C-H streaching in Ar), (Ia ) Cl Cl

1598.2 (C=O), 1528 (C = N), 1348.2 (C – OCOC H 6 5 OH NO2) KOH / BVT R-CHO 1260.3 (-C-O), 751.4 cm-1 (-C-Cl). ä(CDCl Pyridene Ethenol ,Pyridine 3 Cl COCH3 Cl COCH2COC 6H5 solvent) 6.5 (1H, d, -CH-CH-) , 6.7 (1 H, d, - ( 3a ) ( 4a) CH-CH-) 6.80 – 8.98 (16 H, m, Ar–CH) 10.20 Cl O R Cl

(1H, s, Ar-OH). Ph-NH-NH2-HCl OH Compound (6b): Yield 80%, M.P. 153°C Ethan ol, piperidin e Cl COC6H5 CO (Found C = 64.38, H = 3.60, O = 6.08, N = 5.30, O Cl

(5a - -- 5c ) N Cl = 20.35, Calculated for C H O N Cl C = R 28 19 2 2 3 N 64.42, H = 3.64, O = 6.13, N = 5.36, Cl = 20.42 %) ëmax – 320 nm ( n à p*) IR cm-1

3287 (O-H) 1597 (C=O), 1248 (-C-O), 768.3 (6a----6c) cm-1 (-C-Cl). ä(CDCl solvent) 5.10 (1H, d, -CH- 3 Where R= C6H5-NO2, C6H5-Cl, -(CH2)3-CH3. CH-) , 5.90 (1 H, d, -CH-CH-) 6.24 – 8.20 Growth promoting effect on some (16 H, m, Ar–CH) 9.98 (1H, s, Ar-OH). flowering plants: Compound (6c): Yield 80%, M.P. 170°C The experimental set up of the study is divided (Found C = 66.74, H = 5.08, O = 6.80, N = 5.90, into,

Cl = 15.10, Calculated for C26H24O2N2Cl2 C = i) Seed Treatment 66.80, H = 5.13, O = 6.85, N = 5.90, Cl = ii) Field Experiment 15.20 %) ëmax – 324 nm ( n à p*) IR cm-1 i) Seed Treatment :- With a view to safeguard 3421.3 (Ar O-H) 3060.1 (Ar - CH), 2924.4 dormant seed’s potential from harmful (CH in alkane) 1764.2 (C=O), 1602.5 (-C = N), external agencies, the seed of the test plants

1456.8 (CH2-bending) 1188.6 (C-O) 764.9 were treated by test compounds before -1 cm (-C-Cl). ä(CDCl3 solvent) 0.9 to 2.989 (9H, sowing. m, -(CH2)3-CH3), 6.59 – 8.465 (15 H, m, ii) Field Experiment :- Pre-germinated Ar–H) 13-14. quality seeds of Poppy, Pink, Candy tuft, Gaillardia Calendula, Gladiolus were procured from genuine agricultural agencies. The beds of black cotton soil, 2.5 x 2.5m size were prepared on an open field. The sowing of seeds of all six flowering plants under examination were done in beds and in earthen pots separately by conventional methods and irrigated as and when required15. The plants from each bed and pot were divided into two groups i.e. A and B which were

Research Zone India - 1, Vol. (IV) 4, September - 2013 [ 3 ] ISSN 2319 - 8168 designated as ‘control’ and ‘treated’ group plants respectively. The plants from group B were sprayed with the solution of test compounds at fortnightly intervals. The field experiments were conducted to compare the treated plants of group B with untreated plants of controlled group A.In this context, the observation were recorded on 15, 30, 45, 60, 75 and 90 days after sowing; corresponding to early vegetative, late vegetative, flowering, pod filling and pod maturation stages, with special reference to number of leaves and height of shoots, The results of field’s experiments with test compounds are tabulated in the following tables; 1-(2’-Hydroxy-3’, 5’-dichlorophenyl)-3-phenyl-1, 3-propanedione (4a) (Table No. 01)

Poppy (Papaver rhoeas) Calendula (Calendula officinalise), Gladiolus (Gladiola tristis) Gaillardia ( Aristata) Pink (Dianthus chinensis) tuft Candy Shoot height of No Leaves Shoot height of No. Leaves Shoot height of No Leaves Shoot height of No Leaves Shoot height of No Leaves Shoot height of No Leaves C T C T C T C T C T C T C T C T C T C T C T C T Periodi-city of the observ-ation (i d ) 15 3 3 9 1 2 1 9 4 2 1 1 1 4 3 4 5 2 2 4 4 3 2 9 5 0 30 7 5 1 1 4 7 1 1 6 5 2 2 6 8 1 8 5 4 1 8 6 4 1 2 5 5 8 8 5 0 5 0 45 1 1 2 2 8 1 3 3 1 9 4 2 8 1 3 2 7 8 1 1 8 7 4 4 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 5 6 5 0 60 1 1 2 3 1 1 5 5 1 1 5 3 1 1 5 3 1 1 2 2 1 1 6 7 2 2 2 0 0 6 5 5 5 6 2 8 0 8 0 2 5 9 2 1 0 0 75 1 1 3 4 1 2 8 8 2 2 6 4 1 2 7 6 1 1 3 4 1 1 1 1 6 7 0 7 3 0 0 5 0 0 6 0 0 0 3 6 4 1 5 5 0 0 0 5 90 2 2 5 7 1 2 1 1 2 2 6 4 2 2 1 9 1 2 5 6 1 1 1 1 0 3 0 8 5 1 0 1 2 1 0 1 0 5 8 0 0 3 8 9 3 5 0 5 5 0 0

Benzoyl-2-(4’-nitrophenyl)-6, 8-dichloroflavanone (5a)

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(Table No. 02)

Poppy Poppy (Papaver rhoeas) Calendula (Calendula officinalise ), Gladiolus (Gladiola tristis) Gaillardia ( Aristata) Pink (Dianthus chinensis) tuft Candy No of No of No of No of No of No of Shoot Shoot Shoot Shoot Shoot Shoot Shoot No. of No. of height height height height height height height Leaves Leaves Leaves Leaves Leaves Leaves

C T C T C T C T C T C T C T C T C T C T C T C T Periodi-city of of Periodi-city the observ-ation 15 3 3 9 7 2 2 9 1 2 2 1 1 4 2 4 5 2 2 4 2 3 4 9 1 2 0 30 7 6 1 1 4 5 1 2 6 5 2 2 6 5 1 8 5 4 1 6 6 8 1 2 5 0 8 8 5 0 5 7 45 1 1 2 2 8 1 3 4 1 9 4 2 8 8 3 2 7 7 1 1 8 1 4 6 0 2 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 5 2 2 5 2 60 1 1 2 2 1 1 5 6 1 1 5 5 1 1 5 3 1 9 2 1 1 1 6 1 2 8 2 5 0 5 5 0 5 6 2 0 0 8 0 5 8 2 5 0 0 0 75 1 2 3 3 1 2 8 1 2 2 6 5 1 1 7 6 1 1 3 2 1 1 1 1 6 2 0 8 3 0 0 0 0 1 6 2 0 0 3 2 4 6 5 9 0 4 0 0 5 90 2 2 5 4 1 2 1 1 2 2 6 5 2 1 1 8 1 1 5 4 1 2 1 2 0 6 0 8 5 2 0 3 2 5 0 8 0 0 8 7 0 5 8 4 3 0 0 0 5 0 5 3-(2’-Hydroxy-3’, 5’-dichlorophenyl)-4-benzoyl-5-(4’’-nitrophenyl)-1-phenylpyrazoline (6a)

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(Table No. 03)

Poppy Poppy (Papaver rhoeas) Calendula (Calendula officinalise ), Gladiolus (Gladiola tristis) Gaillardia ( Aristata) Pink (Dianthus chinensis) tuft Candy -ation -ation v No of No of No of No of No of No of Shoot Shoot Shoot Shoot Shoot Shoot Shoot No. of No. of height height height height height height height Leaves Leaves Leaves Leaves Leaves Leaves

C T C T C T C T C T C T C T C T C T C T C T C T Periodi-city of of Periodi-city the obser 15 3 4 9 8 2 2 9 8 2 3 1 1 4 3 4 6 2 2 4 3 3 4 9 7

30 7 8 1 2 4 6 1 2 6 7 2 3 6 8 1 2 5 7 1 1 6 8 1 2 5 0 8 0 5 8 0 5 5 5

45 1 1 2 3 8 1 3 4 1 1 4 3 8 1 3 4 7 1 1 2 8 1 4 6 0 3 0 5 2 0 5 0 5 5 0 0 1 5 0 2 5 0

60 1 1 2 5 1 1 5 9 1 2 5 4 1 1 5 7 1 1 2 3 1 1 6 9 2 6 2 0 0 8 5 0 5 0 2 8 0 0 0 7 5 5 2 5 0 5

75 1 2 3 8 1 2 8 1 2 2 6 7 1 2 7 1 1 2 3 5 1 1 1 1 6 1 0 0 3 0 0 2 0 5 6 0 0 3 3 1 4 6 5 9 0 2 0 0 0 0

90 2 2 5 1 1 2 1 1 2 2 6 7 2 2 1 1 1 2 5 8 1 2 1 1 0 5 0 2 5 2 0 5 2 8 0 1 0 8 8 5 0 0 8 4 3 8 5 0 0 5 0 0 0

Results and Discussion:- also thankful to the eminent faculty members The synthesized compounds were screened of Dr. P. D. K. V. Akola, Dr. R. M. Gade, Professor, for their growth promoting activity on some Department of Plant Pathology, Mrs. M.S. flowering plants. The plants used were Poppy, Gaikwad, Senior Research Asst., Department Pink, Candy tuft, Gaillardia Calendula, Gladiolus. of Plant pathology, Dr. Paithankar, Asst. Prof., The efforts have been made to examine and Department of Horticulture, Dr. Ashish U. analyze the morphology of treated plants. Nimkar Asst, prof., Department of forestry for When the comparison of morphological providing the necessary help for the characters was made between those of treated completion of interdisciplinary part of the and control groups plants, it was interesting present work. to note that all the plants exhibited significant shoot growth, and considerable increase in the References number of leaves as compared to those of  John Joule, George Smith Text Book, untreated ones. Heterocyclic Chemistry, 2nd Edition. Acknowledgement:-  Sridhar S., Dinda S. C., Rajendra Prasad Y., The authors are thankful to SAIF, CDRI, Indian J. Chem. Sci. 8(4), 2010, 2697 – Lucknow for providing the spectral data. I am 2707.

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 Kristophar S. S. and David M. S. Pestic  Korgaokar S. S., Patil P. H., Shah M. T. and biochem and Physiol, 81, 2005, 136 Parekh H. H., Indian J. Pharma Sci., 58,  Babu V. H., Manna S. K., Sneha, Srinivas K. 1996, 222. K. and Bhat G. V. Indian J. Hetrocycle Chem.  Ruhogia O., Oxdemir Z., Calis V., Gumuses 13, 2004, 253, Chem. Absr, 141, 2004, B. and Bilgin A. A., Arzneium Foresch, 55, 314227b 2005, 431.  Taylor E. C., Patel H and Kumar H.  Badadh P. V., Chavan N. M., Mandhane P. G., Tetrahedran, 48, 1992, 8089. Indian J. of Chem., 50B, June 2011, pp 879-  Brudecer H., Richle R. and Ruegg R. 884. (Hoffman-la-Roche, Inc.) U.S. 3, 822, 283  N. B. Colthup, L. H. Daly and S. E. Wiberly, (Cl. 260 – 310R, C07d) 02jul (1974) Appl. Introduction to Infrared and Raman 206 – 691’ 11 Oct (1972) 9, pp-Chem. Spectroscopy, Academic Press, New York Abstd. 81, 105495 (1974). (1964).  Lombardino J. G. and Otterrness I. G. J. Med.  Silverstein, R. M.; Bassler, G. C., Morrill, T. Chem., 24, 830 (1981). C. Spectrometric Identification of Organic  Brzozowski Z., Kaminski Z. and Angielski compounds 5th Ed.. John Wiley and Sons, S. Acta Pol. Pharma, 36(6), 645 (1979), Inc. NY 1991. Chem. Abstr., 93, 204525e (1980).  J. Zhang, S. Subramanian, Y. Zhang, O. Yu,  Srivastava AVK and Kumar A. Arzneim Plant physiol., 2007, Jun; 144(2):741-51. Foresch, 52, 2002, 787, Chem. Abstr. 138, 2003, 3537584.

Research Zone India - 1, Vol. (IV) 4, September - 2013 [ 7 ] ISSN 2319 - 8168 Science [Chemistry] Research Zone India Vol. 1 Issue - (4) Sept.- 2013 Page - 8-11 ISSN 2319 - 8168 * M M Rathore

STUDY OF CLEDENDRON PLUMIDIS PLANT EXTRACT ON INTESTINAL WORMS OF COMMERTIAL BIRDS WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO INORGANIC IONS IN BLOOD SERUM

Cleredendron phlumidis is a flowering shrub or small tree characterized by a fetid smell. Its leaves are vermifuge and its juice is used to destroy worms. The present study deals with the curative impact of water extract of Cleredendron plumidis on intestinal worms of commercial birds with respect to inorganic ions in blood serum, chickens are divided in to four groups.Cage 1 is used as control in which chickens were maintained as it is with regular food supply & necessary maintenance in case No. 2 chickens were given to the faces of pig containing intestinal worm cysts through food material. In cage No. 3 the induced chicken were also treated with the water extract of Cleredendron Plumidis. In cage no 4 chickens were treated only with the water extract of Cleredendron plumidis.

KEY WORDS- Clededron plumidis, intestinal worms, commercial birds inorganic ions

INTRODUCTION: are vermifuge and its juice is used to destroy Cleredendron plumidis is a flowering shrub or threadworm. It is believed that the smell of small tree characterized by a fetid smell. It is the wood relieves children from many erect reaches up to 1.5-3 m in height and is diseases. Leaves and roots are used by evergreen. Branch lets are usually 4-angled Manipuri tribes for treatment of skin diseases, when young. Leaves are simple, opposite or cough and dysentery. The tribal natives of rarely whorled. Leaf base is wedge- shaped to Arunachal Pradesh use the leaf juice mixed heart-shaped, margin entire to slightly wavy, with garlic extract given in treating blood tip long-pointed to pointed. Flowers are white pressure or cooked leaf is taken for the same. and borne in 4-6-branched corymbs cymes, Among the Mizos, the leaves are cooked as at the end of branches. Fruit is a drupe with 4 vegetable and always a special ingredient in 1-seeded pyrenes, sometimes separating into preparing dog meat. Locally, it is known as 2 2-loculed or 4 1-locular mericarps. It flowers ‘Phuihnam’ and popularly used to control during post monsoon, from August to hypertension. It is now widely used as a December. It is a common medicinal plant popular household remedy for hypertension used for rheumatic pains by the khasi and throughout north-eastern India. jaintian tribes of Meghalaya. Roots with bark MATERIALS & METHODS:- are anti-analgesic, antioxidant, anti-malarial In view to observe the curative effect of plant and helpful in cough and asthma. The leaves extract of Cleredendron plumidis on induced * Department of Chemistry, Vidyabharati Mahavidyalaya Amaravati (Maharastra)

[ 8 ] Research Zone India - 1, Vol. (IV) 4, September - 2013 ISSN 2319 - 8168 worm activities in commercial bird .The chickens in the world than any other species animals were acclimatized to laboratory of bird. Human beings keep chickens primarily conditions. The food and water supplied to as a source of food, consuming both their meat them adlibitum. and eggs. INFORMATION ABOUT TEST ANIMALS:- ACCLIMATIZATION Scientific classification Kingdom: Animalia In view of observation the curative effect of phylum: Chordata class: Aves order: plant extract on intestinal worm activities in Galliformes Family: Phasianidae Genus: Gallus chickens, the birds were acclimatization to Species: Gallus sub species: Gallus laboratory conditions .Live specimen of gallusdomesticus (Linnaeus, 1758) Synonyms: chicken of both the sexes having similar The hen cackles, in particular to call as weight and age of 6 days were purchased from chickens. The hen is female of the cock. Baby the poultry farm of Krishi Vidnyan Kendra chickens are called chicks. The chickens are Durgapur, Amravati and brought to the hen or cock not yet adult. A small male chicken laboratory in cages made up of plastic is cockerel, a chicken female is pullet. An young galvanized iron, with raw dust bed at the cock castrated to reach more tenderness is a bottom. They were provided with standard capon, a pullet to which one remove the diet and water adlibitum, the temperature of ovaries for same reason a pollard. The chicken the house was maintained in the range of 25 (Gallus gallusdomesticus) is a domesticated to 30 C. The seven days of lighting was fowl, a sub species of the Red Jungelfowl. As provided in the room for optimal growth of one of the most common and widespread the test animals. The commercially available domestic animal, and with a population of diet supplied to the animals had the following more than 24 billion in 2003, there are more composition. Starter Finisher Ingredients (Kg/100Kg) 1 2 1 2 Maize 43.75 57.10 65.10 44.10 Rice polish 10.00 - - 20.00 Groundnut-cake 14.00 - - 11.00 Sunflower-cake 14.00 15.00 12.00 11.00 Mustard-cake - 10.00 10.00 - (solvent extracted) Fish-meal (43% protein) 10.00 6.00 5.00 5.50 Meat-meal (56% protein) - 7.00 5.00 5.50 Silkworm pupae-meal - 3.00 1.20 - (40% protein) Blood-meal (73% protein) 3.50 - - - Animal fat 3.00 1.00 - 1.25 Bone-meal 1.15 - 0.60 0.60 Limestone - 0.50 0.60 0.70 Salt 0.50 0.30 0.40 0.25 Mineral* and vitamin** 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 Mixture 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00

The excess food & fecal matter was removed from cages once or twice a day. The feces of a pig containing cyst of intestinal worm fed by supplying it about 0.51 gm/per lit through water to induce intestinal diseases. The birds were given “lasata” & vaccination to protect from viral diseases after every week. The 4 cages of animals were classified as followed-

Research Zone India - 1, Vol. (IV) 4, September - 2013 [ 9 ] ISSN 2319 - 8168 Cage 1 is used as control in which chickens were maintained as it is with regular food supply & necessary maintenance in case No. 2 chickens were given to the faces of pig containing intestinal worm cysts through food material. In cage No. 3 the induced chicken were also treated with the water extract of Cleredendron Plumidis. In cage no 4 chickens were treated only with the water extract of Clerendendron phlumidis. The animals were sacrificed and their blood, kidney and liver were collectedAnd thei sodium ions, potassium ions, chloride ions were analysis from these samples Table: Sacrifices of test animals, test of blood samples. Sr. Ti me Ca ge 1 Cage 2 Cage 3 Cage 4 No. interval Date 1 1.02.2011 Bring the Bring the Bring the chickens Bring the chickens chickens chickens 2 1.02.2011 As it is As it is As it is As it is 3 1.02.2011 Sacrifice Sacrifice one Sacrifice one chicken out Sacrifice one one chicken chicken out of of four chicken out of out of four four four 4 7.02.2011 As it is Induced with Induced with faces of Pig Treated with B faces of Pig containing cyst of worm Cleredendron containing cyst of (15gm) and to eated with worm (.15gm) Cleredendron extract 5 14.02.2011 Sacrifice Sacrifice one Sacrifice one chicken out Extract (15gm) one chicken chicken out of of four sacrifice one out out of four four of four 6 14.02.2011 As it is Induced with cyst Induced with cyst of worm Treated with of worm and treated with Cleredendron Cleredendron extract extract (15gm) 7 21.02.2011 Sacrifice Sacrifice one Sacrifice one chicken out Sacrifice one one chicken chicken out of of four chicken out of out of four four four 8 21.02.2011 As it is Induced with cyst Include with cyst of worm treated with of worm extract extract & treated with Cleredendron Cleredendron extract extract

9 28.02.2011 Sacrifice Sacrifice one Sacrifice one chicken out Sacrifice one one chicken chicken out of of four chicken out of out of four four four 10 28.02.2011 As it is Induced of worm Induced with cyst of worm Treated with extract extract & treated with Cleredendron Cleredendron extract extract OBSERVATION: Table 1: Serum sodium ions changes exposure to cyst of worm, cyst of worm + plant extract and plant extract

Week Control Induced Induced + Plant Extract Plant Extract 1 140.37 ±2.97 140.41 ±3.38 140.35 ±3.46 140.33 ±3.52 2 140.35 ±3.22 140.38 ±3.62 140.32 ±3.21 140.32 ±3.20 3 140.33 ±3.27 140.47 ±2.52 140.30 ±3.20 140.29 ±3.19 4 140.34 ±3.21 140.53 ±2.42 140.29 ±3.17 140.29 ±3.18 5 140.35 ±2.96 140.56 ±2.44 140.20 ±3.26 140.18 ±3.46

[ 10 ] Research Zone India - 1, Vol. (IV) 4, September - 2013 ISSN 2319 - 8168 Table 2: Serum potassium ions changes exposure to cyst of worm, cyst of worm + plant extract and plant extract Week Control Induced Induced + Plant Extract Plant Extract 1 9.08 ±0.20 9.97 ±0.26 9.05 ±0.20 9.03 ±0.20 2 8.96 ±0.20 10.39 ±0.37 8.95 ±0.18 8.93 ±0.18 3 9.18 ±0.17 11.29 ±0.22 9.17 ±0.18 9.14 ±0.18 4 9.18 ±0.18 11.82 ±0.22 9.13 ±0.18 9.16 ±0.18 5 9.08 ±0.18 12.39 ±0.22 9.03 ±0.18 9.01 ±0.17

Table 3: Serum chloride ions changes exposure to cyst of worm, cyst of worm + plant extract and plant extract Week Control Induced Induced + Plant Extract Plant Extract 1 46.0 ±0.20 44.2 ±0.18 45.9 ±0.17 45.8 ±0.18 2 40.3 ±0.20 44.8 ±0.18 46.2 ±0.18 46.1 ±0.18 3 46.1 ±0.20 45.3 ±0.18 45.9 ±0.18 45.8 ±0.18 4 46.20 ±0.20 47.20 ±0.20 46.0 ±0.18 45.8 ±0.18 5 46.5 ±0.20 48.3 ±0.29 46.3 ±0.20 46.2 ±0.20

 Amita Verma1* and Bahar Ahmed 2 International Journal of PharmTech Research Coden (USA): Ijprif ISSN: 0974- 4304Vol.1, No.4, pp 1028-1031, Oct-Dec 2009.  Electronic Journal of Environmental , Agricultural and Food Chemistry ISSN:1579—4377.  Vidya, S.M.1*, Krishna, V.2, Manjunatha, B. RESULTS: K. 3 and Raghavendra Rao, International The animals were sacrificed and their blood, Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical and kidney and liver were collected and their Biomedical Sciences ISSN: 2229-3701. sodium ions, potassium ions, chloride ions  Kirtikar KR. and Basu BD, Indian were analysis from these samples The value MedicinalPlants, International Book of serum inorganic ions such as sodium, Distributers,Dehradun, 1999: 1947. potassium, chloride showed increase in then  Nadkarni AK, Indian Materia Medica, value for cage No 2 while cage 3 & 4 chickens Popular Prakashan, Bombay, 2002:353. shows curative effect of plant extracts  Chopra RN, Nayar SL and Chopra IC, Glossary of Indian Medicinal Plants,1996: REFERENCES 71.  Vijayamirtharaj*, S.Vincent and N.  Pande MC, Journal of natural Integrated Senthilkumar International Journal of Med Ass, 1978: 20 (8); 295. Research in Pharmaceutical and  Murugesan T, Saravanan KS, Lakshmi S, Biomedical Sciences ISSN: 2229-3701. Ramya G. and Thenmozhi K, Evaluation of  Shah, M. Gokani, R. H.1*, Rachchh, M. A.1, Psychopharmacological effects of Patel, T. P.1, Lahiri, S. K.3, Santani, D. Clerodendrum phlomidis Linn. Extract [J]. D.3,B.3 Journal of Herbal Medicine and Phytomedicine, 2001: 8(6); 472. Toxicology 5(1) 47-53 (2011) ISSN: 0973- 4643.

Research Zone India - 1, Vol. (IV) 4, September - 2013 [ 11 ] ISSN 2319 - 8168 Science [Chemistry] Research Zone India Vol. 1 Issue - (4) Sept.- 2013 Page - 12-18 ISSN 2319 - 8168 * V. V. Parhate

SYNTHESIS OF SOME NEW CHLOROSUBSTITUTED ISOXAZOLINES AND THEIR CURATIVE EFFECT ON INDUCED HEPATOTOXICITY IN ALBINO RAT

Chlorosubstituted 4-aroylisoxazolines (2a-d) were synthesized by condensing chlorosubstituted 3-aroylflavanones (1a-d) with hydroxylaminehydrochloride in DMSO containing a little piperidine and assayed these compounds (2a-d) on cythion induced activities in albino rats with special reference to blood serum (VLDL, LDL, and HDL) hepatotoxicity. The effects of intraperitonial administration of 4-aroylisoxazolines (100mg./kg body wt.) were studied on cythion induced blood serum hepatotoxicity. The blood serum VLDL, LDL and HDL were estimated in order to assess the liver functions by established procedures. Biochemical observations were supplemented with histological examination of liver section. It is evident from the results that level of serum lipoproteins were altered in cythion treated animals than controls. There was small but significant decrease in the concentration of total serum lipids which may largely due to the reduction of the total lipid concentration in the VLDL, LDL and HDL. However the altered lipoprotein concentration levels were restored to almost normalcy in methoxy substituted 4-aroyl-isoxazolines treated animals. Introduction : circulation low density lipoprotein (LDL) is A wide spread use of pesticides in every field found in considerable amounts and in rats the of life become alarmingly hazardous to human high density lipoprotein (HDL) is the major health. Most of the pesticides cause metabolic lipoprotein density class10. transformations in the body of higher animals Kheshimove11 reported that the and the main site of metabolism is the liver1,2. intraperitonial administration of phosphamide Any metabolic disturbance in the liver produce and HCCH insecticides on rats and rabbits characteristic hepatic diseases.3-8 and thus the reduces total serum protein. The action of low identification of the various characteristic and high doses of cyclohexamide both causing metabolic disturbances constitutes the a rapid and almost complete inhibition of physiological and chemical basis for tests of protein.12 liver functions. Serum protein analysis is regarded as a valid In fact the use of pesticides and their procedure for estimating the degree of damage interactions with liver and its most important to the parenchyma of the liver. It is also used bioconstituent lipoprotein is the root cause of to detect slight derangement of liver functions. many diseases and fatty liver. The major form There are certain Ayurvedic preparations such in which triglycerides released by the liver is as Liv-52 and resinous substance produced by very low density lipoproteins (VLDL)9. In the honey bees i.e. propolis have shown good hepatoprotective effects.13-14 * Department of Chemistry, Vidyabharati Mahavidyalaya Amaravati (Maharastra)

[ 12 ] Research Zone India - 1, Vol. (IV) 4, September - 2013 ISSN 2319 - 8168 It has been reported that the heterocyclic Melting points recorded are uncorrected and compounds containing isoxazoline ring their purity was tested by TLC on microscopic present a broad spectrum of biological slides with silica gel-G layers in benzene. activity.17 It has been revealed18 that From elemental analysis, chemical properties substitution in the phenyl ring enhances their and spectral data, the compound (2d) assigned antibacterial activity. Heterocyclic compound the structure 3-(2-hydroxy-3,5- niridazole19 undergoes an extensive first pass dichlorophenyl)-4-anisoyl-5-phenyl- hepatic metabolism. The paucity of data in the isoxazolines. hepatoprotective effects of 4-aroyl- Cl isoxazolines, the two main constituents of liver O OH protective drugs fascinated us to undertake the study of these drugs on cythion induced C R1 activities in albino rats. We report here the ynthesis of some heterocyclic Cl N R chlorosubstituted 4-aroyl-isoxazolines from 3- O 2 aroyl flavanones on reaction with hydroxylaminehydrochloride in DMSO Similarly the other compounds (2a-c) were containing a little piperidine. The effects of prepared and their elemental analysis and these compounds have been studied on physical data along with compound (2d) is cythion induced activities in albino rats. listed below (Table-I) Experimental: (Table –I) A mixture of 3-aroyl flavanone (0.01 mol) and Analytical and physical data of 3,5-diaryl-4- hydroxylaminehydrochloride (0.02 mol) in aroyl-1-phenyl-D2-pyrazolines. (2a-d).

DMSO (20ml) containing a few drops of S. No. Molecular Formula Yield % m.p. 0C Nitrogen % piperidine was refluxed for 2.5 hrs. After Found Calculated 2a C24H19O5NCl2 80 192 2.8 2.96 cooling the reaction mixture was acidified 2b C22H15O3NCl2 75 188 3.30 3.39 2c C23H17O4NCl2 70 180 3.05 3.16 with dil HCl (1:1). The solid product thus 2d C23H17O4NCl2 75 190 3.09 3.16 obtained was recrystallised from ethanol- acetic acid mixture to get 4-aroyl isoxazoline. Materials and Methods : The healthy albino rats of 6-8 weeks of age and It gives colouration with neutral FeCl3 solution and dissolved in NaOH indicating thereby the 100-200 gm body weight were obtained from presence of free phenolic –OH group. Dr. Punjabrao Deshmukh Medical College, Amravati and maintained in suitable Cl Cl O OH O R2 environment. They were supplied commercial NH2OH.HCl C R1 DMSO/Piperidine pelleted diet and water ad libitum. The animals Cl C R1 Cl N R O O 2 O were divided into four groups (ABCD). The

(1a-d) (2a-d) animals of group A were fed on stock diet and used as control species. Animals of group B The spectral analysis of the compound (2d) is were given cythion pesticide intraperitionially as under IR (nujol) shows absorption bands (40SD/Kg body wt/day) for one week. at 3426.2 cm-1 (OH), 1603cm-1 (C=N), 1352.4 Animals of groups C were given newly cm-1 (C-O), 827.6 cm-1 (C-Cl), UV-VIS (CHCl ) 3 synthesised chlorosubstituted 4-aroyl showed lmax 367 nm corresponding to n ®p* isoxazoline (2a-d) separately. Animals of transition PMR (CDCl ) showed 3.88 (S, 3H, 3 group D were given 4-aroyl isoxazoline in Ar-OCH ), 5.21 (d, 1H, CH-C), 5.63 (d, 1H, CH- 3 conjugation with cythion. The total period of C), 6.73 to 8.17 (m, 16H, Ar-H), 9.6 (s, Ar-OH). observation was ten weeks. Research Zone India - 1, Vol. (IV) 4, September - 2013 [ 13 ] ISSN 2319 - 8168 The blood samples were collected from removed by centrifugation. 4.5 ml of NaPhT animals of group ABCD and left to clot at room was added to the clear supernatant (I). The ppt temperature for at least 30 minutes to remove which appeared immediately was free of lipids the clot and cell debries to perform following and content mostly V-globulins which was analysis. removed by centrifugation. To supernatant (II)

I) Isolation of LDL and VLDL by was added 0.0875 ml of 2ml MgCl2. The precipitation with heparin and MnCl2 : precipitation was completed after 2hrs. and To 5ml of serum were added 0.2ml of 5% the mixture was centrifuged for 30 minutes at heparin solution and 0.25 ml of MnCl2 20,000 r.p.m. The clear supernatant (III) (pH solution. A ppt. appeared immediately. The 7.1) was decanted and the ppt was dissolved reaction mixture was centrifuged for 10 in 2.5 ml of solution of the following minutes at 600 r.p.m. The precipitated composition (1% NaCl + 0.4%, NaPhT + 0.1 lipoprotein sedimented at the bottom. The M MgCl2). After washing ppt was recovered by supernatant liquid was decanted and centrifugation and was suspended in 1% NaCl, precipitate was dissolved in 10% sodium and 10% Na2CO3 solution was added dropwise bicarbonate solution. The manganese with stirring until redissolution was achieved. associated with lipoproteins as bicarbonate This concentrated neutral solution of HDL, salt was removed by concentration. 5 ml of contaminated by small amount of serum Tris-HCl buffer was added to the clear yellow protein was further purified by ultra supernatant and lipoproteins were completely centrifugation. precipitated by the addition of 2ml MgCl2. The The serum concentration of the VLDL, LDL ppt was separated by centrifugation and and HDL were determined by measuring their redissolved in 5% NaCl. In order to remove proteins and total lipid concentrations. contaminating serum protein, the lipoproteins III) Protein : The protein contents were were precipitated by adding 5ml Tris-HCl estimated by Lowry et al. method15 and values buffer and 2ml MgCl2. The solution was then were expressed as mg/100ml of serum. dialysed for 24 hrs. against the tris-HCl buffer IV) Total lipids : They were estimated to remove heparin. The dialysis bag was gravimetrically by Folch et al. method.16 transferred to another flask containing 5% V) Lipoproteirs :A suitable aliquot of the

BaCl2 solution. After 24 hrs. the insoluble isolated fraction was estimated according to Heparin-Barium salt was removed by Folch et al.16 method by using chloroform- centrifugation. methanol (2:1) mixture. These extracts were The supernatant was dialysed against Tris-HCl evaporated and taken in a known valume of buffer in order to remove BaCl2. This resulted chloroform and stored in sealed stopper tubes in a clear yellow solution of concentrated at 200C. until required for further estimations. lipoprotein. The lipoprotein isolated in this Observations and Results way was the mixture of LDL and VLDL which Serum VLDL, LDL and HDL were separated by ultra centrifugation. After It is evident from the tables 1 to 9 and figures

24 hr. at 1,00,00 r.p.m. the VLDL formed an 1f to 9f the level of serum lipoproteins was opelscent band at the top of the tube and the altered in animal treated with cythion than clear yellow LDL sedimented at the bottom. controls. There was small but significant II) Isolation of HDL by precipitation with decrease in the concentration of serum total sodium Phosphatungstate and MgCl2: lipids which was largely or solely due to a To 5 ml of serum were added 5ml of 4% reduction of the total lipid concentration in the sodium phosphotungstate. (NaPhT) and 2 ml VLDL, LDL and HDL.

MgCl2. The ppt of LDL and VLDL were

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Tables 1 to 3 and figures 1 f to 3 f showed Fig. 2 f : Serum total lipids : Albino rat. total lipids, proteins and lipoprotein changes 14 in serum VLDL. 12 Con tro l 10 In du c e d Table No. 1: Serum total lipid changes in 8 a 6 b very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) on 4 c 2 d exposure to cythion and exogenous wt. body gm gm/100 wt. 0 chlorosubstituted 4-aroyl- isoxazolines 2 46810 weeks (2a-d) in albino rat.

14 4-Aroylisoxazolines Weeks Control Induced 12 Control A b c d 10 Induced 61.05 59.70 60.00 59.90 59.89 59.81 8 a 2 ± 6.35 ± 5.50 ± 5.40 ± 5.51 ± 5.35 ± 5.41 6 b 61.00 59.01 59.98 59.40 59.50 59.40 4 c 4 2 ± 6.30 ± 5.82 ± 5.81 ± 5.31 ± 5.31 ± 5.50 d

wt. gm/100 gm body wt. gm body wt. gm/100 0 60.28 58.18 59.70 59.30 58.91 58.80 246810 6 ± ± ± ± ± ± 6.18 5.23 5.32 5.12 5.22 5.29 weeks 60.78 57.10 58.61 58.35 57.99 57.65 8 ± 6.38 ± 5.34 ± 5.24 ± 5.01 ± 5.11 ± 5.10 Table No. 3 : Serum lipoprotein changes in 61.08 55.81 58.00 57.40 57.60 57.59 10 ± 6.36 ± 5.49 ± 5.25 ± 5.11 ± 5.09 ± 5.20 very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) on exposure to cythion and exogenous 4- Fig. 1 f : Serum total lipids : Albino rat. 62 aroylisoxazolines (2a-d) in albino rat. 60 Con tr o l 58 In du c e d Table No. 3 56 a 4-Aroylisoxazolines 54 b Weeks Control Induced A b c d 52 c

wt. gm/100 gm body wt. body gm gm/100 wt. 73.13 70.80 71.80 70.99 71.40 71.60 246810d 2 We e k s ± 10.45 ± 10.46 ± 10.30 ± 10.32 ± 10.40 ± 10.45 73.02 69.58 71.40 70.75 71.10 71.29 4 ± 10.35 ± 10.25 ± 10.25 ± 10.36 ± 10.20 ± 10.33 72.90 68.28 71.30 70.23 71.00 71.79 62 6 ± 10.48 ± 10.32 ± 10.12 ± 10.50 ± 10.61 ± 10.25 60 Co nt rol 72.932 67.40 70.19 70.09 70.65 70.69 8 58 Indu ced ± 10.52 ± 10.34 ± 10.52 ± 10.37 ± 10.72 ± 10.32 wt. 56 a 72.98 64.95 69.30 69.05 69.12 69.00 54 b 10 ± 10.54 ± 10.36 ± 10.26 ± 10.31 ± 10.61 ± 10.22 52 c wt. gm/100 gm body body gmwt. gm/100 246810d weeks Fig. 3 f : Serum total lipids : Albino rat.

74

Table No.2: Serum protein changes in very 72 Control low density lipoprotein (VLDL) on 70 Ind uc ed 68 a exposure to cythion and exogenous 4- 66 b 64 c aroylisoxazolines (2a-d) in albino rat. 62 d wt. gm/100 gm. body wt. 60 Table No. 2 246810 weeks 4-Aroylisoxazolines Weeks Control Induced a b c d 13.07 12.93 12.99 12.90 12.95 12.97 2 ± ± ± ± ± ± 2.11 2.63 2.45 2.67 2.34 2.39 74 12.98 11.27 12.61 12.00 12.11 12.45 72 4 Co nt rol ± 2.68 ± 1.44 ± 2.60 ± 2.33 ± 2.11 ± 2.10 70 68 Induced 12.87 10.19 11.97 11.28 11.35 11.40 6 66 a 64 ± 2.57 ± 1.50 ± 1.92 ± 2.49 ± 2.00 ± 1.96 b 62 12.97 9.76 10.98 10.70 10.39 10.55 c 8 60 ± ± ± ± ± ± wt. body gm wt.gm/100 2.68 1.34 1.55 1.90 1.67 1.54 246810d 13.01 9.20 10.30 10.09 10.19 10.12 10 weeks ± 2.09 ± 1.48 ± 1.34 ± 1.45 ± 1.57 ± 1.33

Research Zone India - 1, Vol. (IV) 4, September - 2013 [ 15 ] ISSN 2319 - 8168

Table No. 4 : Serum total lipid changes in Fig. 5f : Serum total lipids : Albino rat low density lipoprotein (LDL) on exposure 36 to cythion and exogenous 4- 35 Co ntro l 34 In du c e d aroylisoxazolines (2a-d) in albino rat. 33 a 32 b Table No. 4 31 c d 4-Aroylisoxazolines 30 Weeks Control Induced wt. gm./100 gm. bodywt. A b c d 29 70.88 69.20 70.55 70.09 70.29 70.35 246810 2 weeks ± 10.69 ± 10.35 ± 10.67 ± 10.38 ± 10.22 ± 10.33 71.05 69.10 70.98 70.00 70.05 70.10 4 ± 10.09 ± 10.08 ± 10.25 ± 10.15 ± 10.17 ± 10.77 36 70.90 68.90 70.25 69.50 69.79 69.89 35 Co nt rol 6 ± 10.90 ± 10.20 ± 10.91 ± 10.35 ± 10.20 ± 10.33 34 Induced 70.95 68.82 69.99 69.10 69.15 69.52 33 a 8 ± 10.73 ± 10.01 ± 10.11 ± 10.47 ± 10.39 ± 10.44 32 b 71.10 67.70 69.79 68.20 68.90 69.26 31 c 10 30 ± 10.21 ± 10.02 ± 10.20 ± 10.30 ± 10.29 ± 10.45 d 29 wt. gm./100 gm. body wt. body gm. wt. gm./100 246810 weeks

72 Con tr o l 71 Table No. 6 : Serum lipoprotein changes in In du c e d 70 a low density lipoprotein (LDL) on exposure 69 b 68 c to cythion and exogenous 4- 67 d aroylisoxazolines (2a-d) in albino rat.

wt. gm./100 gm. body wt. 66 246810 Table No. 6 Fig. 4f : Serum totalweeks lipids : Albino rat 4-Aroylisoxazolines Weeks Control Induced A b c d 72 106.03 105.72 105.80 105.73 105.75 105.77 2 71 Control ± 2.97 ± 3.38 ± 3.36 ± 3.28 ± 3.12 ± 3.22 70 Ind uced 69 105.97 104.40 105.40 105.45 105.30 105.25 wt. 4 68 a ± 3.22 ± 3.62 ± 3.21 ± 3.25 ± 3.60 ± 3.44 67 b 105.98 103.37 66 c 6 104.99 104.50 104.66 104.50 wt. gm/100 bodygm. ± 3.27 ± 2.32 246810d 105.98 102.48 weeks 8 104.66 104.45 104.46 104.25 ± 3.21 ± 2.42 106.09 101.49 Table No. 5 : Serum protein changes in low 10 104.30 104.30 104.39 104.26 ± 2.96 ± 2.44 density lipoprotein (LDL) on exposure to cythion and exogenous 4- Fig. 6f : Serum total lipids : Albino rat aroylisoxazolines (2a-b) in Albino rat 107 106 Table No. 5 Con tr o l 105 In du c e d 4-Aroylisoxazolines 104 Weeks Control Induced a 103 A b c d b 102 35.13 34.88 34.99 34.89 34.96 34.95 c 2 101 ± ± ± ± ± ± d 2.68 2.56 2.70 2.40 2.35 2.74 100 wt. gm. gm./100 body wt. 34.96 33.30 34.60 34.40 34.55 34.70 99 4 ± 2.67 ± 2.19 ± 2.19 ± 2.60 ± 2.90 ± 2.56 246810 34.98 32.20 34.10 34.09 34.31 34.20 weeks 6 ± ± ± ± ± ± 2.84 2.80 2.56 2.09 2.05 2.53 35.03 32.01 33.90 33.50 33.91 33.56 108 8 ± ± ± ± ± ± 2.53 2.74 2.25 2.50 2.61 2.55 106 Control 35.06 31.08 33.70 33.09 33.15 33.25 10 104 Induced ± 2.56 ± 2.03 ± 2.51 ± 2.80 ± 2.11 ± 2.23 102 a 100 b c 98

wt. gm/100 gm. body wt. body gm. wt. gm/100 24 6810d weeks

Table 7 to 9 and figures 7f to 9f showed the trend of HDL total lipid, protein and

[ 16 ] Research Zone India - 1, Vol. (IV) 4, September - 2013 ISSN 2319 - 8168 lipoprotein in albino rat treated with cythion Fig. 8f : Serum total lipids : Albino rat and 4-aroylisoxazolines (2a-d). 122 120 Control 118 Table No. 7 : Serum total lipid changes in Induc ed 116 high density lipoprotein (HDL) on 114 a 112 b 110 c exposure to cythion and exogenous 4- 108 106 d aroylisoxazolines (2a-d) in Albino rat. wt. gm/100 gm. body wt. 104 24 6810 Table No. 7 w eeks

4-Aroylisoxazolines Weeks Control Induced A b c d 125 113.01 112.16 112.25 112.17 112.20 112.23 2 120 Control ± 5.06 ± 5.01 ± 5.22 ± 5.45 ± 5.33 ± 5.67 Induc ed 113.10 111.81 112.10 115 4 112.07 112.09 112.08 a ± 3.01 ± 2.53 110 b 113.07 110.19 111.80 111.55 111.68 111.75 c 6 ± ± ± ± ± ± 105

3.05 5.11 5.21 5.34 5.55 5.24 wt. body gm. wt. gm/100 246810d 112.97 105.05 110.20 108.11 109.21 109.12 8 ± 5.08 ± 3.22 ± 5.11 ± 5.61 ± 3.52 ± 5.25 weeks 113.04 103.08 109.89 108.20 108.39 108.59 10 ± 5.03 ± 2.22 ± 5.11 ± 5.09 ± 5.21 ± 5.32 Table No. 9 : Serum lipoprotein changes in

Fig. 7f : Serum total lipids : Albino rat high density lipoprotein (HDL) on exposure to cythion and exogenous 4- 115

110 Control aroylisoxazolines (2a-d) in albino rat. Induc ed 105 a Table No. 9 100 b 4-Aroyliso xazolines 95 c Weeks Control Induced

wt. gm/100 gm. body wt body gm. gm/100 wt. 246 810d A b c d 235.08 234.17 234.71 234.20 234.31 234.45 weeks 2 ± 7.32 ± 7.48 ± 7.31 ± 5.00 ± 7.21 ± 5.19 235.02 230.08 234.10 234.00 234.09 234.11 4 115 Co nt rol ± 7.96 ± 7.17 ± 7.90 ± 5.39 ± 7.29 ± 7.52 110 Induced 235.06 228.00 233.84 233.60 233.41 234.39 105 6 100 a ± ± ± ± ± ±

body wt. body 7.33 7.09 7.06 7.27 7.11 7.61 95 b 235.01 222.70 232.25 231.09 232.11 232.21 wt. gm./100 gm. gm. gm./100 wt. 246810 8 c ± 7.30 ± 7.22 ± 7.62 ± 7.42 ± 7.29 ± 7.26 d weeks 235.00 213.18 220.99 220.50 220.59 220.61 10 ± 7.30 ± 8.56 ± 7.80 ± 7.25 ± 7.29 ± 7.54 Table No. 8 : Serum protein changes in high Fig. 9f : Serum total lipids : Albino rat density lipoprotein (HDL) on exposure to 240 cythion and exogenous 4- 235 Control 230 Induc ed 225 a aroylisoxazolines (2a-d) in Albino rat. 220 215 b Table No. 8 210 c 205 d 4-Aroylisoxazolines 200 wt. gm/100gm.wt. bod y 2 46810 Weeks Control Induced a b c d weeks

121.07 119.70 120.62 120.25 120.40 120.30 2 240 ± 4.96 ± 4.50 ± 4.33 ± 4.19 ± 4.29 ± 4.31 235 Co nt rol 121.02 118.32 120.37 120.08 120.09 120.22 230 Induced 225 4 ± ± ± ± ± ± a 4.90 4.52 4.32 4.67 4.28 4.36 220 121.07 116.40 120.33 119.71 119.89 119.77 215 b 6 ± 4.96 ± 4.15 ± 4.29 ± 4.21 ± 4.15 ± 4.41 210 c 205 d 121.04 113.49 118.30 117.22 117.39 117.35 200 8 wt. body gm. wt. gm/100 ± 4.93 ± 3.01 ± 4.28 ± 4.20 ± 4.16 ± 4.42 246810 121.00 110.51 117.59 116.79 116.92 116.01 10 weeks ± 4.92 ± 3.23 ± 4.16 ± 4.11 ± 4.25 ± 4.33

Research Zone India - 1, Vol. (IV) 4, September - 2013 [ 17 ] ISSN 2319 - 8168

Conclusion :- The results of serum  Alcaraz, M.J. and M. Jimenez J., Fitoterapia, estimations in VLDL, LDL and HDL containing 1988, 59, 25-38. total lipids proteins and lipoprotein reveals Kay, R.E. and C. Entenman, J.Biol. Chem that there is a declining trend in the values of 1961, 236, 1006. these constituents in cythion treated albino  Hillyard, L.A., Entenman, C., Feinberg, H., rats. And the administration of methoxy and I.C. Chiakoff, J.Biol. Chem 1955, 214, substituted 4-aroyl-isoxazolines showed  79. remarkable creative effect. Keshmov, Chem. Abstr. 1976, 84, 1162m.  12. Karagov, L, Stoyanove, B. and A.A. Head References Jiolov, Biochem Biophys. Acta 1986, 60,  Traiger, G. J., G. Plaa, Toxicol App. Pharmacol 295. 1971, 20, 105-112.  Ivanovska, N., Dimov, V., Pavlova, V., and S.  Mailing, H. M., Stripp, B., Sipes, I.G., Higman, Popov, J. Ethanopharmacol, 1995, 47, 135- B., Saul, W. and M.A. Willams, Toxicol Appl.  143. Pharmacol, 1975, 33, 291-308. Cavallini, L., Bindoli, A. and N. Siliprandi,  Hall, P.M., Plummer, J.L., IIsley, A.H., and M.  Pharmac Res. Common. 1987, 10, 133- Cousins, J. Hepatology, 1991, 13, 815-119. 136.  Grochowski, J., Bilinska, M., and D. Lowry, O.H., Rosenbrough, N.H., Forr A.L., Stankiewiez, Biuletyn Apipol 1987, 7/8,  and R.J. Randall, J. Biol. Chem. 1951, 193, 25-26. 265.  Zeilonka, E., Zaborski, W., Dymarczyk, M., Folch, J., Less, M. and Sloone, G.H. Staley, J.- and G. Kuziemska, Biuletyn Apipol 1987, 7/  Boil. Chem. 1957, 226, 497. 8, 29-32. Shivakumar, B., Nurgund, H.V.G. Indian J.  Scheller, S, Stojko A., Szwarnowiecka, I., Hetro. Chem. (1998) Vol. 8, 27. Tustanowski and J. Shani, J., eitschrift, fur  Noll Berd, Groth Christa and Seigfried, Naturforchung 1989, 44c, 1063-1065. Chem. Abstr. 1999, 102.  Scheller, S., Stajko, A., Szwarnowiecka, I.,  Kadam, S. S., Mahadik, K.R., Bothara, K.G., Tustanowaski and J, Obszko, Z., Principles of Medicinal Chemistry Vol.I Arzneinmittel, Forchung / Drug Research  2001, 8th edition, 279. 1977, 27, 2138-2140.

[ 18 ] Research Zone India - 1, Vol. (IV) 4, September - 2013 ISSN 2319 - 8168 Science [Chemistry] Research Zone India Vol. 1 Issue - (4) Sept.- 2013 Page - 19-21 ISSN 2319 - 8168 * S. M. Rathore

EFFECT OF DIELECTRIC CONSTANTS OF DIOXANE-WATER MIXTURES ON PROTON-LIGAND DISSOCIATION CONSTANTS (PK) AND FORMATION CONSTANTS OF CU (II) COMPLEXES WITH 3-BENZOYL-2-(4’- CHLOROPHENYL)-6-8- DICHOROFLAVANONE COMPLEX PH-METRICALLY AT 0.1M IONIC STRENGTH

The interactions between Cu(II) and 3-(2’hydroxyl-3’,5 dichlorophenyl )-4-benzoyl)-5- 2- butyl-” isoxazoline(L1), 3-benzoyl-2-(4’-nitrophenil)-6-8-dichoroflavanone (L2), 3-benzoyl-2-(4’- chlorophenyl)-6-8-dichoroflavoneane (L3), have been investigated by pH-metric technique at 0.1M ionic strength and in different percentage of dioxone-water mixture with Cu(II), 3-benzoyl-2- (4’-chlorophenyl)-6-8- dichoroflavanone data obtained can be used to study the effect of dielectric constants on proton–ligand stability constant. It showed that Cu(II) forms 1:1 and 1:2 complexes with substituted flavanone. It could be also seen that pK and log k values are found to be increased with increasing the percentage of dioxane-water mixtures.

KEYWORDS: Substituted flavanone, Cu(II) metal ion and dioxane.

INTRODUCTION: Cu(II). Glycyl-Glycyl-Glycine peptide Substituted thiazines are antibiotic drugs and complexes. In a view of analytical applications good chelating agents due to presence of and antibiotic drugs it is worthwhile to know electron donor nitro, phenyl and chloro groups. the physico-chemical properties of metal ion A survey of literature reveals that metal-ligand complexes and effect of dielectric constants of stability constants of Aminoacids, Adific acid, solvents on stability constants. Therefore, the sulphonic acid and salicylic and their present work is undertaken to make of derivatives have seen studied by many systematic study of Cu(II) complexes with workers. Proton-ligand and metal-ligand substituted thiazines. Rare earth ions are stability constants of Lanthanide Metal ions used as probe in biochemistry of calcium. with substituted Pyrazolines and Pyrazoles Birnhanm et al.5 showed that lanthanide ion have been studied by Bansod2, Narwade etal.3 could substitute the calcium ion to produce have investigated the stability constants of active enzymine system. Use of unnatural Lanthanide metal ions with some substituted diacting agents in biological system is sulphonic acids spectrophotometrically. reported by Narwade6. The role of binary Sandawale and Narwade4 have studied the complexes in storage and transport for influence of dielectric constants of methanol- physiological activity of substances has been water mixtures on formation constants of studied7. The biological properties of * Department of Chemistry, Vidya Bharati Mahavidyalaya, Amravati.

Research Zone India - 1, Vol. (IV) 4, September - 2013 [ 19 ] ISSN 2319 - 8168 transition metal ion complexes have been continued for all the systems. This indicated reported by Sharma etal8. the commencement of complex formation MATERIALS AND METHODS: between ligand and metal ion before Experimental : Standard solution of 0.2M hydrolysis. The values (n-) metal-ligand

NaOH, 1M.KNO3 and 0.1M.KNO3 were formation numbers were evaluated by the use prepared by using A.R. grade reagents. The of Irving-Rossetti’s expression”. The values of aqueous solution of 0.01M of Cu(II) was log k1 for 1:1 complex and log k2 f or 1:2 prepared in double distilled water and its complex were evaluated and presented in concentration was checked by standard Table 1. solution of EDTA(0.01M). The solutions of 1, The values of stability constant increased with 3 all above substituted thiazine is prepared in increasing the percentage of dioxane-water 70% dioxane-water mixture as a solvent. mixture. Table 2 There is no an appreciable

Calvin-Bjerrum Titration Process : change in log k1 and log k2 values this may be Titrations are carried out in an inert due to fact of the effect of dioxane-bulk solvent atmosphere of nitrogen gas, in order to keep that indicates the formation of simultaneously 9 away CO2 and removal of dissolved oxygen . complexes. The deviation between ligand Three sets of titrations are performed as curve and metal ion curve indicated the follows: commentment of complex formation morever 1) Free acid titration nitric acid (1×10-1M). the change in colour during titration also 2) Free acid nitric acid (1×10-1M) + ligand indicated the formation of complex between (20×10-4 M). metal ion and ligand. 3) Free acid, nitric acid (1×10-1M) + ligand The Plots of pK/log k vs. 1/D (D-Dielectric (20×10-4 M) + Metal ion Cu(II), (4×10-4 M). Constant) Above three sets were titrated against The plots between pK /log k/D and 1 showed standard solution of 0.2M NaOH and 0.1M linear relationship. ionic strength was maintained constant by Water is recognized by all workers in solution adding an appropriate amount of 1M KNO3 field as being a unique structure having three solution. Titrations were carried out by dimensional like frame work. The dielectric bubbling nitrogen gas for removal of dissolved constant of a medium is not solely responsible oxygen gas. for the extent of dissociation. There is at least pH values were corrected by the use of Van- an additional factor for the chemical role of Vitart and Hass equation10. solvent in most cases.

Metal-ligand Stability Constants (log k1 and Table 1: Metal ligand stability constant log k 2) : The deviation of (acid + ligand metal between Cu(II) and flavanone substituted at ion) curves from (acid + ligand) curves was 0.1m ionic strength. found around pH 2.75 and increased

S.N. System Log k1 Log k2 1 3-(2’hydroxyl-3’,5 dichlorophenyl )-4-benzoyl)-5-butyl-∆2-isoxazoline 5.26 4.76 (L1) 2 3- benzoyl-2-(4’-nitrophenil)-6-8-dichoroflavanone (L2) 5.16 4.66 3 3-benzoyl-2-(4’-chlorophenyl)-6-8- dichoroflavoneane (L3) 5.26 4.86

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Table 2: The values of pK and log k in different percentage of dioxane-water mixture of Cu (II) -), 3-benzoyl-2-(4’-chlorophenyl)-6-8- dichoroflavanone complex. Dielectric Constant 1 % Dioxane Mole Fraction pK log k log k D D 1 2 50 34.26 0.02910 0.1735 5.76 4.55 4.65 55 30.10 0.03322 0.2041 6.50 4.60 4.60 60 25.85 0.03868 0.2395 7.15 4.85 4.65 65 21.80 0.04587 0.2805 7.65 4.85 4.82 70 17.69 0.05652 0.3288 8.01 5.25 4.75 75 14.4 0.06944 0.3864 8.40 5.20 4.43

Results and Discussion: References i) Calculation of Proton-ligand stability  Martell, A.E. - Stability constants of metal constant (pK). Existance of proton-ligand ion complexes. Special Publication Nos.17 equilibria corresponds to dissociation of and 25, Chemical Society Condon : (1960, proton from -OH group of legand. HL ? H+ + 1971). L- . The deviation between acid titration curve  Bansod Shrikant, Ph.D. Thesis in Chemistry and legand titration curve showed to start the submitted to SGB Amravati University dissociation of -OH group of ligand. The (2008). average number of proton-associated with  Narwade M.L. and Chincholkar M.M. - legand (n¯A) were determined ¯from deviation J.Ind.Chem.Soc., 62 (1985), 194. employing using Irving-Rossotti’s expressio11.  Sandawale P.J. and Narwade M.L. - Asian Formation curves were obtained by plotting J.Chem. 9, (1997), 479. - n A vs pH in different percentage of dioxane-  Brinhanm E.R. and Darnall D.W. - water mixture and pK values were obtained J.Bio.Chem., 45, (1970), 648. - at n A = 0.5. The pK values were found to be  Narwade M.L. - Acta Ciencia, Indica, increased with increasing the percentage of Vol.(XXC), No.1, (1994), 30. dioxane-water mixture. That may be due to  Banerjee A.K. and Rao K.K. - J.Indian Chem. the effect of bulky solvent. Bansod12 has Soc. 63, (1986), 480. observed same phenomenon for substituted  Sharma R.C., Tripathi S.P. and Sharpa R.S. - pyrazoles in different percentage of alcohol- Current Science 52, (1983), 410. water mixtures.  Vogel.A.L., Text Book of Practical Organic Acknowledgement: Chemistry, Langmans Green London Authors are thankful to Head of Chemistry (1956), 177. Department and Principal of Vidya Bharati  Van-Vitart L.G. and Hass C.G. - Mahavidyalaya, Amravati for providing the J.Am.Chem.Soc., 75 (1953), 475. necessary facilities.

Research Zone India - 1, Vol. (IV) 4, September - 2013 [ 21 ] ISSN 2319 - 8168 Science [Mathes] Research Zone India Vol. 1 Issue - (4) Sept.- 2013 Page - 22-26 ISSN 2319 - 8168 * Rajal Thadesar

INTRODUCTION OF ALGEBRA

Introduction summation, limits and convergence. Algebra is one of the broad parts of The adjective “algebraic” usually means mathematics, together with number theory, relation to algebra, as in “algebraic structure”. geometry and analysis. For historical reasons, For historical reasons, it may also mean the word “algebra” has several related relation with the roots of polynomial meanings in mathematics, as a single word or equations, like in algebraic number, algebraic with qualifiers. As a single word without extension or algebraic expression. article, “algebra” names a broad part of Algebra as a branch of mathematics :- mathematics. As a single word with article or Algebra can essentially be considered as doing in plural, “algebra” denote a specific computations similar to that of arithmetic mathematical structure. Such as algebra (ring with non-numerical mathematical objects theory) and algebra over a field. initially, these objects were variables that With a qualifier, there is the same distinction:- either represented numbers that were not yet Without article, it means a part of algebra, like known (unknowns) or represented an linear algebra, elementary algebra (the unspecified number (indeterminate or symbol-manipulation rules taught in parameter), allowing one to state and prove elementary courses of mathematics as part of properties that are true no matter which primary and secondary education), or abstract numbers are substituted for the algebra (the study of the algebraic structures indeterminates. For example, in the quadratic for themselves). equation are With an article, it means an instance of some indeterminates and is the unknown. Solving abstract structure, like a Lie algebra or an this equation amounts to computing with the associative algebra. variables to express the unknowns in terms Frequently both meanings exist for the same of the indeterminates. Then, substituting any qualifier, like in the sentence: Commutative numbers for the indeterminates, gives the algebra is the study of commutative rings, that solution of a particular equation after a simple all are commutative algebras over the integers. arithmetic computation.As it developed, Sometimes “algebra” is also used to denote the algebra was extended to other non-numerical operations and methods related to algebra in objects, like vectors, matrices or polynomials. the study of a structure that does not belong to Then, the structural properties of these non- algebra. For example algebra of infinite series numerical objects were abstracted to define may denotes the methods for computing with algebraic structures like groups, rings, fields series without using the notions of infinite and algebras Before the 16th century,

* Visiting Lacturer, Sir P.P. Institute of Science, Bhavnagar

[ 22 ] Research Zone India - 1, Vol. (IV) 4, September - 2013 ISSN 2319 - 8168 mathematics was divided into only two equations. . Their “excellent sexagesimal subfields, arithmetic and geometry. Even [numeration system] led to a highly developed though some methods, which had been algebra” [Kline]. They had a general procedure developed much earlier, may be considered equivalent to solving quadratic equations, nowadays as algebra, the emergence of although they recognized only one root and algebra and, soon thereafter, of infinitesimal that had to be positive. In effect, they had the calculus as subfields of mathematics only dates quadratic formula. They also dealt with the from 16th or 17th century.From the second equivalent of systems of two equations in two half of 19th century on, many new fields of unknowns. They considered some problems mathematics appeared,some of them included involving more than two unknowns and a few in algebra, either totally or partially. It follows equivalent to solving equations of higher that algebra, instead of being a true branch of degree. By contrast, most Egyptians of this era, mathematics, appears nowadays, to be as well as Greek and Chinese mathematics in acollection of branches sharing common the, usually solved such equations by methods. This is clearly seen in the geometric methods, such as those described Mathematics Subject Classification . In fact, in the Euclid’s Elements, the solution of algebra is, roughly speaking, the union of particular problems into more general sections general algebraic systems, Field systems of stating and solving equations, theory and polynomials, Commutative algebra, although this would not be realized until Linear and multilinear algebra; matrix theory, mathematics developed in medieval Islam. By Associative rings and algebras, Nonassociative the time of Plato, Greek mathematics had rings and algebras, Category theory; undergone a drastic change. The Greeks homological algebra, K-theory and Group created a geometric algebra where terms were theory. Some other first level areas may be represented by sides of geometric objects, considered to belong partially to algebra, like usually lines, that had letters associated with Number theory (mainly for algebraic number them.Diophantus sometimes called “the theory) and Algebraic geometry. Elementary father of algebra”, was an Alexandrian Greek algebra is the part of algebra that is usually mathematician and the author of a series of taught in elementary courses of mathematics. books called Arithmetica. These texts deal with Abstract algebra is a name usually given to the solving algebraic equations.The word algebra study of the algebraic structures themselves. comes from the Arabic language and much of History :- its methods from Arabic/Islamic mathematics. The start of algebra as an area of mathematics Earlier traditions discussed above had a direct may be dated to the end of 16th century, with influence on François Viète’s work. Nevertheless some Muhammad ibn Mûsâ al-Khwârizmî. earlier works may be considered as algebra Hellenistic mathematicians Hero of Alexandria and constitute the prehistory of algebra.The and Diophantus as well as Indian roots of algebra can be traced to the ancient mathematicians such as Brahmagupta Babylonians,who developed an advanced continued the traditions of Egypt and Babylon, arithmetical system with which they were able though Diophantus’ Arithmetica and to do calculations in an algorithmic fashion. Brahmagupta’s Brahmasphutasiddhanta are The Babylonians developed formulas to on a higher level. For example, the first calculate solutions for problems typically complete arithmetic solution (including zero solved today by using linear equations, and negative solutions) to quadratic equations quadratic equations, and indeterminate linear was described by Brahmagupta in his book

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Brahmasphutasiddhanta. Later, Arabic and constructibility issues.The “modern algebra” Muslim mathematicians developed algebraic has deep nineteenth-century roots in the work, methods to a much higher degree of for example, of Richard Dedekind and Leopold sophistication. Although Diophantus and the Kronecker and profound interconnections Babylonians used mostly special methods to with other branches of mathematics such as solve equations, Al-Khwarizmi contribution algebraic number theory and algebraic was fundamental. He solved linear and geometry. quadratic equations without algebraic Algebra may divided into “classical algebra” symbolism, negative numbers or zero, thus he (equation solving or “find the unknown has to distinguish several types of number” problems) and “abstract algebra”, also equations.The Greek mathematician called “modern algebra” (the study of groups, Diophantus has traditionally been known as rings, and fields). Classical algebra has been the “father of algebra” but in more recent developed over a period of 4000 years. times there is much debate over whether al- Abstract algebra has only appeared in the last Khwarizmi, who founded the discipline of al- 200 years. jabr, deserves that title instead.Those who Areas of mathematics support Diophantus point to the fact that the 1. Elementary algebra : Elementary algebra, algebra found in Al-Jabr is slightly more the part of algebra that is usually taught in elementary than the algebra found in elementary courses of mathematics. Arithmetica and that Arithmetica is syncopated while Al-Jabr is fully rhetorical.Those who support Al-Khwarizmi point to the fact that he introduced the methods of “reduction” and “balancing” which the term al-jabr originally referred to, and that he gave an exhaustive explanation of solving quadratic equations, supported by geometric Elementary algebra is the most basic form of proofs, while treating algebra as an algebra. It is taught to students who are independent discipline in its own right. His presumed to have no knowledge of algebra was also no longer concerned “with a mathematics beyond the basic principles of series of problems to be resolved, but an arithmetic. In arithmetic, only numbers and exposition which starts with primitive terms their arithmetical operations (such as +, “, ×, in which the combinations must give all possible prototypes for equations, which ÷) occur. In algebra, numbers are often henceforward explicitly constitute the true denoted by symbols (such as a, n, x, y or z). object of study”. This is useful because: François Viète’s work at the close of the 16th - It allows the general formulation of century marks the start of the classical arithmetical laws (such as a + b = b + a for all discipline of algebra.In 1637, René Descartes a and b), and thus is the first step to a published La Géométrie, inventing analytic systematic exploration of the properties of the geometry and introducing morden algebraic real number system. notationAbstract algebra was developed in the -It allows the reference to “unknown” 19th century, deriving from the interest in numbers, the formulation of equations and the solving equations, initially focusing on what is now called Galois theory, and on study of how to solve these. (For instance,

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“Find a number x such that 3x + 1 = 10 or developed an algebra of vectors in three- going a bit further “Find a number x such that dimensional space. Cayley (British, 1821- ax + b = c. This step leads to the conclusion 1895) developed an algebra of matrices (this that it is not the nature of the specific numbers is a non-commutative algebra). that allows us to solve it, but that of the The concept of a group (a set of operations operations involved). with a single operation which satisfies three - It allows the formulation of functional axioms) grew out of the work of several relationships. (For instance, “If you sell x mathematicians. Perhaps the most important tickets, then your profit will be 3x “ 10 dollars, steps were by Galois (French, 1811-1832). By or f(x) = 3x “ 10, where f is the function, and x the use of this concept Galois was able to give is the number to which the function is a definitive answer to the broad question of applied”.) which polynomial equations are solvable by Abstract Algebra : algebraic operations. His work also led to the In the 19th century British mathematicians final, negative resolution of the three famous took the lead in the study of algebra. Attention construction problems of antiquity - all were turned to many “algebras” - that is, various shown to be impossible under the restrictions sorts of mathematical objects (vectors, imposed. The concept of a field was first made matrices, transformations, etc.) and various explicit by Dedekind in 1879. Peano (Italian, operations which could be carried out upon 1858-1932) created an axiomatic treatment these objects. Thus the scope of algebra was of the natural numbers in 1889. It was shown expanded to the study of algebraic form and that all other numbers can be constructed in structure and was no longer limited to a formal way from the natural numbers. (“God ordinary systems of numbers. The most created the natural numbers. Everything else significant breakthrough is perhaps the is the work of man.” - Kronecker). development of non-commutative algebras. These are algebras in which the operation of References multiplication is not required to be  Boyer, Carl B. (1991), A History of commutative. (The first example of such an Mathematics (Second Edition ed.), John algebra were Hamilton’s quaternions - 1843.) Wiley & Sons, Inc. Peacock (British, 1791-1858) was the founder  Donald R. Hill, Islamic Science and of axiomatic thinking in arithmetic and Engineering (Edinburgh University Press, algebra. For this reason he is sometimes called 1994). the “Euclid of Algebra.” DeMorgan (British,  Ziauddin Sardar, Jerry Ravetz, and Borin 1806-1871) extended Peacock’s work to Van Loon, Introducing Mathematics consider operations defined on abstract (Totem Books, 1999). symbols. Hamilton (Irish, 1805-1865) demonstrated that complex numbers could be expressed as a formal algebra with operations defined on ordered pairs of real numbers ( (a,b) + (c,d) = (a+b,c+d) ; (a,b)(c,d) = (ac- bd,ad+bc) ). Gibbs (American, 1839-1903)

Research Zone India - 1, Vol. (IV) 4, September - 2013 [ 25 ] ISSN 2319 - 8168 Computer Science Research Zone India Vol. 1 Issue - (4) Sept.- 2013 Page - 22-30 ISSN 2319 - 8168 * Ankit Bhatt

BRAIN COMPUTER INTERFACE CONTROLLING COMMUNICATION DEVICES

Brain–computer interface (BCI), sometimes called a direct neural interface or a brain–machine interface (BMI), is a direct communication pathway between the brain and an external device. BCIs are often aimed at assisting, augmenting or repairing human cognitive or sensory-motor functions.Brain-Computer Interfaces (BCI), also referred to as Neuro-Prostheses, are conceived as technological interfaces between a machine (usually a computer) and the brain of a user. They should permit the use to perform a certain task, usually without implementing any motor action. This implies that neural impulses generated by the user’s brain are detected, elaborated and utilized by the machine, just about in real-time, to perform definite tasks. As an example, information can be processed and employed to control mechanical systems (e.g. actuators) or electrical devices (e.g. electronic equipment).A great demand for brain-machine interfaces is arising nowadays, pushed by several promising scientific and technological recent results, which are encouraging the concentration of efforts in such a direction. The possibility of measuring, processing and decoding brain activity, so that to interpret neuronal signals, is regarded as the challenging possibility of bypassing broken neural and/or motor structures in patients affected by motor disorders and paralyses. A great deal of efforts in neuroscience, robotics, and computer science are today spent by many research groups to develop BCI. In order to provide a glance at this vast field. This topic overview provides the communication channel between the brain signal and controlling machines, through which user can easily talk, make video conference, send massages, controlling directional devices through just brain signal.

WHAT IS BCI …? as EEG signals) rather than by peripheral A brain–computer interface (BCI), sometimes nerves and muscles, and these brain signals called a direct neural interface or a brain– do not depend for their generation on machine interface, is a direct communication neuromuscular activity. (Thus, e.g., a device pathway between a brain and an external that uses visual evoked potentials to device. BCIs are often aimed at assisting, determine eye-gaze direction is not a true BCI, augmenting or repairing human cognitive or for it relies on neuromuscular control of eye sensory-motor functions. position, and simply uses the EEG as a A BCI is a communication and control system measure of that position.) that does not depend in any way on the brain’s HISTORY:-Electrical signals produced by brain normal neuromuscular output channels. The activity were first recorded from the cortical user’s intent is conveyed by brain signals (such surface in animals by Richard Caton in 1875 (

* Shree Maruti Vidhya Mandir College Of Busi. Mgt. & Computer Science, Bhavnagar

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Caton, 1875) and from the human scalp by adapt to the user for increased usability. Hans Berger in 1929 (Berger, 1929).In the 75 This approach has been implemented and has years since Berger’s first report, The history proven to be quite successful One of the first of Brain-Computer-Interfaces (BCI) starts with persons who benefit from all the years of BCI Hans Berger’s discovery of the electrical research is Matt Nagle. In 2004 an electrode activity of human brain and the development array was implanted into his brain to restore of electroencephalography (EEG). functionalities he had lost due to paralysis. The EARLY AND FUTURE RESEARCHES OF BCI system required some training but finally he TECHNOLOGY:- Research on Monkey:- As was able to control the TV, check emails and almost all experiments which include a certain do basically everything that can be achieved risk for human lives, the first experiments by using a mouse. were conducted with animals more precisely Mobile Telephony:- Some of the most cutting- on primates. Work groups led by Schmidt, Fetz edge interfaces — technologies that even go and Baker found out that monkeys could get beyond gestural interfaces like control over the firerate of individual neurons Microsoft’s Kinect –- might be much closer to in the primary motor cortex, which is implementation than you think.In fact, a group responsible for executing voluntary of researchers in San Diego have developed a movements after a short period of training system that allows users to dial a phone time. number on a cellphone using only their thoughts. The method is surprisingly accurate and would be a huge advantage for people with disabilities or anyone who needs a more hands-free experience or who regularly performs tasks that require a high degree of mental focus.The technology, which was developed by University of California, San Diego neuroscience researcher Tzyy-Ping Jung and colleagues, tracks electrical activity in Research on Humans:- the brain using a headband of electrodes and However, not only monkeys were objects to a Bluetooth device. Users of the system were BCI research but also humans participated in shown digits from zero to nine flashing at experiments with both invasive (which means slightly different speeds on a computer screen; direct contact to the neurons by whatever this is the first instance we’ve seen of a brain means) and non-invasive approaches. There interface being applied to a mobile phone. have been many experiments using various Being able to make brain interfaces smaller, techniques for “reading the brain” such as the faster and cheaper might go a long way toward EEG, MEG, fMRI or similar methods. Some BCI these novel technologies becoming more designs rely on a phenomenon called “Cortial practical for everyday use for a mass audience. Plasticity” which states that the location of There are several reasons why BCI is an certain processing functions in the brain can important and active research area: change as the result of experience. This means - BCI is a new neuroscience paradigm that that this type of design relies heavily on the might help us better understand how the user adapting to the BCI in order to make it human brain works in terms of plasticity and function correctly. From a Human-Computer reorganization, learning, memory, attention, Interface point of view this is not an acceptable thinking, social interaction, motivation, solution. Rather one would expect the BCI to interconnectivity, and much more.

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- predict user intentions (such as movement These features are translated into commands planning) swiftly and reliably that operate a device, such as a word- - take appropriate actions (control a device, processing program, a wheelchair, or a give neuro feedback to a user). neuroprosthesis. It is Independent from - BCI research allows us to develop a new class peripheral nerves and muscles, using only of bioengineering control devices and robots central nervous system (CNS) activity. Users to provide daily life assistance to handicapped can voluntarily produce the required signals and elderly people. The system detects when the user wants to - BCI can expand possibilities for advanced emit a command that means it is human computer interfaces (HCIs), making asynchronous. them more natural, flexible, efficient, secure, 2. Invasive: Implanted sensors (electrode array, and user-friendly by enhancing the needle electrodes,electrocorticogram (ECoG).It interaction between the brain, the eyes, the is basically dependent on peripheral (non - body, and a robot or a computer. CNS) –activity.e.g., controlled eye - Movement. - transform this data into reliable information Evoked Potentials: Users modulate brain then knowledge; responses to external stimuli (automatic or - provide easy-to-use neurofeedback by voluntarily).Invasive BCI is purely based on effective visualization and sonification of the chip where a small kind of chip can b placed extracted brain signals as well as a graphical at some of the physical part of body from interface to display or visually confirm this where user cannot work properly like robotic knowledge. hand. A small chip is implanted at the physical layer or inside the body at muscle, sensory or internal level for capturing the sense signals for the controlling the device likewise operating the connected device with the body. Signal processing. A BCI records brain signals and processes them to produce device commands. This signal processing has these stages. The first stage is Types of BCI:- BCI work on the base of two feature extraction, the calculation of the values types of technologies which are… of specific features of the signals. These 1. Non – invasive: Without penetrating features may be relatively simple measures the scalp, mostly EEG, rarely magneto such as amplitudes or latencies of specific encephalogram ( MEG) potentials (e.g., P300), amplitudes, or “Brain cap” technology being developed at the frequencies of specific rhythms (e.g., University of Maryland allows users to turn sensorimotor rhythms), or firing rates of their thoughts into motion. individual cortical neurons, or they may be Design and operation of a BCI system more complex measures such as spectral Electrophysiological signals reflecting brain coherences. activity are acquired from the scalp, from the *signal conditioning and pre-processing steps cortical surface, or from within the brain and * feature extraction * Dimensionality are processed to measure specific signal reduction * pattern recognition * offline features (such as amplitudes of evoked and online learning potentials or EEG rhythms or firing rates of Reading the brain : - What is Neuroimaging? single neurons) that reflect the user’s intent. [ 28 ] Research Zone India - 1, Vol. (IV) 4, September - 2013 ISSN 2319 - 8168

“Neuroimaging includes the use of various Future work :- techniques to either directly or indirectly A group of the most important authors in the image the structure, function, or field of non-invasive BCIs gave the list of goals pharmacology of the brain. It is a relatively important for future progresses of these new discipline within medicine and systems. Future progress will depend on: neuroscience.” 1) identification of those signals, whether There are several methods of Neuroimaging. evoked potentials, spontaneous rhythms, or 1. Direct Neural Contact neuronal firing rates, that users are best able 2. Electroencephalography (EEG) to control; 3. Magnetoencephalography (MEG) 2) development of training methods for 4. Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging helping users to gain and maintain that (fMRI) control; Applications 3) delineation of the best algorithms for Medical applications:-BCIs provide a new and translating these signals into device possibly only communication channel for commands; people suffering from severe physical 4) attention to elimination of artifacts as disabilities but having intact cognitive electro-myographic and electro-oculographic functions. activity; Aerospace application:- One of the most 5) adoption of precise and objective important aerospace fields of applications is procedures for evaluating BCI performance. devoted to interfacing a human arm with a There is a limited amount of related work in this powered exoskeleton (orthotic device). area. A number of groups use research/ virtual reality:- Virtual reality is a one of the professional-quality EEG devices that offer up growing technology in the field of gaming, higher quality signals but are expensive and based training applications like space pilot training on wired headsets which can get brain signals etc. theist is a signal generation and analysis and process with neurophone. In contrast, from past feedback can be use to control that consumer oriented EEG headsets are brain computer interface system for virtual considerably cheaper and noisier, but at the same reality. time are more geared toward gaming applications Mental state monitoring:-Conducting all the rather than the types of classification we have signal trials from patient brain and different used them for. Typically, these headsets are pattern analysis different mental state can be wireless, enabling mobile uses. the phone is used monitored via different brain signal as a mobile display and not as a phone. techniques for future reference and treatment conclusion : We have presented the evaluation from pattern analysis. Schematic model of a of an initial prototype that brings together combined framework, where the BCI system neural signals and phones to drive mobile consists of the EEG as input, extracts and applications in new ways. One could argue that classifies EEG-parameters and calculates a connecting the wireless Emotive EPOC EEG control signal, which is sent to the VR system headset and We believe the NeuroPhone and influences there the visual feedback. system is an important development precisely * in these technological era and globalization because it is simple to engineer using cheap of business devices and application, BCI is but noisy commercial components. going to be a vast research area for brain NeuroPhone opens up new opportunities and signal and gesture movement of mobile challenges in ubiquitous sensing and technology and device controlling. pervasive computing.

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References  F. Lotte, M. Congedo, A. L´ecuyer, F. Lamarche, and B. Arnaldi. A review of classification algorithms for EEG-based brain-computer interfaces. J Neural Eng, 4(2):R1–R13, Jun 2007.  A. Mouraux and G. Iannetti. Across-trial averaging of event-related EEG responses and beyond. Magnetic resonance imaging, 26(7):1041–1054, 2008.  K. Li, R. Sankar, Y. Arbel, and E. Donchin. P300 Based Single Trial Independent Component Analysis on EEG Signal. Foundations of Augmented Cognition. Neuroergonomics and Operational Neuroscience, pages 404–410, 2009.  A. Mouraux and G. Iannetti. Across-trial averaging of event-related EEG responses and beyond. Magnetic resonance imaging, 26(7):1041–1054, 2008.  Cen, D., et al., “Advances in neural interfaces: report from the 2006 NIH Neural Interfaces Workshop, “ J. Neural Eng. 4, S137 (2007)  Kostov, A. and Polak, M. (2000). Parallel man-machine training in development of EEG-based cursor control. IEEE TransRehabil Eng, 8, 203–205.

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WOMEN IN SPORTS: CHANGING CONCEPT AND EVOLVING ROLE

The fact that girls and women can successfully and women has yet to be properly established. compete in strenuous athletic activities Even though it is well accepted by all without physiological and psychological harm concerned in this field that a women can be is gradually gaining belated acceptance in our both physically active and feminine at the society. In the past, female participation in same time. Expert opinions gathered from sports and physical recreation was doctors of medicine, teachers, researchers, discouraged mainly for aesthetic and cultural psychologists and the women athletes reasons. The cultural conditions under which themselves produce an ever increasing we have lived have insisted that there are amount of proof that as long as a girl or women distinct physiological and psychological is physically fit voluntary participation in differences between men and women that competitive sports is not detrimental to either preclude the latter from participating in her health or her morals. It is, rather, definitely strenuous physical activity particularly of a beneficial. competitive of a competitive nature. But Social Aspect history reveals that in ancient Greece, for The difference between masculine and example, the Spartan girls were trained by feminine behavior is associated with sharp women trainers who employed a programmer contrasts in temperament. The male viewed as similar to that of boys including running, naturally aggressive and active, which are jumping, weight throwing and wrestling. At characteristics compatible with vigorous, the time women indulge in strenuous physical highly competitive sport. Conversely, the activity and thrived on it. It was, in earlier a female is seen as naturally non aggressive and way of life and was accepted as such. passive. Further, western culture has Women’s athletic- worthy of the name- did not traditionally defined female as inferior and exist prior to World War I & women began dependent on men, with their primary role Olympic competition widely only in 1928. The responsibilities being as child bearers, rearers study of specialized physiology involved in the of children, home marks, and otherwise reaction of the female at different ages to the facilitating their husband’s achievement and various stressors in athletic competition is success. Their prevailing role of a feminine relatively new. Furthermore, women’s women clearly was at odds with that of a athletics have developed around modifications competitive athlete which was seen as of existing men’s sports; whether these demanding aggressiveness, dominance, tough activities are best suited to the unique and the mindedness, and risk taking. physiological, and sociological needs of girls Scientists assert that sex role have changed

* Director of Physical Education, M.J. COllege of Commerce, Bhavnagar

Research Zone India - 1, Vol. (IV) 4, September - 2013 [ 31 ] ISSN 2319 - 8168 significantly in recent years, primarily with men women are weaker in the chest, because unprecedented numbers of women arms and shoulders but the leg strength per have entered economic life and have unit body unit is actually slightly greater in the demanded equality with men, at first in the female. workplace, and then in other aspects of life. With respect to strength development, relative The women’s movement has elicited strength- increases in the female are the same numerous changes in public social and or even better than in males following similar political consciousness, and has helped weight training programmer. From weight redefine occupational and family roles for training programme female can expect little or women. The women’s movement encouraged no change in total body weight, a decrease in the dramatic increase in sports participation body fat and increase in muscle size. among girls and women since the early 1970s. Women are subject to the same physiological Even more important, though, has been the laws as are men. However females have a effect of Title IX of 1972 Education smaller heart and faster pulse rat. These Amendments, which mandated that sex indicate a greater and more rapid increase in connot serve as grounds for exclusion from pulse rate at the beginning of exercise and participation in any educational program or much slower recovery following exercise. The activity(Adams 1991) pulse rates of trained women athletes are A factor of particular importance in continued about ten beats per minute slower the those resistance to full equality in sports of non- athletes. participation for females are the persistent At the rest average number of RBC in the effects of several social institutions which are female is 4.5 million per cu. Mm as compared traditionally slow to change. One’s learning of to five million per cu. Mm in the male. Post their sexual identity is initialed by their family, exercise values reflect an increase of and is subject to significant differences in approximately one million for both the sexes. childrearing practices. Children learn parental The total amount of hemoglobin and the total expectations of sex- appropriate behavior, blood volume for the female are les than for which includes sports and vigorous physical the male, the differences being about 25 per pursuits being identified with the male role and cent between untrained men and women and negatively associated with the female role. only about 12 per cent after each is trained. Women in Sports- Physiological Aspects : At a given level of oxygen consumption women Women by virtue of their sex are at a indicate a higher heart rate than do men. On disadvantage in a very large number of spots. the other hand at a given heart rate men can Therefore they should be jugged in terms of transport more oxgen during sub maximal and relative only to the performance standard of maximal work. In both sexes the maximum their sex. Sex has a definite influence on heart rate dears a linear relationship with an training principally because of physiological increased work load. However women become differences in the capacity to perform exhausted at0 a lower rate of performance. exercises. Blood pressure values both diastolic and General muscle strength in the female is systolic are from 5 to 10 mm of Hg. Lower in approximately two thirds that of the male. the female. Strength differences between male and female Physical Trainability and Females are reduced when related to body size. Again Among trained female subject a significant strength differences very among the different increase in the heart volume, cardiac output muscle groups. For example, in comparison and stroke volume were observed. When compared with sedentary data, the magnitude [ 32 ] Research Zone India - 1, Vol. (IV) 4, September - 2013 ISSN 2319 - 8168 of the changes are comparable with that of training indicates that training frequency, males. Trained subjects of both sexes appear duration and intensity have similar effects on to utilize their anaerobic process to both sexes. Adaptations to athletic training are approximately the same level. It has also been more similar than differences do exist, but they shower that muscular training in female results should be recognized mainly as differences in increased capacities of 1) A.T.P-P.C. system magnitude rather than mechanism. There is and 2) anaerobic glycol sis that is the Lactic very little research available in present time acid system. This increase is evidenced by concerning the female and physical training. the ability to accumulate significantly greater However the findings support the idea that in quantities of of blood lactic acid following general, females benefit from training just as maximal exercise, but less than male. females males do and that this benefit is brought about and male. through similar physiological changes. There are certain biological differences Women in Sports- Psychological Aspects between females and males. There is no good Considering biological differences between evidence to indicate that coaches, athletic male and female there is no supportive trainers of other officials in charge of athletics documents from a psychological view point for women need to be concerned with any of exercise are different in male and female special rules and regulations regarding sports participants. Though limitations are there in participation for normal, healthy girls and respect of intensity, duration and load with women. The young, prepubertal girl is no particular reference to involvement of more at risk for injury than is the young, pre strength pubertal boy. From a psychological view point there is no After puberty, the young women tend to have supportive literature indicating difference of less strength and a greater per cent of body male and female in respect of behavioral fat than the male, and does not perform as well aspect of exercise. Through the process of in speed and strength activities socialization and sex role stereolyping , gender There are a number of body fluctuations which related differences in predominant need and occur in the young women with the menstrual preferred personality characteristics do exist. cycle. At present there is no evidence that such From the finding of Helmreich and Spence variation is an overriding consideration in (1977) it appears that those women (both women’s participation in sports or exercise. athlete and scientists) who succeed in those Further there is no evidence that would areas of endeavor defined as stereo typically indicate that vigorous athletic activity, masculine do not do this at the expense to conducted in a proper and intelligent fashion, feminity. They further concluded that our is harmful to those women athletes who stereotypic conception of masculinity and subsequently will bear children. Pregnancy feminity in relation to achieving women may may be a deterrent to the competitive athlete. have been overly simplistic. Study in women Certain modifications must be made during athletes. Williams (1978) identified that this period. Because physical activity is certain characteristics appeared to be elated necessary for proper human functioning, it is to highly skilled female athletes. These athletes essential that women, as well as men, appeared to be more “Assertive, dominant, self participate in man of the opportunities which sufficient independent, aggressive, intelligent, are available in sports and physical activity achievement oriented, reserved and to have programmers. average to low emotionally”. Present information concerning physical

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Comparison of Performance performance for men and women is given for There are distinct difference in men and 1963 to allow comparison with 1978 and women in respect of Anatomical structure, 2009. Over this period of time great changes Physiological and Psychological functioning, occurred in the involvement of women in high as well as socio- cultural conditions during level competitive sports. Thus where the incubation period of a prospective sports standing of women relative to men did not person. Overcoming many hurdles women improve much, the difference probably were allowed to participate in competitive represents a real sex difference. Scientists sports, in true sense, after 34 years of their were of the opinion that biological sex men counterpart in modern Olympics. In the differences must be accepted, while following table performance of male and differences that are merely behavioral, given female in selected sports activates are time and appropriate effort will change the presented. The percentage ratio of scenario. Performance of elite women athletes are very close to men and only a handful of male athletes world wide are better than champion women. Comparison of world record for Men and Women in Different Events Event Ratio of Performance (%) Women Men As on 1963 As on 1978 As on 2009 Swimming(M) As on 2009 As on 2009 100m Freestyle 52.07 49.91 90 89 90 200m Freestyle 1:52.98 1:42.0 90 93 90 400m Freestyle 3:40.15 3:40.07 89 94 92 800m Freestyle 8:14.10 7:32.12 90 94 91 1500m Freestyle 15:42.54 14:34.56 91 93 93 100m Breaststroke 1:04.45 58.58 86 89 90 200m Breaststroke 2:20.12 2:07.31 89 89 90 100m Butterfly 56.06 49.82 86 91 89 200m Butterfly 2:03.41 1:51.51 86 92 90 100m Backstroke 58.12 51.94 88 90 89 200m Backstroke 2:04.81 1:51.92 88 90 90 Running (m) 100 10.49 9.58 89 91 91 400 47.60 43.18 85 89 91 800 1:.53.28 1:41.11 86 90 89 1500 3:50.46 3:26.00 --- 90 89 3000 8:06.11 7:20.67 --- 89 91 Marathon 2hr15.25 2hr03.59 --- 83 91 Field Events High Jump 2.09m 2.45m 84 82 85 Lung Jump 7.52m 8.95m 80 79 84 Table shows a comparison of World Records The Olympic movement brings and influential in various activities between male and female alliance of organizations to that task: the competitor. Most important is the comparison International Olympic Committee (IOC); the of how close women come to men in the National Olympic Committees (NOCs), various types of activity. comprised of representatives from The principle of equality of men and women “ participating states; and the International

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Federations (IFs), nongovernmental References organizations that administer sports at a world  Adams W.C., (1991) foundations of Physical level. As a result, the IOC, NOCs, Ifs have Education Exercise and Sport Sciences, Lea established goals to promote women in & Febiger Philadelphia Olympic decision- making positions. Currently  Banerjee A.K. (1983) Facts & Implications there are 15 female members of the 155- in Women’s Sports ‘Prochesta’, Journal of member IOC, up from 12 in 2005. the Department of Physical Education, In March 2008, during the 4th IOC conference University of Kalyani. on Women and Sport, held in Jordon, 600 male  Benerjee Krishna, (1997) Influence of and female member of the Olympic movement organized Physical Education Programme met to discuss diverse issues, such as new on selected performance variables & opportunities to increase the participation of psycho- physiological potentialities of women in sport, female athletics as role models trainee females, unpublished Ph.D.thesis for young girls, and how culture determines Kalyani university. women’s access to sport.  Helmreich R. Spence J.T., (1977) Sex roles and achievement. In Christinia and Landers (Eds) Psychology of motor behavior of sport, Humman Kineties.  Gertrud Pfister, (1996). The struggle for Olympia: The women’s world games and participation of women in Olympic Games, ICHPER-SD, Journal Vol XXXII No.4 summer.  Williams J. M. (1978) Personality Characteristics of the successful female

Research Zone India - 1, Vol. (IV) 4, September - 2013 [ 35 ] ISSN 2319 - 8168 Physical Education Research Zone India Vol. 1 Issue - (4) Sept.- 2013 Page 36-37 ISSN 2319 - 8168 * Dr. Digant Oza

YOGA : A SOLUTION TO OVERCOME THE III- EFFECTS OF MODERN LIFE STYLE

The concept of physical fitness has undergone maintaining physical health, they are radical changes during last century. Initially important for athletic performance or the idea was more influenced by medical physically demanding jobs search as military personal and accordingly, it was understood service and emergency and rescue service. as the ability of the organic system to carryout “Physical fitness is one’s Richest possession; physical work. Later on physical fitness was it can’t be purchased, it has to be earned considered to have two aspects- Physical through a daily routine of physical exercise” working capacity and motor fitness. Physical — Uppaal working capacity was understood as the As per the saying one’s physical fitness can’t organic efficiency and motor fitness was be purchased in any shop, It has to be considered as the ability to do some movement acquired, By an individual by some king of tasks. Still later motor fitness was thought to regular physical work of exercise. Our body is have two aspects- Performance related fitness the prime basis for all our achievements. If we and Health related. Performance related fitness are not physically fit or healthy automatically primarily indicates the athletic ability, where our mental health is also affected. In recent as the health related fitness has been years we find that many people are just after considered to be related to functional health money & luxurious life- styles. They do not and well being. have any time to think about their health and One of the major benefits of physical activity fitness. Now days what we eat is also totally is that it helps people improve their physical different from what we were eating is past. We fitness. Fitness is a state of well-being that want modernization every where right from allows people to perform daily activities with the kitchen to the office. And also we don’t have vigor, participate in a variety of physical enough time to sleep, as now a days most of activities, and reduce their risks for health the companies are working in shift basis. May problems. Five basic components of fitness are be an individual can cope up with these things important for good health, cardio respiratory till his thirties. But when he reaches 40, he is endurance, muscular endurance, flexibility and likely to have psycho somatic disorders, body composition. A second set of attributes, because of lack of physical fitness, faulty food referred to as support or skill related physical habits & sleeping habits, etc. This problem fitness, includes power speed, agility, balance could be solved only by changing the life style, and reaction time. Although skill related by participating in physical/ recreational fitness attributes are not essential for activities and participating in healthy social

* PTI, Takshshila Institute of Management, Bhavnagar

[ 36 ] Research Zone India - 1, Vol. (IV) 4, September - 2013 ISSN 2319 - 8168 gathering. Apart from all these, yoga & Yoga is a science that regulates the physical & meditation plays a vital role in solving the Physiological behavior of an individual. problems created by modem life style. Regular practice of yoga will develop physical Problems of modern lifestyle fitness and keeps the ailments away and also Uncountable problems are created by present it gives the mental power. Some of the day’s lifestyle. The following are the three main advantages of Yoga are : Problems which are the root cause for other * It’s a traditional system of practice, problems and risk. coordinates, both mind and body, which is * Stress ultimately needed for the today’s modernized * Cardiac Problems society. * Obesity * Yoga plays a vital role determining the The problems accumulated at the body level individual’s physical and mental fitness. as stiffness at the body level as stiffness of * Unlike some allopathy medicines, yoga joints and spasms of muscles can be released practice has no side affects. by the practice of yogasanas which are * Yoga does not relieve only the symptoms, congenial postures of the body. Yoga in itself even eliminates the root cause for the disease is a science of health management rather than and provides complete cure from that disease. a method of treatment. When yoga is * Regular practice of yoga prevents occurrence combined with certain healing and of may diseases of modernized style. therapeutic modalities, it increases health, To conclude this. I would strongly recommend general wellbeing and longevity. It does this suggest yoga as one of the preventive & social by removing tensions, calming the mind and medicines of westernized society. improving vitality. Yoga generally enhances our lives on all levels. Yoga a way to Balanced Life Health is the foundation on which rests the happiness of the people and the strength of a nation

Research Zone India - 1, Vol. (IV) 4, September - 2013 [ 37 ] ISSN 2319 - 8168 Physical Education Research Zone India Vol. 1 Issue - (4) Sept.- 2013 Page 38-39 ISSN 2319 - 8168 * Dr. D. S. Wankhade

YOGA AND QUALITY OF HUMAN LIFE

Promotion of health and quality of life through awareness is the prime objective of Yoga. From yogic perspective, health does not mean just a disease free body. It believes in a holistic approach to health of which the body, the mind and the spirii are integral and interdependent aspects. Yoga lakes into consideration both the positive and negative aspects of health. Yoga is not just about exercise, it’s a way of life. Most people have their first experience of Yoga by joining a Yoga-class and practicing asaiias. Other lhan performing asanas regularly, moderation in food, discipline in behaviour, purity in thoughts, sharing & caring are also other parts of Yoga.

Introduction approach to health of which the body, the Yoga is a promotional science which aims at mind and the spirit are integral and evolution of mind and personality while interdependent aspects. working in the society we must keep our According to Swami Satyanand Sarswati, Man physical and menial balance alive. We should today is seek because he thinks he is seek. not forget that we are all human beings and it Sickness and illness have no place in the life of is utmost necessity to keep our human hood a person who does not accept and tolerate the ever alive. God has not sent us on this very thoughts of self-limiting which are real seeds planet to enjoy the senses like other animals. of our myriad aliments. We stand hypnotized While shaping us in this human form he has by disease and illness as our fale and destiny personified some sort of duties that we have rather than health and bliss which are truly our to perform in the larger perspective of birth right and heritage. In order to emerge mankind. from mans hypnosis and collective hysteria of Emergence of humanistic transpersonal disease and illness and experience real health, psychology and realization of the significance joy and creative fulfillment \ve must make of higher order human needs gave rise to systematic application of yoga in our daily lives. investigations into psychological or subjective Yoga takes into consideration both the positive well-being, promotion of quality of life and and negative aspects of health. By-positive ingredients of positive mental health. health is meant physical fitness, mental agility Yogic Management : and spiritual verve. It is expressed in overall Promotion of health and quality of life is the satisfaction, inner happiness, piece and prime objective of Yoga and is the point of blissful experiences. On the other hand neglect greatest attraction for researchers and of any of the three aspects (i.e. body, mind & practitioners in yoga. From the yogic spirit) of health result in imbalance and perspective, health does not mean just a disharmony in the being and the person disease free body. It believes in a holistic carries negative health.

* Dept. of Physical Education, Vidya Bharati Mahavidyalaya, Amravati (Maharashtra)

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A good deal of studies have been done to 4.00-5.00 p.m. : Gardening / Sports / Seva indicate the short and long term effects of the 5.00-6.00 p.m. : Dinner yogic practices on psycho physiological 6.00 - 7.00 p.m. : Prayer functioning and their role in the prevention 7.00-9.00 p.m. : Self Study and management of different health problems. 9.00p.m. : To Bed The selected yogic practices have a favorable The above routine places more emphasis on conditioning effect on various physiological expansion of awareness and consciousness. systems. The different meditational practices This also helps the yoga aspirant to develop a have relaxing and rejuvenating effects on the well organised personality with great co- respiratory, circulatory and nervous system. ordination between head, heart and hands. As a result yogic practices have been found Conclusion : useful in preventing and managing disorders 1. Yogic Science fruitful field for fundamental related to the body systems. and applied research and teaching at higher The psychosomato-spiritual approach of |yoga levels by behavioural scientist, particularly is more effective in managing stress-related psychologistic. psychosomatic problems. It was found that the 2. It is important that indigenous knowledge yogic lifestyle adopted by the aspirants of yoga and yoga psychology is suitably resulted in a substantial reduction in their incorporated as an integrated aspect of life in anxiety, depression, obsession, hostility and our routine. paranoid ideation. 3. Yoga is good for everyone so people of all In order to understand the yogic view on professions, cultures, religions and socio- promotion of personality we must look into economic strata adopt yogic lifestyle and attain the spiritual aspect of human life and yogic an inspired vision for future. models of personality. It includes, 4. Yogic life style has the potential to (I)purification of self and (ii) expansion of self. harmonize the emotional life of the individual From the yogic viewpoint, observance of and helps one to gear up for the inner journey ‘Yamas’ and ‘Niyamas’ and the practices of of the everlasting contentment. asana. pranayama. meditation etc. are different purification techniques for the mind References & body.  Swami Niranjanand Saraswati, Yoga On the other hand, expansion of self refers to Darshan, Alak Bara, Deoghar. transcendence, positive emotions and  Swami Rama & Swami Ajay (1976). Crative attitudes expressed in care and love for all. use of emotion, Himalaya International Inst. Yoga is, therefore, a promotive science which of Yoga Science & Philosophy, USA. aims at evolution of mind and personality.  Shushant Pandey & Ashwini Kumar, Effect Yogic routine for an aspirant: of Ashram life on Emotional Status Yoga 2.5 4.00 a.m. : Wake up and cleaning Activity. (2003), Munger, Uihar. India. 5.00 - 6.00 a.m. : Asanas  Prof.L.I.Bhushan, Re-emerging Yogic 6.00-6.30 a.m. : Break fast Science: Instrument for Individual & 6.30 - 7.00 a.m. : Meditation Societal trans formal ion, Yoga 2,5 (2003), 7.00 - 8.00 a.m. : Seva Munger Biliar, India. 8.00- 11.00a.m. : Studies  Swami Sivanand Saraswati, The Purpose of 11.00- 12.00 noon : Self study / Seva Education, ‘Yoga1 4.9 (2005), Mungtr. Bihar, 1.00- 1.30p.m. : Tea India. 1.30-2.00 p.m. : Yoga Nidra / Swadhyay  Barnes. B.L. (1994), Mental health issue in 2.30 - 4.00 p.m. : Studies / Seva Industry, Phoenix publishing, New Delhi. Research Zone India - 1, Vol. (IV) 4, September - 2013 [ 39 ] ISSN 2319 - 8168 Physical Education Research Zone India Vol. 1 Issue - (4) Sept.- 2013 Page 40-43 ISSN 2319 - 8168 * Chetan Dhanani

MEDITATION

INTRODUCTION peaceful. Whatever the apparent reason, the More and more people are interested in underlying purpose is spiritual . learning meditation. The question is which * The Spiritual purpose method to choose. There are many techniques * Meditation and Character Development taught through different schools, ashrams and * Meditation for Health organizations. Here we will look at a few PHYSICAL ARRANGEMENTS FOR commonly practiced ways and focus in detail MEDITATION : Although meditation is not a on Raja Yoga because it includes most of the physical activity as such, suitable physical other techniques. This is the meditation arrangements enhance experience and recommended in the srimad Bhagwad Gita. progress. The physical and spiritual are always Raja Yoga means the king of Yogas. It involves in tendem, each influencing the other, purposeful thought about sprititual concepts. therefore we must take this into consideration Meditation is very personal. It takes place deep for optimum results. within everyone’s heart. Environment : Meditation has an effect on WHAT IS MEDITATION ? physical place, just as physical places have an Meditation is deep and purposeful thought effect on people. The atmosphere of a place is about eternal verities. It is a method to dwell created by the activities and thoughts that on the landscape of your mind with occur there. It is beneficial to select a place at understanding and a means to access ones self home that is kept specifically for meditation subconscious. It teaches you to have where you can build up the vibrations and concentration, single track thinking and atmosphere. This helps you have good quality instant recognition of deviations from your meditation. Your meditation on space should intended focus. You learn how to distinguish keep clam uncluttered. Although meditation between thought patterns and to select those can be done anywhere, for your fixes time which are positive, useful and lead you to your regular practice a dedicated meditation place chosen goals. makes a considerable difference. PURPOSE OF MEDITATION Beginning Meditation : It is good to select a Meditation fulfils many purposes. Some people time such as a early morning or evening when meditate for health reasons, some for gaining you are less likely to get interrupted. Make greater concentration to improve their sure you are fresh and clean, and wear light performance in the arts or sport. Some colored loose clothing. Sit straight on your meditate specifically for overcoming character cushion or chair or the floor in a “half lotus” defects and developing their personalities. pose. People Some meditate simply to become calm and * Lacturar in Phy Edu., The K.P.E.S. College, Bhavnagar

[ 40 ] Research Zone India - 1, Vol. (IV) 4, September - 2013 ISSN 2319 - 8168 who practice hatha yoga asanas like to sit in How Often To Meditate : Meditation is the full lotus pose, but it is not required for cumulative. It is good to start with short raja yoga because your attention is on meditations of a few minutes at a time and establishing a balanced pose within the mind build up to longer periods. As you progress you and consciousness. The physical Position will be able to achieve good quality meditation simply needs to be balanced and comfortable. for longer periods. As you progress you twice If you choose to sit on a chair, it is good to keep a day, interspersed with several shorter your back straight, feet together and legs periods during activities. Your meditation will uncrossed. This allows the subtle energies of develop if you keep up a daily practices. If you your body to flow unobstructed. Take the first miss a few days. taw minutes to centre yourself. let your TYPES OF MEDITATION thoughts quieter and focus on establishing Mantra Meditation :A mantra is a sacred soul-consciousness. word, usually given by a guru to his or her How to Set Your Mind : In ordinary day-to- followers upon their initiation. The mantra is day consciousness your thoughts are whispered as it is meant to be kept secret, and externally focused. Your mind is fully is chanted internally or externally by the connected with your sense and constantly meditation. There are several very well known receiving information from them. In addition, and often used mantras for example OM, OM the sensory input triggers memories and NAMO SHIVAI, HARE RAMA- HARE KIRSHNA, sanskars from the immediate or distant past. OM SHANTI etc, some mantras are longer and All this distracts the mind and makes are shlokas, or verses, taken from important concentration efforts. scriptures of India. Some teachers of The first step of meditation is to turn your meditation emphasize correct pronunciation mind within. Your eves are open, you can hear, because the power of the mantra lies in the smell, feel and taste, yet your attention is utterance of the sacred sound. For others more detached from your senses. You are focused importance is given to the meaning of the within, still aware of the outside world, but it sacred word. Sounding the sacred mantra is dose not bull your attention against your will. carried on the breath, prana, which is widely Meditation With Open Eyes : Raja yoga thought of as the life energy or soul of a meditation is practiced with open. While person. Sounding the sacred word therefore, focused internally on the light of the soul, look is considered a step towards consecrating your through your eyes and let your gaze rest on life to the Divine, desiring that the Divine the point symbol of the supreme soul. Yoga essence and your own essence become means the connection of the mind between merged. you, the soul and God, the supreme soul. Where importance is given to the meaning of Your success in creases as you develop your the sacred word, it is delived to come from the concentration. The more you are free the Divene intelligence. One meaning of the word distractions of thoughts of the inner world and mantra is ‘advice’. If you chant OM SHANTI in the events of the external world. If you try to the understanding that it means I am, I exst, meditate with closed eyes, you con not become my existence is spiritual, unending, divine and truly focused. In addition, various images or eternally pur, and my essence is peace, then memories will appear on the screen of your you are expected to absorb its significance into mind to distract you and, because meditation your consciousness. The mantra advises you takes you to a very peaceful state of being, you to be conscious of your essential spirituality, will probably fall asleep. to be stable in peace and to be-come free from

Research Zone India - 1, Vol. (IV) 4, September - 2013 [ 41 ] ISSN 2319 - 8168 the influence of the ephemeral nature of your oxygenated air which represents taking in the material existence. purifying energy of the divinity. On the out- Japa Meditation : Japa meditation use the breath, you expel carbon dioxide and the technique of repetition because repetition impurifies of the body. The more consciously makes awareness stronger and creates and ritualistically this is done, the more impact momentum. A mantra is chanted aloud or this has on your awareness and faith. internally as a repeating thought or prayer, Pranayama is well known to be good for health while the beads of rosary are turned. There is and many people practice is specifically for emphasis on the number of times a manitra is health reasons. repeated. A typical rosary contains 108 beads, Yama and Niyama : Yama and Niyama apply and the mantra is chanted one for each bead. to lifestyle discipline which enhance and The meditator may chant which is internal or complement a meditation practice. They refer secret. Sometimes the rosary is kept inside a to hygiene practice, and include refraining bad and the meditator turns the rosary, chants from using intoxicant like alcohol and silently and tries to sustain the meditator cigarates, following a vegetarian or sattwic practice while doing other activities at the diet, and sleeping and rising early. All these same time. The intension behind this to practices pramote a healthy, balanced way of develop a spiritual while doing day-to-day life which complements your developments activities. your developments of values. The aim is the Dhyanna Meditation : Dhyanan meditation each aspect of your life and your meditation is aimed at developing concentration on the practices should work holistically. Meditation sacred object. A devotee will sit in a particular enables you to be in balances with yourself and meditative posem generally the half lotus or consequently your dealing with others full lotus pose or asana. The asana is given become more harmonious and ssensitive. importence because the positionm or the Raja Yoga : Raj yoga deals with the spiritual attitude you adopt during meditation, affects dimensions of your inner life. It includes all the outcome of the meditation exercise. It is the above techniques but interprets them ina important for the body to be balance and to more symbolic way. For example the mantra sit straight to that all the subte physical is not repeated verbally or silentely internally, energies are unrestricted, then meditation but rather you think deeply about it and then will be more successful. With half closed remind yourself to stay aware of the meaning eyes, the meditator then focus his or her of mantra. This changes the quality of your attention upon the figure of the divinity. The consiousness. In this way, meditation image or figureor the deity represent the practices are a process of shifting again and scared and are therefore suitable objects for again from body-consciousness to soul- concentration and contemplation. Your mind consciousness. Maintaining soul- if affected by what you see, so when you are consciousness is awareness of the soul, the life focused upon sacred object for a long period force and divine light and progressively subtle of time the impact of that vision cav bring you effort to stay in that state of being and from to an internal state of sacred awareness. there to more your consciousness or thoughts Pranayama : Meditation upon the breath is beyond into the non-material realm of purity favored technique because prana, the breath, and silence where you can connect and is considered to be the life force which is commune with God, yhe Supreme Soul. This secred. Attension is given to inhalation and requires stillness of mind, focus and purity of exhalation. On the in-breath you absorb fresh thought. For that, asana is to sit in the

[ 42 ] Research Zone India - 1, Vol. (IV) 4, September - 2013 ISSN 2319 - 8168 metaphorical lotus pose of detachment and natural outcomes of regular and deep practice balance. of meditation. CONCLUSIONS Meditation strengthens the inner self and Meditation is introspective technique. Its establishes s link with the divine source of practice enables you to look within and make values. Several traditional forms of contact with your inner truth. Your conscience meditations are there which can be used to is awaked and refined which brings you into develop emotional maturity. contact with your intrinsic positive qualities. You discover your natural sense of morality REFERENCES and justice which make it easy for you to Brahmr Kumrris Educational Sociery, “Vala follow the dietates of your consciousness. Education Meditation & val-use” Positive thinking and emotional maturity are (Rajasthan, mount Abu: Om shanti printing press,2004)

Research Zone India - 1, Vol. (IV) 4, September - 2013 [ 43 ] ISSN 2319 - 8168 Physical Education Research Zone India Vol. 1 Issue - (4) Sept.- 2013 Page 44-45 ISSN 2319 - 8168 * Jignesh Zala

HEALTH AND PHYSICAL MANAGEMENT

The purpose of the investingation was to find out the compavision of sports competition Anxiety of Inter Moval Tournaments Boy’s Basketball and Football players. The study conducted on 60 boys inter moral tournaments players, 30 from Basketball players and 30 from Football, who were selected randomly from different course of swamiviveknand physical education college, Gujarat, Gujarat University, Gandhinagar. Anxiety (SCAT) questionmaire of render Martens,a day before they were to play their matches. The finding revealed that the significant difference between Basketball and Football Intermoral Tournaments Boys players ,the’T-TEST’ was applied and it shows that, there is significant difference between these two groups.

KEYWORDS : SPORTS COMPETITION ANXIETY , T-TEST,FINDINGS MATCHES ,ETC.

Introduction: field’s empirical base to sister disciplines in In the modern sports, psychological psychology.Further,the lack of empirical preparation of a team is as important as studies examining rate of change,moderators teaching them the different skills of a game of change,and mediators of change is with scientific methods.Most of the coaches discussed,and suggestions are provided for a agree that the physical charactenistics, skills new research agenda in sport psychology that and trainingof the players are extremely could expand its professional credibility and important but they also feel that god mental enhance its over all scientific development. and psychological preparation for Anxiety plays a paramount role in sports. It is competition is a necessary the challenge in sports participation which component for success.The development and produces anxiety. Anxiety is likely to be grater acceptance of any scientific discipline requires in higher competitive sports,than in relatively an ever-expanding and maturing empirical non competitive sports,because in the base.yet despite vast scientific progress in competitive sports,participants are expected allied domainsof professional psychology,the to win and greats demands and mode upon field of sport psychology has remained fairly them to succeed. stagnant in its research progress and has over An offensive player’s needs more looked major advances that coold aid in the aggressiveness then a defensive advancement of the discipline.It is important player.Defensive player requires calm and cool to discuss issues related to the lack of efficacy approach while defending i.e. catching and of the traditional and ling assumed ‘gold- clearing the ball.Anxiety of the playersis to be standard’ interventions for the enhancement optimum for better performance.Efficient of sports performance, and compares the player with physique,fitness and mastery over * M.Phil.student, K.S.V. Uni., Gandhinagar

[ 44 ] Research Zone India - 1, Vol. (IV) 4, September - 2013 ISSN 2319 - 8168 all the skills but lacking in psychological Result and Discussions : qualities is not been able to play effectively for Mean Group Mean ‘t’ a longer duration. Difference This may be the reason that indian Basketball Basketball players 12.07 2.16 19.84 and football team is not doing well as is Football players 14.23 - - expected from them.There fore,attempt has been find out the comparison of state competition anxiety (SCAT) of Basketball and Football boys Intermodal Tournaments players It was hypothesized that there might be a Significant difference between their Anxiety level of Basketball and Football Boy’s Inter moral tournaments players. Methodology : The subjects were of male Inter Moral Tournaments players, who participated in the Basketball and Football tournament organized by Swami vivekanand physical Education collage gandhinagar year 2005- Table-I shows that there is a significant 06.The subjects were selected randomly from difference between the Basketball and different physical education. Football Inter moral Tournament’s boy’s Course(30 from Basketball and 30 from players in their anxiety level. The ‘t’ value 19.84 Football players),those who were qualified in is found to be significant. So there is quarter final Of the tournament. The age Significant difference in the anxiety level of the ranged from 18 to25 year,the average age players. It justifies the hypothesis. The present being 21 years.The deta were Collected by investigation deals with the differences employing sports competition anxiety between Basketball and Football Inter moral questionnaire (SCAT) one day prior to the Tournaments Boy’s players in their Sports competition.The players were divided in to Competition Anxiety (SCAT) level test. ’t’ test two categarized according to their teams i.e was applied to study the significance of mean Basketball And Football. difference between the two Games groups on Statical Analgsis : To compare the sports their anxiety level. The result of ‘T’ test showed competition Anxiety of Basketball and that the Inter moral Tournaments player’s goal Football Inter moral and scored lower in their competitive sports Tournaments boy’s players ‘T’ test was anxiety level as compared to the Basketball applied. players.

Research Zone India - 1, Vol. (IV) 4, September - 2013 [ 45 ] ISSN 2319 - 8168 Physical Education Research Zone India Vol. 1 Issue - (4) Sept.- 2013 Page 42-48 ISSN 2319 - 8168 * Dharmesh Patel

SPORTS MEDICAL CARE AND DOPING IN SPORTS

Sports medical care is a specialized branch of medicine that uses the scientific medical knowledge to take care of the modern day sportsperson by understanding, diagnosing, preventing, curing, managing all the sports related physical injuries and psychological problems and behavioral changes; and bringing back to normalcy and best performance.

INTRODUCTION • Co-ordinate services with the hospital Sports medical care is a specialized branch of network and emergency services medicine that uses the scientific medical • supervise environmental health and safety knowledge to take care of the modern day • Organize training sessions for the various sportsperson by understanding, diagnosing, medical care teams preventing, curing, managing all the sports • Ensure that injections for athletes’ related physical injuries and psychological treatments at IAAF competitions are only problems and behavioral changes; and administered by medical personnel bringing back to normalcy and best Location of Medical Care Sites performance. • Poly-Clinic / Central Treatment Area The goal is to provide health care and sports • Athletes’ Accommodation medicine services to all accredited athletes, • Training and Warm-Up Areas team members, officials, media, IAAF Family • Spectator Areas members, volunteers and staff as well as to • Main Competition Stadium spectators through an organization of local • Staffing personnel and facilities and by working with • Laboratory accredited national teams’ medical personnel. Scope of Services These services shall be available at all training • Sports medicine and general health care sites and competition venues, including • First aid and emergency care officials and team accommodation areas. • Integration of services with the Doping Duties of the Health Care Services include: Control program • Recruit and co-ordinate the utilization of • Public health and safety surveillance community medical resources • Coordination of services • provide primary and emergency care • Establish liaisons for specialty services and • provide other medical support services consultations • supervise pharmacy services and • Maintain a record system medication supplies • Meteorological surveillance • establish liaison for specialty services and • Maintain administrative liaison with the consultations IAAF Medical and Anti-Doping Commission * Lecturer in Phy. Edu., Navyug Science College, Surat

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• Assign a Commission member to serve as a • affect the health and life of athletes liaison Supplements turn villains • Provide emergency and urgent medical • magical formula for increased performance services • male hormone related drugs called ‘anabolic DOPING CONTROL steroids‘ • Use of performance enhancing drugs • side effects of blood pressure, and adverse • Equality of performance among athletes gender specific effects • Give a clean image to sporting events • Dietary supplements • Goal: To carry out doping control procedures WADA and NADA in accordance with IAAF Rules and Guidelines World Anti Doping Agency (WADA), Duties and Responsibilities: headquartered in Canada, provides the, rules • Follow all IAAF Rules and Guidelines for and regulations for anti doping policy. It has Doping Control given the standards like Prohibited Substances • Work with the IAAF Medical/Doping Control and Methods, Therapeutic Exemption Limits Delegate and staff and Best practices code. This is monitored and • Recruit and train an adequate staff of implemented through the international and chaperons and doping station attendants National sports federations and National Anti • Facilities - Work with the Supply Staff Doping organizations and through accredited • Laboratory - Arrange for samples testing laboratories. In India it is National Anti • Transportation Doping Agency established by Government of • Security India. • Communication Prohibited List of substances Doping Control Station • ANABOLIC AGENTS (Anabolic Androgen Station should consist of: Steroids or AAS) • A waiting area with comfortable furniture, • Peptide Hormones, Growth Factors and adequate ventilation, reading material, a Related Substances television for viewing the competition • Insulins ; Corticotrophins; Growth Hormone • A work room for sample processing (GH), • Toilet facilities, separate for men and • Insulin-like Growth Factor-1 (IGF-1), Beta-2 women, with adequate space for the athlete Agonists and an observer of the same sex • Hormone Antagonists and Modulators Sportsman spirit and killer spirit • Diuretics and Other Masking Agents • attitude of a true sports person • Stimulants, Narcotics, Cannabinoids, • The aim is to win Glucocorticosteroids • to ‘safeguard’ the prestige and honour Illustration • athlete has to win a by ‘killer spirit’ • Few Indian athletes were tested positive Exercise science and expert medicine • Athletes pleaded their innocence and • concentrates on diet and exercises ignorance • to frame or amend the rules and structure of • Not sufficient doctors in sports medicine to games guide them • sports medicine dealt by a team • Akhil Kumar, award winning boxer - support Why sports medicine is talked about now of the innocence • The expanding field • Sufficient educational background • Newer medicines, aids and methods • Lack of doctors having full knowledge of • overdose of the medicines and abuse banned drugs

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Sports medicine centers to check doping REFERENCES • Solution is self explanatory from the worlds  Policies and Procedures: Medical Services of players. Department Atlanta Committee for the • Setting up sports medicine centers all over Olympic Games, Atlanta, 1996. the country.  Thompson JM, Savoia G, Powell G, Challis • Making the athletes aware and EB, Jaw P. Level of Medical Care Required knowledgeable on banned drugs. for Mass Gatherings: The XV Winter Conclusion Olympic Games in Calgary, Canada. Ann. Be very sure of the medicines, ingredients, Emerg. Med. 1991. 20:385-390. manufacturer and distributor source .If you  Wilkes JS, Watson DT. The Olympic don’t know don’t take them. IOC, NADA, WADA Medical Experience: Venue and and other relevant authorities have warned Command Center Perspective. J. Med. sportspersons to avoid supplements they are Assoc. Ga. 1997, 86(1): 47-49. not sure about.  Procedural Guidelines for Doping Control, The filtered essence is that more number of 1998 Edition. International Amateur Sports Medicine Centers is the need of the Athletic Federation, Monaco, 1998 hour. As sports starts from small school children sports medicine is relevant even at lower levels as an important contributing factor for making healthy sports person by imparting scientific training, nutrition and Medicare at the same time making them aware of the WADA banned substances and inculcating a culture of clean sports and clean individual. “Exercise every day, and get the antioxidant vitamins and other nutrients your body needs from foods, not from pills. Eat a wide variety of foods including large amounts of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, beans, nuts and other seeds. If you want to take Recommended Dietary Allowances of vitamins in pills, go ahead; there is little evidence that you will harm yourself. However, when you take large doses of any vitamin, you don’t have the foggiest idea whether you are harming or helping yourself.”

[ 48 ] Research Zone India - 1, Vol. (IV) 4, September - 2013 ISSN 2319 - 8168 Physical Education Research Zone India Vol. 1 Issue - (4) Sept.- 2013 Page 49-51 ISSN 2319 - 8168 * Vanar Harish

HEALTH AND PHYSICAL MANAGEMENT health and physical management is a metabolic efficiency. Sickness is metabolic inefficiency. Nobody is totally healthy or totally sick. Each of us is a unique combination of health and sickness. And each of us has a unique combination of abilities, both emotional and physical. As we grow up, we learn that we are loved for our abilities but hated for our disabilities. This happens at home, at play, at school, and at work. Sometimes, this even happens with our doctors, especially if our disabilities mystify them or remind them of their own diabilities. So we try to hide our disabilities from people and from ourselves. This charade undermines our relationships and our self-esteem. We learn to fear society and hate our selves self hatred is the most debilitating sickness. It interferes with our ability to seek and accept help. And everybody needs help. How do we free ourselves from self-hatred ? first, we reclaim our disabilities whether society accepts them or not. this means that we learn to take care of ourselves. Possibilities of medical in tervenation have trived over the last decades our knowledge about mechanisms of the development of diseases and factors influencing it has increased. Effective treatment requires a holistic approach that takes into consideration aspects at first sight not related to a course of a specific disorder this book contains a few chapters focusing management .the chapters are arranged in an order reflecting multidimensionality of issues constituting this theoretical and practical area started from the studies focusing on a general, administrative, level to considerations related to situations of individuals suffering from a specific illness. The discussed problems concerns different age groups- Children, adults, and the elderly. We hope that readers professionally engaged in health care both theoretically and clinically will find it interesting, useful and inspiring.

What is health? Defination of health The English word health comes from the old The most famous modern definition of health was English word hale, meaning “wholeness, a being created during preamble of constitution of the whole sound or well” hale comes from the proto- world health organization as adopted by the indo European root kailo, meaning “whole international health conference, New York, 19- uninjured of good omen “ kailo comes from the 22th june 1946. signed on 22nd july 1946 by the proto-Germanic root khalbas, meaning representatives of 61 states (official record of the “something divided “ medilexicon’s medical world health organization no-2, page 100) and dictionary has three definitions for health , the entered into force on 7th april 1948. “health is a first being “ the state of the organism when it state of complete physical, mental and social well functions optionally without evidence of diseases being and not merely the absence of disease or or abnormality infirmity” the definition has not been amended since 1948

* H.B. Kapadia School, Ahemdabad.

Research Zone India - 1, Vol. (IV) 4, September - 2013 [ 49 ] ISSN 2319 - 8168 during the Ottawa charter for health promotion and fruitfully, and is able to make a contribution in 1986 , the WHO said that health is “a Resources to his or her community’ no matter how many for everyday life, not the objective of living health definitions people try to come up with regarding is a positive concept emphasizing social and mental health, its assessment is still a subjective personal resources, as well as physical one. capabilities” Determinants of health : The health of individual Two aspects to health:- people and their communities are affected by a Most people accept that health can be divided into wide range of contributory factors. People’s good two broad aspects physical and mental health. or bad .Health is situations – what is happening Physical health:- and what has happened to them, says WHO. WHO For humans, physical health means a good body says that the following factors probably have a health, which is healthy because of regular bigger impact on our health than access sand use physical activity (exercise), good nutrition, and of health care services : adequate rest. As a country’s or regions people. * Where we live Experience improved nutrition, health care * The state of our environment standards of living and quality of life their height * henetics and weight generally increase in fact most people, * Our income when asked for a definition of health talk about * Our education level physical health physical health relates to anything * Our relationship with friends and family concerning our bodies as physical entities Health Management System : physical health has been the basis for active living The health management system ( AMS)is an campaigns and the many nutritions drives that evoluntionary medicine regulative process have swept the industrialized world. People are proposed by Nicholas Humphrey in which acturial exposed to so much. assessment of fitness and economic – type cost – Exposed to so much “Physical health “ data these benefit analysis determines the body’s regulation days that it is hard to decide what is relevant and of its physiology and health. This incorporation what is not another term fro physical health is of cost – benefit calculations into body regulations physical well being. Physical wellbeing is defined provides a science grounded approach to mind – as something a person can achieve by developing body phenomena such as placebos that are all health – related componens of his / her lifestyle. otherwise not explainable by low level, non Fitness reflects a person’s cardio respiratory economic and purely feed back based homeostatic enducrance, muscular composition other or allostatic theories. contributors to physical well being may include Many medical symptoms such as inflammation, proper nutrition, body weight management , fever, pain, sickness, behavior, or morning abstaining form drug abuse, avoiding alcohol sickness have an evolutionary medicine function abuse responsible sexual behaviour (sexual of enabling the body to protect, hea or restore itself health) hygiene, and getting the right amount of from injury, infection or other physiological ‘ sleep. disruption Mental health : Mental helath refers to peoples The deployment of self treatments have costs as cognitive and emotional well –being. A person well as benefits with the result that evolution has who enjoys good mental health does not have a selected management process in the brain such mental disorder. According to WHO, mental health that self – treatments are used only when they is “a state of well – being in which the individual provide an overall cost benefit advantage. The realizes his or her own abilities, can cope with brain controls physiological process through top the normal stresses of life can work productively down regulation. [ 50 ] Research Zone India - 1, Vol. (IV) 4, September - 2013 ISSN 2319 - 8168

External treatments and the availability of support References is factored into the health management system’s  Plunkett’s Health Care Industry Alamanc 2004 cost benefit assessment as to whether to deploy  Techonology, Health care and management in or not an evolved self – treatment the hospital of the future Placebos are explained as the result of false  The well – managed Health care organization information about the availability of external Web helps treatment and support that mislead the health  Opearations research and Health care A management system into not deploying evolved Handbookd of methods and Application self – treatments. This results in the place bo  Performance Management in the Health care suppression of medical symptoms. : Improving patient outcomes : An integrated approach  Organizational Ethics in Health care; principles, Lases, and practical solutions  The encyclopedia of Health care Management By E- Streams

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ALCOHOL, TOBACCO AND DRUGS IT’S EFFECTS ON SPORTS PERSON

The alcohol which we drink is called ethanol or ethyl alcohol (c2H5OH). It is obtained by the process of fermentation and distillation. It is a by product, made from the decomposition of wheat, rice, barley, grapes, etc. In this process yeast is used for fermenting. Alcohol is not a food and it does not give much energy. These are many forms of alcoholic products which w use for drinking likes wine, whiskey, brandy, gin, beer, etc.

Harmful Effects of Alcohol reduces self control and a person commits There are many views about alcohol. Some many mistakes. An alcoholic person cannot consider it as a medicine; many drink it for the control his emotions, sometimes these company sake; many say that it relieves emotions become aggressive and violent. tension; many believe that it gives fun and Alcoholic person also loses his perfection in enjoyment. All these wrong opinions can skills, thus low performance in games and come to end if we know the reality of its effects. sports. These effects are very adverse over individual, (iv) Loss of Memory : In an alcoholic person, family, and society. They are as follows: the brain’s activities are reduced. Brain cannot (i)Economic loss : Alcohol is a costly product remember immediate happening or in all its forms. It causes great loss of money, occurrence i.e short-term memory is lost. once a person is addicted. Thus, it brings (v)Declines appetite : an alcoholic person poverty to many homes. It causes many health cannot eat his normal diet, there for, his problems and to cure this extra economic appetite gets reduced. It causes decline in burden of medical treatment is required. sports performance as diet cannot meet the (ii) Physical efficiency lost : Regular drinking need of the energy. of alcohol makes body sick, weak diseased. (vi) Crime : Alcohol has direct relation with Body loses physical efficiency and health is crime. Most of the crime is committed when a affected to a great extent. Various system of person is drunk. Drunkards are more involved the body reduces efficiency. Thus, it is an open in sex crimes. Alcohol increases the sexual invitation to many health problems. Alcohol desire (but takes away the sexual has very adverse effect on sportsperson, as performance). alcohol declines the physical efficiency to a (vii) Road accidents : In most cases of road great extent. Thus, performance is very low accidents, these are caused by the drivers who for many days. are drunk, as they over speed the vehicle and (iii) Loss of senses : When we drink alcohol, cannot control the vehicle properly. Thus many it affects our senses. The sense of judgement innocent people are also killed by them. is lost, so a person cannot think properly. It (viii) Unreliable : Most of the alcoholic * M. Phil Student, Kadi University, Gandhinagar

[ 52 ] Research Zone India - 1, Vol. (IV) 4, September - 2013 ISSN 2319 - 8168 drinkers are unreliable person and considered the sugar level in blood by reducing the unfaithful. The promises made under alcoholic efficiency of pancreas; therefore, it is very effect are often painful dangerous for a diabetic person. (x)Kidney and liver damage : Alcohol causes DRUGS AND SPORTS a lot of stress on kidney and liver. Over stress Drugs are life saving as well as life threatening on these vital organs results in partial or full chemicals. They are use by a sportsperson for damage of these organs. It sometimes leads to different purpose. Use these drugs have an kidney or liver cancer or its complete failure. effect but the side effects are dangerous. (xi) Increased blood pressure : Alcohol Performance enhancing drugs are banned in increases the blood pressure, thus chances of sports. IOC has recommended only natural heart problem increases. It leads to aggressive sources of diet for sports performance. But behaviour and over stress on mental many players use these drugs to improve their behaviour, thus lot of headache and body ache. performance in sports without knowing their TOBACCO AND ITS EFFECTS consequences. These drugs are of various type The evil habit of smoking and chewing of and they are named as egogenic aids. tobacco has enslaved many people. It is taken (A) Stimulants in taken in various firms like cigarette, bidi, (B) Narcotics snuff, chewing tobacco (pan masala), drinking (C) Steroids of nicotine water(hooka), etc. All these forms (D) Growth hormones of tobacco have very harmful effects. The (E) Beta-Blockers reason of its global popularity is that people DRUGS ADDICTION like its pleasing narcotic effect. It simulates the Drugs are chemical substance which alter the brain and nervous system and gives body are its function also known as medicines. temporary relief from worry, fatigue and When they are taken inside the body, they are hunger. The effect of tobacco is very adverse bring change in the bio-chemical system of the on the health. body. Rugs are designed to improve the Harmful Effects of tobacco: chemical in the body imbalanced in the body. 1. Tobacco as poison: Nicotine is a brain Drugs reduce the effect of dieses and sickness. poison found in tobacco. It is the one of the By covering the chemical imbalanced thus most deadly poisons known to man. Half a helping to bring improvement. drop of pure nicotine can be lethal to kill a Pharmacologist try their best to make a drug person. There is no antidote for this poison. as specific as possible but all drugs possess 2. Wrong Habit: Usually people start this habit varying degree of side effects. Drugs can be to relieve tension (wrong concept). A small classified as amount of nicotine with the first puff subdues (1) Prescribe drugs tension. Soon after, it again stimulates the (2) Non prescribe drugs. person for another puff. Thus, a smoker is Drugs are not an evil ,every time. Many times caught in its vicious circle and becomes a slave they save our life through their action, but can to this habit. be very harmful when people are addicted to 3. Lung and Jaw Cancer: - Intake of tobacco drugs. They take drugs as a habit under the brings ‘tar’ along with a smoke. This tar has influence of bad company; to remove tension, strong sticking effect and thus it gets attached loneliness, etc. But once a person taking drugs to the lining of trachea and lungs, thus causing he cannot using it, thus becoming sieve to great risk of lung cancer. drugs. Health is adversely affect due to weak 4. Increase in Sugar level: - Tobacco raises immune system. Many health problems grip

Research Zone India - 1, Vol. (IV) 4, September - 2013 [ 53 ] ISSN 2319 - 8168 the body. Gradually, the body gets addicted to REFRENCE them and works only if these are taken  Health Concept of physical education, regularly. If the drugs are not provide, the body sanjay kundra 2012. status aching the feels a lot of discomfort.  “Anabolic steroid”. NIDA: Reaserch report The person taking these drugs cannot came series1991:1-5 out of it, on his own. This addiction is very powerful, it may lead an addicted one to do crimes like theft, stealing, bluffing ill- legal drug trafficking, bring same to self and family. It cause great loss of health, wealth, mental control, social status etc. This overload of drugs or non prescribed drug taking is termed as drug non prescribed drugs taking is termed as drug abuse. This addiction can only be stopped by strong determination, hospitalisation and sympathetic attitude from family and friend. Some of the commonly used drugs are : (a) Stimulants : cough syrups, sleeping pills, caffeine. (b) Narcotics : Pain killers, opium, morphine, cocaine.

[ 54 ] Research Zone India - 1, Vol. (IV) 4, September - 2013 ISSN 2319 - 8168 Physical Education Research Zone India Vol. 1 Issue - (4) Sept.- 2013 Page 55-56 ISSN 2319 - 8168 * Sanjay Bhudiya

A STUDY OF THE IMPACTS ON THE PLAYER’S AGILITY BY KABADDI GAME TRANINING PROGRAMME

Through Physical education only the dynamic factors like strength, speed, modesty , endurance, co-ordination, agility, and flexibility can be progressed , developed. The researcher has tried to study what would be the effect of the agility of the players if they are given a certain kind of training in Kabaddi. To fulfill the purpose of this study, 40 players of kabaddi, Arts and Commerce college were selected out of 60 by randomly method hypothesis is “There would be certain increase in the level of endurance and the speed of the subject after training program and skills at kabaddi for measurement of agility shuttle Run tet was used. Tehre were two groups One is experimental and other is control . The experimental group was given practical training They were given training of six weeks for development of game and skills of kabaddi. The purpose was to increase agility and control group was not given any kind of practical training. The groups had similarly 20 subjects in them to test the concept of study , agility was tested through after training and the result of this test was favour of experimental group.

Key words : Agility

Introduction : As science is progressing say commerce college, were seleced out of 60 by by day, so many material facilities are available randomly method. The subject were selected that a man can complete the fourth work with from high school only. Hypothesis is “There the help of these machines. So man has startd would be certain increase in the level of living lazy life and due to this his physical endurance and the speed of the subject after abilities have decreased. Through physical training program and skills of kabaddi. Shuttle education oinly the dynamic factors like run test was used for measurement of strength, speed , modesty endurance , Co – agilibity. There were two groups, one is ordination and flexibility can be progressed experimental and other is control The developed. The native game like kabaddi also experimental group was given practical needs dynmic factors ; kabaddi is an ancient training. They were given training of six week and interesting game. The researcher has tried for development of game and skills of to study what would be the effect of the agility kabaddi endurance and speed. The purpose of the players if they are given a certain kind was to increase agility and control group was of training in kabaddi. not given any kind of practical training both Methodology : To fulfill the purpose of this the groups had similarly 20 subjects in them study, 40 players of kabaddi, Arts and * Devashri International School, Ahmedabad

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· Results and statistical analysis Reference Study -1 Shuttle Run Test Patel K. R. Ramat Talim na vaighananik -1. 1 Pre –test comparison of experimental siddhanta rama prakashan, gandhinagar. and control group Both group are similar before test -1. 2 Post test comparison of experiment and control group

Group N Average S. D “t” Level of significance E.G 20 10.517 0.387 11.784 Sig. at 0.01 level C.G 20 13.751 1.132 Results favour in experimental group -1.3 comparison between pre and post test of experimental group Test N Avearage S. D r “t” Level of significance Pre 30 13.80 1.068 Sig. at 0.01 level Post 30 10.51 0.387 0.20 12.87

There is increase speed and ability in shuttle run test after giving training.

Conclusion : After giving training in the kabaddi game and skills and training in kabaddi game and skills increased agility of players where as there is no increase of played of the control group as training was not given

[ 56 ] Research Zone India - 1, Vol. (IV) 4, September - 2013 ISSN 2319 - 8168 Physical Education Research Zone India Vol. 1 Issue - (4) Sept.- 2013 Page 57-60 ISSN 2319 - 8168 * Gaytri Vasava

PHYSICAL FITNESS AND SPORTS

In this paper it is our humble attempt to discuss importance of fitness and sports in the life. Physical fitness is the most important factor to attain the all different goal of life. A healthy and physical fit person can do only activity very Basically smoothly and intershhingly. Physical fitness as the measure of the Body Strength, Muscular Endurance, Cardio Respiratory Endurance, Speed, Agility, Power and Flexibility. Sports and game are the most enjoyable from the Physical fitness. They are primarily for recreational purposes but also fulfit physiological, Psychological and social factors. Most of the Physical fitness method advocated so far are for those Who are in the prime of their lives, Physical fitness is more necessary for persons in the advanced age group. Therefore we prescrible a special veteraris sports programme for them. There are different methods and means for fitness development like weight training, Jogging-running and other fitness activities and one can choose as per his needs that best fit his requirements and capabilities. Physical fitness is necessary for success in all games and sports without a high level of Physical fitness. An individual will not be able to withstand the stress and strain causeal on the body by various games and sports, Physical fitness in addition to bringing about better performance in games and sports also help in prevention of injuries in the long run, Physical fitness can be classified into two categories. Health related fitness and motor skill related fitness. Recent research has revealed that regular exercise done at appropriate Intensity adds years to one’s life and as well as improves the overall quality of life.

PHYSICAL FITNESS AND SPORTS includes health and well being. In this paper it is our humble attempt to Physical fitness has been defined in various discuss importance of fitness and sports in the ways. Some one rates this according to the life. Physical fitness is the most important amount of musculature development and few factor to attain the all different goal of life. define Physical fitness as ability to perform DEFINATION certain sports skill. The most Physical fitness "Physical fitness and wellness are ones richest as the measure of the body’s strength, possessions they cannot be purchased they endurance and flexibility. are to be earned through regular and Physical fitness is necessary for success in all systematic fitness programmed and positive games and sports without a high level of life style habits.” Physical fitness an individual will not be able WHAT IS PHYSICAL FITNESS? to with stand the stress and strain caused on Physical fitness is the capacity to carry out the body by various games and sports. reasonable well. Various forms of physical Physical fitness in addition to bringing about activities with our being unduly tired and better performance in game and sports also

* Lacturar In Phy. Edu., I.V. Patel Commerce College, Nadiad

Research Zone India - 1, Vol. (IV) 4, September - 2013 [ 57 ] ISSN 2319 - 8168 helps in prevention of injuries in the long run. * Coordination Physical fitness can be classified into two * Power categories namely. health related physical * Endurance fitness and motor skill related physical fitness. * Agility Components of Health Related Physical fitness * Balance These are the components of health related 1. Speed physical fitness Speed is the ability to make rapid movements * cardio-respiratory endurance of the same type in the shortest possible time. * muscular strength and endurance 2. Coordination * flexibility It is a performance pre-requisite and * body Composition primarily determined by mechanism involved 1. Cardio-respiratory endurance in control and regulation of movement. It is It is the ability of the lungs, heart and blood dependent on the co-coordinative process of vessels to supply a sufficient amount of oxygen nervous system and functional capacity of and nutrients to the cells to meet demands of sense organs. activities characterized by moderate 3. Power contractions of large muscle groups over It is the quality of a muscle to contract prolonged period of time. forcefully in the quickest possible time. 2. Muscular Strength and Endurance 4. Endurance It is the ability of the muscle to generate force Endurance is the quality that enables one to during a short period of time and also to get continue engaging in reasonably vigorous over resistance in the case of endurance loads physical activities for extended periods of of medium intensity of stimulus and resist time. muscular fatigue. 5. Agility 3. Flexibility It is the ability of the human body to change It is the ability of a muscle to perform direction quickly and effectively. movements with large amplitude (range of 6. Balance motion). It is the ability of the body to maintain 4. Body Composition equilibrium under static and dynamic It is classification of the human body into fat conditions. weight and lean body mass. It could also be In order to bring about over all development defined as the amount of lean body mass and of different types of fitness, one has to fat mass found in the human body. participate in specific programmes Components of motor skill-related physical contributing to improvement of various fitness components of health as well as motor skill- Motor skill-related physical fitness has direct related physical fitness. People realize that relevance to performance in games and sports. developing components of health and motor It enables an individual to participate in games skill-related physical fitness alone will not be and sports with greater power, speed, enough to decrease the risk of disease and endurance, agility, coordination, balance act. ensure better health. As a result of this a new And in turn makes him capable of attaining concept called “wellness” was developed in good performance in a sport. 1980 which goes beyond the components of The following are the components of motor different types of fitness. skill-related physical fitness Factors Affecting Physical Fitness * Speed The following are the main factors which affect

[ 58 ] Research Zone India - 1, Vol. (IV) 4, September - 2013 ISSN 2319 - 8168 physical fitness individual, than they do in the case of unfit Anatomical factors individual. Physiological factors 3. Efficient Functioning of Various System Psychological factors of the body 1. Anatomical factors Physical fitness improves and promotes the In order to be fit, the individual must possess efficiency of the whole organism and is all the body parts essential to the performance essential to the proper functioning and of the task and also appropriate body size and maintenance of all system of body. shape for the task. 4. Aging Processes and Longevity Genetic imperfections in organs and tissues Physical fitness improves vitality and health are responsible for weakness and function. of the individual which inturn delays the These limit an individual’s capacity for phenomena of again. It is believe that a strength, endurance and skill. physically fit person, all other things being 2. Physiological factors equal, may be expected to live longer than his In order to be fit, the physiological system of sedentary and unfit counterpart. Physically fit the human organism must function effectively person are less prone to heart attacks and this to sustain the particular activity that the improves the chances of a longer life. individual is performing. Since different 5. Proportional Development of Body activities make different demands on the A carefully prepared physical fitness organism relating to neurological, respiratory, programme contributes to proper circulatory, metabolic and temperature, development of skeletal and muscular system physiological fitness is specific to each activity. of body posture. 3. Psychological factors 6. Mental Health for Emergency Psychological factors like perception, Physical fitness is important to human mind emotional stability, motivation and because every movement, every body position intelligence are importance in determining and every tension in the muscle tendon and one’s fitness level. joint helps to contribute to the formation of Anxiety can become a barrier a performance concepts and ideas. Physical fitness by contribution tension, elevated heart rate contributes to the efficient working of muscles and blood pressure and endocrine and enables the mind to make quick and disturbances that add to the stress of the task correct decisions while maintaining control and therefore affect one’s level. over the emotion. Values of physical fitness :- 7. Preparedness for Emergency These are the basic values of physical fitness A physical fit person performs his job 1. Efficiency in work and performance:- efficiently and still has a reserve of energy to A fit person is in a position to work efficiently meet emergency situations. to put up better performance as compared to 8. Success in Games and Sports :- a person who is unfit. A fit person can carry Physical fitness is necessary for success in all out the task for a prolonged period without games and sports. Without a high level of getting undue fatigue. Physical fitness, an individual will not be able 2. Resistance to disease to withstand the stress and strain caused on Physical fitness increases an individual body the body by various games and sports. resistance to some of the common diseases. Physical fitness in addition to bringing about Conditions important to control diseases better performance in games and sports also operate more efficiently in physically fit helps in prevention of injuries in the long run.

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Research studies with people of all ages and Reference both sexes reveal that physical fitness is on the  https://en. wikipedia.org/wiki decline. Results very clearly indicate that over Physical_fitness. the years has been a decline in the aerobic Physical Fitness, Paul Alfred Hunsicker. fitness and increase in the body fat. The hypokinetic diseases namely cardio-vascular disease, adult-onset diabetes and low back problems are on the increase. These condition could be improve due to better health awareness, lowering cardio-vascular dieses risk factors and brining about change in the diet. Research studies show that childhood behavior influences adulthood characteristics and behavior. This is especially true is respect of body composition. The correct approach is to prevent adulthood obesity rather than causing it. Maintaining good body composition as a youth is considered vital for lowering adulthood obesity. Health related physical fitness can do a great deal in this regard. The research findings also bring to light certain important details with regard to cardio- vascular risk factors. Children who had cardio- vascular disorders and also smoked cigarettes were more prone to get cardio-vascular disease in letter life. Better health awareness through health related physical fitness can inculcate good health habits and thus prevent serious problems in later life.

[ 60 ] Research Zone India - 1, Vol. (IV) 4, September - 2013 ISSN 2319 - 8168 Arts [Lib & Info Sci.] Research Zone India Vol. 1 Issue - (4) Sept.- 2013 Page 61-63 ISSN 2319 - 8168 * Hiren Solanki

INTERNET ACCESS AND USE AMONG PHARMACY STUDENTS OF L.J.INSTITUTE: A SURVEY

The internet has become important for daily life, education, work and participation in society. Examines the use of internet among Pharmacy students in L. J. Institute .A total of 100 questionnaires were distributed and 84 completed questionnaires were returned. Findings reveal a high percentage of internet use among students. More than 31.06 percent of the respondents use the internet for educational purposes. Google and Yahoo search engines are found to be more widely used than other search engines. The major problem faced by the students in their use of the internet includes slow access speed. Recommends that the bandwidth should be increased to overcome the problem of slow connectivity of the internet to institute and more computers with latest specifications and multimedia facilities should be provided.

Introduction 1. To identify the different purposes that the The internet is an ocean of information and is internet is used by the pharmacy students; used in every walk of life these days. It 2. To assess users satisfaction with regard to provides information on the fields of business, internet resources and services; science, education, government and 3. To find out the problems they encounter; nongovernmental organizations etc. It is one and of the facilities through which the information 4. To suggest some measures to improve the can be stored, arranged and transmitted back use of internet-based services and resources. to the users quickly, in a timely fashion, and Methodology accurately. There are hundreds of millions web The study employed a structured pages, bibliographical databases and full-text questionnaire to collect data within the scope databases available on the internet. of the study. There were nearly five hundred Internet has changed the methods for undergraduate and post graduate pharmacy accessing and using information and research students at L J Institute, Ahmedabad, and activities. It has introduced new concepts of questionnaires were administered to a the teaching process and is recasting the roles randomly chosen sample of 100 students out played by the participants of the educational of which 84 completed questionnaires were process. Therefore, it is important to realize returned. All the 84 filled-in questionnaires the perspectives of students about internet were usable. The respondents consisted of 38 and this article aims at generating information Male and 46 Female students. The respondents on use of the internet by students of Pharmacy. were all late adolescents and into early Objectives of the study adulthood period with age range from 17 to

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25 years. All respondents were asked to conference proceedings. A large number of complete the questionnaire which consisted respondents used the internet for e-books and of 6 items. other while the lowest number used it for Data Analysis engineering databases. Use of search engines Purpose of browsing internet services Table 1 – Favorite search engines Table 3 – Purpose of browsing internet services Frequency Percentage Google 80 87.91 Frequency Percentage Lycos - - Research 48 29.81 Alta vista 2 2.20 Entertainment 30 18.63 Hotbot - - Education 50 31.06 Yahoo 7 7.69 Communication 28 17.39 Other 2 2.20 Others 5 3.11 Total 91 100 Total 161 100

Data presented in Table 1 reveals that Google Table 3 exhibits that 31.06 percent of the and Yahoo are popular search engines. Google respondents used the internet for education is the major search engine used by 87.91 purposes, 29.81 percent for research percent of the respondents, followed by yahoo purposes, 18.63 percent for entertainment (7.69 percent) and Alta vista (2.20 percent); purposes, 17.39 percent for communication other (2.20 percent).This could be as a result purposes, and 3.11 percent for others. It of the fact that many respondents used the suggests that the majority of the respondents internet for education purposes. Search used the internet mainly for educational engines like Lycos, AltaVista and Hotbot are purposes while the least number of not very popular among pharmacy students. respondents used the internet for other Use of internet resources purposes. Table 2 – Internet resources searched Role of internet Frequency Percentage Table 4 –Role of internet in the field of Conference Proceedings 3 2.22 education Engineering databases 2 1.48 Frequency Percentage E-books 36 26.67 Yes 73 89.02 E-journals 25 18.52 Somewhat important 7 8.54 Technical reports 14 10.37 Not sure 2 2.44 Theses and dissertation 19 14.07 Total 82 100 Other 36 26.67 Total 135 100 Most of 89.02 percent of the students responded that internet can play a significant The preferences given by the respondents to role in the field of education, whereas 8.54 various internet resources are as follows: percent of the respondent said that somewhat 26.67 percent of the respondents used the important and rest 2.44 percent of the students internet for e-books, 26.67 percent for other, said that they were not sure. 18.52 percent for e-journals, 14.07 percent for theses and dissertation, 10.37 percent for technical reports, and 2.22 percent for

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Satisfaction with internet services Conclusion and recommendations Table 5 – Satisfaction with internet services The internet provides a wealth of information on pharmacy subject. Students are using the Frequency Percentage internet increasingly and it occupies an Yes 59 70.24 important place among varies information Somewhat 21 25.00 sources. It is widely used by the students of L J No 4 4.76 Institute for their education and research Total 84 100 purposes and it plays an acting role in searching information. The information on Table 5 shows that 70.24 percent of the the internet is not usually available in an respondents are fully satisfied with the organized way and the users are unable to get internet services, whereas 25.00 percent said precise information from the internet. In order they are somewhat and 4.76 percent of the to make the internet more beneficial to the respondents are not satisfied regarding the pharmacy students of L J Institute, more services provided by their institute. computers with latest specifications and Problems encountered while using multimedia should be installed so that users internet can utilize available internet services. More Table 6 – Problems encountered while using efficient technical staff should be appointed internet Frequency Percentage and made available in the internet section to Slow access speed 49 39.84 offer expert advice. Bandwidth should be Difficulty in finding 16 13.01 increased to overcome the problem of slow relevant information connectivity. Furthermore, orientation It takes too long to 28 22.76 programs should be organized by the Institute download pages at regular intervals so that more students can Cost associated with 14 11.38 improve their proficiency in internet use for accessing internet academic purposes. Privacy problems 16 13.01 Other - - References Total 123 100 www.htcampus.com

It can be inferred from Table 6 that internet En.wikipedia.com use is not free from problems. More than 39.84 Guide2net.net percent of the respondents stated the problem www.ljinstitutes.org of slow internet access, which takes a lot of their slot time to download the relevant information, whereas 11.38 percent reported that they had difficulties to bear the cost associated with accessing internet,13.01 percent of the respondents found it difficult to get the relevant information from the internet,22.76 percent of the respondents were of the opinion that it took too long to download pages, and 13.01 percent of the respondents faced problems with privacy on the internet.

Research Zone India - 1, Vol. (IV) 4, September - 2013 [ 63 ] ISSN 2319 - 8168 Arts [Lib & Info Sci.] Research Zone India Vol. 1 Issue - (4) Sept.- 2013 Page 64-65 ISSN 2319 - 8168 * Ravi Parmar

LIBRARY CLASSIFICATION

The Man had Shown his interests in systematic which is most helpful to those who read. - ordering of things since very long. This type of W.Sayers. system is known as classification. The Word 2. It is the translation of the name of the classifiction has been derived from the Latin subject of a book into preferred artificial word classis, which was used in Rome inn language of ordinal numbers, and the ancient time to divide the persons into groups. individualization of several books dealing with in that period dichotomy system was in the same specific subject by means of a further tradition which meant division into two set of original numbers which represent some groups only, such as rich and poor, big and futures of the book other than their thought small, master and dslave, black and white etc. content. - Dr. S.R.Ranganathan thus classification was a process by which we Types of Classification :Conventionally there separate or put into a group of things on the are two Types of Classification as follow: basis of their common characteristics. In this i. Natural classification :- The Classification way we can say that classification is a in which the things are classified or divided systematic grouping of things or concepts collectively into a group or are separated form according to likeness or unlikeness. each other on the basis of nature and While defining classification, he told three fundamental similarities and unsimilarities or steps for the same as following : on the basis or quality of characteristics of (A) to Class – the Things are classified to be called natural classification. Ex. if we group kept in a group or in a class on the basis of plants into flowering plants and non-flowering their any of the similarity. plants. (B) to Classify – a class or a group is prepared ii. Artificial Classification :- The on the basis of any of their similarity ae Classification done on the basis of their (C) Classification – all the classes or Groups artificial characteristics is called artificial are Systematized. classification. For example if we classify plants In This way, When we put any thing according to the artificial characteristics such systematically , the process depends on as plants having small sized leaves and having the ideas which are in our mind. Thus big sized leaves. In the classification process is a mental process of Various Types of Library classification dividing things into groups. schemes : Dr. S.R.Ranganathan recognized Definition : five (5) types of classification scheme which 1. The Arrangement of books on shelves or he called species of Library Classification description of them in the manne schemes. They are as follows :

* Data Entry Opretor Cum Asst., M K Bhavnagr university Library, Bhavnagar [ 64 ] Research Zone India - 1, Vol. (IV) 4, September - 2013 ISSN 2319 - 8168

1. Purely Enumerative :- About the futures knowledge in a systematic order of its subjects of Purely enumerative schemes we may say with their class numbers in various groups. that this type of scheme enumerates all the Thus library classification maps the whole possible subjects of past, present & future. It universe of knowledge in a most helpful tries to accommodate whole universe of sequence. Further it provides the sequence of knowledge in its schedules and also provides subject a unique class number. The success of ready made class numbers to all subject by any classification scheme depend upon the dividing them into hierarchical divisions and coverage of different subjects and their order subdivisions. Examples are : the degree of specification of subjects mapped - Library of Congress Classification (LC) and the ability accommodate the emerging - Rider’s International Classification (IC) new subjects. 2. Almost Faceted :- About the nature of this Many classification schemes have been type of scheme, Ranganathan desired it as brought out by their profounder till now. Their consisting of a large schedule enumerating names are given below :- most of the subjects of the past, the present 1. Decimal Classification (DDC) by Melvil and anticipatable future and in addition of a Dewey,1876 few schedule of common isolates. Example are 2. Expansive Classification(EC) by C.A. - Decimal Classification of Dewey (DDC) cutter, 1879 - Subject Classification of J.D.Brown (SC) 3. Library of Congress Classification(LC) by 3. Almost Faced :- About the nature of this LC, 1902 types of schemes according to Ranganathan 4. Universal Decimal Classification (UDC) almost faceted classification scheme is a large by FID, 1905 schedule of the subject of the past, Present and 5. Subject Classification (SC) by J.D.Brown, anticipatable future. In Addition, it includes 1906 some schedules of Common isolate. Example 6. Colon Classification (CC) by Dr. are : - Universal Decimal classification of FID S.R.ranganathan, 1933 (UDC)-Bibliographic classification of Bliss 7. Bibliographic Classification (BC) by (BC) H.E.Bliss, 1935 4. Rigidly Faceted :- The First three editions 8. International Classification (IC) by of Colon classification were rigidly faceted in F.Rider, 1961 which the class number of a subject is made Bibliography by adding notations of different schedules. It  Dogra, Kamal(2013).Theory of library has small schedules and common isolates for classification.new delhi : Centrum preparing class numbers, the analytic- press.312p. synthetic principle is used. Example is :  Singh, Bhupendra Narayan(2008). - Colon Classification of Ranganathan.(1st three pushtakalay vignan kosh.Delhi : Aditions) r.k.publishers & distibutors.104p. 5. Freely Faceted :- From its 6th editionof  Bhaiya, Chhagan(2012). Granthalay colon classification had become freely faceted vargikaran praveshika.ahmedabad : guided by many principles, postulate and parshv publication.268p. canons. Example is :  Sharma, prahlad(2005). colon - Colon Classification.(6th edition) classification. jaipur : ankit Names of Various popular Classification publication,272p. Schemes :- Library classification schemes is  Bhaiya, chhagan(2010).pustakalay a representation of whole universe of vyavsthapan. ahmedabad : parshv publication. 256p.

Research Zone India - 1, Vol. (IV) 4, September - 2013 [ 65 ] ISSN 2319 - 8168 Arts [Lib & Info Sci.] Research Zone India Vol. 1 Issue - (4) Sept.- 2013 Page 66-69 ISSN 2319 - 8168 * Sonal J. Oza

DIGITAL LIBRARY : AN OVERVIEW

In The Context Of Digital Libraries, Electronic system. publications refer to publications of primary NEED DIGITAL LIBRARIES ? or documents in machine readable from. In the We need digital library technology to manage early days of electronic libraries even the large amounts of digital content , such as machine-readable databases were referred to thousands of images or hundreds of audio clips as electronic publications. The first electronic to perform searches that are impracticable book was published in 1985 in Germany. manually. Also the growing use of multimedia Technology has made it possible for digital data has introduced new challenges in storage libraries integrate different formats such as and communication of drawings and texts, images, audios, and vidos. Now a days, multimedia objects like audio, video and visual information systems are getting more images. The WWW makes it easier and populat compared to test based information possible to transfer such information over systems. Therefore, digital libraries are national and international networks. becoming more graphical in nature. Also the The shrinking budget of the libraries, concept of hypertext has been introduced in changing information needs of the users, digital libraries remote preference increasing demand for Digital Libraries May be the major electronic resources and services, changing contribution From the print media to the learning style 24x7, to support distance and internet, and vice versa. Some digital Libries distributed learning nare some of the factors are created by “traditional “ libraries who which are responsible for the creation of the want to put their documents at the disposal of digital library. of internet users. Other digital libries ara Library professionals are favoring digital ‘only” digital – their life is 100% on the Web. Libraries Because There are lierally thousands of digital library . They shall be relieved from the additional initiatives of a great many varieties going on responsibilities and tensiona as there is no in the world today. fear of loss or damage of documents ; A digital library is a library in which . noneed to procure multiple copies of a single collections are stored in digital formats (as title; opposed to print, microform, or other media) . nosecurity needed; and accessible via computers.The digital . no storage cost needed; content may be stored locally, or accessed . No shelving and re-shelving; remotely via computer networks. A digital . No administration of reminders overdue fine library is a type of information retrieval etc.

* Tech.Asst.,Maharajakrishnkumarshihji Bhavnagar Universitiy Library, Bhavnagar

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. Traditional libraries are limited by storage electronic tools and techniques for space; accumulating, storing, organizing, retrieving . Digital libraries have the potentials to store and interpreting information on a world wide much more information, simply because scale, in a volume and at a speed and with digital Informationrequires a very little accuracy that would have been impossible a physical space to contain it. faw years ago. . A digital library shall also satisfy thebasic Due to the high growth of information, laws of library science. changing information needs of the user and . A particular digital library can provide a link the development of new techniques in to any other resources of ther digital libraries processing and dissemination of information Very easily round the clock; thus a seamlessly are some of the challenges faced by the integrated resource sharing in a structured librarians/ information managers. To store appr Oach can be achieved. such a huge amount of information physically . The user of a digital library need not to go to is very difficult and time consuming and the library physically; they can viewthe complicated. But with emergence of digital contents at home, office or any other non- library, storage and retrieval has become library locations. easier, comprehensive and affordable. . People from all over the world can access to The professionals, scientists and researchers the same information, as long as internet have to spend their lot of time in searching connection is available. Thus, valuable time, and reading a literature for information of energy of the scholar working on the forefront their subjects. The failure to locate and to find of knowledge can be saved. the appropriate information may lead to . digital libraies have the ability to enable create duplicate work. The immediate access worldwide access to a never-ending supply of of Information from different databases distributed Information. throughout the world is only possible through Therr are various factors that explain the need digital or electronic library. The latest of digital library which are as follows: information is accessed through digital library. 1. Information Explosion Digital library plays an important role in This is an era of information explosion due to accessing the information from outside the multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary world. research, proliferation of publication To avoid the time consuming process and to activities, and transfer of information among access the current and urgent information the user community. Digital libraries can fulfill the digital or electronic library system needs to be requirement of providing high quality output adopted by a number of organization. to the users. Literture is growing at an 2. Storage of information exponential rate causing problems for space, Information is growing at an exponential rate storage as well as utilization of voluminous causing problems for space, storage as well as information. utilization of voluminous information. In order There have been several inherent problems in to solve the space problem in libraries; many information use and handling, because of the libraries are going ahead or planning to go information explosion, inter disciplinary further in order to provide electronic access of nature and mission oriented nature of R&D information to their clientele. Resources are activities, geographical, language and other preserved for future generation and barriers. Howwver, in order to overcome these simultaneously made accessible for current barriers, there exist today a vast array of use.

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The advantages of having library material in Digital libraries have the ability to enable digital storage are: worldwide access to a never-ending supply of 1. The contents occupy less space and can be distributed information which is constantly replicated and used electronically. and conveniently available and up datable. The 2. The content can be made available on number of people accessing digital library networks. collection through the web is increasing 3. The search for content can be automated. rapidly. Now the question is whether the digital ADVANTAGES OF DIGITAL LIBRARIES libraries are going to replace traditional Digital library is an important component for libraries or not. capturing the explicit knowledge. This has to Digital library techonology plays an important be supplemented with the implicit knowledge role in promoting the use of information. to the digital library system, which will Digital libraries give solutions to the main eventually get transformed into a knowledge challenges of traditional libraries such as management system. shortage of space, economic survival and 1. No physical boundary management of materials; it has its own 2. Round the clock availability limitations. End users who are exposed to 3.Structured approach information technology will difficulty to access 4. Information Retrieval the information, which is stored inside the 5. Preservation Space computer in digitized format. Training each 6. Networking user will be tedious task. So it may not be an 7. Cost under estimation to say that digital library 8. Improved access, search and browsing services as a supplement. 9. Information can be shared more easily To racditional library and one can not so easily 10. Effective searching and retrieval jump to a conclusion that digital library is 11. Hypertext linking is possible going to replace all the traditional concepts 12. Easy to keep information current including papers. In order to reduce the 13. Wider Access subscription cost of journals, we must go for 14. Provide user-friendly interface electronic form of resources to reduce the 15. Multiple accesses subscription cost of library. Library 16. Improved Preservation automation has helped libraries in improving 17. Networking library activities. It saves the efforts, time and 18. Bring together the people with formal, manpower of libraries. Ln an automated informal and professional learning service the information can be altered and missions. updated without the repetitive work involved 19. Digital libraries may save money in the manual system. The development of 20. Allow collaboration and exchange of Computer, any information can be turned into idea sequences. It saves the time for the users, staff, 21. Saves the space, which is required for and increases productivity and reliability. physical documents Digital information can be sent in multiple 22. Support multimedia content copies simultaneously over information 23. Access current information: networks in a fraction of a minute the even of 24. Computers have become portable a second. Therefore, the management support. 25. Reduced manpower Digitization in all aspects will save time, 26. Some of the other benefits are: energy, manpower, space, etc. . Increased speed of access

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. Connects users with authors instantly and go more quickly than the hardware does. . Promote paperless office environment 3. Copyright problem : It is very easy to copy, . Promote e-learning replicate, message and distribute digital . Ensure increased productivity information. Enforcing copyright in digital . On-line user education environment is a major issue. However, other . Instant downloading of information digital libraries (more specially, digital . Faster addition and gap reeducation. collections, which may be acquired by the . Promote universal accessibility. libries ) accommodate copyright concern by . Provide access to more information than licensing content and distributing it on a physically acquired information. commercial basis, which allows for better . Protects rare books that are rapidly management of the content’s reproducation deteriorating due to over use and poor storage and the payment (it require) of royalties. condition. 4. Network bandwidth : With the exploding . Provides facility for the downloading and number of users, multi-media contents, web printing. sites and applications (e.g.chat, games), . Saves the cost and manpower required for bandwidth available for accessing digital publishing and bringing out new editions. libraries is going to be a serious issue. Even a . Added value: Certain characteristics of single speed CD-ROM drive @ 150 KBPS objects, primarily the quality of images, may provides faster access time than a 56 KBPS be improved. modem. As another example, over a 64KBPS Digitization can enhance legibility and remove ISDN, line an ASCII text page arrives in less visible flaws such as stains and discoloration. than half a second while an image page takes . Support both formal and discoloration. 4 seconds which is a definite lag. . Unlimited data span. . Wide availability to public. REFERENCE Digital technology has revolutionized the Singh,Gurudev(2011).Digital Libraries ability to create electronic replica of print And Digitization.New Delhi : Ess Ess materials, and institutions around the world publications. P. 4,38,61to78 are moving ahed with project to digitized Tiwari, Purushotham (2010). Digital books, manuscripts, photographs, maps, Library. New Delhi : A P H Publishing. architectural drawings, films, sound P. 1 recordings in their collection. DISADVANTAGES OF DIGITAL LIBRARY 1. Hardware : The major risk to digital object is not physical deterioration, but technological obsolescence of the devices to read them. While the lifetime of optical and magneto- optical cartridges are expected to be in decades, those of reading devices are only about one decade. 2. Software : A more serious problem is software obsolescence. It has been pointed out that the variety of software formats for exceeds the number of hardware devices manufactured, and these programmers come

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[ 72 ] Research Zone India - 1, Vol. (IV) 4, September - 2013 ISSN 2319 - 8168 V[l0GAU"DF\ !5 ;eIMN[XM D/LG[ ,FIA|[ZL ;\NE" ;}lR;}lR;\NE" V[;Ml;I[XGGL :YF5GF SZL T[DH VF 5lZQFNDF\  Kumar, P. S. G. (2012). Foundations VF\TZZFQ8=LI 5]:TSF,I VG[ JF¢ŸDI;}RL ;lDlT of Library and Information ZRJFDF\ VFJLP !)#_DF\ VFIMlHT T[GF T'TLI JFlQF"S Science(Second Edition). Delhi : B. R. ;\D[,GDF\ T[G]\ GFD International Federation of Publishing,528 p. Library Association ZFBJFDF\ VFjI]\P !)*&DF\  Chopra, Hans Raj (1989). VF GFD XFY[ Institution HM0JFDF\ VFjI]\P CJ[ T[ Librarianship as a Profession in India. International Federation of Library Jodhpur : Jain Brothers, 284p. Association and Institution GF GFDYL VM/  na4,mheN³ ÜÓÛÛÚÝ _puStkaly AaEr smaj Üp/ BFI K[P CF,DF\ T[GL ;eI;\bIF !___YL 56 JWFZ[ 4m Aav

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* 8[SGLS, VFl;:8g84DCFZFÔ S'Q6S]DFZl;\CHL EFJGUZ I]lGJl;"8L U\|YF,I4EFJGUZ [ 74 ] Research Zone India - 1, Vol. (IV) 4, September - 2013 ISSN 2319 - 8168 ;DFHFlED]B AG[ K[P ZFWFS|Q6G SlDXG C[JF,DF\ 5]ZL %FF0[ K[P ;DFH 5lZJT"GDF\ lX1F6 VFJ\] GSSZ SFI" lX1FS G[ ;FDFlHS D]lSTGM ;M{YL DM8F ;FWG TZLS[ SZL XS[ T[ DF8[ V[GF l;DF0F JU" VG[ XF/FGF RMUFG U6JFDF\ VFJ[ K[P ;DFHYL Vl,%T V[JL lX1F^F;\:YF G[ VlTS|lDG[ K[S ;DFH ;]WL 5CMR[\ T[ B]A H~ZL K[PVFD VFJ]\ ;FnG AGL XS[P ;DFH 5lZJT"GGL WZL DF6; K[P DF6;GF 5lZJT"G EFZTDF\ UF\WLHL V[ A]lGIFNL lX1F6GL E[8 VF5LP XF/ JUZG]]\ ;DFH5lZJT"G VG[S 5|zM pEF SZ[ K[P FGF SFI"S|DDF\ ;DFHGL JF:TlJSTFG] 5|lTlA\A 50[ V[ VFD 4 ;DFH5lZJT"GGF VU|N]T TZLS[ lX1F6 :YFG V[S DFMl,S 5|ItG CTMPSM9FZL SlDXG lZ5M"8 DF 5FD[ T[ DF8[ lX1F^FG[ jIF5S ;DFHXF:+LI 5FIF 5Z XF/F GF GjFF SFI" GL JFT SZJFDF\ VFJL K[P D},JJFGL H~Z 50[ K[PX{1Fl6S ;DFH XF:+ V[JM 5FIM ;DFH G[ VG]~5 lX1F6DF\ 5lZJT"G o 5]ZM 5F0[ K[[P;DFH VFD[I 5lZJT"GXL, CMI K[PlJ7FG lX1F6 G[ ;DFH5lZJT"GG] ;FWG U6JFDF\ VFJ[ K[P VG[ 8[SGM,MHLGF SFZ6[ 5lZJT"GGL h05 B]AH JWL SlJ NIFZFD SC[ K[ o T]H ;\U[ SM. J{Q6J YFI[ TM T]\ U. K[ VG[ DF6;GF 5lZJT"G SZTF 0A, h05[ JW[ K[P J{Q6J ;FRMPHF6LTM VY"XFx+L U]gGFZ lDZ0M, ;DFH 5lZJT"GGL VFJL h05 lX1F6 5Z V;Z SZ[ J:TLGL U]6JTF DF8[ lX1F6G[ H~ZL U6FJLG[ lX1F6 K[P;DFH 5lZJT"G YL lX1F6 56 ;]WZ[ BZ]m VFJF V[8,[ DFGJDF\ D}0L ZMSF6 V[J] ;]+ VF5[ K[PlGZ1FZTF 5lZJT"GYL lX1F6 V:5°XI ZCL XS[ BZ]m ;DFHDF\ VlEXF5 K[ SFZ6 S[ XMQF6 VlEXF5 K[PlX1F6 HLJG VFJF 5lZJT"GM lX1F6G[ wF6L AnL ZLT[ V;Z SZ[ K[ 4 GL U]6JTF G[ V;Z SZ[ K[PlX1F6GL ;DFHXF:+LI 5Z\T] D]bI 5lZA/M DF\ lJbFZFT]\ ;\I]ST S]8\]A 4 DFGJLI VFWFZXL,FGL RRF" SZTL JBT[ VF56[ T[GF ~l-R]:T ;\A\WMGL V5[1FF 4 5|;FZ DFNIDM 4 VM{nMULSZ6 4 ;TT VG[ 5|UlTXL, SFI" YFI K[PSM9FZL SlDXG[ GLR[ D]HA J:TL JWFZM V;Z SZ[ K[P SCI] K[ S[ ‘ lC;\S S|F\lT l;JFI DM8F 5FI 5Z 5lZJT"G 8]\SDF VF AWFGL V;Z HM.V[T[F ;{F5|YD VFJ[ K[ l;w£ SZJ]\ TF T[G[ DF8[ p5IMUL V[J]\ V[SDF+ X:+ T[ lJBZFT]\ HT\] ;\I]ST S]8]\AP V[S ;FDFlHS ;\:YF TlZS[ lX1F6PVgI 5lZA/M VFDF\ DNN~5 YFI VG[ SIFZ[S ;\I]ST S]8]\A T}8L ZCI] K[P 5lzDGF N[XMDF\ S]8]\ADF\ DF+ TM T[DGL N[BLTL V;Z JWFZ[ H6FIP5Z\T] TDFD HGTF 5tGL TYF AF/SMGM ;DFJ[X YFI K[PEFZTDF\ S]8]\AGF ;]WL 5CMR[ T[J\] X:+ TM DF+ ZFQ8L=I lX1F65|YF H K[P ;LDF0F ‘ DF;LGF NLSZF NLSZL ‘ ;]nL 5CMRTFP;\I]ST ZFHFXFCLGF HDFGFDF\ AF5] G[ Y}\SNFGL WZTM 5Ml9IM S]8]\AGF ,FEM 56 CTF VG[ DIFNF"[ 56 CTLP tIFZAFN E,[ VFH[ HMJF G D/[ 56 DF[8F ;FC[AG[ WZ[ VF8M\\\ DFZTF VFJ[ K[ DFGJLI ;\A\nMGL V5[1FFPVFlY"S 5|UltFVgF[ SM> S,FS"GL J°lT 5Ml9IF H[JL H K[PDF6; G AN

Research Zone India - 1, Vol. (IV) 4, September - 2013 [ 75 ] ISSN 2319 - 8168 5|zF[ VG[ ;D:IFVM 5[NF YFI K[PlX1F6GM jIF5 Jn[ T[ D/[ K[PlX1F6GF ;FDFlHS C[T]GF VF VFW]lGS :J~5DF\ ;FyF[ pEL YTL lXl1FT A[SFZMGL wF[ZL ;D:IFVM 56 B0L jIlSTG\] 4 ZFHI S[ ;DFHGF lCT DF8[ T[DGF TZOyFL YT]\ YFI K[P VG[ VF ;FY[ 5|;FZ DFwIDF[GL JFT SZLV[ TM SM. NDG S[ lGI\+6 GYL 4 56 jIlST %MFT[ H ;DFHGF Z[l0IM 4 8[l,lJhG 4 H[JF ;dF}C DFwIDF[V[ N]lGIFG[ GFGL V[S V\TU"T V\U TZLS[ ;DFHGF ;DU| lJSF; DF8[ AGFJL NLnL K[P5]:TSM 4 VbFAFZM 4 VG[ 8LPJLP H[JF %MFTFGF :JFY" S[ lCTG[ UM[6 AGFJL N[ K[PlX1F6GM DFwIDF[ TM lJSF;;L, N[XMDF\ 56 CJ[ ;FDFgI AGTF ;FDFlHS C[T] T[GF VFn]lGS :J~5DF\ DFGJ5|lTQ9F HFI K[PlYI[8ZMDF\ R,lR+ HM.G[ VBAFZM JF\RLG[ VG[ JnFZ[ V[JM ,FU[ K[PjIlST D]bItJ[ ;FDFlHS 5|F6L K[ G[ UFDG[ RMZ[ Z[l0IF[ ;F\E/LG[ ;FDFgI DF6; 56 CJ[ T[GF ljFSF; £FZF H ;DFHGF ;\JFNL G[ 3lGQ9 lJSF; DFlCTL D[/J[ K[P Y. XS[P;FDFlHS C[T] £FZF H ;DFh Jn] G[ JW] 38° VG[ lX1F6,1FL ;DFHGF C[T]VM o ;\ULG AGX[ 4 G[ T[DF\ ;CSFZ G[ ;[JFG]\ JFTFJZ6 lX1F6GL lJRFZ;6DF\ 5FIFG]\ DCtJ SMG]\ v ;DFHG]\ 4 ;HF"X[P;FDFlHS C[T]GL :JLS'TL £FZF H jIlSTVMGL ZFQ8=G]\ 4 S[ jIlSTG]\ ZFHlSI S[ X{1Fl6S jIJI:YFDF\ SM6 HLJGH~ZLIFTM AC] ;FZL ZLT[ ;\TMQFL XSFX[P ;M[{YL JW] VUtIgF]\ v ;DFH 4 S[ jIlST m VF V[S D}/ lX1F6GF VFW]lGS lJRFZ5|JFC jIlSTGF ;JF"\UL E}T 5|z K[PlX1F6GF ;FDFlHS C[T]GF A[ :J~5 K[P V[S lJSF;GF 5MQFFS TZLS[ lX1F6GM bIF, SZ[ K[PjIlSTGF TM pU| :J~5 VG[ ALH]\ lJJ[SXL, :J~5PH[J]\ ZFQ8= VYJF ;JFUL"\lJSF;GF VFN"XDF\ J{IlSTS C[T] VG[ ;FDFlHS T[JL T[GL ;DFH G[ jIlSTGF lJSF; DF8[GL C[T] A\G[GF pDNF TtJMGM ;DFJ[X Y. XS[ K[P ¹lQ8P;FDFlHS C[T]GF pU| :J~5DF\ ZFQ8= VYJF N[X TDFD AFATMDF\ ;JM"5lZTF nZFJ[ K[PZFHIG]\ VF :J~5 ;\NE";}lR;\NE";}lR;\NE";}lR T [V[SCyY] ;TFXFCL ;ZdF]BtIFZXFCLP VF 5|SFZGF 9FSZ4 N1F[X sZ__)f P lX1F6G]\ ;tI 4 VDNFJFN ZFHIDF\ HLJGG]\ VG[ lX1F6G]\ ;FDgI NI[I V[ ZFHIG]\ o 5F`J" 5la,S[XG4 5°P ##& lCT ;FWJ]\ T[P  HFGL4 A/J\T sZ__&f P lX1F6 VG[ ;FDFlHS lX1F6GF VFW]lGS :J~5DF\ DF\ HM.V[TM H[ N[XM ;\NE"4 VDNFJFN o 5F`J" 5la,S[XGP5°P !Z$ ,MSXFCL ZFHIT\+G[ JZ[,F K[ T[DF\ lX1F6G]\ ;FDFlHS  ZFJ,4 R\l£SF sZ_!ZfP H[g0Z VG[ lJSF;4 C[T]G]\ T\N]Z:TG[ 5|UlTSFZS SCL XSFI V[J]\ :J~5 HMJF VDNFJFN o 5F`J" 5la,S[XG4 5°P Z_*

[ 76 ] Research Zone India - 1, Vol. (IV) 4, September - 2013 ISSN 2319 - 8168 Arts [Lib & Info Sci.] Research Zone India Vol. 1 Issue - (4) Sept.- 2013 Page 77-79 ISSN 2319 - 8168 * Mitesh Gohel

COPYRIGHT OWNERSHIP & THE IMPACT ON ACADEMIC LIBRARIES

On account of information & knowledge explosion it has become essential for librarians to provide a master key to this repository of knowledge. The maximum use of this tremendous up sage of knowledge in the service, the librarian started mechanizing activities of libraries and research institution through various gadget The main aim of any library is to provide access to proper information explosion, due to growing demands of the user and shrinking of financial resources, library is not able to obtain all the reading materials on demand The only way to overcome these problems is resources sharing through networking. The present paper gives the importance of library automation, which helps librarians for excellent control over collection. New technologies library provides several new materials, media and mode of storing and communicating the information. Automation requires planning, designing, and implementation. Library automation reduces the drudgery of repeated manual efforts in library routine by use of library automation collection, Storage, administration, processing, preservation and communication etc. It increases productivity in terms of both works as well as in service.

Keywords: Library, Automation, Library Automation, Information communication Technology

Introduction: making an apparatus, a process or a system India has made great strides in computer and operate automatically”. In other words it is the telecommunication technologies. It was one of machinery that mathematically manipulates the first few nations, which realized the information storing, select, presents and potentialities of computer for bibliographical records input data or internally generated data. information work and routine library Automation word is used for automatic housekeeping operations. technical process. In libraries automation Computer has gained its importance in every refers to the process of automation in house field of human activity because of its speed, functions such as circulation, cataloguing Accuracy and capability of large scale Acquisition, serial controls etc.Library processing .It is space saving device as well Automation is the general term for because information stored on computer information and communication technologies readable devices takes much less space than (ICT) that are used to replace manual systems the conventionally stored systems. in the library. Automation: According to Webster’s Need of library automation: There are dictionary “automation is the technique of various reasons for automation

* Librarian, Shree K.V. Parekh Science, Arts & Commerce College Mahuva

Research Zone India - 1, Vol. (IV) 4, September - 2013 [ 77 ] ISSN 2319 - 8168

1. Information Explosion (Growth of · Ordering cancellation reminders documents) · Receiving 2. New techniques. · Budget management 3. Lack of space. · Master file management such as currency 4. To save the time of the reader. table, vendors, publishers etc 5. To improve the control over collection. Circulation Module 6. To avoid the duplication of work. In libraries the circulation system 7. Greater efficiency. conventionally managed consists of charges, 8. Accuracy and promptness discharges, overdue control, reservation, 9. To share the resources sharing among renewal and appropriate records through computer networks nationally and maintenance. These operations are quite internationally. amenable to automation. An automated Selecting Automation packages circulation system acts as in interface between · User friendly the user and the information system with · Popularity of package other backup services like acquisition, · Well designed screens logically arranged cataloguing serial control and housekeeping functions with extensive help messages chores.The circulation module performs the · Minimum Training task, involved in the circulation function, such · Multi-user and unlimited user access as material check-in, check-out, inventory, · Support internationally known standards overdue notices, holds, and reserves, fines, and (MARC, AACR2) statistical reports. · Training and support (Email, Discussion Functions of Circulation Forum) · Issue Returns Renewal of Documents Library Housekeeping operations: · Recall reservation, reservation cancellation A library will have to perform minimum · Reminders (Manually, emails) number of basic operations. There operations · Reports are conventionally referred to as “House · Documents Issued /returned keeping operations”. · Fine amount collected The basic modules of automated system are · Fine receipt 1. Acquisition Cataloguing Module: 2. Circulation The module performs various cataloguing 3. Cataloguing tasks such as original cataloguing using the 4. Serial control Machine Readable Catalogue (MARC) protocol, 5. OPAC editing, copying, saving and retrieving 6. Administration catalogues records. When a record is saved in Acquisition: The purpose of acquisition is to the cataloguing database, the record manage and control the expenditure of funds automatically appears in the OPAC, and a brief for materials that meet the collection copy of the record is also generated development criteria of the library and the automatically for the circulation module. needs of its clientele. This means that Functions of cataloguing acquisition process must be accurate, efficient •Creation storage, retrieval and management and responsive to the demands of library of bibliographic records and indexes users. •Import and export facility Functions of Acquisitions •Performs various cataloguing tasks such as · Suggestion management original cataloguing using the MARC protocol,

[ 78 ] Research Zone India - 1, Vol. (IV) 4, September - 2013 ISSN 2319 - 8168 copying, saving, and retrieving catalogues 2. Professional staff need not spend much time records to do the routine library work. Online public access catalogue (OPAC) 3. Eliminates human errors while performing Module because cataloguing module is the routine library work. OPAC is what users consult to find and retrieve 4. Improved Computer awareness among information of interest. Generally, the OPAC is users. equivalent to the card catalogue, but it provides 5. Cataloguing is faster, instant access to non- advanced search features. The OPAC function records. allows searching by author, title, subject or 6. Excellent control over circulation. keyword; search using Boolean operators Disadvantages of Library Automation [AND, RO, NOT] hyperlink searching, wild · Initial and recurring expenses character searching and combined search · Continuous Staff training strategy options. · Hardware and software obsolescence Functionalities of OPAC Conclusion · Simple and advance searching For the successful implementation of an · Boolean search (and, or, not) integrated library system all key factors must · Field based searching (Author, subject, source be in place support from administration, staff, etc) competence, consideration of user · Browsing: field based and Hierarchical requirements, presence of infrastructure, · Personalized OPAC (My OPAC)-SDI, CAS, (Hardware, software, networks) available data, Subject list etc excellent managerial skill from the Serial control coordinator of the project. The complex job of keeping track of serials can easily and effectively be handled using SOUL References: through its Serial Control module. This module  Agrawal, S.P.(1989)”Development of broadly handles following functions. library Services in India, Concept pub. · Suggestions. Comp, New Delhi, 100059. · Subscription (renewal and new  Dabas, K.C.(2008)”IT Application for TQM subscription) and library Marketing”, Ess Ess pub. , New · Payment including fund control etc. Delhi. · Check in of issues including reduction of  Dabas, K.C,”TQM for library services” Ess issues arrival. Ess pub., New Delhi (15)p.58-72. · Reminder generations.  Danrita J. (2009),”Future Concepts of · Binding management. library and Information Services”, Ess Ess · Search status of every item. Pub., New Delhi. · Master databases management.  Dilli K.T.(2009) “Library and information Library Software’s Services in Digital Era “Atlantic Pub. New · SOUL Delhi. · LIBSYS  Galhotra M. (2008),”Information · SANJAY Technology in library and information · MAITRAYEE services”. Ess Ess Pub., New Delhi. · LIBMAN  Kumar K.,(1993)”Library Administration Advances of Library automation: and Management”.Vikas Pub. New Delhi. 1. It increases productivity in terms of both works as well as in service.

Research Zone India - 1, Vol. (IV) 4, September - 2013 [ 79 ] ISSN 2319 - 8168 Arts [Lib & Info Sci.] Research Zone India Vol. 1 Issue - (4) Sept.- 2013 Page 80-82 ISSN 2319 - 8168 * Hiren Solanki

THE DEEP WEB : THE INTERNET’S OBSCURE DATA MINE

The deep web (also called the Deepnet, the invisible web, the undernet or the hidden web) is World Wide Web content that is not part of the surface web, which is indexed by standard search engines. The hidden portion of the web is 550 times bigger than the surface web. Ninety five percent of this Deep Web is free. The present paper defines the Deep Web and explores the importance of the Deep Web for the librarians. The paper presents 16 tools to search this Deep Web which can be effectively used by the librarians to improve their information services. Keywords: Deep Web, Invisible Web, Search Engines

Introduction contrast, Google, the largest search engine, had The World Wide Web (abbreviated as www or indexed just 25 billion pages. w3, commonly known as the web), is a system Deep Web content includes information in of interlinked hypertext documents accessed private databases that are accessible over the via the internet. With a web browser, one can internet but not intended to be crawled by view web pages that may contain text, images, search engines. For example, some videos, and other multimedia, and navigate universities, government agencies and other between them via hyperlinks. Berners-Lee organizations maintain databases of created it in 1989 at CERN in Geneva, information that were not created for general Switzerland so that researchers at CERN could public access. Other sites may restrict share their documents from different database access to members or subscribers. computer systems. So with the creation of The term, “deep web,” was coined by Bright Hyper Text Markup Language and the launch planet, an internet search technology company of World Wide Web in 1992, navigating the that specializes in searching deep web internet became much easier. Ever since then, content. In their 2001 white paper,’ The Deep the web has been growing at an exponential Web: Surfacing Hidden Value,’ Bright Planet rate. noted that the deep web was growing much What is the Deep web? more quickly than the surface web and that The deep web is the part of the internet that the quality of the content within it was is inaccessible to conventional search engines, significantly higher than the vast majority of and consequently, to most users. According to surface web content. Although some of the researcher Marcus p. Zillman of open to the general public, Bright Planet DeepWebResearch.info, as of January 2006, estimates that 95% of the deep web can be the deep web contained somewhere in the accessed through specialized search. vicinity of 900 billion pages of information. In

[ 80 ] Research Zone India - 1, Vol. (IV) 4, September - 2013 ISSN 2319 - 8168

Deep Web VS. Surface Web effective hidden web crawler. Many Meta search engines have been built for this Deep Web VS Surface Web purpose. A list of sixteen tools to search the * Size : Estimated to be * Size : Estimated to Deep Web is listed below with some 5 to 500 times larger be 8+ billion annotations. (Bright planet) (Google) to 45 WEB LIBRARY billion web pages Web Library is the companion site to * Dynamically * static, crawl able Tomaiuolo (2004) where the author generated content That web pages generously lists and keeps current all the links lives inside databases in this book entitled, “The Web Library: * Growing faster than * Limited to what is Building a world class personal Library with surface found by search Free Web Resources.” These links are worth Web engines browsing.

Tools through which the Deep Web can be INTUTE accessed by Librarians Intute is a free online service that provides The content on the Deep Web is immense and resources for education and research which appears to be beyond measure. Yet attempts are evaluated by experts. The service is have been made to measure it. Bergman writes created by a network of UK universities and that Bright planet made an attempt to quantify other partners. Subject-specific and cross- the size of the Deep Web in March 2000 and subject resources can be accessed through it. they found that it is 400 to 550 times larger It has four subject groups viz., Arts & than the surface web. The deep web contains Humanities, Health & Life Sciences, Science 7500 terabytes of information and 550 billion Engineering & Technology and Social individual documents. Whereas the surface Sciences. web which most search engines search have ACADEMIC INFORMATION only 19 terabytes of information and only one Academic Information has a directory billion individual documents. So no librarian structure for browsing an ocean of academic can ignore that portion of the web content information. which is nearly 550 times larger than the DIGITAL LIBRARIAN surface web. According to yet another study Digital Librarian is a directory of hand selected the deep web contained 900 billion pages of links including these areas of interest of IT: information in January 2006 and in contrast Business & Finance, Calculators, College & Google had indexed just 25 billion pages by University, Computers, Directories, Education, then. So librarians cannot ignore the 875 Electronic Texts, Employment, Images, billion pages of information that constitutes Internet, Magazines & Journals, Non-profits, the Deep Web. Reference, Search Tools, Statistics, and Web It becomes extremely crucial for librarians to page Design. know how to access this mass of information THE WWW VIRTUAL LIBRARY that resides in the Deep Web. Many companies This is considered to be oldest catalog on the like the bright planet are extending solutions Web and was started by Tim Berners-Lee, the to this problem. Many researchers are also creator of the web. So, isn’t strange that it finds presenting solutions; Raghavan and Garcia- a place in the list of Invisible Web resources? Molina have introduced a hidden web crawler, Maybe, but the WWW Virtual Library lists Ntoulas have also worked on building an quite a lot of relevant resources on quite a lot

Research Zone India - 1, Vol. (IV) 4, September - 2013 [ 81 ] ISSN 2319 - 8168 of subjects. You can go vertically into the journals, electronic books, bulletin boards, categories or use the search bar. The mailing lists, online library card catalogues, screenshot shows the alphabetical articles, directories of researchers etc. arrangement of subjects covered at the site. INTERNET.COM DEEPWEBTECH It is an extremely useful gateway covering all Deepwebtech gives you five search engines operating systems, markup languages, (and browser plugins) for specific topics. The wireless, downloads, developers, IT security, search engines cover science, medicine, and networking and much more. It is very business. Using these topic specific search comprehensive and up-to-date. engines, you can query the underlying LIBRARIANS INTERNET INDEX databases in the DEEP WEB. It is a publicly-funded website which started SCIRUS from California and now it serves the whole Scirus has a pure scientific focus. It is a far world. It has over 20,000 entries carefully reaching research engine that can scour selected and organized by librarians into 14 journals, scientists’ homepages, courseware, main topics and nearly 300 related topics. pre-print server material, patents and Users can also subscribe to its free newsletter. institutional intranets. It is very reliable and gives access to high- BUSINESS.COM quality websites. It contains Web pages on 64,000 plus public, SCIENCE.GOV private and international companies. It is It is a gateway to over 50 million pages of extremely useful for business information. It authoritative selected science information. It is useful especially for information related to contains the science information provided by marketing, human resources, and business U.S government agencies, including research travel and consumer services. and development results. Agriculture, applied DIRECTORY OF OPEN ACCESS JOURNALS science & technology, astronomy & space, This directory covers free and full text biology & nature, computers & scientific and scholarly journals that are peer communication, earth & ocean sciences, reviewed or editorial quality controlled. As of energy & energy conservation, environment now 3414 journals are there in the directory & environment quality, health & medicine, out of which 1161 journals are searchable at math, physics & chemistry, natural sciences & article level. It also accepts free user conservation and science education are the registration online. subject areas covered by science.gov. ERIC SOCIOSITE ERIC is sponsored by the U.S. Department of This gateway is exclusively for the subject of Education and provides free access to more sociology to help sociologists. It is global in than 1.2 million bibliographic records of Scope and contains high quality resources. journal articles to education literature. It also This is maintained by University of provides links to full text of the articles Amsterdam. The access is free to promote wherever available. scholarly communication. FLIPPER Flipper is for news and e-commerce. The References popular categories in it are finance, lifestyle www.makeuseof.com travel, home, business and entertainment. www.techdeepweb.com INFOMINE en.wikipedia.org INFOMINE is built by librarians and www.internettutorials.net maintained by University of California. It is a www.lib.lsu.edu virtual library of internet resources useful for whatis.techtarget.com research. It contains databases, electronic

[ 82 ] Research Zone India - 1, Vol. (IV) 4, September - 2013 ISSN 2319 - 8168 Arts [Social Work] Research Zone India Vol. 1 Issue - (4) Sept.- 2013 Page 83-85 ISSN 2319 - 8168 * Dr. Ninad Jhala

DELIBERATIONS FOR INTEGRATION (SOCIAL WORK EDUCATION, PRACTICE AND HUMAN RIGHTS)

Introduction interventions themselves uphold human rights The International Federation of Social Workers aspects than only, the interventions will be human (IFSW) & International Association of Schools of rights based. Social Work (IASSW) consider it very essential What are human rights ? that those involved in the field of social work The United Nations has defined human rights as education and practice should have a clear and those rights which are inherent in our nature and unreserved commitment to the promotion and without which we cannot live as human beings. protection of human rights. Human rights and fundamental freedoms allow us In the context of social work, it can be arguably to fully develop and use our human and said that social work since inception, has been a fundamental freedoms allow us to fully develop human rights profession, having as its basic tenet and use our human qualities, our intelligence, our the value of every human being and aims to talents and our conscience and to satisfy our promote equitable social structures for security spiritual and other needs. They are based on and development of the people and at the same mankind’s increasing demand for a life in which time upholding the dignity of the human beings. the inherent dignity and worth of each human However learning in social work curriculum being will receive respect and protection. requires for rapt attention to four broad areas. The denial of human rights is not only an First, the philosophy and mission of social work individual and personal tragedy, but also creates schools need to be explicit and should inspire the conditions of social and political unrest, sowing learning process. Secondly, the structure of social the seeds of violence and conflict within and work schools must reflect human rights concerns between societies and nations. in terms of its policies, procedures, organisational What is social work ? aspects, admissions, advertising, student and Social work orginated from various humanitarian faculty evaluations, etc. Third is the area of faculty- and democratic ideals. Since inception, the social student relations where an open environment is work has attempted to meet the human needs and created to facilitate the development of a sense of develop human potential and resources. It is a equality among students and between students and profession whose purpose is to bring about social faculty. The use of learning methods that promote changes in the society in general and in its transformation of students into social justice individual forms of development. advocates is important here. The fourth area is of Social work is always practiced in five contexts viz. engendering social work methods with human geographical, politcial, socio-economic, cultural rights base. If methods of social work and spiritual. The analysis of these five * Assistant Professor, Institute of Language Studies & Applied Social Sciences, Vallabh Vidyanagar. Research Zone India - 1, Vol. (IV) 4, September - 2013 [ 83 ] ISSN 2319 - 8168 contexts reinforces the essential connectedness Social work and human rights both have and coherence of social worker’s efforts and the individuals as their starting point. However, this solidarity and energy of those who join in indiviudal level of analysis needs further common cause in human rights work. It gives a exploration to understand the roort causes of conscious direction to social work practice by problems and for formulating better responses. manifesting human rights context in its work. This implies that the social workers have to Social work and human rights understand the interaction of their own values and The focus of social work profession is on human professional ethics with the values of their clients needs and its conviction is that the needs are not and prevailing socio-politcial order. to be met as a matter of choice but as an 3. Responding to human rights issues imperative of basic justice. Thus social work Post the analysis, the social workers need to moves to the principles of human rights for its respond to the human rights issues. They need to professional practice. This transition from needs conceptualise that what are the human rights orientation to rights affirmation has been made issues in the problem at hand and whether the necessary because of tangible substantive needs goals and means are consistent with the national that have to be met. laws and international declarations. They also Social work is concerned with the protection of need to prioritise their intervention in relation to individual and group differences. It is often forced the persons concerned. This exercise of goal to mediate between the people and the State, to setting must also include coherent strategy to champion particular causes, and to provide respond to the human rights issues at different protection against the State action. As a bridging levels starting from individual client level to profession, social work has to be conscious of its national level. values and possess a solid knowledge base, not 4. Reference groups of social workers least in the field of human rights, to guide it in many The crusade of human rights cannot be fought conflicting situations throughout its practice. alone. The social work intervention strategies While social workers through their actions may require support from many different individuals well reinforce the rights of their clients, faulty and groups including law professionals, NGOs, judgement can lead them to jeopardise those political parties, religion, trade unions, etc. rights. 5. Evaluation Thus, human rights are inseparable from social Intervention by social workers shoud be work theory, values and ethics and practice. Rights evaluated, at least in conjunction with the client corresponding to human needs have to be upheld and the supervisor. The evaluation should be and fostered, and they embody the justification specifically addressing actions taken on human and motivation for social work action. This rights issues raised by the given situation. The inseparability creates dilemmas for social work clients should be involved in the process of educaiton and practice. evaluation. Deliberations for integration 6. Follow-up Action 1. Recognition of human rights issues. After the evaluation, a future action may need to Many aspects of social work have implicit human be considered by the social worker in the light of rights dimension. It is therefore a prerequisite the success or failure of current strategies and that the teachers and students, train themselves hence a futuristic approach is required. to recognise and explore these dimensions in 7. Field Work theory and practice through micro, mezzo and Field work is an integral part of social work macro analysis. education, which affords students the opportunity 2. Analysis of witnessing the practical applicatin of theory [ 84 ] Research Zone India - 1, Vol. (IV) 4, September - 2013 ISSN 2319 - 8168 learned from the classroom. Hence the field References instructors must help students to identify human  Darren J. O’Byrne, Human Rights An rights aspects in everyday practice. Introduction, Pearson Education, Singapore 8. Research (2005) Serious academic research in the field of human  Tim Dunne and Nicholas J., Human Right in rights based social work is a key element for Global Politics, Cambridge Univ. Press ensuring knowledge of and respect for human  Carlos Santiago, Ethics of Human Rights, OUP rights. Research is very much required in the areas (1991) of human rights violations, prevention of human  UNESCO, Human Rights Teaching: Int. rights abuses, advocacy and social action, fund Congress on Education of Human Rights and raising for human rights based activities, human Democracy (Montreal: UNESCO, 1993) rights education, etc.  Iyer, V.R. Krishana, Human Rights and Inhuman Wrongs, D.K. Pub., Delhi (1996)  Freire, Paulo. 1970. The Pedagogy of the Oppressed. New York: Herder and Herder  Integrated Framework of Action for Education, for Peace, Human Rights and Democracy. Paris: UNESCO (1994)  www.pdhre.org.in/people/claudebio.html  http://www.hurights.or.jp/archives/ human_rights_education_in_asian_schools/

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Research Zone India - 1, Vol. (IV) 4, September - 2013 [ 89 ] ISSN 2319 - 8168 R]SFNFYL lC\N] ;DFHDF\ WLD] h[Z Z[0FI K[PVG[ VYJF DFZL VG[ ;ZSFZGL DF\U6L GF A\G[ ;ZSFZ[ 5lZ6FD[ lKgGlEgG Y. HX[P HFC[Z SZJF HM.V[P 5#P TFP!(v!) ;%8[ !)#Zov IJZ0F H[,s5}GFf &!P GJ[aDZ IJZ0F H[,s5}GFf V:5'xIMG[ D\lNZ TFP!(DL V[ V

[ 90 ] Research Zone India - 1, Vol. (IV) 4, September - 2013 ISSN 2319 - 8168 *#P TFP! H},F. !)#$ov EFJGUZ BFT[ JF

Research Zone India - 1, Vol. (IV) 4, September - 2013 [ 91 ] ISSN 2319 - 8168 Arts [History] Research Zone India Vol. 1 Issue - (4) Sept.- 2013 Page 92-93 ISSN 2319 - 8168 * KUGEF. DSJF6F

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[ 92 ] Research Zone India - 1, Vol. (IV) 4, September - 2013 ISSN 2319 - 8168 5lZ6FD[ !(Z) YL !(#5 ;]WLGF UF/FDF\ Z___ 5Z V[S ,F\A] 8F\R6 T{IFZ SI]Å H[ V{lTCFl;S DGFI K[P 9UMG[ 5S0JFDF\ VFjIF VG[ T[DGF 5Z SFD R,FJJFDF\ VFD ,M0" l,lID A[lg8S[ * DFR" !(#5GF ZMH 9ZFJ VFjI]\P !(#*DF\ 9UMGM GFX DF8[ :,LD[GG[ lGDJFDF\ SIF" VG[ VFN[X VF5JFDF\ VFjIM S[ VFjIMP :,LD[G[ T[DGL SFDULZL ;O/TF5}J"S SZL VG[ ——lA|l8X ;ZSFZGM prR C[T] N[XGF ,MSMDF\ ;FlCtI VG[ 9UMGM GFX SIM"P !(#* 5KL 9UMGM V\T VFjIMP lJ7FGG]\ lX1F6 JWFZJFGM K[ VG[ lX1F6 DF8[ OF/ s#f ;ZSFZL ;[JFVMDF\ E[NEFJGM V\T o ;ZSFZL JJFDF\ VFJTF GF6FGM z[Q9 p5IMU V\U|[Ò lX1F6 ;[JFVMDF\ ,M0" SMG"JMl,;YL RF,L VFJTL E[NEFJ EZL VF5JFDF\ H Y. XSX[P˜˜ GLlTGM V\T SZJFDF\ VFjIMP !(##GF RF8"0" V[S8 WFZF VFD ,M0" lJl,ID A[lg8SGF XF;G NZlDIFG EFZTDF\ (*GL VG];FZ EFZTGF GFUlZSMG[ ——CJ[ WD"4 HgD:Y/ ;FDFlHS 1F[+[ VG[ X{1Fl6S 1F[+[ H[ ;]WFZFVM YI[,F HMJF 4 HFlT VG[ Z\U˜˜ AFATDF\ SM.56 5N DF8[ J\lRT D/[ K[ T[ VFHGF I]UGL DCtJGL N[G U6JFDF\ VFJ[ K[P ZFBJFDF\ VFJX[ GlCP (B) A[lg8SGF X{1Fl6S ;]WFZFVM o ——;ZSFZG]\ DCtJG]\ ;\NE" ;}lR;}lR;\NE" V\lTD wI[I lC\N] S[ D]:,LD lX1F6 VF5JFG]\ GlC 56  EFZTGM .lTCF; o s!(!(v!((5f4 ,[BS o 0F¶P p5IMUL lX1F6 VF5JFG]\ K[P˜˜ v H[d; lD, ZD[XSF\T UMP 5ZLB4 I]lGJl;"8L U|\Y lGDF"6 AM0"4 EFZTDF\ X{1Fl6S 1F[+[ ;]WFZFVM SZJFDF\ VFjIF K[P T[DF\ !)((P ,M0" lJl,ID A[lg8SG]\ GFD DMBZ[ K[P T[DF\ lX1F6G]\  5lüD EFZTDF\ V\U|[HM4 ZFHSLI VG[ ;FDFlHS DFwID V\U|[Ò ZC[ T[ DF8[ VG[S lJJFN ;HF"IF CTFP 5lZÝ[1FDF\4 ,[BS o 0F¶P U]6J\TEF. N[;F.4 !(!#DF\ lA|l8X ÝN[XMGF ZC[JF;LVMDF\ lJ7FGM DF8[ I]lGJl;"8L U|\Y lGDF"6 AM0"4 !)((P 7FG VF5JF VG[ T[GM lJSF; SZJF ÝlT JQF" V[S ,FB  EFZTLI ;\:S'lT o :J~5 VG[ lJSF; sDwISF/ VG[ ~l5IFGL HMUJF. SZJFDF\ VFJL CTLP 5Z\T] VF ZSDGM VJF"RLG SF/f ,[BS o ÝJL6R\ã 5ZLB4 I]lGJl;"8L p5IMU S[JL ZLT[ SZJM T[ GÞL SZFI]\ G CT]\P U|\Y lGDF"6 AM0"4 Z__!P ßCMG V[0d;[ 5MTFGF 8}\SF UJG"Z HGZ,GF ;DIDF\  VFW]lGS EFZTSF .lTCF;4 ,[BS o ALP V[,P U|MJZ4 HFC[Z lX1F6 DF8[ ;lDlT GLlD lC\NLVMDF\ 7FG S[JL V

Research Zone India - 1, Vol. (IV) 4, September - 2013 [ 93 ] ISSN 2319 - 8168 Arts [History] Research Zone India Vol. 1 Issue - (4) Sept.- 2013 Page 94-95 ISSN 2319 - 8168 * ZD[X SFl,IF .lTCF;GF VeIF;DF\ dI]lhIDMG]\ DCtJ

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[ 94 ] Research Zone India - 1, Vol. (IV) 4, September - 2013 ISSN 2319 - 8168 TYF DFGJÒJGGF DCFG bIF,MG[ D],JJF DF8[ VF56[ Z1F6 D?I]\ VG[ K]5FI[,F WGGL XMW 5Z ;ZSFZL lGIDG ,MSS,F TYF ;\:S'lTGL lS\DT VG[ VFW]lGS ;DFHDF\ VFjI\]P dI]lhIDM DF8[ VF SFINM W6M H p5IMUL VFUJL SFDULZL ;DHJL HM.V[P EFZTGF dI]lhIDM GLJ0IMP SFZ6 S[ T[GFYL lS\DTL J:T]VMGL 5|Fl%T ;Z/ VF lNXFDF\ W6]\ AW] SFD SZL XS[ T[D K[P 5|FRLG VG[ AGL TYF HDLGDF\ !__ JQF" 5}J["GL K]5FI[,L V{lTCFl;S VJF"RLG I]U JrR[ dI]lhIDM V[S ;[T]A\W TZLS[ SFD lS\DTL J:T]VM ;ZSFZ C:TS YJF ,FUL4 T[JL J:T]VMGM SZLG[ 5lZJT"GXL, N]lGIFDF\ VtI\T VY"5}6" AGL ZC[ ;\U|C SZL dI]lhIDM AGFJJFDF\ VFjIFP 5lZ6FD[ K[P ,MSMG]\ ÒJG ;\:SFZ I]ST TYF DGMZ\HG I]ST EFZTDF\ NZ JQF[" ( DL ÔgI]VFZLYL !$ DL ÔgI]VFZL AGFJJF DF8[ dI]lhIDM V[S UlTXL, ;FWG TZLS[ SFD ;]WLGM ;DI cdI]lhID ;F%TFlCSc TZLS[ pHJJFDF\ VFJ[ SZ[ K[P K[4 T[YL SCL XSFI S[ cdI]lhID TYF .lTCF; V[S 7FG VG[ lJlXQ8 S[/J6L VF5GFZ XF/FVM TYF VgI l;SSFGL A[ AFH]GL UZH ;FZ[ K[cP ;\:YFVMGL DFOS dI]lhIDMV[ 56 .lTCF; ;FRJJFG]\ 5|lTS ;DFG K[P V[8,[ HM dI]lhIDMG[ IMuI 5|Mt;FCG ;\NE";}lR;\NE";}lR;\NE";}lR VF5LG[ T[G[ S]X/TF5}J"S UM9JJFDF\ VFJ[ TM R1F]UdI  DC[TF s0Mf VFZPV[GP4 .lTCF;GL lJEFJGF4 S[/J6LGF V[S DCtJGF ;FWG TZLS[ 5]ZJFZ YFI K[P ZFD,F, 5ZLBv VDNFJFN 5|YD VFJ'l¿ o R1F]UdI S[/J6L VF5JFGF SFI"G[ 5ZL5}6" SZJF DF8[ !)(ZP dI]lhIDM ;F{ 5|YD ;F\:S'lTS TYF 5|FS'lTS .lTCF;G[  ZX[; s0Mf HDLGNFZ4 .lTCF; ;\S<5GF VG[ ,UTL J:T]VMGM ;\U|C SZ[ K[ TYF T[GL Ô/J6L SZ[ K[4 ;\XMWG4 U}HZFT lJnF5L9 v VDNFJFN 5|YD 5Z\T] VF ;\U|C S[ Ô/J6LG]\ SFD VD]S lJJ[SYL VG[ VFJ'l¿ o !)()P BF; C[T];Z SZJFDF\ VFJ[ K[P 5Z\T] HM VFJF  N[;F. s0Mf DC[A]A4 U]HZFT 5|JF;G4 U]H"Z dI]lhIDMGM p5IMU DF+ D],FSFTLVMG[ S[/J6L4 VFG\N 5|SFXG4 VDNFJFN 5|YD VFJ'l¿ o Z__$P VG[ 7FG VF5JF DF8[ SZJFDF\ VFJ[ TM T[G[ dI]lhID  WM/SLIF 5]Q5SF\T lJP4 VlTTGL V8FZLV[YL4 SZTF JBFZ SC[JFDF\4 VlTXIMlST GYLP T[YL 5]Q5SF\T lJQ6]X\SZ WM/lSIF v H]GFU-4 5|YD dI]lhIDMDF\ H[vT[ J:T]VMGM ;\U|C SIF" AFN T[GL Ô/ VFJ'l¿ o !))ZP J6L SZJLP lJäFGM4 lJnFYL"VM4 lGZL1FSM VG[ AF/SM  AF8"G dI]lhID EFJGUZGL 5l+SF VG[ T[GL JU[Z[G[ T[ J:T] lJX[ 7FG VF5L .lTCF;G[ JWFZ[ ;]¡- ,LW[,L ~A~ D],FSFT TFPZ_q!!qZ_!Z U]~JFZP VG[ lJ:T'T AGFJL T[GM 5|RFZv5|;FZ SZJM HM.V[P H[GF YSL dI]lhIDM DG]QIGL ;F{NI" ¡lQ8 S[/J[ K[4 lH7F;FJ'lTG[ p¿[lHT SZ[ K[4 E}TSF/ ;FY[ ;FTtI Ô/ JJF VG[ .lTCF; Ô6JF 5|Mt;FlCT SZ[ K[P 5lZ6FD[ SCL XSFI S[ cdI]lhID GCL TM .lTCF; GCL VG[ .lTCF; GCL TM dI]lhID GCLc dI]lhIDM ;DFHGF ;F\:S'lTS ;DFHGF ;F\:S'lTS JFZ;FDF\ TYF ÒJG lJX[ VlE~RL VG[ .lTCF; Ô6SFZL lJS;FJJFDF\ DNN~5 YFI K[ T[YL .lTCF;GL VG[SFvG[S ,[BM JF\RJFYL S[ 5|JRGM ;F\E/JFYL GYL D/TL 56 dI]lhIDMGL D],FSFT ,[JFYL D[/JL XSFI K[P dI]lhIDMGL Ô/J6L DF8[ H EFZTDF\ !) DL ;NLGF 5|FZ\EDF\ 5|FRLG .DFZTMGF ;\Z1F6G[ ,UTF SFINF W0JFDF\ VFjIFP .P;P!(&! DF\ VFlS"IM,MÒS, ;J[" VMO .lg0IFGL :YF5GF Y. VG[ .P;P!(&# DF\ V{lTCFl;S S[ :YF5tISLI D}

Research Zone India - 1, Vol. (IV) 4, September - 2013 [ 95 ] ISSN 2319 - 8168 Arts [English] Research Zone India Vol. 1 Issue - (4) Sept.- 2013 Page 96-100 ISSN 2319 - 8168 * Pushpa Dixit

USING THE INTERNET FOR SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT

This paper explores the potential role of the Internet for social development. Using the Internet benefits society at large and vulnerable groups in particular of their actual needs and existing facilities. The paper focuses on the use of Internet for social development including various aspects such as economical, cultural, educational, medical, political, etc. As every coin has two sides, here also we find using internet is beneficial as well as harmful in certain extent. My purpose in this paper is to contribute to a better understanding of existing positive and negative aspects of the Internet. The main focus will be on the appraisal of social and cultural implications of the Internet. Whether we like it or not, policy towards the Internet is guided by beliefs about its social and cultural benefits and harms. I will focus on perceived benefits and harms that do not seem to rest on idiosyncratic values, meaning that they seem to rest on values that are shared by most people.

Introduction: Since the Internet’s in her book Release 2.0. There, she claims: ‘The breakthrough as a mass medium, it has Net offers us a chance to take charge of our become a topic of discussion because of its own lives and to redefine our role as citizens implications for society. At the one hand there of local communities and of a global society. It are people those who only see great benefits also hands us the responsibility to govern and consider the Internet a tool for freedom, ourselves, to think for ourselves, to educate commerce, connectivity, and other societal our children, to do business honestly, and to benefits. At the other hand, one finds those work with fellow citizens to design rules we who are worried about the harms and want to live by.’ (Dyson, 21) Dyson argues that disadvantages of the Internet, and who the Internet offers us the chance to build consider it as dangerous for existing social exciting communities of likeminded structures and institutions, to culture, morality individuals, enables people to redefine their and human relations. In between one finds the work as they see fit, fosters truth-telling and majority, those who recognize both benefits information disclosure, helps build trust and harms in the Internet as it currently exists between people, and can function for people and who recognize its usefulness while as a second home. For a negative appraisal, it worrying about some of its negative impacts. has been defined as exposure to “moral As an example of a positive appraisal of the pollution” and possible addiction to Internet Internet, consider what Esther Dyson, one of use that could quash the motivation to learn, the early enthusiasts for the Internet, states especially among children.

* Lecturer, Swami Sahajananda College of Commerce & Management, Bhavnagar.

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Next to contested benefits and harms of the a broader perspective on the Internet that Internet, there are also perceived harms and could be to the benefit of both friends and foes, benefits that are fairly broadly acknowledged. and can contribute to a better mutual For instance, nearly everyone agrees that the understanding between them. More Internet has the benefit of making a large importantly, it provides a potential starting amount of useful information easily available, point for a reasoned and methodical analysis and nearly everyone agrees that the Internet of benefits and harms. Here I have assessed can also be harmful by making dangerous, both benefits and demerits based on different libelous and hateful information available. value systems. People have shared values and shared 1. Benefits of the Internet to Society empirical beliefs by which they can come to The benefits of the Internet that are such collective assessments. mentioned most frequently are its perceived My purpose in this paper is to contribute to a benefits as a means to information, better understanding of existing positive and communication, commerce, entertainment, negative appraisals of the Internet, as a first and social interaction. These are all functional step towards a more methodical assessment aspects of the internet: most of its applications of Internet technology. My focus will be on the and services have been designed explicitly to appraisal of social and cultural implications serve such functions and many people that the of the Internet. Whether we like it or not, Internet successfully performs these policy towards the Internet is guided by beliefs functions. In addition, the Internet has been about its social and cultural benefits and claimed to have benefits that are less harms. intentional: benefits to individual development Here I have classified major perceived social and cultural understanding, particularly. The and cultural benefits and harms of the Internet following list of major perceived benefits is that have been mentioned frequently in public suggestive but not exhaustive: discussions and academic studies. I will focus Ø Access to information: The Internet on perceived benefits and harms that do not makes a vast amount of information available seem to rest on idiosyncratic values, meaning and makes it continuously more or less that they seem to rest on values that are independent of time and place. Adequate shared by most people. For instance, most information is of major importance to the people believe that individual autonomy is successful functioning of individuals, and good, so if it can be shown that a technology therefore any enhancement of the ability to enhances individual autonomy, most people acquire or access information can be seen as would agree that this technology has this a great benefit to society. benefit. Notice, however, that even when they Ø Information dissemination: The share this value, people may disagree on the Internet makes it possible for anyone to benefits of the technology in question, because quickly, easily and inexpensively post and they may have different empirical beliefs on disseminate information and make this whether the technology actually enhanced information available to a large audience. In individual autonomy. this way, the Internet promotes freedom of Cataloguing such perceived cultural benefits speech by enhancing the ability of individuals and harms is an important first step towards to voice opinions and inform and influence a social and cultural technology assessment of others, which can be considered a great the Internet and its various uses. An overview benefit. of perceived benefits and harms may provide

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Ø Communication: The Internet for commerce, trade and business. These facilitates one-to-one, one-to-many and many- economic benefits translate into social and to-many communications and enables users cultural benefits because they provide people to communicate easily and inexpensively with with new products and services and faster and a wide variety of individuals across the globe. easier delivery of existing products and Communication goes beyond the services at less cost. dissemination of information: it is a two-way Ø Leisure and entertainment: The process that allows for the expression of Internet enables new forms of leisure and viewpoints, the creation of intimacy, and the entertainment, both for individual use and in coordination of actions. Because interaction with others, such as playing games communication is so important to individuals, and providing forums for collectively the Internet’s enhancement of the power to practicing hobbies and for sharing and trading communicate can be considered a great cultural objects like pictures, stories, drawings, benefit. software, music, videos, etc. Ø Developing and maintaining social Ø Identity formation and psychological relations: The internet facilitates the development: The Internet has been claimed development and maintenance of social to have positive effects on identity formation relations with people outside one’s immediate and psychological development by allowing vicinity, and provides added means to maintain people to experiment with alternative relations with people in one’s vicinity. Social identities, to hide aspects of their identity that relations are very important to the functioning could meet with disapproval or stereotyping of individuals and of society as a whole, and in face-to-face situations, to reveal aspects of the Internet provide powerful means for themselves in relative anonymity, that they developing and maintaining such relations, would not reveal in real life, and to expose which is a great benefit. themselves to a very broad variety of views Ø Community formation and social and opinions. organization: The internet facilitates the Ø Learning and cognitive development: development and maintenance of The Internet has been claimed to have communities of individuals with shared beneficial effects on learning and cognitive interests and concerns and the formation and development. It has been claimed that the maintenance of structured organizations with Internet and computers more generally, specific agendas. The Internet also provides support interactive learning styles, enhances new ways for individuals to engage in learning by supporting new multimedia ways collective behavior and form social of presenting information. movements. Community formation and social Ø Cultural understanding: It has been organization are important in any society, and claimed that the Internet can promote a better any technology that provides new means to understanding between cultures and cultural support these processes can be seen to identities by enabling people from different provide important benefits. cultural backgrounds and with different social Ø Production and Commerce: The and cultural identities to come together and Internet enables new models for production by communicate with each other under enabling coordination and partial automation conditions that are conducive to cultural of productive processes that span time and exchange. space. The Internet also enables new models 2. Internet harmful to Society

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Some of the harms of the Internet that are information: extremist ideology, recipes for mentioned frequently run contrary to their making bombs, extreme forms of perceived benefits. Without denying that the pornography, libelous information, and so internet provides new possibilities for forth. Compared to other, more controlled information, communication, commerce, information media, the Internet can therefore entertainment, and social interaction, critics be thought to do more harm. tend to argue that the quality of these ü Harmful communication: It has been activities is harmed when they are performed claimed that conversations and dialogues on over the Internet. So there is a comparative the internet often contain disrespectful, harm: compared to traditional ways of hurtful and inflammatory speech, and that performing these activities, the Internet offers conversations are often trivial or vulgar. The us an inferior or less beneficial way of Internet has also been claimed to facilitate performing them. In addition, critics perceive unwanted communication and harassment a number of other negative consequences of Compared to other forms of communication, Internet use, that concern human the Internet can therefore be claimed to development, human experience and social represent a step backwards. organization. ü Harmful effects on social relations: ü Information overload: It has been It has been claimed that online social claimed that the Internet contributes to relationships may indirectly hurt offline (face- information overload, by stimulating the to-face) social relationships, because people consumption of information and exposing will take less time and make less effort to users to an abundance of often irrelevant, engage in face-to-face interaction. It has also unclear and inaccurate messages and data been claimed that online social relationships fragments. This has been claimed, for tend to be less profound, valuable and durable individuals, to cause anxiety, poor decision- than offline relationships and that computer- making, difficulties in memorizing and mediated communication less expressive and remembering, and reduced attention span, authentic than face-to-face communication. and, for organizations, to lead less efficiency ü Harmful effects on community and and poorer decision-making. (Edmunds and social organization: It has been claimed that Morris, 17-28). the emergence of virtual communities and ü False information: It has been organizations may hurt existing “physical” claimed that, because of the absence of good communities and organizations because selection mechanisms, the Internet contains people will devote less time and energy to much false and unreliable information. them, and that virtual communities and Moreover, it is often impossible to evaluate the organizations are less profound, valuable and correctness of information found on the durable than “physical” ones (Winner, 14-21) Internet, as it is often difficult to credit or ü Harmful effects on production and evaluate sources. Therefore, the Internet is commerce: It has been argued that the easy thought to represent a step backwards distribution of digital information over the compared to more traditional information Internet will hurt commerce and the so-called media. culture industry (musicians, film makers, ü Harmful information: It has been artists, etc.). It has also been claimed that the claimed that, because of the absence of Internet and digital media generally, selection mechanisms and effective regulation, negatively affect artistic production by the Internet contains a lot of harmful rationalizing art and art production

Research Zone India - 1, Vol. (IV) 4, September - 2013 [ 99 ] ISSN 2319 - 8168 techniques. Another claim is that Internet ü Loss of privacy and private-public commerce is vulnerable to theft, fraud and boundaries: It has been argued that there is hacking. little privacy on the Internet, and that it is ü Harmful effects on identity difficult to maintain clear boundaries between formation and psychological development: public and private spaces on the Internet, with It has been claimed that the relative anonymity resulting insecurities about the privacy by which actions can be performed in conditions under which users operate. cyberspace can lead to antisocial behavior that Conclusion: is performed without retribution. Similarly, The analysis and evaluation of claims about computer games enable violent and the Internet’s benefits and harms is one step disrespectful behavior that is often left towards a general assessment of the Internet’s unpunished, and may even rewarded. The benefits and harms. Such a general possibility of such consequence less antisocial assessment would evaluate and weigh behaviors is held to harm psychological perceived harms and benefits of the Internet development (Dreyfus, 15-21) Also, the ready relative to a particular value system. Such an and availability of Internet pornography, that assessment would necessarily be subjective can be consumed relatively anonymously, has because of its choice of values relative to which been claimed to promote a harmful form of the assessment is made. However, this disinhibition that harms personalities and it certainly does not imply that such assessments leads to addiction. are useless. If the values in question are ü Harmful effects on learning and representative of a particular social group, cognitive development: The Internet has then the assessment can be used by the group been claimed to harm learning and cognitive to further its interests. development by offering an associationist rather than a discursive model of knowledge Bibliography (i.e. hypertext and hypermedia rather than  Borgmann, Albert. (2004). Is the Internet traditional types of texts), by disinhibiting the Solution to the Problem of Community? autonomous knowledge production (“copy- In A. Feenberg & M. Bakardjieva (Eds.), paste mentality”), by limiting the attention Community in the Digital Age: Philosophy span of cognitive subjects and by disinhibiting and Practice Lanham, MD: Rowman & the critical appraisal of information (the Littlefield. P.53-67. Print. absence of accountability for online  Dreyfus, H. (1999). ‘Anonymity versus information) (Dreyfus, 15-21) Commitment: the Dangers of Education on ü Cultural fragmentation: It has been the Internet,’ Ethics and Information claimed that the Internet promotes cultural Technology 1: 15-21. fragmentation by stimulating the formation of  Dyson E. Release 2.0. A Design for Digital virtual communities and groups organized Age. New York: Broadway Books. 1997. around specialized interests, themes or Print. cultural identities (Winner, 14-21).  Edmunds, A. and Morris, A. ‘The Problem ü Loss of the sense of reality: It has of Information Overload in Business been claimed that the Internet helps eradicate Organizations: A Review of the Literature,’ the distinction between reality and International Journal of Information representation, and creates a constant Management: 2000, p. 17-28. Print. confusion about this distinction, leading to  Winner, L. (1997). ‘Cyber libertarian insecurities, disagreements, and a loss of Myths and the Prospects for Community,’ meaning (Borgmann, 53-67). Computers and Society 27:3: 14-19.

[ 100 ] Research Zone India - 1, Vol. (IV) 4, September - 2013 ISSN 2319 - 8168 Arts [English] Research Zone India Vol. 1 Issue - (4) Sept.- 2013 Page 101-104 ISSN 2319 - 8168 * Devarshi

URMILA - A PHONOLOGICAL STUDY

Language, which consists of words, and is used receives through the poet doubles its musical by all human beings except the dumb, effect. The passage in which the word occurs ordinarily receives attention only from those is quoted below. Macbeth has murdered the who practise the art of letters or who are king, and hears a knocking. Then he says: engaged in teaching that art. The average How is’t with me, when every noise appals person, the man in the street, by which we do me? not mean the uneducated and the uncultured What hands are here? ha! they pluck out only, treats language as merely a means of mine eyes! communication, which no doubt it originally Will all great Neptune’s ocean wash this is. Words have a difinite sound-value inherent blood in them, becuase all words are after all nothing Clean form my hand? No; this my hand will but sounds, and their sound-value is quite rather independent of the meaning or ideas they The multitudinous seas incarnadine, convey. Take the word “Aum” , for instance. We Making the green one red. do not know its spiritual value, but if anybody Substitute the word “redden” for questions its sound-appeal, or thinks that “incarnadine”, ignoring for a while the considered as mere sound, it is not more requirements of metre, and it plays havoc with pleasing to the ear than “Um” or “Im”, there is the music of the line. If we pronounce the something deifinitely wrong with his two-ear word “incarnadine” a few times, we find that receiving set. That this superior sound-value we like its sound chiefly because of its two long of the word “Aum” is independent of its vowels - the “ah” in “car”, and the “i” in “dine”. meaning and associations it has for the Hindu Not all of its musical effect, however, is derived mind can easily be tested by referring the from its long vowels, for note the effect of the sound to non-Hindu ears. repetition of the consonant “n”. If we examine Words create music, and through this music our own word “Narayana” we find the long they convey meanings more effectively and “ah’s” and the repeated “n” pleasing. Here in a ,sometimes, forcefully. The word nutshell are the two chief sources of verbal “incarnadine”, coined by Shakespeare in music - long vowels and the recurrence of Macbeth is very pleasing to the ear. For the consonants, long vowels being the more same idea we could use the word “redden”, important of the two. Consonants are the which, as a sound is infinitely inferior. It must clothing of vowels, the body: vowels are the be mentioned that not only the use of the word soul. As the body, but also the appropriate placement which it

* Lacturer, The KPES Colleg, Bhavnagar

Research Zone India - 1, Vol. (IV) 4, September - 2013 [ 101 ] ISSN 2319 - 8168 however beautiful, is worthless without the the land animating spirit, so consonants, however became brown sharp points of death in a sweet, are useless without vowels. Vowels may waste of water and mud. be well-clothed or ill-clothed, but if they are After discussing the relationship of words and themselves strong, their clothes, the music, we now turn to our topic – Urmila – A consonants, do not matter so much. But a Phonological Study. The Gujarati Literature harmonious combination of the two naturally is abundant with poems which are known for gives the best results. their orchestration and musicality. A close look We have so far considered only single words, at its history reveals that the tradition begins which give us no idea of the intricate with Garbis. The names, which flash upon our harmonies that can dwell in words in a minds, when we think of the Gujarati poets, sequence. Consider the sublime passage form whose poems are known for their word-music, the Bible: are: Arise, shine, for thy light is come and the glory Narsinh Mehta of the Lord is risen upon thee. Aaj Vrundavan Anandsagar Shamaliyo Rang Note the effect of the three “i’s” following one Raas Rame; another, and these followed by the glorious Natvar Veshe Ven Vagade, Gopi ne Mann “o’s”, and of the “r’s” . There are some more Gowalo Game. examples which will help us understand how Harilal Dhruv music is inseparably connected with poetry Chho Funfve Feen Funfaatvala – and prose as well and how it helps the poet to Chho Ghooghve Garjan Ghorvala – commuicate his ideas through sounds. Re’she Pakhali Charano Padi Ae; Paaye Oonde Chhe Rudle Jadi Ae!!! Thou who didst waken from his summer Bheemrav Bholanath dreams Chakshu Chanchala Te Chali Chitt Thi Re Lol, The blue Mediterranean where he lay Vadan Namra Mahin Kunla Gaal, Baal Shobhti Lulled by the coil of his crystalline streams, Re Lol, Shelley Botadkar, Balashankar, Narsinhrav, Manilal A passage from Jeremy Taylor, describing the Dwivedi, B. K. Thakore, Kalapi and the list flight of a lark through a storm is also worth is endless. Manishankar R. Bhatt (Kavi looking at. Kant) stands out because of his technical skill And then it made a prosperous flight and did which helps him in combining thought with rise and sing as if it had learned music and music. The lines quoted below are well- motion as he passed sometimes through the air known. about his ministers here below. Aaj, Maharaj! Jal Par Uday Joi Ne Long vowels and their variety and changes in Chandra No Hraday Ma Harsh Jame, the rhythm of the sentence give to the passage Sneh Ghan, Kusum Van, Vimal Parimal Gahan a marked and highly pleasing vocal pattern. Nij Gagan Mahi Utkarsh Pame! The following passage from T. S. Eliot’s play Pita! Kaal Na Sarva Santap Shame! Murder in the Cathedral is an exquisite Naval Ras Dhaval Tav Netra Same, example of both vowel-consonant music and Pita! Kaal Na Sarva Santap Same! ordinary rhythm: Aaj, Maharaj Since golden October declined into sombre Jaladhi Jal Dal Upar Damini Damakti, November, Yamini Vyom Sar Mahi Sarti; And the apples were gathered and stored, and Kamini Kokila Keli Kujan Kare,

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Sagar Ae Bhasti Bhavya Bharti; Mandakranta (the name itself suggests the feel Pita! Srushti Saari Sammulaas Dharti! which is created through the music born out Taral Tarani Sami Saral Tarati, of this metre – lamentation). What makes the Pita! Srushti Sari Sammulaas Dharti! last line more effective and appealing is the Aaj, Maharaj repetition of the sound ‘b’. At the same time Even non-Gujarati ears would be swayed away no one fails to notice the subtle art employed by the music which the arrangement of the by the poet in using the words like brushes. carefully selected words creates in this And the lines abound in long vowels. As a masterpiece. Botadkar is known for his result Urmila’s helplessness and perplexity is aestheticism. Botadkar reminds us of Bhasa, conveyed through the pace with which the since both of them weave their subject matter poem moves. The poet’s diction, too, takes the around the neglected characters of our ancient poem to a new height. The word “kampati” has myths – Urmila and Karna. A glance at the been used not only to maintain the rhythm of history of the Gujarati literature shows us that the stanza, but also to communicate the the genre “Khandkavya” was first tried by impending danger. Substitute the word with Kant, but it is Botadkar who gave it dignity and “dhrujti” and see what happens. It impairs the a well-defined structure. “bhava-vishwa” of the stanza. “A Khandakavya is a poem that deals with one “Chirayu Chitt Ochintu, Vajrapaat Thayo of the episodes of myths or Scriptures. It is Shire, generally composed and according to the rules Dhalati Sahasa Ubhi Sankashte Grahi Dwar of Sanskrit Chhandashashtra. The genre shares Ne!” high seriousness with Epic, musicality with The poem presents some of the best examples Lyric, dramatic effect with One-Act Play; tragic of alliteration. “Chirayu Chitt Ochintu” conveys effect with Greek Tragedy and its narrative her condition. But the best part of the line is structure resemblance with that of Short Story.” “Vajrapaat Thayo Shire” which tells the reader “Urmila” has a unique beginning – a beginning that the pain she is undergoing is irremediable. that resembles the beginning of an epic. It is She has collapsed. She has to make efforts to unlike Kant’s “Devyaani” or “Vasant Vijay” hold the door. which has a dramatic beginning. “Urmila” At this point the poem becomes dramatic and presents a picture of a helpless wife. we see one more character in the frame. Rabindranath Tagore pointed out that Urmila Laxman comes to seek her permission to is one of the most neglected mythical accompany Ram to the forest for the fourteen characters.Botadkar mouths her sentiments years of his exile. And we have a helpless through her silence. Urmila who speaks for the first time in the “Shokaveshe Hraday Bharti; Kampati Bhitio poem. The words which emanate from her lips Thi, show her “satitva” and “patnitva”. Ne Chinta Thi Jwalit Banati, Sambhrame “Chinta Antar Ni Dai Dayit Ne Sangi Thava Vyagra Thati; Ichchhvu, Vaare Vaare Swar Samajva Dur Kai Kaan Aethi Uttam Viprayog Sahi Ne Ha! Chitt Deti, Chiravu!” Ubhi Bala Vivash Bani Ne Baari Ae Compared with Sita, she emerges as an epic Bahavri Shi.” like character. Sita considers it her A close reading of the above lines shows the patnidharma to leave the palace with Rama poet’s mastery over the language and the whereas Urmila will live in the palace and that Chhandashastra. These lines are written in way she will not only maintain her

Research Zone India - 1, Vol. (IV) 4, September - 2013 [ 103 ] ISSN 2319 - 8168 patnidharma but also her kutumb parayanta. Bibliography When a husband is with his wife, even the  Divetiya N. B. (1969) Kavita Vichar. R. R. forest is a palace. Therefore, we can Sheth & Company undoubtedly say that her pain is greater than  Raval A. M., Anjaria B. & Daani J. (Eds.) that of Sita and it would be no exaggeration to (1971) Kavishree Botadkar Shatabdi say that she is an ideal ‘Aaryanari’. Adhyayan Granth “Athva Aavva Sange Hath Buro Batavashe,  Thaker P.K. (1999) Appreciating English Sita No Dakhlo Leva Tu Avashya Ubhi Poetry. Orient Longman Ltd. Thashe.”  Reeves, J. (1965) Understanding Poetry. The poem is a microscopic view of Urmila’s London: Pan Books Ltd. mental condition. The poet successfully makes  Foxell, N. (1966) Ten Poems Analyzed. use of different chhandas to express what she Oxford: Pergamon Press is going through. Though it belongs to the category narrative poetry, it is unquestionably reflective as well. The poem is conversational at some places but there is no conflict between the characters. The same way the Chhands do not clash with each other but create a harmony which symbolizes a healthy relationship of Urmila and Laxman. By minutely describing her mental conditions (Urmio) the poet presents before us Urmilas – sacrifice, devotion, love… And we all exclaim, “Bhavatu! Bhavatu! Devi! Vishva Chhone Visare, Pan Surgana Tari Nitya Kirti Uchchare! Nahi Jag Mahi Tari Murti Ko Sthan Maahi, Pan Pranayi Janona Jiv Sathe Jadeli.” In a nutshell, the whole poem proves to be an organic whole because thoughts and music harmoniously combine and successfully present the picture of a woman whose different conditions are effectively echoed through the apt use of words, their careful arrangements and the use of suitable chhandas which musically highlight the inner workings of the principal character’s mind. H. Deacon says, “Music does precisely what words do not do. It represents a state of thought and feeling more or less continuous, awakened by the state of facts – a brooding over what has been said after the words are supposed to have ceased.”

[ 104 ] Research Zone India - 1, Vol. (IV) 4, September - 2013 ISSN 2319 - 8168 Arts [Psychology] Research Zone India Vol. 1 Issue - (4) Sept.- 2013 Page 105-108 ISSN 2319 - 8168 * Jatin P. Bhal

A STUDY OF ANXIETY IN ADOLESCENT

The present Investigation is to find out the difference in the anxiety among the Urban and Rural Adolescent of high school student. The sample consisted of 120 students out of whom 60 were Boys and 60 Girls Adolescent from various high school from Bhavnagar district. Data collection was done with help of anxiety Inventory developed by Durganand shinha and gujarati version by Sr. A.H. trivedi & Dr. N.C. Talajiya (2008). the sample was taken by stratified random method. the collected data statistically analyzed with the help of T test. Result showed that. (1) There is significant diffrerence between urban and rural adolescent student in anxiety ( t= 5.15), (2) There is no significant difetence between boys and girls adolescent student is anxienty. (t= 0.54), (3) There is no sigbificant difference between urban boys and girls adolescent student in anxiety.(t=1.05), (4) There is no significant diffrenace between rural boys and girls adoscent student in anxiety. (t=0.61), (5) There is no significant difference between urban and rural Boya adoscent student in anxiety (t=1.61), (6) There is significant difference beten urban and rural Girls adoscent student in anxiety. (t=4.56)

(1)Introduction we are concerned last we make the wrong. 21 st century can well be describe as the age choice and suffer from it. when we feel of anxiety. The rapid changes in science, trapped and unable to respond . anxiety sets technology, knowledge, information, sources in. at such times we are also troubled that we i.e. in each and every sphere of life have doubt ourselves and our abilities to cope with overwhelmed is individual. it makes him feel simplest problems. Mwmoeries of previous helpes and lost leading to anxiety. anxiety is failures or shortcoming rise up to threaten associated with a state of apprehension, anxiety are that generalized state of worry, helplessness, loneliness and feeling of uneasiness and fear that characterizes many insecurity, sarason (1975) suggested that of the precding situations and will be anxiety may interfere with one’s described below. concentration on the task and consequently Anxiety is described here in its normal undermine one’s performance. Besides person everyday expression as well as its function as who experiences less meaning and the basis of pathological behavior. in unhappiness in life, becomes frustrated and considering anxiety it is important to shows prolem behavior [Begum and Rahan distinguish between the state of anxirty and 1991, Rahman and Khaleque 1996] the trait of anxiety. Threatening situations may THE STATE OF ANXIETY cause a transitory astate of anxiety until we In many of our conficts we experience anxiety. adjust to them. This “ anxiety state” may occur * Visiting Lacturer, Shamaldas Arts College, Bhavnagar Research Zone India - 1, Vol. (IV) 4, September - 2013 [ 105 ] ISSN 2319 - 8168 in anyone, regardless of his trait structure, for and . Homans find many methods to escape some, however, anxiety is a more permanent or defend themselves from the disturbing condition. in the anxiety prone person a anxiety produced by severe frustration. one variety of conflicting situations evoke escape I sto tuen impulsively away, physically apprehension, nervousness, and concern, and and mentally, from the disturbing situation. lead to constant feeling of stress. when anxiety childrem seek their source of security, the is aroused in such individuals the sense of parent, and adopt the behavior, attitudes, and dread and tension generalize morebroadly ideas of the parent model. this introjections of and persists longer than in less anxious person. their parents’ standards becomes their”, such indiviuas are said to be characterized by however, other models with different behavior trait anxiety are interjected, and conflict ensues, which Anxiety as a trait is sometimes described as a produces more anxiety, builds more defenses, result of insecurity, possibley originating in and favors escape. in fact adjustments to life infancy, when the child is dependent on adults for most frustration and a series of defenses to protect him. Naglect, loss of affection or and escape from the anxiety produced by the deprivation arouses smotional behavior in the thwarted motives( symonds, 1946),Another infant which may be labeled anxiety, this kind frequent response to frustration and conflict of anxiety is associated with other people, it (inner frustration), in aggression since includes isolation or loneliness and lack of punishment is a frequent consequence of affectionate responses from other people. aggression in our culture, it will be explored Sullivan(1949) suggests that things can cause following the discussion of aggression. fear, but only people can cause insecurity of “Adolescence is the transition stage between anxiety. childhood and adulthood. it is characterized by Another way of looking at anxiety’s that rapid physica, social and psychological suggested by the physiologist Malmo(1957), changes, increasing personal autonomy, social In a review of studies of anxiety and experimentation indealism conflict and behavioral arousal, he refers to anxiety as a personal uncertainty and identity formation “disease of over-arousal”, some individuals via peer emoluments”, the word Adolescence have been chronically, subjected to situations comes from the latin verb “ adolescerre that arouse them physiologically, and thus meaning a state of emancipation. this mean “ have difficulty in inhibiting this arousal. we to grow” or “ to grow to maturity”. recognized move in the direction of understanding their as a distrinct phase of life span. it is generally anxieties when we locate the situations that considered to begin at about age 12 or 13 and cause abnormally high arousal. two of these to end at 18 year. conditions that give rise to atrong arousal and Adolescence today is seen in contradictory in consequence disturb and disorganized terams. On the one hand, it is portrayed as an behavior are frustration of strong self- especial time of increased freedom from adult centered motivation and conflict. supervision, a time when one comes into one’s ADJUSTMENT TO CONFLICT AND ANXIETY own as an autonomous person and life is fun Humans becomes anxious when frustrated, and energy is abundant. on the other hand it possibly, because being blocked in an ongoing, is described as a difficult period marked by activity is punishing in some way. Both animals conflict with adults, wide swings in emotions, and humans when frustrated regress or they confusion about one’s place in the scheme of fixate on some random act that may seem things, stressful in terms of selfesterns, esteem senseless to the observer, and repeat it over and fife with dangerous hazards such as

[ 106 ] Research Zone India - 1, Vol. (IV) 4, September - 2013 ISSN 2319 - 8168 pregnancy and drug use. no stage in the life IV) Procedure:- span is without problem and challenges, of The scale of anxiety the inventory the scale couse, but adolescence may present more made of two options Options was in either “ acute challenges than any other stage of the YES” or “NO” This scale considered 100 life span for individual and family system. sentence. The response category has been (2) OBJECTIVE:- provide each question respone “YES” Mark-1 1) To study & compare the anxiety among and minimum possible score is 0 high score is adolescent studying in urben and rural Area. to be interpreted as high anxiety and low score 2) To study of compare the anxiety among low Anxiety Boys & Girls Adolescent (5) RESULT & DISCUSSION (3) HYPOTHESES Table-1 1) There is significant diffrerence between “t” ratio of the Anxiety between Urban urban and rural adolescent student in anxiety and Rural adolescent student 2) There is no significant difetence between variable N M SD “t” Valu Level of boys and girls adolescent student is anxienty. Significance 3) There is no sigbificant difference between Urban 60 21.87 8.90 5.15 0.01 urban boys and girls adolescent student in Adolescents anxiety. Rural 60 15.17 4.94 4) There is no significant diffrenace between Adoloscents rural boys and girls adoscent student in anxiety. N.S: Not significant 5) There is no significant difference between show that the mean score of Anxiety of ueban urban and rural Boys adoscent student in adolescent is higher (21.87)rhan the mean anxiety score of rural adolescent (15.17) the difference 6) There is significant difference betweeen between the mean score is 6.64 and significant urban and rural Girls adoscent student in at 0.01 leaves it is clearly indicate that urban anxiety. adolescent and Rural adolescent differ (4) METHODOLOGY: singficantly in anxiety hypothesis is not (1) Sample: The sample was stratified random accepted. method Total 120 sample of high school Table-2 student from bhavnagar District among them “t” ratio of the Anxiety between Boys and 60 from urben adolescent (Boys-30 and Girls- Girls adolescent students. 30) ) and 60 from Rural adolescent (Boys 30 Variable N M SD “t” Value Level of and Girsl-30) Significance (II) Research Design: A= Recidental Area A 1= Boys 60 18.50 6.99 0.50 N.S Girls 60 19.19 6.88 urban Area A2= Rural Area B= Adolescent Sex= B1=Boys B2=Girls N.S: Not significant (III) Tools : A= Individual Information Sheet show that thew mean score of Anxiety of Girls B= Anxiety Inventory adolescent is higher (19.19) then the score of Anxiety inventory developed by shri Boys adolescent (18.50) the difference Durgandnd Sinha )1961) and Guajarati between the mean score is (0.69) there is no version by Dr. A.H. Trivedi & Dr. N.C>Talajiya significant between Boys and Girls adolescent (2008), Reliability was found 0.92 by the split- in anxiety it clearly indicates that Boys half and 0.85 by the test- retest and validity adolescent and Girls adolescent not differ was found 0.69 through spearman brown significantly in anxiety hypothesis is accepted. method.

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Table-3 Rural Boys adolescent differ significantly in “t” ratio of the Anxiety between Boys and hypothesis not accepted. Girls of Urban adolescent student Table-6 Variable N M SD “t” Value Level of “t” ratio of the Anxiety between Urban Significance and Rural adolescents Girls. Boys of Urban 30 20.67 8.91 1.05 N.S Variable N M SD "t" Value Level of Girls of Urban 30 23.07 8.88 Significance

N.S : Not Significant Girls of Urban 30 14.67 4.87 Girls of Rural 30 2`3.07 8.88 4.56 0.01 Show that the mean score of anxiety of Urban N.S. : Not Significant Girls adolescent is higher (23.07) then the Show that the mean score of anxiety of Rural mean score of Urban Boys adolescent (20.67) Girls adolescent in higher (23.07)then mean the difference between the mean score is score of Urban Girls adolescent (14.67) the (2.40) there is no significant between Urban difference between the mean score is (8.4) Boys and Girls adolescent in anxiety it clearly there is significant between Urban Girls and indicates that Urban Boys and Girls adolescent Rural adolescent in anxiety 0.01 significant not differ significantly in anxiety hypothesis level it is clearly indicate that Urban Girls is accceopted. adolescent and Rural Girls adolescent differ Table-4 significantly in anxiety hypothesis not “t” ratio of Anxiety between Boys and accepted. Girls of Rural adolescent students. (6) Conclusion 1. There is significant difference between Variable N m SD "t" Value Level of Significance Urban and Rural adolescent student in anxiety. Boys of Rural 30 15.67 5.07 0.61 N.S. (t=5.15) Girls of Rural 30 14.67 4.87 2. There is no significant difference between

N.S.: Not Significant boys and girls adolescent student in anxiety. Show that the mean score of anxiety of Rural (t=0.54) Boys adolescent is higher (15.67) then the 3. There is no significant difference between mean score of Rural Girls adolescent (14.67) urban boys and girls adolescent student in the difference between the mean score is (1) anxiety. (t=1.05) there is no significant between Rural Boys and 4. There is no significant difference between Girls adolescent in anxiety it clearly indicates rural boys and girls adolescent student in that rural Boys and Girls adolescent not differ anxiety. (t=1.61) significantly in anxiety hypothesis is accepted. 5. There is no significant difference between urban and Rural Boys adolescent student in Table- 5 anxiety. (t=1.61) “t” ratio of the Anxiety between Urban 6. There is significant difference between and Rural adolescent Boys urban and Rural Girls adolescent student in Varible N M SD "T" Value Level of anxiety. (t=4.56) Significance Boys of Urban 30 20.67 8.91 Boys of Rural 30 15.67 5.07 2.67 0.01 Reference Durganad Sinha(Anxiety Scale) sinha W.A. N.S. : Not Significant Self- Analysis ferm. Rupa psychological Show that the mean score of anxiety of Urban center, Varanasi. Boys adolescent in higher (20.67) the  Ahmed, M.H.(1973) Religiosity as a difference between the mean score is (5) there function of rigidity and anxiety, Indian is significant Urban Boys and Rural Boys Journal of Experiment psychology, 7,40- adolescent in anxiety 0.01 significant level it is 50 clearly indicate Urban Boys adolescent and [ 108 ] Research Zone India - 1, Vol. (IV) 4, September - 2013 ISSN 2319 - 8168 Arts [Psychology] Research Zone India Vol. 1 Issue - (4) Sept.- 2013 Page 109-110 ISSN 2319 - 8168 * Manthan Thadeshwar

ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGICAL CONDITION

Introduction and of suicide. It can be both a complication Disturbed and aggressive behavior often of a medical condition and a cause for alarming and sometimes dangerous. In many medically unexplained symtoms. The fact that case aggression may be a characteristics of the it has somatic as well psychological symptoms individual. In other it is associates with means that is may be difficult is distinguish intoxication with drug or alcohol or with from a medical condition. Hence there is a risk delirium. In a small number of cases the both of under-diagnosis it by erroneously person may be suffering from a functional attributing the symptoms to a medical psychosis such as schizophrenia. condition, and of over-diagnosis by Schizophrenia and delusional disorder erroneously attributing the symptoms of a Schizophrenia is a psychosis characterized by medical condition to depression. In cases of delusions and hallucinations occurring in clear doubt it is helpful to see the psychological consciousness. The delusions are various and symptoms of depression, particularly loss of may concern interference with and interest and anhedonia. In practice depression broadcasting of one’s thoughts. The is under-diagnosis. hallucinations are usually auditory and include Physical examination is essential in patient voice talking about or commenting on the presenting with a new episode of psychiatric person actions. Hallucinations may also occur illness, and an associated medical condition in any modality. Mood disturbance can be should be conceded, particularly in the present but is not predominant. The peak age circumstances listed in following box of onset is young adulthood and the life risk · Late age of onset of psychiatric illness of suffering it is 1 %. Genetic factors account · No previous history of psychiatric illness for 80% of the liability to schizophrenia but · No family history of psychiatric illness no major genes have yet been identified. There · No apparent psychological precipitant is also evidence of structural brain abnormalities. Episodes can be precipitated by (2) Bipolar disorder (Manic Depression) : stressful life events and by substance misuse. Bipolar disorder is a relapsing mood Affective (Mood) disorder disturbance with periods of both elevated (1) Depressive disorder : Depression is mood or mania and depressed mood or common and may be mild, moderate or severe. depression. Psychosis may occur in both Clinically significant depression is often depressive and manic phase, with delusion and referred to as major depressive disorder hallucinations that are usually in keeping with (MDD). Depression is a major case of disability the mood disturbed. In mania the patents may

* Principal, S.I.D. Science School, Bhavnagar

Research Zone India - 1, Vol. (IV) 4, September - 2013 [ 109 ] ISSN 2319 - 8168 be irritable, disturbance, over-active and Reference grandiose. The depression is similar to  Davidson’s Principals and practice of unipolar depression as describe above. The medicine Edition 19th (Medical typical age of onset and lifetime risk are Psychiatry) similar to those of schizophrenia. The  Dr. Bhatt Abnormal Psychology aetiology is also largely genetic but as with  Bass C, Benjamin S. The management of schizophrenia no major genes have yet been chronic somatisation. Br J Psychiatry 1993. identified. The relapse rate is very high,  www.who .int/mental _health/WHO although patients may be perfectly well mental health and brain disorders. between episodes.  www.nimh.nih.gov/publicate/schizoph. Anxiety disorder htmshizophenia Generalised anxiety disorder : Anxiety and worry are universal human experience and only assume medical significance if they are disproportionate to stress or persist after these have been resolved. Anxiety is common during the early stages of illness but usually subsides. Persistent anxiety is distressing, interferes with medical management and may required specific attention. Symptoms of anxiety can be divided into psychological and somatic. These symptoms can complicate are presentation of underlining physical illness, and several physical condition can initially manifest with anxiety before other syndromes and signs develop. Phobic anxiety disorder A phobia is an abnormal or excessive fear or particular object or situation. Which leads to avoidance of it. A more generalized phobia of going out alone or being in crowed place is called agoraphobia. Phobia responses ca develop to medical intervention including venepuncutre, hypodermic injection, and chemotherapy or radiotherapy. Phobic symptoms may be so severe that the patient abandons further treatment. Obsessive – compulsive disorder Obsessive – compulsive disorder (OCD) is characterized by obsessive thoughts which are recurrent, unwanted and usually anxiety – provoking, and by compulsive, repeated acts which relive feelings of tension. An example is repeated hand washing because of recurrent thoughts of contamination.

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[ 124 ] Research Zone India - 1, Vol. (IV) 4, September - 2013 ISSN 2319 - 8168 Arts [Economics] Research Zone India Vol. 1 Issue - (4) Sept.- 2013 Page 125-128 ISSN 2319 - 8168 * Di[. (kt)< Jvrijin) EFZTDF\ lX1F6 VFlY"S lJSF;DF\ ;FWS S[ AFWS m p\Ativni:-p\Ativni:-p\Ativni:- kirNk[ j[v) r)t[ mkinni[ piyi[ mjb*t hi[yti[ mkin dr[k Äy(kt jºm[ C[ Ryir[ xmti an[ b&(¹wmti siY[ j wrt)k>pni gm[ t[vi ai>cki sim[ Tk) Sk[ C[.t[v) r)t[ ji[ jºm[ C[.pr>t& (SxN t[mn) xmti an[ b&(¹wmtin[ aikir p\iY(mk (SxN yi[³y an[ g&Nv_iiviL&> aipvimi> aiv[ aip[, (vksiv[ an[ bhir liv[ C[. aiY) j k[Tlik (nONiti[ ti[ Äy(kt gm[ t[vi kpri> s>ji[gi[mi> an[ Apwi Tk) (SxNn[ min(sk K[t) tr)k[ ai[LKiv[ C[. Birtni ai(Y (SxNn&> an[$ mhRv C[. (SxN a[ ti[ minv p(rbL tr)k[ minvimi> aiv[ C[. (nmi minv 3.3.3.(cÃD^n y&(nv(sAkZ(t bh& bn[ C[. (vni[bi Biv[ a[ jNiÄy&> C[ k[ “sfL (SxN sfL p&riN) C[. aipN[ C[Ãli 200 vP (vkismi> piCL rh) Jvnni[ piyi[ C[.” (SxN Wiri j Äy(ktmi> sd(vciri[ gyi C)a[ pr>t& aipNi Fundamental an[ minv)y g&Ni[ni[ (vkis Yiy C[ tYi s>Akiri[n&> (scn Characteristics Strong C[. aipN&> (vzn piyiY) Yiy C[. (SxNn[ kirN[ Äy(ktn) v]ci(rk S(kt an[ C[. p\iY(mk (SxNn[ aigL le jvi an[ biLkni[ S]x(Nk (vcirSrN)mi> anºy bdliv aiv[ C[. (vkis krvi miT[ Birtmi> “Children University” c)nmi> a[k kh[vt C[ k[ “jyir[ tm[ a[k vP aiyi[jn n) AYipni gi>w)ngrmi> krvimi> aiv) C[, j[mi> biLkni kri[ Ci[ Ryir[ b)j vivi[, jyir[ dS vP aiyi[jn kri[ Ci[ svi aiÄy&> C[. Ryir[ vZx vivi[ an[ si[ vP aiyi[jn kri[ Ci[ Ryir[ li[ki[n[ 4.4.4.(SxN m[Lvvini a(wkir miT[ b>wirNmi> 93 mi[ (SxN aipi[.” ai kh[vt (SxNn) mh_ii (s¹w kr[ C[. s&wiri[:-s&wiri[:-s&wiri[:- Birt j[vi (vksti d[Smi> (SxNn&> an[$ mhRv C[. Birt)Y b>wirNni 93 mi[ s&wiri[ krt&> (vw[yk 12 Birtni> ai(Y (SxN siwk k[ biwk C[ t[ (Ds[Àbr 2002ni ri[j s>sdmi> psir krvimi> aiÄy&> C[. (vS[ p\At&t l[Kmi> cci< krvimi> aiv) C[. ai(Y j[niY) d[Sni bwi>j biLki[n[ (SxN m[Lvvini[ a(wkir (SxNn) a(nviy agRyn&> siwn:- (SxNY) Äy(ktn[ ki[epN jitni (l>g, wm<, ai(Yp(_i, simJk nvi (vciri[, ApwiwirNmi> aip[l C[. rijn)(tni migti[mi> uRpidnn[ s)w) r)t[ asr kr[ C[. (S(xt Äy(ktmi> rijyi[n[ mig aiÄy&> C[ k[, smijni nbLi kiy<(nOqi, shnS)lti, aiRm(vÅvis, simiJk an[ vgi[ aiv[, j[Y) pCit an[ nbLi vgi[< pN (SxN 2. 2. til)m pim[l Äy(kt a[ (vkisn) civ) :- srkir p\i¼t kr) ai(Y shiyB*t bn) Sk[. Ùiri p\iY(mk (SxN miT[ vwir[ rkm fiLvvimi> aiv[ C[.

* VwIF5SVwIF5SVwIF5S, aiT

Research Zone India - 1, Vol. (IV) 4, September - 2013 [ 125 ] ISSN 2319 - 8168

6.6.6.(SxN minvS(kt j$(ryiti[n[ s>ti[Pvin&> siwn:- hi[y, (nwt& t[ (SxN p\i¼y kr) t[ b&(¹wmin p\iY(mk (SxN bid ji[ Äy(ktn[ mi¹y(mk an[ uμc an[ mhin bn) Sk[ C[. t[mi> aiáy aiv[ ti[ si[nimi> s&g>w BL[ 14. (SxNY) p\jin) ph[l krvin) vZ(_i C[. mi¹y(mk an[ uμc mi¹y(mk (SxN aiw&(nk x[#ii[n) (Initiative) n&> Atr U>c&> jiy :- p\jin) Si[wk S(kt minvS(kt j$(ryiti[n[ s>ti[Pvin&> kim kr[ C[. vw[ C[. ai(Y C[. (SxNn[ l)w[ smijn[ j$r) n[tiai[, sihsv)ri[, mi¹y(mk (SxN,uμc (SxN an[ ti(lmn[ T[icn) ag\ti Di[kTri[, a[(ºj(nyri[ an[ minv s>Si[wn $p) am&Ãy m*D) aipvimi> aiv[ ti[ minv)y an[ ai(Y 15. sixrtini> drmi> vwiri[:- Birt srkirni (SxN aiv[l C[. aiY) j (vVni 225 d[Si[ vwti-ai[Ci a>g[ni aYig p\yRni[n[ kirN[ Birtmi> sixrtini> drmi> p\miNmi> (SxN piCL (vp&l Kc< kr) rhyi C[, an[ vwiri[ Yyi[ C[. Birtmi> aiyi[jnn) p\Ym yi[jniY) (SxN t[ni Wiri ai(Y ag\ti pN piCL m*D)ri[kiN krvimi> aiv[l C[. aim, Birt srkirni hi>sl kr[l C[. p\yisi[Y) sixrtini> drmi> vwiri[ Yyi[ C[. j[ n)c[ni T[bl 8. 8. (vwi j sic&> rRn:- j[ Äy(kt pis[ (vwi $p) wn C[ prY) mil&m pDS[. ti[ kyir[y (hn nY) hi[ti[. (vÙin Äy(kt d(rW hi[y ti[ vP< sixrtini[ dr p&$P sixrtini[ dr A#i) sixrtini[ dr pN pi[tini> g&Ni[Y) Si[B[ C[. vwi j sic&> rRn C[. an[ 1901 5.35 9.83 0.60 j[n) pis[ t[ nY) t[ai[ dr[k r)t[ h)n hi[y C[. 1911 5.92 10.56 1.50 9.9.9.p\[ig\im ai[f spi[T< T^[e(n>g a[ºD a[À¼li[ym[ºT fi[r 1921 7.16 12.21 1.81 1931 9.50 15.59 2.93 v&mn :-:-p\[ig\im:-v&mn ai[f spi[T< T^[e(n>g a[ºD a[À¼li[ym[ºT 1941 16.10 24.90 7.30 fi[r v&mn Wiri A#i)ai[n[ K[t), pS&piln, D[r), 1951 18.33 27.16 8.86 bigiyt,mRAy uwi[g, hAtkli, h[ºDl&m vg[r[mi> aiw&(nk 1961 28.30 40.40 15.35 T[kni[li[J tYi ti(lm aipvimi> aiv[ C[. 1971 34.45 45.90 21.97 10.10.10.jhi[n k[n[Y g[\lb[Yni[ a(Bp\iy :- aY ht&> k[, a[v&> bh& p\c(lt nY) k[ 2001 65.30 75.85 54.16 s]i (S(xt Äy(kt gr)b hi[y an[ a[Tl&> pN a[ si>c&> C[ k[ 2011 74.04 82.14 65.46 a(S(xt Äy(kt gr)b (sviy b)j& ki>e hi[y,” ai (vwin (SxNn&> mhRv an[ t[n) Äy(kt, k&T&>b, smij an[ riOT^ sixrtini> drmi> vwiri[ YviY) smijmi> pN an[$ pr Yt) asr smjiv[ C[. p(rvt aipNi[ Birt d[S 11. 11. (SxNn[ kirN[ Äy(ktn) ri[jgir xmti vwiri[ :- Ti>kN)n&> pN uRpidn kr) Skti[ n hti[ t[ aij[ (SxN n[ ri[jgir) miT[ j$r) liykiti[ t[ (SxN Wiri p\i¼t kr[ C[. kirN[ ki[À¼y&>Trni siwni[, tmim p\kirn) y>#i simg\), an[ t[ p[itin) liykitn[ an&$p ni[kr) p\i¼t kr[ C[. eºfi[m[ vwiri[ Yti> t[ni c>W upr pN phi[>cvin) (s(¹w hi>sl kr) C[[ t[ (SxNn[ Jvnwi[rNmi> pN s&wiri[ Yiy C[. j aiBir) C[. 12.12.12.(SxNn) Äy(kt an[ k&>T&>b pr sir) asr:- j[ k&T&>bmi> 1. aºn x[#i[ pgBr :- aipN[ j[ wiºyn) aiyit krti (S(xt Äy(kt vw& hi[y Ryi> kminirn) s>²yi> pN vwir[ hti, (SxN Wiri aij[ t[n) (nkis kr) rhyi C)a[. hi[y C[. an[ t[n[ p(rNim[ k&T*>bn) aivkmi> pN vwiri[ h(ryiL) k\i>(t, Åv[tk\i>(tn[ kirN[ aipN[ wiºy an[ d*wn) Yiy C[. (S(xt k&T&>bni[ ai(Y (nkis kr) rhyi C)a[. pN vwiri[ Yiy C[. Birtmi> (SxN ai(Y biwk 13.13.13.mhin Yvi (SxNn) j$r:- k[vL uμck&Lmi jºm Birt an[ Birt j[vi (vkisS)l an[ aÃp(vk(st d[Smi> l[viY) ki[e minv) mhin nY) Yti[ mhin bnvi miT[ t[n[ (SxN Wiri k[Tlik x[#imi> ai(Y (SxNn) j$r hi[y C[. minv) Bl[ n)ci k&Lmi> jºmyi[ vwiri[ Yyi[ nY) t[ miT[ aipNi (SxNmi> rh[l) k[Tl)k Kim)ai[ jvibdir C[. aij[ pN aipN[ a>g\[ji[a[

[ 126 ] Research Zone India - 1, Vol. (IV) 4, September - 2013 ISSN 2319 - 8168 apniv[l) (SxN p¹w(tn[ vLg) rhyi C)a[. kyi p\kirni 2003n) vs>t p>cm)a[ si]p\Ymvir kZ(Pm[Lin&> g&jritmi> (SxNn) aipNi d[Sn[ aivÆykti C[ t[ aipN[ smJ aiyi[jn kr[l&> ht&> an[ Ryirbid dr vP[< kZ(Pm[Li g&jritni Skyi nY). a>g\[ji[ni gyi pC) pN aipN[ (SxNni (v(vw AYLi[a[ m&²ym>#i) an[ kZ(Pm>#i) Wiri krvimi> aiv[ miLKimi> an[ (SxN p¹w(tmi> ki[e mi[Ti[ f[rfir kr) C[. pr>t& t[ni[ liB mi[Ti K[D*ti[n[ j mÇyi[ C[. nini an[ Sk[l nY) t[min)> k[Tl)k myit K[D*ti[ s&(w t[ni[ liB mÇyi[ nY). 1. (SxNx[#i[ Birtn&> AYin s]iY) n)c[:- jiºy&air) 6. K[t)-uwi[gn) til)m l[nir t[mi> ji[Divi mi>gti[ 2005 mi> y&n[Aki[ Wiri “a[jy&k[Sn fi[r ai[l ³li[bl nY):- a[j r)t[ uwi[gn) ti(lm l[nir an[ a[m.b).a[. mi[n)Tr) r)piT<“ mi> jNivvimi> aiÄy&> C[ k[, (SxNn) Ynir Äy(kt w>wi - uwi[gi[mi> ji[Divin[ bdl[ ÄhieT ki[lr r)t[ 127 (vksti d[Si[ni[ a¿yis krvimi> aiÄyi[ hti[.an[ ji[b Si[w[ C[. ji[ uwi[gi[n) ti(lm l[nir Äy(kt uwi[gi[mi> t[ai[n[ (SxNn) kimg)r)mi> k\mb¹w r)t[ gi[qvvimi> aiÄyi ji[Diy ti[ uRpidkti, kiy vwiri[ Yiy. pr>t&> hti. t[mi> Birtn&> AYin 105 m&> a[Tl[k[ s]iY) n)c[ ht&>. uwi[gi[n) ti(lm l[nir t[mi> ji[Divin&> ps>d krti nY). 2. (SxNn[ s)w) r)t[ K[t) uwi[g siY[ ji[Dvimi> K[t)n&> (SxN m[Lv[l Äy(kt K[t) krvin[ bdl[ Sh[ri[mi> (nOfLti:- (nOfLti:- (SxN Wiri K[t) an[ uwi[gmi> uRpidkti ni[kr) Si[w[ C[, j[ GN)j Srmjnk bibt C[. aim, uμc vwir) Skvin) xmti> hi[vi Cti aipNn[ (SxNn[ s)w) an[ k[Lviy[l ~m aºy x[#ii[ trf vLviY) tmn&> (SxN r)t[ K[t) uwi[g siY[ ji[D) Skyi nY). an[ a[g\)kÃcr ai(Y mdd$p Ye Skt&> nY). siyºs BNnir Äy(kt K[t)mi> ji[Dien[ K[t)n&> uRpidn 7. ci[kks (vznni[ aBiv:- aijni (vwiY) ci[kks vwirvin[ bdl[ t[ ni[kr) krvin&> ps>d kr[ C[. aim K[t)mi> (vznni[ aBiv ji[vi mL[ C[. t[ai[ Top class kyi (byirNni[ upyi[g krvi[ ji[ea[. t[mi> ke T[kn)k Degree ti[ m[Lv[ C[, pr>t& (SxNY) t[nimi> p(rvt risiyN)k Kitr, aivS[ k[ k[m ? t[ t[n[ Kbr nY). aim, aijn&> (SxN j>t&niSk dviai[ an[ aºy aiw&Ink p¹w(tai[ni[ k[v) (vwiY) bn) gy&> C[. Srm an&Bv[ C[. 8. yi[³y p\kirni (SxNni aBiv:- yi[³y p\kirni 3. (bn arkirk srkirn) n)t):- ai upri>t srkirn) (SxNni aBiv[ Äy(ktmi> kimci[r), kim p\Ry[ s&g, ai[C&> n)t) pN t[ miT[ jvibdir C[. aipNi d[Smi> (s>cie miT[ kim kr) vw&> vLtr m[Lvvin) ap[xi, kimmi>Y) CTkvin) abji[ $(pyi Kc aiv[ C[. pr>t&> piN)ni krksrByi<, vZ(_i, pi[tini kim p\Ry[ p\[m an[ smp aivt) nY). E(j¼tmi> K[t)mi> Tpk p¹w(tni[ Äy(ktni AvBiv, hivBiv, kiy upyi[g krvimi> aiv[ C[. j[ni Wiri piN)ni[ mh_im upyi[g p(rvt ji[ea[. kr) Skiy C[. ji[ Birtmi> pN Tpk p¹w(tn[i vw& upyi[g 9. (S(xt b[ri[jgir)mi> vwiri[:- Birtmi> sixrtni krvi miT[ sGn ti(lm aipv) ji[ea[, ti[ piN)ni[ bciv ai>kDiai[ ji[ti jNiS[ k[, (SxNmi> vwiri[ Yyi[ C[, pr>t& kr) vwir[ pik le Skiy a[m C[. w>wi-uwi[gi[mi> liyk Äy(ktai[n) Ki[T ji[vi mL[ C[. 4. aiw&(nk K[t)ni yi[³y (SxNni[ aBiv:- srkir aijn&> (SxN Äy(ktn[ ri[jgir) aipvimi> (nOfL gy&> Wiri aiw&(nk K[t) miT[ abji[ $(pyi Kc aiv[ C[, C[. t[Y) (S(xt b[ri[jgiri[n&> p\miN stt vwt&> rhy>& C[. pr>t&> aiw&(nk K[t) ke r)t[ krv) t[n&> yi[³y (SxN K[D*ti[n[ aim, j[ (SxN Äy(ktn[ Avivl>b) n bniv) Sk[, ri[jgir) aipvimi> aivt&> nY). srkir Wiri K[t)ni (vkis miT[ n aip) Sk[ an[ pi[tini pg upr UBi[ n riK) Sk[ a[ K[t-(vAtrN, (SxN an[ til)mn) ji[give krvimi> (SxN ÄyY< C[. aiv) C[. pr>t& C[viDin) Äy(kt s&(w t[ni[ liB mLti[ k[LvN)n&> aYki n pN siY m*D) ri[kiN krv&> a[ 5. kZ(P uRsv an[ kZ(P m[Lini[ liB bwi K[D*ti[n[ mÇyi[ ²yil a[Dm (AmYni “v[ÃY ai[f n[Sn” 1937ni g\>Y nY):- nY):- srkir Wiri kZ(P uRsv an[ kZ(P m[Lin&> aiyi[jn j[Tli[ j*ni[ C[. aijn&> (SxN mi#i D)g\)lx) k[ mi(ht)lx) krvimi> aiv[ C[. g&jritni m&²ym>#i) nr[ºW mi[d)a[ bn) n jiy t[ ji[vini[ smy hv[ pik) gyi[ C[. Birt

Research Zone India - 1, Vol. (IV) 4, September - 2013 [ 127 ] ISSN 2319 - 8168 an[ t[ni j[vi (vkisS)l an[ aÃp(vks)t d[Si[a[ zDp) s>dBdBdB  pyi aY aYgn[ an&$p (SxN aipv&> ji[ea[. (vkisn) (dSi p\miN[  pyig (#iv[d) (SxN aipvin) j$r C[. (SxNmi> krvimi> aivti f[rfiri[  Birt)y aY#i, air. s). ji[P) uprCÃli an[ (dSi(v(hn n h[ivi ji[ea[. (SxNn)  S]x(Nk aiyi[jn, wnv>t a[m. d[sie an[ riy(s>g mi>gn[ smJn[ f[rfiri[ krvimi> aiv[ ti[ (SxN ai(Y shiyk bn) Sk[ t[m C[.

[ 128 ] Research Zone India - 1, Vol. (IV) 4, September - 2013 ISSN 2319 - 8168 Management Research Zone India Vol. 1 Issue - (4) Sept.- 2013 Page 129-132 ISSN 2319 - 8168 * K. M. Khatsuriya

TELECOM SECTOR AND ITS GROWTH & PROSPECTS IN INDIA

Telecom has been one of the fastest growing sectors in India, with the performance of services providers being led by mobile telephony. Government policies and regulatory framework by Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI) have provided conducive environment for service providers. This has made the sector more competitive, while enhancing the accessibility of telecommunication services at affordable tariffs to the consumers. In the last two decades, the Indian Telecom Sector and Mobile Telephony in particular has caught the imagination of India by revolutionizing the way we communicate, share information, and through its staggering growth helped millions stay connected. This growth, however, has and continuous to be at cost of the Climate, powered by an unsustainable and inefficient model of energy generation and usage. Simultaneously, this growth has also come at significant and growing loss to the state exchequer, raising fundamental questions on the future business and operation model of the Telecom Sector.

KEY WORDS: Telecom, Growth in Telecom, Financial Analysis of Telecom, Prospects of Telecom

TELECOM SECTOR: evident from a huge fall in tariffs. Telecom Telecom has been one of the fastest growing Sector has witnessed a continuous rising trend sectors in India, with the performance of in the total number of telephone subscribers services providers being led by mobile and hence the teledensity. telephony. From around 2.8% tele-density The overall wireless market and consequently (connection per 100 population) in March the GSM market is led by Bharti Airtel which 2000, the sector now connects around 17% held 19.62% at the end of Feb 2012. It is of India’s population through a host of followed by Reliance Communication which services, which include mobile, fixed line and holds 16.68% of the market and also the leader Internet. Thriving Indian businesses, in the CDMA segment. In the GSM Segment, especially the IT and BPO industries have also Vodafone and Idea closely follow Bharti Airtel helped the strong growth in another segment while TATA and Sistema follow Reliance called ‘Enterprise services’, which include Communication in the CDMA Segment. wholesale provision of data and bandwidth The fixed line segment continues to decline services. in terms of the subscriber base. It has declined Liberalization of the sector has not only led to to 32.17 m subscribers in March 2012 from rapid growth but also helped a great deal 34.73 m in March 2011. The decline was towards maximization of consumer benefits, mainly due to substitution of landlines with

* Assistant Professor, Shree Sahajanand Institute of Management, Bhavnagar

Research Zone India - 1, Vol. (IV) 4, September - 2013 [ 129 ] ISSN 2319 - 8168 mobile phones. As far as broadband connections (>=256 kbps) are concerned, India currently has a subscriber base of 13.8 m. Broadband penetration received a boost from the auction of broadband spectrum. The network providers have stated that they would be looking at boosting the contribution of data to their revenues. This bodes well for the future of broadband services. management

As far as broadband connections (>=256 nual growth of nearly 64% during this 12 year kbps) are concerned, India currently has a period). Tariff reduction and decline in hand- subscriber base of 13.8 m. Broadband pen- set costs has helped the segment to gain in etration received a boost from the auction of scale. The cellular segment is playing an im- broadband spectrum. The network providers portant role in the industry by making itself have stated that they would be looking at available in the rural and semi urban areas boosting the contribution of data to their rev- where teledensity is the lowest. enues. This bodes well for the future of broad- KEY POINTS: band services. · Supply : Intense competition has resulted India’s teledensity has improved from under in prompt service to the subscribers. 4% in March 2001 to around 76% by the end · Demand : Given the low tariff environment of March 2012. Cellular telephony continues and relatively low rural and semi urban pen- to be the fastest growing segment in the In- etration levels, demand will continue to remain dian telecom industry. The mobile subscriber higher in the foreseeable future across all the base (GSM and CDMA combined) has grown segments. from under 2 m at the end of FY00 to touch ·Barriers to Entry : High capital investments, 919 m at the end of March 2012 (average an- well-established players who have a nation

[ 130 ] Research Zone India - 1, Vol. (IV) 4, September - 2013 ISSN 2319 - 8168 wide network, license fee, continuously evolv- FINANCIAL ANALYSIS OF TELECOM SECTOR: ing technology and lowest tariffs in the world. FY12 saw the continuance of growth for the · Bargaining Power of Suppliers : Improved Indian telecom market, which witnessed a competitive scenario and commoditization of 12% YoY increase in its subscriber base dur- telecom services has led to reduced bargain- ing the 12-month period. At the end of March ing power for services providers. 2012, the country’s total telecom subscriber · Bargaining Power of Customers : A wide base (fixed plus mobile) stood at about 951 variety of choices available to customers both m. The tele-density level stood at about 76% in fixed as well as mobile telephony has re- by the end of the fiscal. sulted in increased bargaining power for the customers. · Competition : Competition has intensified with the entry of new cellular players in circles. Reduced tariffs have hurt all operators. GROWTH IN TELECOM: · Subscriber Base : The mobile subscriber base in India is estimated rise by 9% to 696 million connections this year, according to technology researcher garner. The mobile ser- vice penetration in the country is 51% and expected to grow to 72% by 2016. · Mobile Value Added Services (MVAS) : India’s current MVAS industry has an esti- mated size of US$ 2.7 billion. The industry de- Growth remained robust in the GSM mobile rives its revenue majorly from the top five to space. GSM added 115 m subscribers during six products such as game based applications, the year. After a robust 46% YoY increase in music downloads, etc., which continue to form subscriptions during FY11, the growth in GSM close to 80% of VAS revenues. Indian MVAS industry has slowed down to 17% YoY in FY12. industry estimated to grow to US$ 10.8 billion The year saw the apex court of the country by 2015. cancelling the disputed 2G licenses that were · Mobile Number Portability (MNP) : MNP issued in 2008. The cancellation caused the requests increased from 41.88 million sub- exit of Etisalat and Batelco from the sector. scribers at the end of March 2012 to 45.89 During FY12, India’s mobile subscriber base million at the end of April 2012. In the month grew by 13% YoY, from 812 m to 919 m, while of April 2012 alone, 4.01 million requests have the fixed subscriber base declined by about been made for MNP. 7%, from 34.73 m to about 32.71 m. · Handset : The mobile handset market’s rev- PROSPECTS: enue in India will grow US$ 5.7 billion in 2010 As far as the fixed line business goes, the low to US$ 7.8 billion in 2016, according to the penetration levels in the country and the study. India is the second largest mobile hand- increasing demand for data based services set market in the world and is set to become such as the Internet will act as major catalysts an even larger market with unit shipment of in the growth of this segment. However, the 208.4 million in 2016 at a CAGR of 11.8 % growth would be mitigated by increasing 2010 to 2016. substitution of landlines by mobile phone. The

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PSUs will however continue to retain their depressed during the current fiscal as well. At dominant position. This is on account of high the same time, operators are likely to see their capital investments required in setting up a balance sheets come under pressure as well. nationwide network. As a result, the private Most operators have taken huge loans to fund sector players will have to rely on key business their 3G spectrum obligations. Now they centers and pockets of high urbanization for would have to raise more funds to fund the 2G their growth. spectrum licenses. With such low margins and Increasing choice and one of the lowest tariffs high debt to equity ratios, banks have been in the world have made the cellular services in skeptical about lending further to the telecom India an attractive proposition for the average companies. As a result, most of them are consumer. The penetration levels in urban exploring other options of raising funds areas have already crossed 100%. Therefore including listing of unlisted subsidiaries. the main driver for future growth would be the In a latest move, operators have cut tariffs on rural areas where tele-density is around the premium 3G services. Most of them have 39.22%. stated that the decline in tariffs would be offset During FY12, a number of things were carried by increase in volumes which would help boost out. The Supreme Court cancelled the 2G 3G revenues. Indian consumers are known to licenses that were issued in 2008 by the be highly sensitive to price decrease and erstwhile telecom minister. The Court also therefore this move to cut prices is expected directed the regulator to formulate new rules to drive growth for 3G in the coming years. for auctioning the spectrum and cancelled However, if the operators go for predatory licenses. The regulator, TRAI has come up with pricing, like they did for 2G, then it would harm regulations which price the 2G spectrum at sky the fundamentals of the sector by forcing high prices. The operators have vehemently companies to cut margins further. While tariff opposed the pricing which they state will increase on the 2G side will have to happen strain their stretched balance sheets further. eventually, it remains to be seen if all The cancellation of the licenses and operators would make this move in the subsequent TRAI’s proposals on pricing of the current fiscal or not. new spectrum prompted the exit of 2 foreign operators from the country. The other REFERENCES operators too have revisited their investment  http://www.equitymaster.com/research- plans in India. However, the regulator is it/sector-info/telecom/Telecom-Sector- optimistic that foreign operators would still Analysis-Report.asp participate in the upcoming 2G auction.  http://www.equitymaster.com/detail.asp? The operators continued to operate on thin date=3 /06/ margins during FY12. Due to intense 2007&story=4&title=Identifying-a- competition, tariffs continue to remain low. At telecom-stock-Dos-and-Donts the same time rising operating costs will force  http://www.asa.in/pdfs/surveys- operating margins to continue remaining reports/Telecom-Sector-in-India.pdf

[ 132 ] Research Zone India - 1, Vol. (IV) 4, September - 2013 ISSN 2319 - 8168 Management Research Zone India Vol. 1 Issue - (4) Sept.- 2013 Page 133-137 ISSN 2319 - 8168 * Harsh Pandya

FEMALE CONSUMERS’ PREFERENCES FOR DIFFERENT DAILY SOAPS

“The most resilient parasite is An Idea, an idea that sticks into the mind.”- “Inception” Any human being when enters into the world enters with a raw brain and mind. He gains knowledge from the experience of his human ancestors through the Bibles of knowledge. Also knowledge if not implement for actions gets rusted or in length is nothing. Study of management will be immaterial if it is not coupled with the practical studies. As the subject is diversified between Indian television industry and a large mass, the responses towards the daily soaps are as different as the nature of them. It is with great sincerity and enthusiasm that we take up the challenge that this field has placed before us and hope to succeed about understanding the Indian Mass and its choice regarding Indian Soap Operas.

Literature Review the next several years propelling it towards Debshika Dutta (2009) pointed out that the gaining recognition as a major player in the recent alliance with big west entertainment global market. Nasreen Teher & Swapna giants like Walt Disney and Warner Group are Gopalan (2007), opined that globalization of surely taking Bollywood leaps and bounds the film industry was not a completely new ahead from its current time and also leading phenomenon; by penetrating virtually every India to a platform where it would become the society, the international spread of cinema most favorable destination for many global resulted in films becoming the first globalized production units of film sector. Certainly the medium. Globalization intensified greatly opening of Indian film industry to Foreign after the 1960s, based not on colonialism but Direct Investment is itself stepping into a on economic and social ties between larger and worldwide network. Nasreen Teher countries. Nilanjana Sensarkar (2010) stated & Swapna Gopalan (2007), concluded that that the issue of liability of internet middlemen corporatization, is creating an avenue for gains significance in India due to its rapidly better practices bringing about an increased expanding information and communication level of professionalism in business and industry and the unprecedented growth of its accounting practices and opening up new entertainment sector. The Indian Copyright avenues for this industry to earn revenues Act, 1957 does not address the question of through advertising, co-branding and secondary liability for receiving, storing, or merchandising. In view of the changing transmitting alleged infringing content. Thus, landscape, the Indian Film industry will the focus shifts on the examination of the possibly witness certain notable trends over efficacy of India’s Information Technology Act,

* Faculty, Shree Sahajanand Institute of Management, Bhavnagar

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2000 and its proposed amendments clarify the will touch a total of US$ 2804.3 million in 2011 situation to some extent. However, their The report also projects that TV will remain outcome is muddled, with the government’s the highest grosser of revenues in 2012 too. policy objectives remaining ambiguous. The It is expected to corner 45.7 per cent of the Indian entertainment industry’s response has total ad pie this year, a further rise from 44.5 been to collaborate with its counter parts per cent in 2010. According to a CII-KPMG worldwide in the adoption of risk mitigation survey – Indian Entertainment Industry: Focus strategies. Thomas L. McPhail (2010) pointed 2010, TV is the most important component, out that more than 50 per cent of Hollywood contributing more than 60% of revenues. It is movies earn their revenues from abroad. expected to drive the industry’s growth well Eighty per cent of MTV’s audiences are from into the digital era, with the advent of new other countries and this percentage is delivery systems such as direct to home (DTH) expected to increase as the global economy and interactive TV. Considering the fact that continues to grow in size and importance. television is expected to account for almost The Indian Television Industry: The Indian half of the Indian M&E industry revenues, and television industry is at an attractive growth more than twice the size of print, companies phase with burgeoning channels and rich including Times Network, Sahara Group, content. The sector which had only five AETN 18, Colors and newspaper company channels in the year 1991 today has 550 Matrubhumi are planning to launch television channels with over 600 million viewers and channels. An interesting development in the was worth $6.6 billion. 138 million households television sector is the growing popularity of in India have television sets and the country is DTH services. The direct-to-home (DTH) the third largest TV market in the world next market in India had 23.1 million active only to China and the United States. The subscribers by the end of 2010, as per Media growth in reality shows and niche channels Partners Asia. This translates to 16 per cent have contributed as well as benefitted from penetration of television homes in India. The the growth of the industry. Considering the country is also poised to become the world’s increasing number of homes with satellite largest direct-to-home (DTH) satellite pay TV connections, the industry is set for steady market by 2015, with a projected 70 million growth. According to Pricewater house subscribers. According to market reports Coopers (PwC), the television industry is around 37 million homes have gone digital in expected to grow by 12.9 per cent the year 2010 of which DTH has the largest cumulatively over 2009-14. The maximum share of 20 million homes. According to a growth is slated to occur in 2010 (15.6 per study by Media Partner Asia, from 17 million cent), followed by 2012 (13 per cent). in 2009, India’s DTH subscriber base will grow According to the Pitch Madison Media to 45 million by 2014 and 58 million by 2020. Advertising Outlook 2011, television’s ad Pay television is expected to become an $18.5 revenue is slated to grow by 20 per cent and billion industry in sales by 2014 and $12.1 billion by the year end.

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Indian Soap Opera: Indian soap They are also aired overseas in the US, operas’ are soap operas written, produced, the UK, and Australia and so on. Calculating filmed in India, with characters played by the TRP (Television Rating Point):- Indians (including those of Western descent Television Rating Point (TRP) is a tool like Tom Alter), with episodes broadcast on provided to judge which programmes are Indian television channels/channel chains viewed the most. This gives us an index of the that are not often limited to the Republic of choice of the people and also the popularity of India itself: often many “serials,” as they’re a particular channel. For calculation purpose, more commonly referred to as, are broadcast a device is attached to the TV set in a few overseas in Pakistan, the UK, USA, and some thousand viewers’ houses for judging parts of Europe, South Africa, and Australia. purpose. These numbers are treated as sample (Doordarshan, or DD, is an exception: until from the overall TV owners in different recently it was only viewable in India and geographical and demographic sectors. The Nepal, but now also in the UK.) Indian soap device is called as People’s Meter. It records the operas are often mass-produced under large time and the program that a viewer watches production banners, with houses like Balaji on a particular day. Then, the average is taken Telefilms run by Ekta Kapoor and Shobha for a 30-day period which gives the viewership Kapoor, daughter and wife respectively to status for a particular channel. In 1997, a joint Hindi film star Jeetendra running the same industry body appointed TAM (backed by AC serial in different languages on different Nielsen) as the official record keeper of television networks/channels. India’s first audience metrics. Due to the differences in soap opera was Hum Log, which concluded methodology and samples of TAM and INTAM, with 154 episodes, was the longest running both provided differing results for the same serial in the history of Indian television at the programs. In 2001, a confidential list of time it ended. Every episode of Hum Log was households in Mumbai that were participating about 25 minutes long, and the last episode in the monitoring survey was released, calling was about 55 minutes. Hindi soap operas have into question the reliability of the data. This gained popularity abroad, across South subsequently led to the merger of the two Asia and beyond into Afghanistan, Southeast measurement systems into TAM. For several Asia, and among the Indian years after this, in spite of misgivings about diaspora elsewhere. A number of Hindi soap the process, sample and other parameters, operas have also been dubbed TAM was the defacto standard and monopoly into Mandarin and gained popularity in China. in the audience metrics game.

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Research Methodology Saath Nibhana Pavitra Rishta * Area of Survey: Bhavnagar city. Saathiya * Types of data: Primary data, Secondary data. * Method of sampling: Cluster Sampling. 2 2 No no o-e o-e

* Tools used in research: Questionnaire. (o-e) (o-e) expected expected * Data Analysis Method: Survey through observed observed questionnaire. 1 16 6 10 100 1 8 6 2 4 N : Daily Soap is not liked by 2 14 6 8 64 2 10 6 4 16 0 3 6 6 0 0 3 9 6 3 9 respondents. 4 10 6 4 16 4 12 6 6 36 Na: Daily Soap is liked by respondents. 5 8 6 2 4 5 15 6 9 81 Data Analysis and Interpretation 6 10 6 4 16 6 12 6 6 36 “Bade Achchhe Lagte Hain” 7 13 6 7 49 7 16 6 10 100 8 14 6 8 64 8 12 6 6 36 no observed expected o-e (o-e)2 9 6 6 0 0 9 6 6 0 0 1 18 6 12 144 10 13 6 7 49 10 11 6 5 25 2 18 6 12 144 11 5 6 -1 1 11 7 6 1 1 3 10 6 4 16 12 10 6 4 16 12 12 6 6 36 13 10 6 4 16 13 15 6 9 81 4 14 6 8 64 14 2 6 -4 16 14 10 6 4 16 5 10 6 4 16 15 9 6 3 9 15 17 6 11 121 6 9 6 3 9 16 2 6 -4 16 16 6 6 0 0 7 10 6 4 16 Total 436 Total 598 8 9 6 3 9 Chi Square Value = Chi Square Value = 72.66667 99.66667 9 8 6 2 4 Null Hypothesis Null Hypothesis 10 9 6 3 9 Rejected Rejected 11 9 6 3 9 12 10 6 4 16 Diya aur Bati Hum Balika Vadhu 13 12 6 6 36 2 2

14 8 6 2 4 no no o-e o-e o-e (o-e) (o -e) expected expected expected 15 10 6 4 16 observed observed 16 3 6 -3 9 1 12 6 6 36 1 13 6 7 49 Total = 521 2 11 6 5 25 2 7 6 1 1 Expected Frequency = Total Number Of 3 10 6 4 16 3 12 6 6 36 Sample(30)* Probability For 1 Option(1/5) 4 9 6 3 9 4 13 6 7 49 =6 5 6 6 0 0 5 8 6 2 4 Chi Square Value = 86.83333333 6 7 6 1 1 6 7 6 1 1 Tabulated V alue Of Chi Square With Degree 7 14 6 8 64 7 7 6 1 1 Of Freedom (N-1)= 16-1=15 And Level Of 8 14 6 8 64 8 12 6 6 36 Significant = 5% = 24.996 9 6 6 0 0 9 6 6 0 0 Null Hypothesis Rejected 10 8 6 2 4 10 5 6 -1 1 11 9 6 3 9 11 5 6 -1 1 12 9 6 3 9 12 8 6 2 4 13 11 6 5 25 13 10 6 4 16 14 7 6 1 1 14 7 6 1 1 15 7 6 1 1 15 5 6 -1 1 16 3 6 -3 9 16 4 6 -2 4 Total 273 Total 205 Chi Square Value = Chi Square 34.1666 45.5 Value 7 Null Hypothesis Null Hypothesis Rejected Rejected

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Taarak Mehta Ka Uttaran Conclusions: Ooltah Chashma * From above discussion, we can conclude that the preferences on various daily soaps are

2 2 normally same when it comes to female no no no o-e o-e o-e respondents. (o-e) (o -e) expected expected observed observed * When it comes to females’ choice of daily soaps, they are very much unpredictable in 1 9 6 3 9 1 13 6 7 49 nature. 2 15 6 9 81 2 6 6 0 0 * There should not be such things like 3 6 6 0 0 3 10 6 4 16 measuring TRP only in metro cities. There is 4 8 6 2 4 4 11 6 5 25 a large mass that watches daily soaps and has 5 8 6 2 4 5 15 6 9 81 different mindset than metro audience. 6 15 6 9 81 6 8 6 2 4 * There should be selective approach in 7 7 6 1 1 7 7 6 1 1 various fronts for targeting the female viewers. 8 6 6 0 0 8 11 6 5 25 9 6 6 0 0 9 9 6 3 9 References 10 12 6 6 36 10 8 6 2 4  TRENDS AND POTENTIAL OF THE INDIAN 11 5 6 -1 1 11 9 6 3 9 ENTERTAINMENT INDUSTRY- AN 12 10 6 4 16 12 11 6 5 25 INDEPTH ANALYSIS By C Barathi, C Balaji, 13 3 6 -3 9 13 9 6 3 9 Dr C H Ibohal Mmeitei 14 10 6 4 16 14 11 6 5 25  Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu India Private 15 5 6 -1 1 15 11 6 5 25 Limited Report, Sep. 2011 16 4 6 -2 4 16 6 6 0 0  Competition Issues In Electronic Goods Total 263 Total 307 Sector: Television Industry, By Apoorva Chi Square 43.8333 Chi Square 51.1666 Gupta, Delhi School Of Economics Value 3 Value 7  Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu India Private Null Hypothesis Null Hypothesis Limited Report, Sep. 2011 Rejected Rejected -  Article In Sunday TOI, Jun 8, 2003  Competition Issues In Electronic Goods Sector: Television Industry, By Apoorva Gupta, Delhi School Of Economics

Research Zone India - 1, Vol. (IV) 4, September - 2013 [ 137 ] ISSN 2319 - 8168 Management Research Zone India Vol. 1 Issue - (4) Sept.- 2013 Page 138-143 ISSN 2319 - 8168 * Nitesh Rohada ** Amit Vadher

THE IMPACT OF CELEBRITY ENDORSEMENT ON BUYING BEHAVIOR OF CUSTOMERS IN SOFT DRINKS

INTRODUCTION product are matched with the celebrity image, The modern world of marketing which tends to persuade a consumer to fix up communication has become colorful and his choice from a plethora of brands. Although inundated with advertisements, and it is hard this sounds pretty simple, but the design of to get noticed. It is an uphill task for the such campaigns and the subsequent success designer of an advertising campaign to in achieving the desired result calls for an in- differentiate itself from others and attract depth understanding of the product, the brand viewers’ attention. objective, choice of a celebrity, associating the Everyday consumers are exposed to celebrity with the brand, and a framework for thousands of voices and images in magazines, measuring the effectiveness. newspapers, and on billboards, websites, Companies invest large sums of money to align radio and television. Every brand attempts to their brands and themselves with endorsers. steal at least a fraction of an unsuspecting Such endorsers are seen as dynamic with both person’s time to inform him or her of the attractive and likeable qualities and amazing and different attributes of the product companies plan that these qualities are at hand. The challenge of the marketer is to transferred to products via marketing find a hook that will hold the subject’s communication activities. Furthermore, attention. In helping to achieve this, use of because of their fame, celebrities serve not celebrity endorsers is a widely used marketing only to create and maintain attention but also communication strategy. to achieve high recall rates for marketing In this jet age, people tend to ignore all communication messages in today’s highly commercials and advertisements while cluttered environments. flipping through the magazines and INSIGHT INTO SOFT DRINK INDUSTRY newspapers or viewing TV. But even then, the * 1970’s and early 80’s—the entry and exit glamour of a celebrity seldom goes unnoticed. of Coke Thus, celebrity endorsement in advertisement India has proved to be perhaps the toughest and its impact on the overall brand is of great battle ground for the Cola giants. Coca-Cola was significance. In this process, the companies the 1st international soft drinks brand to enter hire celebrities from a particular field to India in early 1970’s. Indian market was feature in its advertisement campaigns. The dominated by domestic brands, with Limca promotional features and images of the being the largest selling brand. Cola was the * Lecturer, Shree Swaminaranya Naimisharanaya College of mgt & I.T., Bhavnagar ** Lecturer, Shree Swaminaranya Naimisharanaya College of mgt & I.T., Bhavnagar

[ 138 ] Research Zone India - 1, Vol. (IV) 4, September - 2013 ISSN 2319 - 8168 largest selling flavor with market share of downs thus the Indian soft drink industry has 40%, Lemon drinks 31% and orange drinks been wide and diverse and has given only 19%. consumers a lot of option to choose the two Up till 1977, Coca-cola was the leading soft main MNCs that have the greatest market drink brand in India. But due to norms set by share in India are Coca-cola and Pepsi co. This the Foreign Exchange Regulation Act (FERA), two have introduced many diverse and distinct Coca-Cola left India and did not return till 1993 brands in Indian market. after a 16 year absence from the Indian SR. NO. PEPSI (1989) COCA-COLA (1993) beverage market. FERA needed Coca-Cola to 1. Pepsi Coca-cola reveal its secret concentrate formula as well 2. 7up Thums-up as reduce its equity stake which was not acceptable. 3. Mountain dew Fanta Pure drinks, Delhi launched Campa-Cola, to 4. Nimbooz Sprite take advantage of Coke’s exit and by the end 5. Slice Limca of 70’s, was the only Cola drink in the Indian market. In 1980, Parle, another major Indian 6. Mirinda Mazaa player launched Thums- Up, the drink which DEFINING BRANDING & CELEBRITY till date is most popular soft-drink in India. ENDORSEMENT Pure Drinks strongly objected to Thums-Up Today, use of celebrities as part of marketing being called a “soft” drink as it felt its taste is communication strategy is fairly common too strong. For over a decade, Parle led the practice for major firms in supporting Indian soft-drinks market, with its market corporate or brand imagery. share reaching a peak of 70% in1990. * WHAT IS A BRAND? * Late 80’s and early 90’s— Pepsi’s struggle The Dictionary of Business & Management to enter India defines a brand as: “a name, term, sign, symbol, Pepsi saw the exit of Coke as a God send or design, or a combination of them, intended opportunity to capture then estimated 900 to identify goods or services of one seller or a crore market of India. India was then a highly group of sellers and to differentiate them from regulated market with International trade those of competitor”. constituting only 6% of GDP in 1985. Foreign * DEFINITION OF CELEBRITIES trade was subject to import tariffs, export According to Friedman and Friedman, a “The tariffs and quantitative restrictions. Foreign term Celebrity refers to an individual who is direct investment (FDI) was restricted by known to the public (actor, sports figure, barriers like upper limit equity participation, entertainer, etc.) for his or her achievements restrictions on technology transfer, export in areas other than that of the product class obligations and government approvals. Any endorsed”. foreign investment had a lot of political This is true for classic forms of celebrities, Like sensitivity to it. By the time PepsiCo began its Actors (e.g., Amitabh Bachchan, Shahrukh negotiations, the upper cap for equity holding Khan, Aishwarya Rai, Aamir Khan). in Indian companies was 40%. PepsiCo Models (e.g., Mallaika Arora, Milind Soman, realized it’ll have to be creative to enter the Naomi Campbell, etc), Indian markets. Television Personalities (Husain, Smriti THE BRANDS CHOSEN FOR THE STUDY Irani), Thus Indian soft drink industry has seen its Sports figures (e.g., Sachin Tendulkar, Sania share of glamour, controversies and ups and Mirza, etc),

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Pop-Stars (e.g., Madonna, Shakira). celebrity and purchase intention. Businessmen (e.g., Vijay Mallya, Bill Gates) 2. To find out if there is a significant level of * IMPORTANT CELEBRITY ATTRIBUTES association between enhancement of brand While selecting a celebrity as endorser, the value by celebrity endorsement. company has to decide the promotional 3. To find if there is a significant level of objective of the brand and how far the association between level of association with celebrity image matches with it. The selection celebrity and purchasing more quantity. is in fact a collaboration, from which both the 4. To find if there is an association between company and the celebrity gains. The enhancement of brand value by celebrity important attributes of celebrity endorse are endorsement and purchasing frequently. as follows: 5. To find the most preferred soft drink in * Trustworthiness Bhavnagar. * Likeability SUBJECT PARTICULAR * Similarity * Expertise Population Age Group 08-65 Years From Bhavnagar Sample Size 150 Respondents RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Research Design Convenience Sampling Research objective: Data Collection Primary Data & Secondary Data 1. To find out if there is a significant level of Data Collection Tool Questionnaire association between level of association with

TESTING OF HYPOTHESIS

H01: There is no significant level of association between enhancement of brand value by celebrity and purchase intention.

HA1: There is significant level of association between enhancement of brand value by celebrity and purchase intention. The cross tabulation of data is as given below. Does this level of enhancement in brand value by celebrity endorsements intents you to purchase you r respective soft drink? How much is the impact of celebrity endorsement on enhancement of Yes No Total brand value? Very Strongly 7 20 27 Strong Enough 15 13 28 Moderate 10 23 33 Weak Enough 31 2 33 Very Weak 24 5 29 Total 87 63 150

The Chi-square table is as given below

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How much is the impact of celebrity purchase Obser ved Expected (f0- endorsement on frequency frequency fo-fe (f0-fe)^2 intention fe)^2/fe enhacement of brand f0 fe value? Very Strong Yes 7 15.6600 -8.6600 74.9956 4.788991 No 20 11.3400 8.6600 74.9956 6.613369 Strong Enough Yes 15 16.2400 -1.2400 1.5376 0.09468 No 24 11.7600 12.2400 149.8176 12.73959 Moderate Yes 10 19.1400 -9.1400 83.5396 4.36466 No 23 13.8600 9.1400 83.5396 6.027388 Weak Enough Yes 31 19.14 11.8600 140.6596 7.348986 No 2 13.86 -11.8600 140.6596 10.1486 Very Weak Yes 24 16.82 7.1800 51.5524 3.064946 No 5 12.18 -7.1800 51.5524 4.232545 The ÷2 value obtained by adding the last column of the table is 21.84784 The co-efficient of contingency can be given by “ ÷2/ ÷2 + N Here degree of freedom is given by (c-1) * (r-1) = (5-1) (2-1) Therefore ÷2 + N= 171.8478 Thus the value of co-efficient of contingency that we have obtained is 0.2374 Thus there is 0.2374 association and hence our null hypothesis is rejected and alternate hypothesis is accepted.

H02: There is no significant level of association between level of association with the celebrity and purchasing frequently.

HA2: There is significant level of association between level of association with the celebrity and purchase frequently. The collected data is cross tabulated in the form Do you think that your level of association with celebrity has an impact of you tryin g to purchasing frequently? What is your level of association Yes No Total with the celebrity endorser? Very Strong 10 12 22 Strong Enough 10 24 34 Moderate 8 25 33 Weak Enough 14 19 33 Very Weak 22 6 28 Total 64 86 150

The Chi-square table is as given below

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level of Level of association association and Obser ved Expected (fo- with the its impact on frequency frequency fo-fe (fo-fe)^2 fe)^2/fe celebrity purchasing fo fe endorser frequently Very Strong Yes 10 9.3867 0.6133 0.37618 0.04008 No 12 12.6133 -0.6133 0.37618 0.02982 Strong Enough Yes 10 14.5067 -4.5067 20.31 1.40005 No 24 19.4933 4.5067 20.31 1.0419 Moderate Yes 8 14.0800 -6.0800 36.9664 2.62545 No 25 18.9200 6.0800 36.9664 1.95383 Weak Enough Yes 14 14.08 -0.0800 0.0064 0.00045 No 19 18.92 0.0800 0.0064 0.00034 Very Weak Yes 22 11.9467 10.0533 101.07 8.46006 No 6 16.0533 -10.0533 101.07 6.29586 The ÷2 value obtained by adding the last 5. From talks with respondents it was also column of the table is 59.42376 found that apart from celebrity endorsement The co-efficient of contingency can be given other factors like taste, color, and refreshment by “ ÷2/ ÷2 + N also played a role in their buying decision. Here degree of freedom is given by (c-1) * (r- 6. It was also found by me that the appropriate 1) = (5-1) (2-1) medium (Channel, availability) through which Therefore ÷2 + N= 209.4238 they purchased also played a role. Thus the value of co-efficient of contingency LIMITATIONS that we have obtained is 0.5326 1. The main limitation is the sampling Thus there is 0.5326 association and hence conducted. It was done in a convenience (Non our null hypothesis is rejected and alternate Probabilistic) manner and no particular hypothesis is accepted. technique followed. In the survey a greater FINDINGS number of college students have been 1. From the above analysis we can see that surveyed. The data might not be representative there is sizeable amount of association of the entire population thus suggestion between level of association with celebrity and cannot be made in a concrete manner. purchase intention. 2. Study was based in Bhavnagar so it will not 2. The association between the brand show true picture at larger level. enhancement by celebrity endorsement and 3. The time period of the study was limited. purchase intention is more than 0.50 thus it 4. Sometimes there is unambiguity in the can be deduced that brand enhancement by response given by the respondents. celebrities endorsement has definitely a major SUGGESTIONS impact 1. The first suggestion that can be made is that 3. The association between level of association I find sizeable association between level of and purchasing more is nearly 50% hence association with celebrity and purchase intent level of association is vital in people hence I can suggest that celebrity endorsement purchasing more. have been successful in campaign of 4. It can be seen that the association between associating with the celebrity but it further the brand enhancement by celebrity needs to be improved as there is less amount endorsement and purchasing more is sizeable of association between level of association and and cannot be neglected. purchase frequency. [ 142 ] Research Zone India - 1, Vol. (IV) 4, September - 2013 ISSN 2319 - 8168

2. The brand enhancement by celebrity  http://ezinearticles.com/?The-Impact-of- endorser are quite good association is quite Celebrity-Endorsement-All-Over-the- but keeping the according to their image that Brand&id=4239950 (accessed on 15th is according to the enhancement the march 2011). customers perceives it quite difficult and it  http://www.indianmba.com/occasional needs to be sustained. _papers/op88/op88.html. 3. Moreover from talks with the respondents  http://www.coca-colaindia.com/brands/ it was also found by me that people valued (accessed on 17th march 2011). good clean endorsements not cheap and sleazy.  http://www.thehindubusinessline.in/ manager/2010/05/31/stories/ BIBLIOGRAPHY 2010053150531100.htm (accessed on  Alperstein, Neil M. (1991) ‘‘Imaginary 18th march 2011). Social Relationships with Celebrities  http://businesstoday.intoday.in/bt/story/ Appearing in Television Commercials.’’ the-fizz-is-back/1/4180.html (accessed Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic on 22 march 2011). Media Vol. 35,No.1, pp.43 – 58.  http://www.coolavenues.com/mba-  Alsmadi, Sami. (2006), “The Power of journal /marketing/coca-cola-and-pepsi- Celebrity Endorsement in Brand Choice Behaviour : An Empirical Study of Consumer Attitudes in Jordon,” Journal of Accounting-Business & Management, Vol.13, pp.69-84.  Assael, Henry. (1984.) “Behavior and Market Action”. Boston, Massachusetts: Kent Publishing Company,  Atkin, Charles and Martin Block,(February/March 1983), “ Effectiveness of Celebrity Endorsers” , Journal of Advertising Research 23, 1 : 57- 62.

Research Zone India - 1, Vol. (IV) 4, September - 2013 [ 143 ] ISSN 2319 - 8168 Management Research Zone India Vol. 1 Issue - (4) Sept.- 2013 Page 144-149 ISSN 2319 - 8168 * Utkarsh Trivedi

TO STUDY FACEBOOK’S MARKETING POTENTIALITY: WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO YOUTH OF BHAVNAGAR CITY

Nowadays company’s orientation towards marketplace has been dramatically changed. Now, it’s not about just convincing customers, but it’s more than that. Time has arrived when company should treat customer as a part of family. There are various sources through which company can reach to targeted audience. Out of all, marketing through social media is growing like anything. Use of social media is a platform where you can reach every corner of any country without much added efforts. Most common social platform is Facebook. Companies are more engaged in activity of promotion through this huge platform. There are more than 60 million users in India (Source: Wikipedia), most of them are youngsters. So, company can sell their products through same. We wanted to understand the potentiality of Facebook as a Marketing Tool. Is it the way forward? Or can it be the replacement of Traditional Advertising? Or are we thinking too much? This brainstorming leads us to the topic concentrated to the youth of Bhavnagar city, where we had asked them about their opinions regarding different pages, different products/brands available to sell, different marketing activities done by companies like Brand Page, Organization Page, Celebrity Page [Endorser], or Gamification. We wanted to test out Potentiality of Facebook through various variables like Pages, Walls, Apps, Tagging, Opinion Leaders, Product Reviews/Launches/Updates/Discounts, Risks Involved, Reference Groups, Sponsored Links, and Promotional Offers etc. We asked 200 students from various faculties to understand the Potentiality of Facebook through structured questionnaire. Our analysis consists through various statistical methods like Hypothesis Testing and Factor analysis.

Keywords: Youth, Facebook, Marketing, Products

INTRODUCTION channel, but also allow the possibility of Social networks are becoming a highly establishing linkages to devoted users. profitable marketing tool for the companies Researches on brand communities have with the increasing number of users. Firms shown that these communities have positive are recognizing the advantages of web effects on consumers’ brand attitude and enhanced brand communities as a lever for attachment to a brand (McAlexander, relationship marketing communication. Schouten and Koenig, 2002). Brand communities not only provide Facebook was launched in 2004 and have over companies with an additional communication 800 million active users, of which 350 million

* Faculty, Shree Sahajanand Institute of Management, Bhavnagar

[ 144 ] Research Zone India - 1, Vol. (IV) 4, September - 2013 ISSN 2319 - 8168 users access Facebook through mobile devices. study the potentiality of Facebook as a An average Facebook user is estimated to have marketing tool. The authors want to test the at least 130 friends and is connected to 80 following hypothesis to understand community pages, groups and events. There potentiality of Facebook. are more than 70 languages available on the RESEARCH OBJECTIVE : To study Facebook’s site. Its main use is to establish and maintain Marketing potentiality: with special Reference relationships in work related situations, in to youth of Bhavnagar City. political affiliations or just among friends and RESEARCH METHODOLOGY : Here under families Facebook has become the most exploratory design, extensive literature review powerful tool for marketing today. In April is performed by the authors and in the light 2011, the company launched a new service for of this study hypothesis has been developed. marketers and interested creative agencies The authors feel that for appropriate which is a form of online platform (Portal) that justification to the title it is necessary to allows marketers and creative design agencies conduct primary survey of Youth. Cross to build brand promotions on Facebook. section data has been collected by Facebook is now a direct competitor of Google interviewing four different Branches from in online advertising and this new service has Bhavnagar city. Due to time constrain, the made it possible for companies such as universe is limited to Bhavnagar city and by Financial Times and ABC News to create non probability- quota sampling method total dynamic commercial graphics or 167 respondents are analyzed. Authors have advertisement. [1] tried to collected equal number of samples According to the American Marketing from four different branches namely Association, Marketing is an organizational Management, Science, Arts and Computer function and a set of processes for creating, Science. Although hundred percent equality is communicating, and delivering value to not maintained due to rejection of some customers and for managing customer questionnaires because of inadequate relationships in ways that benefit the information. Factor analysis has been organization and its stakeholders. In the performed on the basis of variables comprises definition above, the key words are of different aspects. A Pilot survey of five “organizational function, and processes for respondents from each Group is conducted for creating, communicating, delivering, and validation of questionnaire9. The exchanging offerings that have value for questionnaire was printed in English and it is customers”. From an organization an interviewer administered questionnaire. It perspective, the aspects of these processes included only close ended questions. referred in the definition above are brand SURVEY INSTRUMENT : The questionnaire awareness, advertising, public relations etc. used in this study consisted of close ended Therefore for the sake of this study, we focus questions. These questions included only on one branch of marketing which is respondent access location, number of years brand awareness or brand management as a using the Internet, types of Internet activities process of communicating or delivering value and time spent in a week on the Internet. A to customers. [2] five-point labelled Likert type scale was used. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY SAMPLING AND DATA COLLECTION : The NEED AND SIGNIFICANCE OF RESEARCH : sample for this study came from college In the light of above literature review the students undertaking bachelor and authors feel that there is an acute need to postgraduate degree programmes. The sample

Research Zone India - 1, Vol. (IV) 4, September - 2013 [ 145 ] ISSN 2319 - 8168 was chosen from college going students of magazines, and books accessed via the various branches. Using a non-random Internet. sampling, upon obtaining respondent’s DATA ANALYSIS : Descriptive analysis was consent, he/she was asked to complete the self used to report the profile of research administered questionnaire. respondent while Factor Analysis has been The questionnaires were distributed to 200 conducted with the help of SPSS 16 for this respondents in March 2013, out of which 167 study. A statistical package, SPSS version 16 Qualified for further research. The secondary was used for data entry and to run the data for data for this study were sourced mainly from the statistical analysis. newspapers, journals, publications, Descriptive Statistics (Scales 1= Strongly Disagree to 5 = Strongly Agree Mean Std. Deviation Analysis N Receiving Info about Product or Brand 3.2096 .75116 167 Following status and news 2.4132 1.20364 167 Being Informed to upcoming events 3.4132 1.02526 167 Knowledge about Particular Brand/Product 4.2096 1.16594 167 Styling Information 3.6108 1.35704 167 Pricing Information [Best Price & Discount] 3.2096 1.33006 167 Creative Ads 2.8024 1.16805 167 Images, Videos & Applications 3.8024 1.16805 167 I Like to show which of Products/Brands I am using 2.4012 .49161 167 Liking Brands/Products' page for Self Endorsement 2.2036 .74881 167 To become Opinion Leader about particular Brand/Product 3.4012 1.03003 167 Liking Page to Influence others to purchase that Brand/ Product 2.8024 1.46953 167 Inferential Statistics H0: Gender’s Purchase Decision through Facebook depends on Nature of Product. H1: Gender’s Purchase Decision through Facebook does not depend on Nature of Product.

Observed Data Male Female Total Tangible 15 22 37 Intangible 10 8 18 Both 8 17 25 None 32 55 87 Total 65 102 167

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Oi Ei Oi-Ei (Oi-Ei)2 (Oi-Ei)2/Ei Cal. Value Table Value Result 15 14.40 0.60 0.36 0.02 2.81 7.815 Fail to Reject H0 10 7.01 2.99 8.96 1.28 8 9.73 -1.73 2.99 0.31 32 33.86 -1.86 3.47 0.10 22 22.60 -0.60 0.36 0.02 Df= (R-1)*(C-1) = (4-1)*(2-1) = 3 (0.05 alpha) 8 10.99 -2.99 8.96 0.82 17 15.27 1.73 2.99 0.20 55 53.14 1.86 3.47 0.07 Cal Chi Value 2.81

FACTOR ANALYSIS: Total Variance Explained Initial Eigenvalues Extraction Sums of Squared Loadings Component Total % of Variance Cumulative % Total % of Variance Cumulative % 1 5.742 47.851 47.851 5.742 47.851 47.851 2 3.026 25.220 73.071 3.026 25.220 73.071 3 2.664 22.201 95.272 2.664 22.201 95.272 4 .567 4.728 100.000 5 3.259E-15 2.716E-14 100.000 6 2.081E-15 1.734E-14 100.000 7 1.814E-15 1.512E-14 100.000 8 8.082E-16 6.735E-15 100.000 9 5.963E-16 4.969E-15 100.000 10 -4.448E-16 -3.707E-15 100.000 11 -1.151E-15 -9.589E-15 100.000 12 -2.376E-15 -1.980E-14 100.000 Extraction Method: Principal Component Analysis. It is apparent from the above table three components cover 10% of the data under Principle Component Analysis method and cover substantial variation. Again if we extend the limit then, the statistics reveal three components cover almost 95% of the data.

Component Matrixa Component 1 2 3 Knowledge about Particular Brand/Product .969 .148 .177 Styling Information .950 .053 -.105 Pricing Information [Best Price & Discount] .758 .126 .621 Creative Ads .743 -.336 -.477 Liking Brands/Products' page for Self Endorsement .952 .021 -.219 Liking Page to Influence others to purchase that Brand/ Product .833 -.047 -.201 Receiving Info about Product or Brand .279 .953 .077 Following status and news -.146 .925 -.320 Being Informed to upcoming events .364 .900 -.240 Images, Videos & Applications .688 -.206 .696 I Like to show which of Products/Brands I am using -.378 .502 .534 To become Opinion Leader about particular Brand/Product .092 .050 .992 Extraction Method: Principal Component Analysis. a. 3 components extracted.

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Three Factors are clearly emerging from above tables, Awareness & Endorsement, Informational and Opinion Leadership. As Rotated Component Matrix revealed Receiving Info about Product or Brand, Following status and news Being Informed to upcoming events have higher correlation among all the variables, and these all are combined as Informational factors. Knowledge about Particular Brand/Product, Styling Information, Pricing Information [Best Price & Discount], Creative Ads, Liking Brands/Products’ page for Self Endorsement and Liking Page to Influence others to purchase that Brand/ Product has considerable correlation with factor combined as Informational Factors. Following table clearly indicates the variables and factors relationship: Variables Factors Knowledge about Particular Brand/Product Styling Information Awareness Pricing Information [Best Price & Discount] & Creative Ads Endorsement Liking Brands/Products' page for Self Endorsement Liking Page to Influence others to purchase that Brand/ Product Receiving Info about Product or Brand Following status and news Informational Being Informed to upcoming events Images, Videos & Applications I Like to show which of Products/Brands I am using Opinion Leadership To become Opinion Leader about particular Brand/Product It is apparent from the factor analysis that Individual Likes the Page of Any Product/Brand on Facebook of Particular Products/Brands mainly to stay aware & endorsing it and receiving information about brands and Products.

REFERENCES 1. Tuula Lehtimäki, Jari Salo, Heidi Hiltula, Mikko Lankinen, HARNESSING WEB 2.0 FOR BUSINESS TO BUSINESS MARKETING - LITERATURE REVIEW AND AN EMPIRICAL PERSPECTRIVE FROM FINLAND, UNIVERSITY OF OULU, 2009 2. Noor Raihan Ab Hamid- Universiti Tun Abdull RazakRomiza Md Akhir- UNITAR International University, Aw Yoke Cheng- Asia Pacific University, Social media: an emerging dimension of marketing communication, Journal of Management and Marketing Research 3. Niyoosha Jafari Momtaz , Abdollah Aghaie, Somayeh Alizadeh Postgraduate Student, Associate professor, Assistant professor Dept. of Industrial Engineering, K. N. Toosi University of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Social Networks for Marketing: Benefits and Challenges, May 2011. APPENDIX Table 2: Summary of respondent profile (sample size = 167) Respondents Characteristics Sub-Profile Percentage Male 38.9% Gender Female 61.1% Graduate 39.52% Education Level Post-Graduate 60.54% Management 49.70% Science 9.58% Branch Arts 20.36% Computer Science 20.36%

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APPENDIX Table:1 List of Variables and operationalization of items & Cronbach’s Alpha values for variables under study Cronbach’s Variables Items Items Alpha Value I Like the Page of Any Product/Brand on Facebook to Receive Information about That Particular Product/Brand. I Like the Page of Any Product/Brand on Facebook to Follow Status updates & News about Particular Product/Brand. 0.821 Awareness I Like the Page of Any Product/Brand on Facebook to be informed about upcoming events of Particular Product/Brand. I Like the Page of Any Product/Brand on Facebook to get knowledge about Particular Product/Brand. I Like the Page of Any Product/Brand on Facebook to get information of Style, Looks & Tips about Particular Product/Brand. I Like the Page of Any Product/Brand on Facebook to informed about best Prices & Discounts Available in Particular Product/Brand. I do follow attractive wall pages on Facebook. Engagement I do Comment on attractive wall pages of Facebook. Activities I do read interesting posts about Different Brands/Products on Facebook. I do Product specific interaction with the help of live chat 0.730 through Facebook. I become More aware or Interested about Particular Brands/Products after reading its content on Facebook. I do follow Gamification (integration of Game dynamics into Advertisement Campaign) about Particular Brands/Products on Facebook I do Comments on wall pages which Tags me on Facebook. Risk Social Risk (will Society accept Your Brands/Products) Functional Risk (will your Brands/Products perform as per your expectation) Financial Risk (will your money gets worth, what will if 0.898 Brands/Products does not work well) Physical Risk (will your Brands/Products create any harm to your body) Psychological Risk (will Brands/Products purchased fits with your image) Time Risk (will Brands/Products performs on Time)

Research Zone India - 1, Vol. (IV) 4, September - 2013 [ 149 ] ISSN 2319 - 8168 Management Research Zone India Vol. 1 Issue - (4) Sept.- 2013 Page 150-152 ISSN 2319 - 8168 * Bhavik Parmar

“EMERGING TRENDS OF PASSING OFF BY FMCG LOCAL PLAYER IN RURAL BHAVNAGAR- A CRITICAL REVIEW”

Passing off is a common law tort which can be used to enforce unregistered trademark rights. The tort of passing off protects the goodwill of a trader from a misrepresentation that causes damage to goodwill. The law of passing off prevents one person from misrepresenting his/her goods or services as being the goods and services of the claimant, and also prevents one person from holding out his or her goods or services as having some association or connection with the plaintiff when this is not true. Practices of passing off by local FMCG player has been consistently increasing day to day. For e.g. “Kurmure” instead of “Kurkure”. They design same packaging with same color to cheat the consumers. Present study critically review practices of passing off by local FMCF player at Rural Bhavnagar. Scope of the study is limited to four villages of Bhavnagar district i.e. Sidsar, Kamlej, Nari, and Kardej.

Key words: FMCG Players, Passing off, Rural Bhavnagar

Introduction: rights to any names, marks, get-up or A cause of action for passing off is a form other indicia. It does not recognize them as of intellectual property enforcement against property in its own right. the unauthorized use of a mark which is Instead, the law of passing off is designed to considered to be similar to another party’s prevent misrepresentation in the course of registered or unregistered trademarks, trade to the public, for example, that there is particularly where an action for trademark some sort of association between the business infringement based on a registered trade mark of defendant and that of the claimant. Another is unlikely to be successful (due to the example of passing off is where the defendant differences between the registered trademark does something so that the public is misled and the unregistered mark). Passing off is a into thinking the activity is associated with the form of common law, whereas statutory claimant, and as a result the claimant suffers law such as the United Kingdom Trade Marks some damage, under the law of passing off it Act 1994 provides for enforcement of may be possible for the claimant to initiate registered trademarks through infringement action against the defendant. proceedings. Passing off is a common law tort which can be Passing off and the law of registered used to enforce unregistered trademark rights. trademarks deal with overlapping factual The tort of passing off protects the goodwill of situations, but deal with them in different a trader from a misrepresentation that causes ways. Passing off does not confer monopoly damage to goodwill.

* Co-Ordinator, M.J.College Department of Commerce-BBA, Bhavnagar

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The law of passing off prevents one person from misrepresenting his/her goods or services as being the goods and services of the claimant, and also prevents one person from holding out his or her goods or services as having some association or connection with the plaintiff when this is not true. Objective of the study: · To know about passing off practices at Bhavnagar Rural · To know about consumer awareness about passing off practices · To critically review passing off practices and to suggest remedial measures to overcome such practices Research Methodology: Present study focus on critical review of passing off practices by FMCG player at Rural Bhavnagar. Design of the study is descriptive in nature. Four villages have been taken as sample such as Sidsar, Kamlej, Nari, and Kardej of Bhavnagar Tehsil (Gujarat). Required data has been collected through unstructured interview. Passing off practices (findings):

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Summary of findings: References · Local FMCG players include Kurmure, Parle-  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passing_off D, Glucone-D, Daily Milk etc. who try to attract  http://www.amarjitassociates.com/ customer by misrepresentation by introducing articles/passing.htm same color of packaging, logo etc.  http://www.amarjitassociates.com/ · Consumers at rural Bhavnagar are very less articles/passing-off-infringement.htm aware about passing off practices due to low  http://www.indiankanoon.org/search/ level of literacy. ?formInput=passing-off · Passing off practices are found for FMCG  http://www.selvamandselvam.in/ products such as Snacks (Gopal Namkeen by passing-off-in-india-looping-the-loop- Tulsi) Biscuit & Confectionery (Parle-G by holes/ Parle-D) etc. Conclusion: I would like to conclude from the survey that passing off practices has been increasing in Rural area and consumer awareness programme should be run to give information about such passing off practices and consumer should try to take purchasing decision after thoroughly analyzed Brand name, packaging , logo etc.

[ 152 ] Research Zone India - 1, Vol. (IV) 4, September - 2013 ISSN 2319 - 8168 Commerce Research Zone India Vol. 1 Issue - (4) Sept.- 2013 Page 153-155 ISSN 2319 - 8168 * DiDiDi[. s).k[. pT[lpT[l. p\Ati(vt Diyr[kT T[x ki[D b)l aivkv[ri[ a[ dr[k d[Sn) srkir miT[ aivkn& a[k Diyr[kT T[x ki[D {D.T.C.) b)lb)lb)l ni h[t&ai[h[t&ai[ni mhRvn&> siwn C[. t[mi> riOT^n) (vkisn) j$(raiti[n[ Diyr[kT T[x ki[D {D.T.C.) b)l ni[ m&²y h[t& eºkm phi>c) vLvi miT[ vwirini niNi m[Lvvin) p*rt) T[x, (D(DºD (DAT)^¾y&Sn T[x, (f^>ºz b[(nf)T T[x Skytiai[ C[. Birtmi> p\Ym vKt a>g\[j SiSki[a[ an[ v[ÃY T[x ni kiydin[ srL bniv) g&cviDiai[ 1860 mi> aivkv[ri[ diKl kyi[< hti[. 1856-57 mi> d*r krvini[ an[ krditiai[n& krBirN ai[C& Birtmi> s]ºy riKvini[ Kc< vw) jviY) Birtni krvini[ C[. p\Ryx krv[rini miLKin[ (AYr, pirdS aiKvimi> aiv[l zGDiai[ d*r krvini[ C[. v[ri[ smy jti> kiym) Av$p[ 1886mi> diKl Yyi[. Diyr[kT T[x ki[D {D.T.C.) b)lb)lb)l ni m&²y aikP vir>vir f[rfiri[ krvimi> aiÄyi, j[ni Diyr[kT T[x ki[D {D.T.C.) b)l ni m&²y aikP m*L Av$p bdlit&>> gy& an[ kiydi[ n)c[ m&jb C[. K*bj g*cvNByi[< bnti[ gyi[ t[Y) smg\ Birtmi> 1. s*(ct Diyr[kT T[x ki[D {D.T.C.) b)l Ùiri aivkv[ri wiri[ 1961 diKl krvimi> aiÄyi[ hti[. mi[Ti Bign) krm&kt aivki[ rd YS[. Ekv)T) Ày&µy&l j[ni[ aml 1 l) a[(p\l 1962Y) krvimi> aiÄyi[ f>D, n[Snl s[(v>³s s(T<(fk[T, Tm< (Dpi[z)T, y&(nT hti[. ai kiydimi> 298 klmi[ an[ 14 p(r(SOTi[ C[. s>k(lt v)mi yi[jni, li>bi giLini eºf\iAT^kcr C[Ãli pi>c dSkimi> t[mi> pN 30 Y) vw& vKt f[rfiri[ bi[ºDs, hius)>>g li[nn) prt c&kvN) tYi t[n) krvimi> aiÄyi C[. t[Y) simiºy krditi miT[ K*bj Kr)d) vKt[ c&kv[l AT[Àp f), rJAT^[Sn f) vgr[ g*cvNByi[< bn) gyi[ C[. ai kiydimi> rh[l) x(tai[ miT[ mLti kr liB rd YS[. an[ CTkbir)ai[ pr (ny>#iN m*kvi an[ kiydimi> 2. eºkm T[x, (D(DºD (DAT)^¾y&Sn T[x, (f^>ºz srLti livvini h[t&y) Birt srkir[ a[k k(mT)n) b[(nf)T T[x an[ v[ÃY T[x rd YS[ an[ t[n) j³yia[ rcni kr) t[N[ an[k nvi s&wiriai[ siY[ s*(ct Diyr[kT T[x ki[D {D.T.C.) aivS[. Diyr[kT T[x ki[D b)l 2009 rj* ky&>. Ryirbid 3. aivkv[rin) aikirN) miT[ aikirN) vP< an[ k[(bn[T[ s*(ct Diyr[kT T[x ki[D b)l 2010 ni piCl& vP< a[m b[ vPj*r kyi[<. hilni[ t[ d*r Ye jS[. hv[ s*(ct Diyr[kT T[x ki[Dmi> aivkv[ri wiri[ 1961 an[ sp(_iv[ri wiri[ 1957 niNik)y vP l[vini[ rh[S[. n) j³yia[ Diyr[kT T[x ki[D b)l aivS[. ai s*(ct 4. vsviTn[ aiwir[ hilmi> aivkv[ri wirimi> #iN b)lmi> 319 klmi[ an[ 22 p(r(SOTi[ C[. niNim>#i)~) rh[qiNni dr¶jiai[ C[. {1}rh)S {2} simiºy rh)S (cd>brm[ 1l) a[(p\l 2013 Y) ai Diyr[kT T[x ki[D an[ {3} (bn rh)S. s*(ct Diyr[kT T[x ki[D s>p*N< lig& piDS[ a[m ligt& ht& pr>t& s*(ct Diyr[kT {D.T.C.) b)lmi> rh[qiNni dr¶jiai[ mi#i b[ rh[S[ T[x ki[D b)l lig& piD) Skiy& nY). {1} Birt)y rh)S {Resident of India) an[ (bn rh)S {Non-Resident). a[si[. p\i[f[sr,p\i[f[sr,a[si[. VF8"; V[g0 SMD;" SM,[H4 lGhZ

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5. hilni> aivkv[ri wiri m&jb krditi a[Tl[ {1} hilmi> Minimum Alternate Tax (MAT) ni aivkv[ri kiydi h[qL ki[e kr aYvi niNin) ki[e dr b&k p\i[(fTni 18% {srcij< an[ a[¶y&k[Sn rkm j[v)k[, Äyij, d>D k[ ki[e T[xn) rkm Brvi s[s an[ hiyr a[[¶y&k[Sn s[sn[ ¹yinmi> l[ti j[ni[ miT[ jvibdir S²s an[ {2} aivkv[ri wiri h[qL asrkirk dr 19.93%} p\vt[< C[. s*(ct Diyr[kT j[n) sim[ ki[e pgli l[vimi> aiÄyi hi[y. s*(ct T[x ki[D {D.T.C.) b)lmi> > Minimum Diyr[kT T[x ki[Dmi> krditi gNvi miT[ vwirin) b[ Alternate Tax (MAT) ni dr b&k p\i[(fTni 20% bibti[ um[rvimi> aiv) C[.{1} j[ S²S ai kiydi krvimi> aiv[l C[. h[qL r)f>D m[Lvvin[ pi#i hi[y an[ {2} j[ S²S 2.yYivt rh[l Av rh[qiNni mkin a>g[ uC)n) ai kiydi h[qL Av](µCk r)t[ T[x a>g[ r)Tn< fiel l)w[l m*D)ni Äyijn) riht krti[ hi[y. ti. 1-4-199 pC) Av rh[qiNni mkin a>g[ mkinn) 6. srkir) krditiai[n[ aivkv[ri wiri[ 1961 mi> Kr)d), bi>wkim, p&n: bi>wkim an[ smirkim miT[ smiv[S krvimi> aiv[l nY). jyir[ s*(ct Diyr[kT uC)n) l)w[l m*D)ni Äyij pr $i.1,50,000 kpit T[x ki[Dmi> aivkv[ri[ k[ s>p(_iv[ri[ Brvi miT[ aipvimi> aiv[ C[ t[ yYivt riKvimi> aiv[l C[. jvibdir hi[y k[ n hi[y ti[ pN srkir) krditiai[n[ 3. mkin (mÃktn) aivkni S)P aiv[l C[. h[qL mLt) kpitmi> GTiDi[ Diyr[kT T[x ki[D {D.T.C.) b)lb)lb)l n) asri[asri[n) mkin (mÃktn) aivkni S)P (nyt ri[kiNi[mi> ri[kiN 20 krviY) j[ riht mL[ C[ t[ d*r krvi miT[n) ji[give % krvimi> aivS[. krvimi> aivnir C[. tYi aivkv[rini dri[mi> 4. r)Tn< fiel krvin) tir)Kmi> f[rfir mhRvni f[rfiri[ krvimi> aivnir C[. Diyr[kT Diyr[kT T[x ki[D {D.T.C.) b)lmi> aivkv[ri r)Tn< T[x ki[D {{T[x D.T.C.) mhRvn) asri[ n)c[ m&jb fiel krvin) tir)Kmi> n)c[ m&jbni f[rfir krvimi> C[.C[.C[. aiv[l C[. 1. Minimum Alternate Tax (MAT) ni nvinvini s*(ct dri[dri[s*(ct

a.n> krditini[ p\kir Hiln) r)Tn< s*(ct DTC h[qLn) s*(ct DTC h[qL p\Ym fiel krvin) r)Tn< fiel krvin) r)Tn< fiel krvin) tir)K nv) tir)K tir)K 1 w>wi[ n krnir an[ k>pn) 31 m) j&lie 30 m) j*n ti.30-6-12 (sviyni krditiai[ 2 k>pn) an[ krv[ri ai[(DT 30 m) s¼T[. 31 m) ai[gAT ti. 31-8-12 lig&> pDt& hi[y t[vi krditiai[ 1.1.1. T*>kigiLini m*D)nfi an[ li>bigiLini mis pC) v[ciN k[ f[rbdl) krvimi> aiv[ ti[ m*D)nfi vµc[n) B[dr[Ki rd li>bigiLini m*D)nfi[ kh[vimi> aiv[ C[. hv[ s*(ct ki[epN m*D) (mÃkt Kr)wi k[ p\i¼t kyi< pC) 36 Diyr[kT T[x ki[D {D.T.C.) b)lmi> T*>kigiLini mis ph[li v[ciN, f[rbdl) k[ hAti>tr krvimi> aiv[ m*D)nfi an[ li>bigiLini m*D)nfi vµc[n) B[dr[Ki ti[ T*>kigiLini[ m*D)nfi[ gNiy C[. an[ 36 mis pC) d*r kr) d[vimi> aiv) C[. hv[ m*D)nfin) aivk simiºy v[ciN k[ f[rbdl) krvimi> aiv[ ti[ li>bigiLini siwni[mi>Y) mL[l aivk gNiS[. tYi hiln) j[m m*D)nfi[ kh[vimi> aiv[ C[. miºy jim)ng)r) miT[ 12 T*>kigiLini m*D)nfi a>g[ s*ckai>k aiwi(rt m*D) [ 154 ] Research Zone India - 1, Vol. (IV) 4, September - 2013 ISSN 2319 - 8168 pDtrni[ liB mLS[ n(h. References 2. k&l aivkn) gNtr) miT[ aivkni siwni[n&>  Singhania, Vinod K., Direct Tax Ready vg)c siwni[ (P) Pvt. Limited, New Delhi. k[ S)P aiv[l C[. hv[ s*(ct Diyr[kT  Direct Tax Code Bill -2010-section T[x ki[D {D.T.C.) b)lmi> aivkni siwni[n[ m&²y  Direct Tax Code by Taxman  b[ siwni[mi> vh[>cvimi> aiv[l C[. {1} simiºy www.pankajbatra.com/india/new-direct- tax-code-dtc- highlights/ aivkni siwni[ an[ {2} Kis aivkni siwni[  www.ndtv.com/article/business/new-dir {a} simiºy aivkni siwni[mi> n)c[n) aivki[ni[  www.economictimes.indiatimes.com/ smiv[S Yiy C[. news/eco. 1.pgir1.1. k[ ri[jgir)n) aivk  www.indiasummary.com/2010/06/16/ 2.mkin2.2. (mÃktn) aivk direc 3.w>wi3.3. Äyvsiyn) aivk  www.profit.ndtv.com/news/show new- 4.m*D)nfin)4.4. aivk direct-tax-code 5.bik)ni5.5. aºy siwni[n) aivk  www.economictimes.indiatimes.com/ {b} Kis siwni[n) aivk quickarticles show/5578251.cms 1.ki[epN1.1. krditi miT[ j[ aivkn& p&nrivt hi[y t[v) aik(Amk aivki[ j[v) k[ Äy&hrcni h(rfie, di]D,Gi[Didi]D,li[Tr) an[ p_iin) rmt vg[r[mi>Y) mL[l aivk krpi#i gNiS[. 2.(bn2.2. rh)Sn) aivk (bnrh)S krditia[ m[Lv[l Äyij an[ (D(vDºDn) aivk j[ni pr (D(vDºD vh[>cN) v[ri[ {DDT} c&kvvimi> aiv[l n hi[y tYi Birtmi>Y) ri[yÃT), T[kn)kl f) k[ aºy ri[kiNi[mi>Y) aivk m[Lv) hi[y. 3.Birt)y3.3. nig(rk (sviyni (bnrh)S[ rmtgmt an[ t[n) siY[n) p\vZ(_imi>Y) aivk Birt)y nig(rk (sviyni (bnrh)S[ rmtgmt , rmtgmtn) jih[rit, ºy&z p[pr, m[g[(zn k[ jn rmtgmtni ai(TY) m[Lv[l aivk 4.(bnrh)S4.4. Api[TAYia[ m[Lv[l aivk 5.(bnrh)S5.5. Api[TAYia[ Birtmi> rmiy[l ki[epN rmtgmt a>g[ ri[yÃT) mn) k[ t[ni j[v) ki[epN m[Lv[l aivk krpi#i gNiS[.

Research Zone India - 1, Vol. (IV) 4, September - 2013 [ 155 ] ISSN 2319 - 8168 Commerce Research Zone India Vol. 1 Issue - (4) Sept.- 2013 Page 156-158 ISSN 2319 - 8168 * Dr.Dilip.B. Joshi ** Dr. Ashok B. Trivedi

EVALUATION OF GOKUL GRAM YOJANA (WITH REFERENCE TO SAURASHTRA REGION)

Introduction: community hall, panchayat office, provading This Program Came into existence in the year street light, providing Clean common toilets, 1995-96 In the year 1998-99 this program development of grazing land for Cattles, A- was started and the implementation of the forestation etc. are the facilities which are program was extended up to 2011-12, In this covered under this scheme. program all the villages of the state have been Implementation of the scheme:- covered in 5 year scheme. This Scheme is implanted under the Aims and Objective of this scheme:- Chairmanship of the village sarpanch under * To Co-ordinate the different Schemes in whom a program implementation community Stipulated time period made up of members from the village is * To provide employment opportunities formed. * To harness peoples power in the After the implementation is over a village development process sabha is convened to decide that all the *With the help of public participation and de- facilities included in the scheme are available centralization of power to make villages and functional this resolution of the village beautiful clean and provide facilities sabha is the verified by the governing body of Financial Scheming:- the district who on satisfaction than declares Under the Scheme all facilities which are the village as “Gokul Gam” looking in the villages cover under the scheme Performance of Gokul Gam Yojana:- a sum of Rs 15 lacks is to be provided per The performance of the scheme is given have village out of which Rs 5 lacks are to be allotted below:- by the scheme and the deficit of RS 10lacs is Villages declared as Gokul Gam to be generated from Co-ordination of other scheme as well as contribution from industries Year Villages Difference and business houses. 2006-07 14183 - Facilities to be included under the scheme:- 2007-08 14834 651 Permanent / paved approached road, proper 2008-09 15616 782 internal roads of the villages, facilities for 2009-10 16621 1005 providing pure drinking water, bathrooms, 2010-11 17682 1061 maintains of village lakes, maintains of proper Source:- Department of Rural Development

School rooms, nursery, aanganwadi, of Gujarat State 2006 to 2011 *Asso. Professor, Smt.P N R Shah mahila Arts & Commerce College, Palitana. ** Assistant Professor, Arts & Commerce College, Savli, Dist-Vadodara

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In the upper table are scheme shown villages program. Simply put a village become like which are included year wise in Gokul Gam “Gokul” Yojana and the yearly difference. Gokul Gram Yojana The table shows that in the year 2006-07, (Table Shows on Last Page of this Artical) 14183 Villages were declared Gokul Gam. Where as in year 2007-08, 14834 villages :- Department of Rural Development of Gujarat were declared Gokul Gam. This means that 655 State 2006 to 2011 villages were added in 2007-08,782village The table above shows the financial activities were added 95 Gokul Gam in 2008-09, 1005 carried out under Gokul Gram Yojana During villages were declared Gokul Gam in the year the year 2006-07 Surendranagar district was 2009-10 and 1061 villages were declared allotted Rs.124.55 lacs under the schemes Gokul Gam in the year 2010-11, In the above against this the expenditure was Rs.126.40 scheme in Gujarat the different type of lacs. In Bhavnagar district Rs.123,00lacs were Facilities made listed in the table given have spent against the allotment of Rs.122.88 lacs below:- in Rajkot district Rs.13200 were spent out of Work Competition done till 31st Augst- the Rs.132.12 lacs allotment is Amreli district 2010 Rs.129.20 lacs were allotted the expenditure No Information Number was Rs.161.61 lacs This shows that the 01 Road 35739 expenditure has exceeded to the allotted the 02 Village tanks 7360 maximum fund but Amreli district tops in 03 Water Drinking Facilities 29754 expenditure. During the year 2010-11 04 Room for School 15456 Bhavnagar district allotment was maximum 05 Public / Private Sanitation 12322 funds and the district tops is expenditure also. 06 Electricity 3077 During all the year under study expenditure 07 Water for cattle 8137 under the scheme exceed the allotted funds in 08 Village A-Forestation 2885 all the districts. 09 Shifting of Garbage 15879 ‘Gokul Gram yojana’ is a scheme aiming at 10 Septic tanks & Wells 19888 providing facilities and bare amenities in rural 11 Community Hall 11288 12 Panchayat Office 2858 areas. The scheme has been a landmark in the 13 Painting of Houses 5638 development of villages A number of activities 14 Other 13756 are taken up under this scheme which include Total 184037 of connecting paddy roads, roads within the villages, watering facilities for drinking water supply, bathing and washing places, cleaning Source:- Department of Rural Development of of wells and ponds watering place for animals, Gujarat State 2006 to 2011 development of praline land of school Examining the figures given in the above table Anganwadi and Balwadi, community hall it can be observed that that the development stockpiles painting of building and walls toilet of facilities under “Gokul Gam Pragramme” to etc. Development of these activities brings major developments have occurred first is the about change in the village community like by construction of public roads and second is the carrying out concrete efforts for betterment facilities of providing portable drinking water of villages and therefore under this program this physical and in fractural development can be seen prominently in the villages covered under this

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Gokul Gram Yojana Financial Allotment (Rs. Lacks) Actual Amount cost (Rs. Lacks) 200 200 200 200 201 200 2007 200 200 201 Sr. District 6- 7- 8- 9- 0- 6- - 8- 9- 0- No 200 200 200 201 201 200 2008 200 201 201 7 8 9 0 1 7 9 0 1 1 Surendr 124. 114. 109. 159. 138. 126. 96.63 144. 179. 142. anagar 25 08 40 40 00 40 25 80 00 2 Bhavana 122. 109. 188. 148. 152. 123. 138.6 195. 167. 179. gar 88 78 70 12 12 00 2 69 20 28 3 Rajkot 132. 117. 108. 138. 128. 132. 128.0 118. 159. 138. 12 82 05 12 88 00 0 05 18 12 4 Amreli 129. 114. 109. 89.3 40.0 161. 95.54 73.8 92.0 18.4 20 17 03 0 0 61 2 0 1 5 Gujarat 350 360 380 380 400 325 3165 356 347 241 State 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.68 8.72 8.59 5.93 3.44

Source: - Annual Reports of DRDA, Surendranagar, Bhavangar, Rajkot, Amreli, 2006 to 2011

[ 158 ] Research Zone India - 1, Vol. (IV) 4, September - 2013 ISSN 2319 - 8168 Commerce Research Zone India Vol. 1 Issue - (4) Sept.- 2013 Page 159-161 ISSN 2319 - 8168 * B. B. Trivedi

“EVALUATION OF WATER SHED DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM WITH REFERENCE OF BHAVNAGAR DISTRICT “

In 1994 a Community was formed under the with watershades. The area which should be Chairmanship of Dr C H Hanumant Rao in covered should have the capacity of 6200 Which It Was Proposed to Implement Water Hectors’ land and in this capacity smaller or Shed development Program With the large sheds of water can be selected. participation of the people of the Village Aims and objectives of water shed schemes because till then most of the programs were * The development of those Villages which are working only at administrative level and the directly or indirectly depended on this scheme benefit did not reach those for whom the of water sheds there economic development program was device with a view to generate should be put into momentum employment and maintain environmental * To encourage the savings and thereby to balance and by linking the two the government introduce new economic activity with ultimate of India started the water shed development intention to develop human and other program in the year Oct 1994. resources and thereby creating the In this program the limited definition and employment. scope of Water shed was magnified Those * To utilize the land , water and other natural rural Areas Which needed development were resources like Vegetation Which are available identified and a few villages or one village was in the areas of those water sheds , so as to selected. After taking into Consideration the minimize environmental damage and to slow revenue area and the cultural diversity of the down and possibly reverse the drought village a few development issues were situation and thereby also to push further undertaken with the involvement of village economic development. people for the overall development of the * To take step by step actions to increase the village efficiency of natural resources and to Guidelines of the Water Shed Development administer the generated estates in the water Program: sheds areas. The areas which have the possibilities of * To try to reestablish the environmental drought desert areas ,the wasteland areas balance. without forests are covered under the scheme * To undertake activities which will enable the and they are to be provided with 500 Hectors development of human resources and increase Water sheds scheme .This scheme will be income. graudutely under taken and the villages * To do underground water storage. covered under this scheme will be provided * To prevent the bad effects of drought by

* Deptt. Of Economics, Bhavan’s College, Dakor. Dist-Kheda

Research Zone India - 1, Vol. (IV) 4, September - 2013 [ 159 ] ISSN 2319 - 8168 water harvestation. in mind keeping in –consideration the * To bring out public awareness proportion of expenditure the number of * To bring out educational awareness village should be decided were the works of * To make equal distribution and maintains water sheds development scheme is to be of benefits undertaken * To provide opportunities for local The Matter of administration expenditures can employment be claimed from “District rural Development * To improvise public health agency” this claim can be made by district rural * To undertake such kind of activities which development agency, The Water shed would help women in their economic & social development teams, the water shed situation? communities, and they will have to bear in The norms for the works to be done under mind the maximum limit of expenditure “Water Sheds Scheme” available from the funds. The following norms are decided for the works Works Done “Under the Scheme “ to be done under this water sheds schemes: Many works have been completed under water * Development activities or 80% of the area shed scheme in Gujarat state as checked dams, properly covered by treatment by water sheds boribandh khet talawadi, water resource lakes * Out of the started work 80% works was nala-bandhi, drip irrigation, tree schemetation completed in time unit and in the limit of etc. estimated expenditure * Up to the year 2011, 44.79 Hectare area has * Out of the started work of the project 80% been improvised by 2011 in Gujarat state of work should be conducted by beneficiary 5590 projects have been sanctioned so far group under water resource water development * The 80% activity like technology forestation programme for this project the expenditure cattle breeding, crop administration and of 1.65.588 lacks has been done.also by the horticulture etc should have been accepted by year 2011, 37327 Check dams have been 50% of the beneficiary groups constructed under this program in Gujarat * With reference to the problems the solution state. of 80% of it should have been solved by local Water Shed(Hariyali) yojana in Bhavnagar technical awareness and engineering designs District:- and also the local problems should have been Years Financia Actual solved by proper technology Allotment Amount Cost Guidelines for Expenditure “For the (Rs.in Lacks) (Rs.in Lacks) Scheme” 2006-2007 452.00 228.00 To establish the equal standards of 2007-2008 498.00 358.22 expenditure for the whole country for the 2008-2009 518.95 523.24 water sheds scheme or its development does 2009-2010 1036.41 758.35 not seem to be proper with reference to that 2010-2011 998.25 702.34 the expenditure policy should be decided by water shade development team in co – Source-Department of Rural Development of ordination with water shed community and Gujarat State 2006 to 2011 minimum rate of wages should be sactioned The above table clearly indicates that during by keeping in co-ordination with related” the year 2006-2007, total Rs. 452.00 Lac was district perished agency “ The market values allotted for the Water-shad Planning of of prevailing in the area should also be kept Bhavnagar District. However, the actual

[ 160 ] Research Zone India - 1, Vol. (IV) 4, September - 2013 ISSN 2319 - 8168 expenditure cost only Rs. 228.00 lac in this References respect. In the same way, during the year  B.S.Bhatia, G.S.Batra “Rural Development 2007-2008 and 2008-299 Rs. 498.00 lac and Management” Deep & Deep Publication, Rs. 518.95 respectively were allotted for this New Delhi, 2001 Planning. But the actual expenditure was  Bhadouria, P.B.S., and S.C.Dua, “Rural 358.22 and 523.24 respectively for this Development Strategy and Perspective”, planning. Whereas during the year 2009-2010, Anmol Publications, New Delhi, 1986. the highest grant was allotted which was Rs.  Chambers Robert “Rural Development: 1036.41 .However, the total expenditure Putting the Last First”, London; Longman, against this was Rs. 758.35 lac. During the year 1983, p.147. 2010-2011 total Rs. 998.25 was allotted for  Dantwala, M.L. “Poverty in India” Dain this planning whereas the actual expenditure and Norv : 1870-1970 MacMillan was Rs. 702.34 lac. Hence, it is inferred that Company of India Ltd. Delhi. (1973) the actual expenditure for this planning is  Department of Rural Development of lesser than granted fund, excluding the year Gujarat State 2006 to 2011 2008-2009, which clearly indicates that there is a lack in the financial planning for the Water Shade Plan of Bhavnagar District. Hence, it is recommended to plan accurately for the appropriate finance that is –allotment and cost.

Research Zone India - 1, Vol. (IV) 4, September - 2013 [ 161 ] ISSN 2319 - 8168 Commerce Research Zone India Vol. 1 Issue - (4) Sept.- 2013 Page 162-164 ISSN 2319 - 8168 * Vishvnath Borse

IMPACT OF EDUCATION ON FERTILITY IN SURAT DISTRICT

This paper is mainly focused on relation between education and fertility in male and female. To fulfill of objective of this paper, 120 samples is selected from Surat district. After applying test we find out that there is no relation between education and fertility. But when we so average no children of both male and female education wise we know that fertility rate is decreasing with increasing of education level in both male and female. Moreover in female it is decreasing faster than male.

Key Words: Fertility, Average no of child, family size, Breast-feeding, Education level

Introduction Review of literature Woman Education plays important role in This section show different studies indicating world wide. It does not improve their earning the fertility behaviour and the relationship ability only but also empower them to deciding between women education and family size in their family size. Several studies show that different parts of the world. educated women delay marriages, use family Several researches have been on this topic. planning method and wants small family for Different researcher used different method better child health as well as for better child and techniques in their research and find out education. mixed correlations between fertility and According to census 2011, population of education. For example, using national data Gujarat crossed 6 crore digit. The population Adelman (1963), Friedlander and Silver of Gujarat increased 19.17% between (1967), Heer (1966), and Janowitz (1979) all population census 2001 and population found negative correlation between fertility census 2011. In district level, Surat district has and education whereas Kamerschen (1971) 42.19% population growth rate during census found a positive correlation between 2001-2011 which is highest among other education and fertility. For the United States, district of Gujarat. Now it very important Heer and Boynton (1971) found no significant decrease population growth rate of Surat correlation. district. It is only possible trough increasing According to Jain and Nag (1986) “Female education level of woman which may be cause education largely affects fertility through the late marriages and increase the use of birth proximate determinants. Age at marriage of control techniques and reduce the demand of educated females is higher than their illiterate certain number of children, also education counterparts and the use of family planning affect the social life of women by increasing methods is also greater among educated desire for higher living standards. women. However, the duration and intensity * Statistical Assistant, Office of Statistical Officer (Inspection), Vadodara.

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of breast-feeding is lower among educated H1: There is an association between education women than the illiterate women”. level and Fertility in both male and female. Akmam (2002) in the case of Bangladesh, 3) Tools & Techniques: show a significant and inverse relationship To test the significance of hypotheses, test between education and fertility. However the is applied. The education level of couple was study found success of family planning used as an independent variable whereas policies, which have been quite effective in dependent variables were no of children as reducing the fertility rate in that country. fertility indicator. Moreover mean tool is also Kakar, Khilji and Ullah (2011), “Female used. education mostly results in increasing the age 4) Limitation: at first marriage, which as a result reduces the * All limitation of sample size is applied here. pregnancies, and being more aware of * Only number of children is used as indicator available contraceptive methods helps in of fertility. reducing the household size. Educated women * Limitation of sampling techniques applied are expected to marry late and use here. contraceptives thus expected to have less Findings & Conclusion: number of children. Improving the educational Table no. 1 shows average no. Of children male status of women is one very effective and female education level wise. instrument for decelerating birth-rate in Table No. : 1 developing nation like Pakistan. Female Average no. Of children Education Level literacy and awareness about birth control Male Female and benefits of small family should be primary and below 2.13 2.20 increased systematically, to have an effect on matriculation 2.00 2.17 family size.” Higher secondary 1.77 1.92 Methodology graduation and above 1.33 1.20

1) Data Collection : This paper is based on Above table shows that average no of children primary data. All this data was collected and is decreased with higher education in both through questioner. In the literature review male and female. In primary and below most of the researcher has consider only primary education level of male, average no women education but we have consider both of children is 2.13 which is decreasing while man and woman education. Here sample of education level is increasing.in graduation and 120 couple who do not want more children, is above graduation, average no of children is selected from rural and urban area of Surat 1.33. Average no of children is decreased with district. Moreover purposive sampling is used increasing in education level. In primary and to collect the data. To avoid complexity the level below primary average no of children is of education is defined as: “primary and below 2.20.which going toward down when primary, matriculation (secondary education education level is increased. In graduation and level), Higher secondary and graduation and above graduation level it is 1.20. if we compare above graduation” and no. Of children is average no of children of Male and Female defined as “ education level wise, we know that Female 2) Hypothesis Development Null education is closely effected to average no of children. At primary and below primary Hypothesis : H0: There is no association between education level and Fertility in both education, Female average no of children is male and female. 2.20 which is higher then Male’s average no Alternative Hypothesis of children. Another thing that at graduation

Research Zone India - 1, Vol. (IV) 4, September - 2013 [ 163 ] ISSN 2319 - 8168 and above graduation level, female’s average References no of children is 1.20 which is lower than  Adelman, I., “An Economic Analysis of male’s average no of children. It means that Population Growth”, American female education is closely related to average Economics Review, 53(1963), pp. 314 - no of children. 339. Table no 2 shows value and Coefficient of  Akmam, W. “Women’s Education and contingency. Fertility Rates in Developing Countries, Table No. : 2 With Special Reference to Bangladesh”, Male Female Eubios Journal of Asian and International Bioethics, Vol.12, (2002), pp.138-143. 4.996* 6.327* Coefficient of contingency 0.20 0.17  Friedlander, S. and Silver, M., “A * Indicate not significant different 95% significant level Quantitative Study of the Determinants of Fertility Behavior”, Demography, 4 From above table we conclude that association (1967), pp. 30-70. between education and fertility is very low in  Heer, D.M., “Economic Development and both male and female. In mate it is 0.20 Fertility”, Demography, 3(1) (1966), whereas it is 0.17 in female which is lower than pp.423-444. male. Moreover null hypothesis is accepted  Heer, D.M., and W. Boynton. “A which means there is no relation between Multivariate Regression Analysis of education and fertility. Differences in Fertility of United States Counties”, Social Biology 17 (1971) pp. 180–194.  Jain A. K., and Nag, M., “Importance of Female Primary Education for Fertility Reduction in India”, Economic and Political Weekly, Vol.21, No. 36 (1986), pp. 1602-1607.  Janowitz, B. S., “An Analysis of the Impact of Education on Family Size”, Demography, Vol. 13, no.2 (1979), pp.192.  Kamerschen, D. R., “The Statistics of Birth Rate Determinants” Journal of Development Studies 7 (1971), pp. 293– 303.  Kakar, Z.K., Khilji, A.K., and Ullah, Z., “Effect of Female Education on Family Size in Pakistan: A Case Study of Quetta City”, Journal of International Academic Research (2011) Vol.11, No.2 (2011), pp. 37-41.

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KRONECKER PRODUCT

The Kronecker product is named after LEOPOLAND KRONECKER, even though there is little evidence that he was the first to define and use it. Indeed, in the past the Kronecker product was sometimes called the Zehfuss matrix, after JOHANN GEORGE ZEHFUSS. The concept of the Kronecker product of matrices was used in experimental designs for the first time by Vartak (1995).

Definition 2.1: If A is an m × n matrix and B is a p × q matrix, then the Kronecker product A B is the mp×nq block matrix

→ → If A and B represent linear transformations V1 W1 and V2 W2, respectively, then A B → represents the tensor product of the two maps, V1 V2 W1 W2. Example 2.1:

* Shree Narayan college of commerce, Ahemdabad

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2.2 SOME IMPORTANT PROPERTIES evaluation of certain continuous-time Markov Bilinearity and associativity: The Kronecker processes product is a special case of the tensor product, so it is bilinear and associative: Kronecker sums appear naturally in physics when considering ensembles of non- interacting systems. Let be the Hamiltonian of the i-th such system. Then the total Hamiltonian of the ensemble is where A, B and C are matrices and k is a scalar. The Kronecker product is not commutative: in Spectrum: Suppose that A and B are square general, A B and B A are different matrices. λ matrices of size n and m respectively. Let 1, However, A B and B A are permutation ..., λ be the eigenvalues of A and μ , ..., μ be equivalent, meaning that there exist n 1 m those of B (listed according to multiplicity). PERMUTATION MATRICES P and Q such that Then the eigenvalues of A B are

If A and B are square matrices, then A B and B A are even permutation similar, meaning It follows that the trace and determinant of a that we can take P = QT. Kronecker product are given by The mixed-product property: If A, B, C and D are matrices of such size that one can form Singular values: If A and B are rectangular the matrix products AC and BD, then matrices, then one can consider their singular

values. Suppose that A has rA nonzero singular This is called the mixed-product property, values, namely because it mixes the ordinary matrix product and the Kronecker product. It follows that A Similarly, denote the nonzero singular values B is invertible if and only if A and B are of B by invertible, in which case the inverse is given by Then the Kronecker product A B has rA rB nonzero singular values, namely Transpose: The operation of transposition is Since the rank of a matrix equals the number distributive over the Kronecker product: of nonzero singular values, we find that

2.3 SOME MATHEMATICAL USES OF KRONECKER PRODUCT Relation to the abstract tensor product: The Kronecker sum and exponentiation : If A Kronecker product of matrices corresponds to is n-by-n, B is m-by-m and denotes the k-by- the abstract tensor product of linear maps. k identity matrix then we can define what is Specifically, if the vector spaces V, W, X, and Y have bases {v , ... , v }, {w , ... , w }, {x , ... , x }, sometimes called the Kronecker sum, , by 1 m 1 n 1 d and {y1, ... , ye}, respectively, and if the matrices A and B represent the linear transformations We have the following formula for the matrix S : V ’! X and T : W ’! Y, respectively in the exponential which is useful in the numerical appropriate bases, then the matrix A —” B [ 166 ] Research Zone India - 1, Vol. (IV) 4, September - 2013 ISSN 2319 - 8168 represents the tensor product of the two maps, BIBLIOGRAPHY S —” T : V —” W ’! X —” Y with respect to the  Angelis, L. and Moyssiadis, C. (1991): A- basis {v1 —” w1, v1 —” w2, ... , v2 —” w1, ... , vm optimal incomplete block designs with

—” wn} of V —” W and the similarly defined unequal block sizes for comparing test basis of X —” Y with the property that treatments with a control. J. Statist. Plan. Infer. 28, 353-368. A —” B(v —” w ) = (Av )—”(Bw ), where i i j i j  Angelis, L., Moyssiadis, C. and and j are integers in the proper range. Kageyama, S. (1993): Methods of When V and W are LIE ALGEBRA , and S : V ’! constructing A-efficient BTIUB designs. V and T : W ’! W are LIE ALGEBRA Utilitas Math. 44, 5-15. HOMOMORPHSM, the Kronecker sum of A and  Bose, R. C. and Nair, K. R. (1939): Partially B represents the induced Lie algebra balanced incomplete block designs. homomorphisms V —” W ’! V —” W. Sankhya, 4, 337-372.  Bose, R. C. and Shimamoto, T. (1952): Matrix application: The Kronecker product Classification and analysis of PBIB can be used to get a convenient representation designs with two associate classes. J. Amer. for some matrix equations. Consider for Statist. Assoc., 47, 151-184. instance the equation AXB = C, where A, B and  Bechhofer, R. E. and Tamhane, A. C. C are given matrices and the matrix X is the (1981): Incomplete block designs for unknown. We can rewrite this equation as comparing treatments with a control: General theory. Technometrics, 23, 45-57.  Corsten, L. C. A. (1962): Balanced block Here, vec(X) denotes the vectorization of the designs with two different number of matrix X formed by stacking the columns of X replicates. Biometrics, 18, 499-519. into a single column vector. It now follows from  Calinski T. (1971): On some desirable the properties of the Kronecker product that patterns in block designs. Biometrics, 27, the equation AXB = C has a unique solution if 275-292. and only if A and B are nonsingular

If X is row-ordered into the column vector x then can be also be written as .

Research Zone India - 1, Vol. (IV) 4, September - 2013 [ 167 ] ISSN 2319 - 8168 Commerce Research Zone India Vol. 1 Issue - (4) Sept.- 2013 Page 168-170 ISSN 2319 - 8168 * Dilip Sondani

MICRO FINANCING: A BLESSING FOR THE POOR PEOPLE (A CASE STUDY OF SAURASHTRA GRAMIN BANK-TARASAMIYA (BHAVNAGAR) BRANCH)

Microfinance refers to the provision of financial services to low-income clients, including consumers and the self-employed. More broadly, it refers to a movement that envisions “a world in which as many poor and near-poor households as possible have permanent access to an appropriate range of high quality financial services, including not just credit but also savings, insurance, and fund transfers.” Those who promote microfinance generally believe that such access will help poor people out of poverty. The need for micro finance in India has arisen due to failure of formal banking system in meeting the credit needs of millions of rural and urban people. Micro finance through Self Help Groups is being propagated as an alternative system of credit delivery for the poorest of the poor groups. In other words, micro finance is a programme for the poor and by the poor to mobilize the savings and use them to meet their financing needs.

Keywords: Concept, meaning and needs of micro finance, importance for poor people, and instrument as economic empowerment. Introduction to failure of formal banking system in meeting Microfinance refers to the provision of the credit needs of millions of rural and urban financial services to low-income clients, people. In other words, micro finance is a including consumers and the self-employed. programme for the poor and by the poor to More broadly, it refers to a movement that mobilize the savings and use them to meet envisions “a world in which as many poor and their financing needs. near-poor households as possible have * Meanings, Boundaries and principles permanent access to an appropriate range of Theoretically, microfinance may encompass high quality financial services, including not any efforts to increase access to, or improve just credit but also savings, insurance, and the quality of financial services poor people fund transfers.” Those who promote currently use or could benefit from using. For microfinance generally believe that such example, poor people borrow from informal access will help poor people out of poverty. moneylenders and save with informal Traditionally, banks have not provided collectors. They receive loans and grants from financial services to clients with little or no charities. They buy insurance from state- cash income. Banks must incur substantial owned companies. They receive funds costs to manage a client account, regardless of transfers through remittance networks (like how small the sums of money involved. The Hawala). need for micro finance in India has arisen due * Lacturer, P.N.R. Shah Mahila Arts & Commerce College, Palitana

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There are not many bright lines that can Books, news papers, business magazines, sharply distinguish microfinance from similar published article and other commercial activities. Claims could be made that a publication etc. government that orders state banks to open Concept and needs of Micro- finance: deposit accounts for poor consumers, or a Micro finance is a new method to meet the moneylender that engages in usury, or a credit requirement in rural areas. Since the charity that runs a heifer pool are engaged in bank borrowing requires collateral and the microfinance. Furthermore, correcting the deprived class do not have any type of such problem of access is best done by expanding collaterals, the success of Bangladesh Grameen the number of financial institutions available Banks attracted the attention of Indian policy to them, as well as the capacity of those makers towards the microfinance and micro institutions. In recent years there has been credit, which are the new entrants in realm of increasing emphasis on expanding the present rural financing. Micro finance is based diversity of those institutions as well, since on 20 members self help groups, which will different institutions serve different needs. be technically supported by NGOs and Some principles that summarize a century and sponsor bank. In other words self group is a half of development practice were small, economically homogeneous and encapsulated in 2004 by Consultative Group cohesive group of rural poor voluntarily to Assist the Poor (CGAP) and endorsed by the coming together to save small amount Group of Eight leaders at the G8 Summit on regularly, agree mutually to contribute to a June 10, 2004. common fund and have a collective decision Poor people need not just loans but also making for providing collateral free loans on savings, insurance and money transfer terms and conditions decided by the group. services. The group will make a project, which will be Microfinance must be useful to poor supervised and assistance by banks and NGOs. households: helping them raise income, build After evaluating the viability of the groups, the up assets and/or cushion themselves against banks further provide sufficient credit and external shocks. thus this credit system promotes community * Objectives participation in the development process. The specific objectives of the study are as The needs for micro finance in India has arisen follow: due to failure of formal banking system in (I) examining the performance of micro- meeting the credit needs of millions of rural finance in rural areas, and urban people, who constitute poverty or (ii) Analyzing the micro finance as an near poverty groups in the country. The formal instrument of economic empowerment, banking sector always demands high (iii) Finding out the role of micro finance in discipline in collateral security, procedures improving economy of poor. and impracticable repayment schedules. It is * Methodology possible only by making the strategies to This paper is based on both primary and increase the scope of activities of micro secondary data. The primary data were finance by including food credit, crop credit collected by self designed questionnaire from health and consumption loans, skill up 30 respondents who were member of selected gradation and education loan. bank and analyzed by using percentage, ABOUT SAURASTRA GRAMIN BANK: average etc. statistical tools. While secondary The first gramin bank has been stared in 1972 data collected from bank’s final statements, as per RBI Regional act in Gorakhpur

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(U.P).now more then 2000 branches in India. TABLE 2 Saurashtra Gramin bank is undertaken of state Information about sahki mandal awareness bank of saurashtara which is absorption by in selected bank SBI. The study covers Tarasamiya branch of No. of bank savings account 13 saurashtra Gramin bank located at Ghogha 6 month completion 09 road – Bhavnagar. Graded SM 08 Analysis and interpretation: % graded against on 88.89% The data has been mobilized through random completion samples of 30 respondents, who were Total loan application 07 members of self help group and some are not. Amt. of loan sanction Rs. 175000 The bank has provided loan to ‘SAKHI MANDAL’ established under Self Help Group The above information shows that gradation (SHG). of completion is high (88.89%) but no. of S.M. Table 1 & 2 shows awareness with the is very low in comparison of district level. The campaign of micro finance through SHG. Feed size of credit per S.M. is also very low. back received from bank and the respondents Conclusion: about the source of information reveals that With a view to evolving supplementary credit NGOs (SAKHI MANDAL) are the main sources strategies for reaching the unreached rural of information about the micro finance. The poor in the rural areas micro finance information shows that state and area of study innovations are yielding results and giving is very poor to develop the concept of SHG. hope to the millions of poor through providing TABLE 1 credit. There is need to evolve an informal STATENENT OF POSITION OF ‘SAKHI credit system with assistance from formal MANDAL’ IN STATE financial institutions. Though the size of credit is very small for the target users, like micro Particulars No. of Percentage entrepreneurs and low income households to sakhi utilize the fund for income generation and mandal enterprise development and is also for Total registered 6317 100% 6 month completion 3906 61.83% community use. after registration Grading received 3222 51% REFERENCES The Indian journal of commerce: vol.61 Cash credit sanction 2077 32.88% Poverty education through micro finance

(Source: SG BANK) /SHGs. Gupta M.S. 2005. Above table shows that the awareness of state Micro finance: retrospect and prospects.- to develop of SHG concept is very poor, B.Jayaraman.2001 because only 32.88% credit sanction out of total registered ‘sakhi mandal’.

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FINANCIAL INCLUSION: THE STEPS TOWARDS THE UNBANKED POPULATION AT BOTTOM OF THE PYRAMID

Financial Inclusion is considered to be an institutional structure was neither profitable important determinant for social inclusion of in rural lending nor serving the needs of the poor and vulnerable. It is in fact, one of the poor In nutshell, the structure so created was essential conditions for reduction of poverty quantitatively impressive but qualitatively and socio-economic inequalities in the society. weak. In 2006, the Government of India took The history of financial inclusion dates back some watershed steps for studying the issue to the co-operative credit movement in India. of financial exclusion and devising strategic Successive Indian governments have tried to road map for financial inclusion for poor address the issue of financial exclusion by unbanked and under banked in India, directing the banking sector to provide consequent of which a commission headed by financial services to poor and vulnerable at the eminent economist Dr. C Rangarajan was subsidized conditions. formed and it came with its report on financial The specific policy actions of the Government inclusion in 2008. The report has come with could be traced back from nationalization of some fundamental policy suggestions and banks to the formation of Regional Rural chalking out new role play for existing and new Banks (RRBs) and ushering an era of SHG institutions like Cooperatives, Banks, Regional banking to the evolution of BC/BF(Business Rural Banks, SHGs, JLGs, NBFCs and other Correspondent /Business Facilitator) model of financial intermediaries like BC and BF. branchless banking. Starting in late 1960’s, Financial Inclusion: Challenges Ahead India has been home to one of largest state Extending banking and credit services in rural intervention in the rural credit. This clearly and informal urban areas is a daunting suggests that so far the policy approach for challenge, considering the grassroots level financial inclusion of in India has largely been realities which are characterized by credit driven which is conceptually different dilapidated soft and hard infrastructure like and fundamentally contrasting with the actual intermittent or no broadband and telecom tenets of financial inclusion and requirements connectivity, irregular power supply, of the excluded communities. Increasing unreliable public transport, sketchy road inflow of rural credit, primarily for its large network, erratic cash flows among poor base of farming community in the hinterland household and finally lack of a universally has dominated the policy priority in India available and readily acceptable common since long. It was observed that the main identity proof. Serving low value retail barriers in the approach were two fold i.e. customers in these geographies pose some

*Director, K.R. Doshi Group of Colleges, Bhavnagar

Research Zone India - 1, Vol. (IV) 4, September - 2013 [ 171 ] ISSN 2319 - 8168 operational, regulatory and viability using correspondents since 1970 and it challenges for banks. Banks are profit oriented proliferated to other parts of the world like entities and must be able to recover the costs Kenya, South Africa, and Philippines, Mexico which they incur in providing services like etc. in its variants. Based on the domestic deposits, credit, remittance, insurance etc. realities and global learnings, the Public- Otherwise the model would be unstable and policy in India ushered a wave of branchless may collapse one day. On regulatory part the banking on January 25th, 2006 when the RBI Indian central bank does not make any came up with the initial guidelines on use of incentivizing exceptions for banks based on business correspondents by banks with the branch size, location and business potential policy objective of making social exclusion a for operations like cash management, branch history through financial inclusion of poor and banking services, staffing ,operating hours and vulnerable. the most important lending and interest rates Sustainable Financial Access Technologies on savings, which make banking with poor a Proximity and easy accessibility to the end costly and unremunerative affair for banks. customer at odd hours are the two basic tenets There is a huge banking potential at base of for making financial inclusion a successful the pyramid but it is required to overcome all case in unbanked and under banked of the identified barriers. Any successful model geographies across the world. Basically these would essentially need to address all the two underlying factors make informal channels barriers at the same time. This entails change like money lenders and sources like friends in the approach of delivering services to the and relatives, neighbors more popular and unbanked and under-banked areas. Therefore, preferred option for poor and vulnerable the need was felt for more innovative, cost communities in informal set up where effective and easily accessible delivery channel traditional brick and mortar branch channel which would take financial services to the finds its operations “commercially unviable”. nooks and corners of India. This is what makes innovative branchless banking technologies like Biometric smart Card-Pos, Mobile Phones, text based services, online lending, e-money etc a detrimental factor for bridging the accessibility and proximity divide chiefly because of their low cost and operational efficiencies. Therefore, technology plays a pivotal role in enabling financial inclusion ecosystem by reducing barriers to financial inclusion viz access, proximity, financial hurdles and information asymmetry which are identified as the key The latest mantra which has potential to solve bottle -necks. Technology helps in the extant of financial exclusion in India is the decentralization of financial access points and RBI proposed branchless banking model – the breaks barrier of accessibility and proximity. business correspondent (B.C) channel. The B.C The decentralized structure of delivery channel enables financial inclusion by acting as an powered by ICTs enables financial institutions agent on behalf of bank. Basically the agent to be in neighborhood locality of its customers based model of banking beyond branches has and thus become “closer” to them. There are emerged in Brazil where banks have been evidences of saving banks having used

[ 172 ] Research Zone India - 1, Vol. (IV) 4, September - 2013 ISSN 2319 - 8168 technology to overcome operational hurdles the world are on an average 19 per cent in securing small deposits in large volumes. cheaper for both the parties than the Technology not only simplifies delivery conventional banking channels. This finding channels but plays a holistic role in enabling reinforces the case of ICT based models of financial inclusion and thus reducing banking across the world in uncertainties and risks associated with General and India in particular where there is livelihoods and ultimately cash flows. A new huge untapped financial inclusion market at paradigm of financial inclusion embedded in base of the pyramid Table the matrix of livelihood is being discussed by livelihood finance enthusiasts in India which envisage a greater role of technology beyond access. Recent report on financial inclusion in India published by UNDP highlights role of technology in securing livelihoods and thus reducing cash flow uncertainties. ICT driven Business Correspondent models in India: FINO’s Case. The level of financial exclusion in India is huge despite of various existing banking channels. There are about 267 Million unbanked adults and about 135 million financially excluded households in India and this number is second to only China. The empirical evidences have pointed that one of the major barrier to financial inclusion is transaction cost in Out of various existing models in India (table) particularly in delivery of credit. Considering , an analysis reveals that FINO is the largest all these realities and on the basis of Khan branchless banking entity in India which has Group recommendations, the Indian Central partnered with the multistakeholders right bank introduced BC model of branchless from banking institutions – Public sector and banking in the year 2006. Ever since the Private sector, Insurance companies, Micro introduction of BC guidelines by the RBI, India finance institution , Government entities and has seen emergence of various branchless maintains relationships with other knowledge banking channels which use multiple front- based research organizations across the world. end technologies like biometric smart card What makes it different is range of products and services offered to its end 14.5 million end PoS, Mobile Phones, Pin, text SMS or IVRS customers across 22 states in Indi. based services to bring greater financial Introducing FINO: access to end customers across the nooks and Financial Information Network and corners of India. Quite recently cutting edge Operations Ltd (FINO) is a financial inclusion technology models like Nokia Money and enabling entity which provides end to end Green Money have mushroomed but the fact technology solutions and offers doorstep remains that still India faces a huge levels of banking to end customers. FINO’s robust financial exclusion and this poses a challenge network of agents makes it world’s largest as well as an opportunity to multistakeholders. banking agent management company. FINO A recent study suggests that the technology led was formed three years back on July 13th, models of mobile branchless banking across 2006 with a mission of enabling financial

Research Zone India - 1, Vol. (IV) 4, September - 2013 [ 173 ] ISSN 2319 - 8168 inclusion to all unbanked and under banked masses located in informal rural and urban areas . FINO today is a live example which depicts how entrepreneurial capitalism works to solve development challenges in emerging and transitional economies across the developing world. It offers SaaS to financial institutions and employs ICTs like biometric smart cards – Pos and mobile based solutions to provide thing which adds to the brand value of FINO. financial inclusion services to more than 14.5 Conclusion: million plus unbanked and under banked poor Finally , An analysis of the branchless banking at Base of the Pyramid . The manner in which and financial inclusion ecosystem across the banking was done in India until recent in rural emerging economies of the world in general and informal urban settlements has been and India in specific draws out few clear transformed by FINO. Three main strengths pointers for all stakeholders .It tells us how the which makes it different from others in the sector is moving across in the world and what trade are: (a) scales and (b) on ground are the forces- market and regulatory which implementation capabilities in the hinterland have contributed in shaping the ecosystem in despite of multiple operational hurdles ,(c) some countries already discussed .To sum up Varied range of products and services offered with the Indian scenario, recent developments to end customers at their door step in an like formation of UIDAI ,National Financial affordable way . The suite of products and Switch-NPCI, enhancing the daily transaction services offered by FINO through the channel limit of mobile banking followed by favorable of its 10,000 bandhus (agents) includes: recommendations of the Group of Ministers’ 1. No frills savings accounts, 2. Insurance : report on use of mobile phones Health, Life and Accidental, 3. Remittance as a framework of financial inclusion in India services, 4. Utility bill payment services, 5. and relaxation in BC model guidelines has G2P services (GREGA,SSPpensions), 6. made it amply evident that the United Microloans etc. Progressive Alliance (UPA) government in the What makes FINO a leader in the Indian mar- centre is committed to the agenda of social ket in addition to the factors mentioned above inclusion of poor and vulnerable communities are softer aspects and social sensitivity, which and Policy considers financial inclusion as one has rolled out in the form of initiatives like of the powerful tools to bring a social change Champions of Financial Inclusion(CoFI) – an in near future. The Financial Inclusion Policy online space for collaborations and knowledge environment in India has undergone a creation among various actors of civil society tremendous change in past one year and it is for generating inputs for policy and academia. expected to bring more dynamic changes Financial Inclusion Education Academy (FIEA) especially after the RBI has recently asked and financial literacy programme for strength- banks to come up with their board approved ening the model as a whole by generating plans for financial inclusion, which is in awareness and empowering end users. tandem with the broader framework of Engagement with the stakeholders across the National Financial Inclusion programme. It spectrum to understand and adapt itself ac- would be interesting to note the manner in cording to the dynamically changing micro- which private players would respond to these market and micro-customer requirements and policy changes and if they cash on gold at adding value to poor customers and partner bottom of the pyramid. organizations- both at the same time is some-

[ 174 ] Research Zone India - 1, Vol. (IV) 4, September - 2013 ISSN 2319 - 8168 Commerce Research Zone India Vol. 1 Issue - (4) Sept.- 2013 Page 175-177 ISSN 2319 - 8168 * Krupa J. Bhatt

TQM: AN EFFECTIVE METHOD FOR QUALITY CONTROL

At present many business organizations takes birth due to the policy of LPG many researcher have been take place in order to satisfy the needs of customers. Consumers can satisfy their wants by main products or substitute products. So, the concept of TQM is accepted by the business firm. In order to enhance the quality of their own manufacture and they tries to retain there is share in the world markets in quality and reliability of their gods and services. Thus the TQM is the “Management of Quality totally and fully in all respects. Small areas and all activities of organization right from top to bottom.

Introduction: basis.” During the industrial revolution, manufactures Factors Affecting Quality: or craftsmen checked the quality of their Quality is generally affected by 8M like products personally. No outside agencies or markets. Money, men, materials, machines, quality control method were employed to management, motivation and management inspect and control the quality of goods. At information systems. So the business firm present the word “quality” became a matter have to take to decision after study the above of concern for both military and industrial factors and tries to remove their effect on the organizations. This was to keep the firms quality of goods and services. competitive in the national and globle trade Total Quality Management (TQM) markets. According to ISO, quality management is As a result of globalization, firms who wish to defined as “that aspect of the overall retain their share in the world markets in management function that determines and quality and reliability must maintain quality implements quality policy and as such is the of their goods and services. The term “Quality” responsibility of the top management.” It is a has, thus, taken a form of quality revolution managerial responsibility and relates to which each firm today is striving to aim at. control of all activities within the organization Quality Meaning: for future success of the organization. Quality is conformance to requirements. The Once an organization decides to concentrate word “Quality” has different meaning for on quality of its products, it implements this different people. Quality means “Products that decision by applying managerial efforts to are manufactured exactly to specifications.” It change the entire approach to business and also refers to “products and services that make quality a guiding factor in everything totally satisfy our customer needs and that an organization does. The fact that expectation in every respect on a continuous managerial attention is focused on every

* Teaching Asst. M.J. College of Commerce, Bhavnagar

Research Zone India - 1, Vol. (IV) 4, September - 2013 [ 175 ] ISSN 2319 - 8168 organizational activity, howsoever small it fill gaps in firm’s performance by taking may be, is the core of total quality independent look at it. It heirs the management. It aims at continuous organizations more from introspective to improvement in organizations and focuses on externally focused areas of business total satisfaction of consumers, both internal operations. and external. 2. Deming wheel : Deming wheel aims at full TQM is a modern tool for effective satisfaction of consumers and so that it management, it refers to “organization’s long- develops a new product as per the term commitment to the continuous requirements of the customers. improvement of quality throughout the 3. ISO 9000 : It aims at providing consistent organization and with the active participation quality to customers and for this purpose it of all members at all levels to meet and exceed sets standards. customers expectations. TQM is not a one time 4. Just-in-time : It aims at delivering the raw process, it is a continuous long-term process materials to the production place just in time that involves constant managerial efforts to be when they are needed. It is also known ‘Zero recognized and reinforced through inventory’ and ‘stockless production.’ continuous data collection, evaluation, feed 5. Quality Circles : Under this method a small back and improvement programmes. For TQM groups of persons do similar work and search to be effective, an organization has to be a the solutions for problems. It helps in “learning organization”, that is, all developing the quality of products and organizational members from top to bottom, individuals. both managerial and non-managerial have to 6. Critical Path Analysis : It is a project endeavour for continuous training and planning technique which separates the work education, measurement, accountability, to be done on a project into adequate elements, recognition and rewards, communication, time and cost. It allows the effect of different teamwork and application of various tools and courses. techniques. So it is a continuous process of 7. Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (FMEA): improvement for individual, groups as well as Under this method design of product is to be the entire organization, whereby managers prepared after considering the problems at attempt to change the organization’s way of early stage. It allows for planning, failures and working by developing people’s knowledge prevention about what to do, how to do, doing it with the 8. Force filed analysis : It helps managers to right methods and measuring the indentify the forces which have maximum improvement of the process and the current impact on implementation of change. level of achievement. 9. Brain Storming : It is used when the Tools / Techniques of TQM: manager wants to get to many ideas for solving TQM can be put to practice by adopting the problem. It encourages the employers. suitable TQM methods. Adopting the right 10. Nominal group technique : It is a way of method is important as success of TQM largely generating ideas from a group and identifying depends on the knowledge and selection of the the level of support within the group for those method, its suitability for quality management ideas. problems and its effective implementation by 11. Suggestion Schemes : It generates new effective leaders. Following are the tools for ideas for moving to continuous improvement effective quality control by TQM. through changes. 1. Bench Marking : Bench marking is used to 12. C-Charts : Control charts in a graphical

[ 176 ] Research Zone India - 1, Vol. (IV) 4, September - 2013 ISSN 2319 - 8168 presentation where managers set standards of including marketing, finance and human expected normal variation due to chance resources. caused (which are acceptable within the range 5. Continuous Improvement : Business of upper and lower quality level). should always look for ways to improve 13. Histograms : It is a visual presentation of processes to improve quality. data that highlight the problem areas. 6. Employee involvement :Those involved in 14. Pie charts : It is a pictorial presentation production and operations have important of data where the relative size of each role to play in finding quality problems. individual part is shown to the total. Conclusions: 15. Tally charts : It is a simple method of data TQM principles and benefits are not restricted collection to improve quality. to any one company or nation. They are Benefits of TQM : globally applicable and positively affect the 1. It helps to satisfy customer demand. business environment. The Indian economy 2. It helps the firm to satisfy customer demand. has experience a marked shift towards the 3. It helps the firm to face competition and open market system since its liberalisation strengthens competitive position. and it open to TQM principles similar to 4. It enables the firm to optimally utilise its companies in the west. More and more scarce resources. companies in India are adopting the TQM 5. It helps in maintaining quality cost principles to derive benefits like low cost and relationships. customer satisfaction. Continuous top 6. It improves quality of the products by management support is necessary to make preventing and correcting defects and TQM a success and reality in the Indian reducing wastes. corporate world. It promotes employees’ 7. It improves organisational environment. commitment and results in customer Principles of TQM: satisfaction – the ultimate goal of any 1. Prevention : Prevention is better than cure. company. In the long run, it is cheaper to stop product defects than trying to find them. References 2. Zero defects : The ultimate aim is no (zero) Management Concepts & Practices, Roger defects or exceptionally low defect levels it is a Bennett, Mike Harry, Tim Hannagan. product or service is complicated.  Atkinson, P E (1990) Creating Culture 3. Getting things right first time : Better not Change: The key to successful Total to produce at all than produce something Quality Management, IFS Publications. defective.  Collard, R (1989) Total Quality Success 4. Quality involves everyone : Quality is not Through People IPM. just the concern of the production or  Corporate Governance Values & Ethics, operations department. It involves everyone, Dr. Niru, Dr. Nimitta Rajput, Taxman.

Research Zone India - 1, Vol. (IV) 4, September - 2013 [ 177 ] ISSN 2319 - 8168 Commerce Research Zone India Vol. 1 Issue - (4) Sept.- 2013 Page 178-182 ISSN 2319 - 8168 * M. M. Gauswami ** M. D. Vachhani

EFFECT OF JYOTIGRAM SCHEME ON RURAL LIFE IN BHARUCH DISTRICT: (A STUDY OF SELECTED FIVE VILLAGE)

This paper studies the impact of JGS on the rural society and economy in four villages of Bharuch district, which is situated in an area of about 524673 square meters in south Gujarat. It comprises eight talukas namely, Ankleshver, Hasot, Jagadiya, Valiya, Narmda, Vagra, Aamod and Jambusar. It has a total population of about 15, 51,019, out of which 74.27per cent is rural, residing in about 665 villages. There are 665 villages is total Bharuch district all these villages are covered under this Yojana since 2005/06.

Key Words : Institute of Rural Management Anand (IRMA), Centre for Environmental Planning and Technology (CEPT), International Water Management Institute (IWMI), Human Development Index (HDI).

Introduction:- accumulates losses consistently in the energy Nearly 80 percent of India’s population having sector. (Joshi et al 2005 E T2005) access to electricity, face power shortage This resulted in replacing the meter system failures and excess load supply is much lower during 1970 by flat rate regime for power than demand. To compensate the gap supply to irrigation in which a flat per annum efficiency in energy use is to be ensured which charges was levied on agricultural connections will reduce losses, broaden supply base, based on the capacity of pump rather than the increase productivity and competitiveness in actually metered consumption of power. This all sectors. Moreover it lowers the emission system was convenient as it reduced logistical of green house gases per will of power problems and transaction costs of monitoring generated and contributes to environmental around thirteen million small and scattered conservation. electricity users. This ensured two fold benefits The estimated energy use in south Asia was of implementation of rationed power supply worth US $3.78 billion per year as noted by and cost reduction. It improves financial Shah et al (2003). A portion of it was used to position of energy sector and simultaneously pump out approximate 210 Km3 of promotes rationed and sustained supply and groundwater per year for irrigation purpose. use of energy in agriculture. The supply of groundwater ensures efficiency The main drawback of this system is and higher productivity in agriculture at the overexploitation of groundwater and cost of wastage and inefficiency. Energy prices environmentally sustainable. Accordingly happen to be below optimum in India which World Bank, Asian Development bank has

* Lecturer, M. K. College of Commerce, Bharuch. ** Assistant Teacher, sadhana vidyalaya, Bharuch

[ 178 ] Research Zone India - 1, Vol. (IV) 4, September - 2013 ISSN 2319 - 8168 recommended switching back to metered Shilpa Verma also assigns the results of IRMA power supply regime. This was mainly & CEPT that JGS has improved quality of life because flat tariff trend reduce the marginal of people in rural areas tremendously. Power cost of groundwater extraction close to zero cuts and voltage fluctuations are almost encouraging over extraction of groundwater negligible and torable. for own use and sale to other irrigators (shah Majuadar (2012) correlates per capita at all 2003, kishor and verma 2003) The study electricity consumption with human concluded that groundwater and energy went development index, a broad measure of well waste shah et al (2003) suggested that the being as gauged by life expectancy, literacy, total duration of power supply to agriculture education and standard of living. According to in India over the early year should be regulated Majuadar electricity is a powerful enabler. A to a level relative to that of flat tariff and the little education goes a long way. The study schedule of power supply should be according shows that when annual consumption rises to farmers‘ irrigational needs. Joshi et al 2005 from 0 to just few thousand kilowatt hours per strongly believed proper management of capita, countries move near the top of the HDI rationed power supply ensures reduction of scale. Argentina with the per capita losses of energy sector from its farm consumption of about 2500 kWh has on HDI operations, overall technical and commercial score approached that of Canada, whose losses of power and curtail wasteful use of an consumption is seven times higher. estimated 12-21 km of groundwater per year Methodology : and improve farmers satisfaction Scott at al The scheme recently initiated and 2003 recommended regulatory structure for implemented qualitative assessment of groundwater conservation to be routed scheme would give an overall picture of the through energy pricing and supply. benefits of the scheme to rural population. A Another limitation of flat rate regime was primary survey was undertaken in village of unmetered power consumption led to power BD during five selection of village was theft, losses and corrupt practices recovered randomly done personal visit was undertaken being as agricultural consumption. However to each village and information was collected most of the benefits were enjoyed by through participatory research approach and industries and large farmers. (Joshi et al 2005) focus group discussion methods. Various Irregular power supply results in use of phase people were contacted and information, splitting “converters” from single to three opinions of perceptions was recorded. This is phases to run pump sets beyond scheduled one side of the coin, on the other side officials hours during peak season. of GVCL BH. There were interwoven to look JGS are beneficial to everyone involved. Studies into the working of the system selected village. by IRMA as well as Ahmadabad based centre Total villages curved in JGS 2006. for env. Plg at tech (CEPT) have stated how JGS has improved village life. These studies conclude that the JGS has catalyzed agriculture sector in Gujarat. In early 2007 IWMI undertook a quick assessment of the impact of JGS in 55 village spread over 10 districts with the helps of local researchers. The study however centered on impact on groundwater in Gujarat. The study by Tushaan Shah and

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Results and Discussion: Table: 1 selected villages and Yojana. Village J.G.Y. implement Population 30% dim 2005/06 Funding Nabipur April 2005 5,263 Village Community Kantharia April 2005 5,775 Village Community Manubar May 2006 5,029 GEB Karmad May 2006 5,127 GEB Tankaria April 2005 9,323 Village Community

Source: - Report 2011 MGVCL, Vadodara. With respect to income it has increased to 35 The villages with more than 5000 persons to 50%. Continuous and sufficient supply of were selected population for study. The villages electricity has faceted students residing in are well developed in terms of infrastructure village are salve to collect information and like reduction, primary health centre, Vet nary necessary study material through internet and Centers, Computer Classes, Fabrication TV programs. Social factions and events are industries Small Scale industry and celebration without any hinawance and people communication services. Villages Nabipur and feel more secure at nights. Kantharia are only 5 to 7 Kms from Bharuch Agriculture sector has also accrued benefits and Manubar, Karmad and Tankaria and 25 through this scheme in the form of siring of to 35 Km. time and resources due to prompt and timely Major crops:- supply of electricity. Animal husbandry has Cotton, Tovar and Pulses are the major also developed and provided and increased agricultural produce. Due to irrigation facility employment and income of people. banana of sugar care plantation is also carried In short, implementation of JGY has improved out. Bore well and canal facilities are awaited standard of living of people, Availability of by farmers. facilities and various services has improved 80% the respondents are involved in socio-economy conditions of people. agriculture, business, services and small Effect of JGY industries activities and 10% of respondents A) Effect of jyoti Gram Yojana on Farm are agricultural laborers invalids in arrival operation : After jyoti Gram Yojana, farmers husbandly 50% of the respondents are 50 yrs in all the villages were reported to be receiving or above and female respondents are 20%, three-phase electricity for farm operation for Important fact is all the respondents are nearly six to eight hours each, with usually, a reduction with 50% of them baring above 1 break of half an hour in between. All villages lac. they were more frequent and lasted for about The information reveals that after the one to two hours, so that effective three-phase supplementation of the scheme villagers are power supply was only for about five to six not fasting any problem related to electricity hours daily, which was both uncertain and supply and the supply of electricity is round inconvenient for them. Even as the announced the clock for 24 hours. Presently the use of schedule for three-phase power supply. On electronic appliance for household chores has alternate weeks, most farmers revealed that increased to a great extent which saves time. it was not followed strictly. Their usage had

[ 180 ] Research Zone India - 1, Vol. (IV) 4, September - 2013 ISSN 2319 - 8168 decreased by about 80 per cent and was gadgets was limited mostly to tube lights, fans, replaced with electric engines after jyoti Gram TV , refrigerator, and a splurge was reported Yojana. in the purchase of these, after JGY. Reports B) Effect on Power Threat : Almost all the have also invested in mixer grinders and respondent farmers in every village supported domestic flourmills. Earlier, well to do this move against the theft of power. They households in all the villages tended to possess opined that if they received assured and invertors. But their usage had almost stopped quality power supply for a sufficient duration, after JGY and most people had sold them off. they would not like to run by making illegal However, the purchases of other labour and use of power. Convert single-phase power into timesaving gadgets like washing machines, three-phase was reported it be curtailed by electrical irons, had not increased much. The about 80 to 90 per cent after JGY in all selected probable reason may be that these good did villages. This villages all farmers that they not match with the value system and mindset often used converters to run their now their of the people here. Spare time was not a usage is completely stopped. Two reasons, problem with rural housewives, and they namely strict checking and fines issued by tended to adjust their daily schedule and use MGVCL and secondly phase conversion was electrical equipments as and when power was not technically feasible and more. There recent available. For example, they would watch TV incidents of fines issued by MGVCL for illegal or use the mixer grinder as soon as power was phase conversion were reported in all selected restored. Hence, load shedding made little villages. difference to them. Besides, of course, the C) Effect on Households : In the entire village purchase and use of electrical gadgets also under study, domestic power supply was depends a lot the economic affordability of reported to be available 24 hours a day, with family. rare occurrences of power cuts. Voltage In all the study villages, very good reports to fluctuations had stopped incompletely but domestic water supply. Two time water supply ware after JGY. Occurred mostly only during a day. JGY had a positive impact on women in monsoons. The only perceptible effect of JGY two ways. One is regular domestic water according to the rural people was that, while supply hours and free from Long queues at earlier, they had to adjust their day to day the flourmill. schedule to power cuts, they do not have to do D) Effect on villages Institutions : A major so at present. Marriages, dinner parties are impact of JGY was noticed in all the villages usually organized at night, there used to be a under study. Important functions of the dairy constant threat of power cuts, which could such as fat testing and computerized disrupt the whole programmer. Religious measurement of milk, printing of receipts, functions also can be celebrated more calculations for payments, storage of milk, conveniently these days. People quality of life storage of injections for artificial insemination had improved after JGY because TV and other medicines for cattle are dependent programmers related to agriculture, important on power supply. And other positive Reported news and other entertainment was available to primary health centre and school. regularly. Continuous power supply also adds E) Effect on rural economy: immensely to their comfort in the hot * Due to JGY average employment in rural area summers and monsoons when mosquitoes has increased and mutation of people towards are in plenty. urban areas has decreased. In all the villages use of electrical household * Development of such infrastructure has

Research Zone India - 1, Vol. (IV) 4, September - 2013 [ 181 ] ISSN 2319 - 8168 reduced dropouts of gills of absentees to extent References of 90%.  Bhatt Sonal (2008), Impact of Jyoti Gram * Use of electronic gadgets, heats awareness Scheme on rural life and economy in and improvement in mutational standards has Gujarat- a case study of four villages in resolute in improvement of economic anand district, jornal of rural development, standard. Vol. 27 No. 3, Pages 501-522. * Women are able to develop time for various  Bose, Hiren Kumar (2005), India’s Energy activities like education entertainment social Meter, The Economic Times, Ahmedabad, and other income actualizes to entreat of 70 December 14. to 80%.  GOG.(2006), socio-Economic Review- Conclusion:- Gujarat State, Directorate of Economic and The scheme is successful in terms of operation Statistics, Ghandhinagar, Part 2, page 37. and reduction of theft. However this scheme  Nagrani Anil (2007), CSR Initiatives- will be more efficient of useful if it is able to Jyotigram Yojana, Journal of Indian covert the service into income generating Electrical and Electronics Manufacturers’ opportunity for rural population proper Association, Vol. XXVII, No.1, January, implementation, rural education and efficient pages 14-18. services can ensure effective results of the  Rao, D. N. and S. Govindarajan, (2003), scheme. This call for extensive work at values Community Intermediation in Rural levels ensures conversion of opportunities by Power Distribution, Water Policy improving economic benefits for rural Highlight No.14, IWMI-Tata Water Policy population. Program, Anand.  Shah Tushaar, Christopher Scott, Avinash Kishore and Abhishek Sharma, (2003), Energy-Irrigation Nexus in South Asia: Improving Groundwater Conservation

[ 182 ] Research Zone India - 1, Vol. (IV) 4, September - 2013 ISSN 2319 - 8168 Commerce Research Zone India Vol. 1 Issue - (4) Sept.- 2013 Page 183-186 ISSN 2319 - 8168 * Rahul Revne

CASE STUDY ON NAUKRI.COM

This article is based on the case study of the Naukri.com. How an Idea can change the life of man and became him a successful entrepreneur. How, he select a team and offer a profit sharing, how he manage his business though he didn’t have the proper resources. What an entrepreneur can do so; he can reach the milestone in his business. So, from this case study, there are lots of learning for an entrepreneur.

Key Words : Naukri.com, Indian Institutes of Management (IIM), Indian Institutes of Technology (IIT), LAND MARK & INFO EDGE,

Sanjeev Bikhchandani is a classic story of he had got the admission to IIT but didn’t take spotting an opportunity and chasing it with it. He taught that it was a five year course guts, determination, lots of hard work and a where as a B.A. was a three year course and little bit of luck. Naukri.com (the company is after that get the 2 years experience & go to listed as “Info Edge India Ltd” on the Bombay IIM Ahmedabad. He had a clear goal that work Stock Exchange) is India’s number one job for a 1 or 2 years & then started a company. portal at a time when there is a serious scarcity Sanjeev started 3 companies – LAND MARK & of employable people in just about every sector INFO EDGE. The 1st specialized in of business and industry. Naukri.com is India’s pharmaceutical trademarks & the 2nd produced leading internet classifieds company. salary surveys & reports. The company started Info Edge (India) Limited (Info Edge) is India’s life in the servant’s quarter of his father’s premier on-line classifieds company in house, at a modest rent of 800 rupees per recruitment, matrimony, real estate, education month. He faced a cash flow crisis on the29th and related services. –just before payday. Sanjeev’s own paycheque There was no business background in the came from teaching at a couple of business family, no great financial acumen or anything schools over the weekend. Luckily he met an his father was the doctor in the government “angel investor”; Sanjeev’s wife –and batch family & mother was a housewife. His brother mate –who was working with Nestle. That’s went to IIT, Kanpur, and then IIM Ahmedabad how they managed to run the house. She also and then did his PhD from Stanford. told his wife that they will be living of on her At the age of 12, he had decided, in which salary for a quite while. direction his career would take. At that time Sanjeev struggled for 13 years. He had moved he thinks that he should be starting his out of the MNC job rather early. At that time company. Sanjeev went to study economics at his salary was Rs 80,000 per annum. This was St. Stephen’s college, the interesting thing that decent in 1990. What happened over the years

* Manager in Micro Engineers

Research Zone India - 1, Vol. (IV) 4, September - 2013 [ 183 ] ISSN 2319 - 8168 when Sanjeev was struggling, at that his “IT Asia”, Here, he was introduced to the friends changed because they were doing internet for the very first time. Though he was different things. They used to go on foreign from IIM, he doesn’t know about World Wide holidays, visit hotels and bars, which Sanjeev Web. simply could not afford. According to Sanjeev, After getting the knowledge of internet, with he got over the fear factor in the first two the help of his brother, he got the server which years. was in the U.S. He gave his brother 5% share He realized that, “for an entrepreneur the real in the company. Sanjeev then invited VN Saroja risk is often a lot less than the perceived risk (PGP 1990) from IIMA on board. Saroja looked before you jump. You learn to cope, to manage after operations in the startup team & got 9% — you find your cushions and buffers.” stake. Now, he wants to Anil Lall, a friend who Sanjeev had not taking salary for three years was a very good programmer & worked from — 1997 to 2000 & that was tough. home on freelance projects for making a Idea can come from anywhere. You could be website & gave 7% stake. sitting in a tub and have a eureka moment. Or Hitesh Oberoi , an IIM Bangalore Graduate - in a bus or at your dining table. Idea came from he was working in Hindustan Lever, anywhere, any time at any place. According to Delhi.After that he was going to join dot com Sanjeev, he could see his future, had he company & came to Sanjeev for taking continued as a manager in the corporate advice.Sanjeev offer him to join his company sector. If he was lucky, at the end of the, & also offer him some stocks. * 5 years – he will be a senior manager, They went to the Central News Agency and * 8 years – marketing manager, brought back some 29 newspapers with * 25 years CEO appointment ads. They built the structure of He used to ask his self: is this what he want in the database. They got a thousand jobs, then life? Sanjeev took a floppy & give it to his technical When he was in HMM (now known as Glaxo friend and told him that with the help of the SmithKline) he noticed that when an office data make the web site — Naukri — in one copy of Business India came in, everybody used week. They launched on April 2, 1997. Amazing to read it from back to front. It had 35 to 40 fact is that after the first six months of pages of appointment ads in every issue. At that launching Naukri.com Sanjeev, did not have an time Business India was the No.1 medium for Internet connection. Naukri.com is the first site appointment ads for managers. And people that was targeting Indians in India. While all would openly talk about jobs that were others like rediff.com, Khoj and Samachar available or slipping out of their hands. They were all targeting Indians in the US. discussed opportunities. Nobody was Many people warned Sanjeev that “naukri”, applying, nobody wanted to leave because “Naukar” etc was down-market. But something they were in a comfortable MNC job with good told him it was distinctive, unique. He went brands, good pay packages etc., but they used with his gut and stuck to the name. “Today, it’s to talk about it. The year 1993 Sanjeev & his one of our greatest assets.” 1,000 jobs partner decided to go separate ways. Each minimum on the site “Live and current.” No partner kept one company, half the employees job older than 30 days, all jobs taken from the & assets. Sanjeev was left with Info Edge & the newspapers, “job data base” idea came with it. Business * Opportunity stands for “O”, was growing, but slowly. And then Sanjeev * In Yesterday, there is no “O”, visited an exhibition at Pragati Maidan called * in today, there is one “O”,

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* Where in tomorrow there is three “O”. turnover with 5 lacs profit. You gotta be a 5 As an MBA from Ahmadabad, he had an crore company with 50 lacs profit. To migrate opportunity to join multinational company from this orbit to that orbit, funding is but according to his mind that is a false necessary without investments one can’t prestige. “You are a prisoner of your visiting migrate from orbit “A” to orbit “B”. card and the logo on it” Within six month of From the Alexa they got over 75% to 80% launch, a direct mail letter was sent out to 3,000 share of job traffic in India And according to HR managers and recruiters. For 350 rupees Matrix they got between 60% to 65%. In terms one could list a job on the site. For 6,000 rupees of revenue share – they roughly estimate that one could get annual subscription which gave they have around 55% of the market. Because you unlimited listening through the year. of competition, they called back the venture With this efforts Naukri.com began to get the capitalists & got the fund from ICICI. Info edge business i.e., Rs.2-2.5 lacs. With more two got funding from ICICI Venture in April, 2000. efforts their revenue increased between 8-9 The company, with a Rs. 36 lakhs turnover times in a year. Suddenly, Naukri was bigger received a Rs. 45 crore valuation. (Which in than the rest of the company in terms of those bubbled days seemed modest? A month revenue. In year one in Naukri we did Rs 2.35 later, the market crashed.).With the help of the lakh (Rs 235,000) of business. In year two our venture capitalist company planned 10-12 figures jumped to Rs 18 lakh (Rs 1.8 million) offices with 300 total staff, in the different though Sanjeev was not able to pay his salary. cities of the India. After the losses of 2 years Jobs Ahead was launched on the India-Pakistan company are able to generate to profit from Sharjah Cricket tournament. The advertising the 3rd year with the turnover of 9.5 crores. budget of Jobsahead.com –just the launch –was As of May 2008, Info Edge has 1650 people of twice as large as naukri’s annual turnover. which 1200 are in sales. When that happened, Sanjeev realized the Company also turns into diversification. There game had changed. One can’t live with 50 lacs was already an executive search operation. The company added,

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In November 2006, Info Edge became the 1st can’t do or maybe you haven’t thought of. pure Indian dotcom to conduct a successful IPO. At that time it had revenues of 84 crores References & profits of 13 crores. When company is in the  Pushkar Gaikwad, “Naukari.Com Case scale-up phase, the main thing was learning Study” http://gaikwad.in/naukri-com- to delegate. When the company is going for the case-study/ growth it’s all about getting good people,  Kamla Bhatt, http://www.podtech.net/ aligning them to a larger goal & making things home/1824/naukricom-founder-sanjeev- work. When one have a smart people, they will bikhchandani-what-does-it-take-to-start-a- demand their space. They will demand their company respect. Businessmen have to empower them  Kushan Mitra, “Dot-com’s poster boy - & get out the way. There is no such thing as a Sanjeev Bikhchandani” http:// failed entrepreneur. You are a failed businesstoday.intoday.in/story/dotcoms- entrepreneur only when you quit. Until then, poster-boy—sanjeev-bikhchandani.html/ you are simply not successful…yet. 1/1174.html Get great people – sell them the vision, the idea  Rajiv Dingra ,” Huge advertising spend, & share the wealth, be generous with offering revenue growth and tieups.. its all stock. If you are starting a business to make happening in online space!!”, http:// money, don’t do it. Chances are that you will www.watblog.com/2007/05/05/huge- fail, because there will be hard times. And if advertising-spend-revenue-growth-tieups- your motivation is not something beyond all-h/. money, those hard times will test you. You will  http://www.infoedge.in quit and go back to your job. But if you are  http://www.thesmartceo.in/sanjeev- doing something other than money, you will bikhchandanis-search-for-a-naukri.html rough it through the hard times.  https://delhi.tie.org/speaker/17/sanjeev- Scaling Up is also a lot about letting go. Get bikhchandani smart people. If they are truly smart and if they  http://indiatoday.intoday.in have their self belief, they will create their own  Arvind Sahay, “Naukri.com” , Vikalpa vol. 30, space and they will do stuff that may be you No.4 oct-dec.2005

[ 186 ] Research Zone India - 1, Vol. (IV) 4, September - 2013 ISSN 2319 - 8168 Commerce Research Zone India Vol. 1 Issue - (4) Sept.- 2013 Page 187-189 ISSN 2319 - 8168 * Kunjal R. Bhatt

THE REALITY OF GLOBALIZATION AND ITS IMPACT ON EMPLOYER BRANDING

Introduction locally or overseas workers. The winners will In 2011 the global employment landscape be those organisations that move early to tap looks a little different to what we learned in into the global pool of misplaced talent who textbooks at school! The ability of are ready, willing, and able to do the work organizations to attract and retain talent that others in the local country may be unwilling contributes to growth and profitability is no or incapable of doing. longer limited to drawing upon the local or Citizens in poorer countries with access to the national workforce. Companies now have Internet are now homeschooling their tools at their disposal to tap into the global children by accessing the vast amount of talent pool and what I call “pockets of talent educational resources available on the excellence” — small clusters of highly talented Internet. The trend of self education is likely individuals or small groups who are on top of to accelerate as parents are no longer prepared global issues and trends, adaptable and agile to wait for governments to reinvent their enough to move in and out of companies on a education systems. All that is missing for these project-by-project basis providing expertise to parents is an Internet connection. Wikipedia companies at a speed far more superior to alones contains enough information in the hiring of full-time employees. right hands to educate the world’s poorest The Mobile Workforce children with the potential to unlock “pockets Mastering the management of today’s of talent excellence.” traditional worker is no simple task. As global Today, foreign-born workers with university priorities continue to shift and change, degrees or equivalent qualifications make up organizations are looking to make strategic just 2 percent of the European labor market, financial and human capital decisions. One of compared with 4.5 percent in the United the most prevalent changes is an increased use States and nearly 10 percent in Canada. of contingent labor to fill short-term gaps and Improved education and training must go specific labor segments. This group of workers hand in hand with increased labour migration. is growing at more than twice the rate of the Employability will continue to be a huge full-time workforce, and the trend looks set to problem worldwide. Because of the uneven continue. quality of education systems, only 25 percent The challenge for organizations is how to of Indian and 20 percent of Russian strike the right balance between producing the professionals are currently considered work themselves or outsourcing parts of it to employable by multinationals.

* Teaching Asst. M.J. College of Commerce, Bhavnagar

Research Zone India - 1, Vol. (IV) 4, September - 2013 [ 187 ] ISSN 2319 - 8168

American firms generated $1.68 trillion in aligned with recruitment practices, though profit in the last quarter of 2010 alone and this is changing. have little incentive to invest it back into R&D Less than 20 percent of firms around the world in their home country when they could put it have a clear employer brand strategy, and as in countries such as Brazil, India, or China. expected developed markets are leading the These profits won’t stay on balance sheets for way with U.S./Canada rates the highest (19.7 long; companies will be merged or acquired percent), followed by Asia (19.4 percent), likely with the mission to keep labor costs as Europe/UK (18.4%), Australia (15%), Turkey low as possible in order to maximize (12.3%), and Russia (7.6%). Clearly there is shareholder returns. With the richest 2 percent still alot of work to do! in the world owning more than half of all global With the rise in employer brand dedicated assets, this figure may come as no surprise. functions appearing in organizational charts, Welcome to the new normal! There is so much over the coming years there are three key corporations can do to build a pathway to focus areas organisations should focus on to corporate success than traditional ways of build capabilities of leaders who will be value creation. responsible for the global employer brand There are real societal problems waiting for strategy. corporations or industries to solve, yet there Understanding Global Issues and Culture seems to be a reluctance to engage in issues Diversity which seem unsolvable. This is where Leaders need to understand how the world employer branding without borders can have really works (not just from what the media a significant impact, resolving societal issues feeds them!) and the impact on employment. using a coordinated approach between Source information on current issues and corporations, industries, and governments. If trends relevant to employer branding which the continents of Africa, East Asia, South Asia, has already been aggregated by thought and Latin America were able to each increase leaders, experts, and reputable journalists. their share of world exports by just 1 percent, Encourage leaders to develop a network of 128 million people would be lifted out of employer brand managers, thoughts leaders, poverty, five times what it receives in aid. Or and academics from around the world and consider that nearly 1 million people are follow them on the most popular social media trafficked across borders, most of these for networks including Facebook, LinkedIn, and sexual exploitation with around half of them Twitter. You’re likely to gain insights into their minors. Here lies an opportunity for some of thinking well in advance of it appearing in the world’s leading brands to really make their articles like this! employer brand distinctive. Send managers on international assignments The Rise of the Global Employer Brand to connect the theory to reality. The Internet Manager can only provide a one-dimensional view of This will continue to increase in line with the world. It’s important to experience local manager of employer branding positions has culture on the ground. Spending time with been on the rise. There has been more than a managers in their home country will also 250 percent growth in job vacancies since foster a culture of trust, engagement, and 2006. This will continue to increase in line support of global employer branding with economic growth (albeit at different initiatives. rates) across the world as employer branding Conduct training in culture diversity for is still closely viewed by many companies as managers to enhance knowledge,

[ 188 ] Research Zone India - 1, Vol. (IV) 4, September - 2013 ISSN 2319 - 8168 understanding, and empathy in differences in companies that are innovative, produce culture and how they impact the employer exciting products and offer exciting services. brand. Conclusion References Employer branding is the response of Human  AIESEC. Employer Branding Program. Resources Management to the particular [online]. 2010. [cit. 2010-09-22]. market circumstances. Very important factor Dostupné na Internete in achieving employer branding objectives is http://www.aiesec.org/ to have a clearly defined employer brand xEmployer_brandingx_program_/ strategy. Regarding the career seekers in the employer branding without borders A field of engineering, potential hires find pathway corporate success ERE.net.files

Research Zone India - 1, Vol. (IV) 4, September - 2013 [ 189 ] ISSN 2319 - 8168 Commerce Research Zone India Vol. 1 Issue - (4) Sept.- 2013 Page 190-193 ISSN 2319 - 8168 * Nina Parekh

BUSINESS ETHICS EDUCATION : AN EDUCATOR’S PERSPECTIVE

Results from the 2005 National Business Ethics Survey (NBES) indicate that over half of employees observed at least one type of misconduct in the workplace during the past 12 months, with nearly 40% observing two or more violations. The President of the Ethics Resource Center, Dr. Patricia Harned, has stated that this statistic has not changed much over the past 5 years even though there is a rise in the number of companies that have implemented ethics programs. Business faculty has the opportunity to provide business students with ethical reasoning opportunities to meet these ethical challenges successfully. AACSB has stated in their 2004 Ethics Education in Business Schools that…business education must encourage students to develop an understanding of the challenges surrounding business ethics and provide students with the tools to recognize and respond to ethical issues, both personally and organizationally. This paper outlines a proposed undergraduate business ethics education model that is developed in compliance with AACSB standards.

* INTRODUCTION Because a firm attempts to satisfy all of their Based on discussions with the University’s stakeholders needs, conflicts may arise. When AACSB mentor, the Division of Business these conflicts arise, unethical decision- decided to place the business ethics course into making may result because firms are trying to the business core component effective, fall satisfy all of their stakeholders. semester 2005. The course focuses on the Managers make several decisions as part of discussion of business ethics using the their routine work day. Often, their decisions stakeholder management theory which states are influenced by different stakeholder wants that there are several stakeholders’ interests, or needs. Different pressures may force a both internal and external to the organization manger to make a decision that may conflict that a firm must satisfy. Internal stakeholders with personal or organizational ethics. This such as employees, owners and shareholder text provides the framework for management concerns must be considered. External students to realize that there may be a time in stakeholders such as the consumers or their careers when they are faced with some customers, the community and special difficult ethical decisions. Hopefully, this paper interest groups also have concerns that must will assist them with resolving these types of be satisfied. Depending on the current dilemmas. situation of the firm, the power of the AACSB STANDARDS APPLICATION TO stakeholders may vary. ETHICAL AWARENESS

* Asst. Professor, Swami Sahajanand College of Commerce & Management, Bhavnagar

[ 190 ] Research Zone India - 1, Vol. (IV) 4, September - 2013 ISSN 2319 - 8168 Education Research Zone India Vol. 1 Issue - (4) Sept.- 2013 Page 210-213 ISSN 2319 - 8168 * Chetan Parmar

TEACHING PERFORMANCE

The term teaching performance is refer to the to validate its essentiality. Field experience and conduct of instruction: posing questuions, particularly student-teaching experience providing explanations, giving directions, generally are perceived by education students showing approval, engaging in the myriad to be the most valuable component of their instructional acts that a teacher performs in professional training. the classroom. The term is not meant to A clearer picture of the effect of practice might encompass the effects or products of emerge from studies in which extraneous instruction, such as student achievement or varisbles are better controlled. In fact, the personal growth. Neither is it meant to evidence from such studies is more definitive. encompass such teacher characteristics as On the one hand, it suggests that positive attitudes and expectations. Rather, teaching changes in certain attitudinal and performance is concerned, to use Dunkin and dispositional behaviors occur with repeated Biddles terms, with process variables rather laboratory and classroom teaching experience. than presage or product variables. On the other hand the evidence fails to show A perspective on this issue is imperative that practice in itself results in targeted because practice, especially when defined changes in performance. In a selective review broadly to include general classroom teaching. of studies based on conceptual training, It is here where previously learned concepts Gliessman and pugh reported that practice do or do come together and where skills fit or resulted at best “....in levels of skill acquisition fail to fit. Whatever the values, shortcomings, no higher then those resulting from or irrelevancies of the teacher education conceptual instruction alone. Furthermore, program, it is held to be through practice that practice was the only means of training that, one really learns to teach. The essentiality when used alone, failed to result in changes in practice is reflected in one recommendation performance. for the improvement of teaching: What can be concluded from this evidence? Practice, practice, practice....frequent, varied Whatever the perceptual and attitudinal and criticized practice. Observation, changes that accompany practice, it appears immediate feedback and practice again to highly questionable to assume that practice in perfect in a variety of situations. itself is the critical variable in stimulating While this quotation clearly implies means of changes in teaching performance. controlling rather than simply providing Training variables have been referred to above practice, its spirit is familiar. as instructional variables. The distnction The perceptions of education students, to, tend between these two is in immediate purpose

* Lecturer, Aradhana B.Ed. College, Botad.

[ 210 ] Research Zone India - 1, Vol. (IV) 4, September - 2013 ISSN 2319 - 8168 and focus. Very generally speaking, acquisition is an effective, perhaps necessary, instructional varianbles are designed to teach means of influencing performance. something about teaching behaviour, More To demonstrate the conceptual changes that specifically, the immediate objective in using are assumed to mediate change in instructional variables is the acquisition of performance is a more elusive task; there is, concepts about, and changes in perception of, however, some indirect and direct evidence of specified teaching behaviors and skills. such changes. Indirect evidence can be found Intervention variables, on the other hand, are once again in the studies reviewed by intended to directly modify behavior. Rather Gliessman and Pugh. In more than half of the than the filmed or videotaped behavior of comparisons in the five studies reviewed, another person, the point of departure as well signigicant gains or differences in skill as the focus of intervention is the behavior of acquisition were accompanied by the teacher himself or herself. Typically, corresponding gains or differences in concept- though not always, the teachers behavior is acquisition scores, always favouring the recorded and replayed on videotape or groups receiving conceptual tended to audiotape. With these general distinctions in accompany more frequent use of the skills mind, we are ready to look more carefully at themselves is at least consistent with the each class of variables. It is perhaps an hypothesis that concepts mediated behavior indication of how firm a hold the doctrine of change. practice has had in teacher education that Evidence directly supporting that hypothesis investigators have only recently turned their is reported in one of the studies reviewed. In attention to the role of knowoledge and this study, not only were both conceptual and understanding in changing teaching skill differences reported factoring teachers performance. who received conceptual instriction but, more The recent development of systematic study imortant, level of concept acquisition in the in this area is some what surprising since instructed group was positively and teacher adductors traditionally have assumed significantly related to skill scores. Thus, that conveying knowledge through lectere, teachers who showed greater mastery of the discussion, and demonstration would in some skill as concepts tended also to use the same way affect teaching performance. While one skills with greater fraquency. In training would be hard pressed to support such a studies, conceptual variables and general assumption, it does seem evident that observational variables tend to be interrelated a clear conception of the behaviors or skills through a common use of filmed or videotaped one is to oxhibit facilities the use of those examples of teaching behavior as a component behaviors and skills.To put it another way, of instruction. teaching performance can be inflienced by A few investigators, however, have used clearly defined and delineated. models exlicitly as a basis for the observational A further finding, already discussed in our learning of teaching skills. The rationale for previous discussion of the place of practice, such a training strategy generally is derived confirms the importance of conceptual from social imitation theory, a theory stresing instruction: in two of the three studies that the imitative basis of human behavior, Briefly, included a practice condition without this theory posits, and its supporting evidence conceptual instruction, gains in use of indicates, that people acquire complex social specified skills were not demonstrated. Thus, and emotional behavior through imitation; it appears that instruction derected at concept such imitation may be accompanied by greater

Research Zone India - 1, Vol. (IV) 4, September - 2013 [ 211 ] ISSN 2319 - 8168 or ‘less awareness and may follow from filmed certainly apply in the same pervasive sense as well as live models. to a teacher’s adjustments and adaptations to The effect of filmed or videotaped teaching events in the classroom. As an intervention models on teaching performance has been technique, however, feedback refers to a more demonstrated by seveal investigators, but general process with many verbal elements. most directly by Lange who increased The key to that process is some means of preserves teachers’ use of an indirect or conveying information to a teacher about his student-centered teaching style by showing or her performance. them a brief film modeling that style. The fact Replaying performance on different media, for that the subjects nor analytic training strongly example, has show differential effects on supports the hypothesized effect on performance. While it is difficult to distinguish performance of viewing the filmed model. the most and least effective media, the fact that How might one account for the effect of the use of different media has shown conceptual and observational variables on discernible differences in skill acquisition teaching performance? Those who have indicates that feedback itself is a significant investigated the effects of conceptual variables variable. Similar conclusions may be drawn have tended to argue that the critical task in from systematic attempts to very other aspects acquiring a teaching behavior or skill is of the form and content of feedback. learning to discriminate its characteristics. In The paramount and perhaps most familiar of shot, acquiring the concept of a skill enables these principles is that of reinforcement: one to understand what one is to do in using behaviors or response that result in that skill and pehaps how one can do it well. confirming, satisfying outcomes tend to recur A case in point is the construct of indirect while those that do not tend to recur. Applied influence which Large addressed in his training experimentally and with some success to the study. Indirect influence comprises a set to control of pupil-social behaviour, these teaching behaviours the principal components precepts also have been applied to the of which are asking questions and conveying modification of teaching behavior. Such support or approval. applications have met with some success on Some teaching behaviors may be difficult to the conventional criterion of change in treat as teachable because they contain many performance in the training setting itself. nonverbal, expressive, even emotive elemengs. Intervention variables are clearly complex These behaviors may be specially well taught variables. Even the apparently straightforward through the use of models. Here again, the fact act of viewing one’s own performance on the highly familiar component behaviors are videotape incites some highly complex, little involved is an important condition of learning. understood process. Gaining an understanding Bandura hypothesized that the component rehearsal or trail. The means of doing so is behaviors of complex social and emotional videotaped or audiotaped replay of the behaviors often have been acquired teacher’s performance about the previously by the learner. performance, or some combination of the two. To be able to exhibit those complex behaviours It is important to distinguish feedback in this essentially requires that the component sense from feedback as a basic aspect of behaviours be integrated into a larger act. This learning, especially perceptual-motor learning. explains why some complex behaviors can be In the latter case, feedback encompasses the exhibited on the basis of observation and visual, auditory, kinesthetic, and other cues by without So interpreted, such processes would which learners correct their directional

[ 212 ] Research Zone India - 1, Vol. (IV) 4, September - 2013 ISSN 2319 - 8168 responses, target tracking, and other Failure to demonstrate such an advantage perceptual-correcting or adapting character of probably can be attributed to a number of human behaviour. of these processes would factors, among them less than optimal entail unraveling a tangled skein of anxieties, continuity in training elements, selection of satisfactions, ago defenses, and confirmations. essentially simple target skills, and inadequate It is evident, however, that intervention evaluation criteria. The design of an optimally through the use of feedback or reinforcement effective training sequence, however, requires contains both informational and affective that careful though be given to the rationale elements. Feedback is informational in nature: underlying it. What provides the “warp,” so to what skills were used or not used; how speak, of to speak, of the training fabric? There students reacted to a particular teacher are at keast two defferent views on this behavior; what instructional style was question. In the case of practiced-based displayed. methods such as microteaching, it is practiced Feedback that is confirming also has behaviors or skills that are assumed to be the reinforcing properties, of course, but its connecting thread of the training process. This function in training is primarily informational. leads to an emphasis on repeated practice as The use of praise or aproval, on the other hand, a critical element in training. introduces a stronger affective element. Such social reintorces may convey more or less Reference information depending upon the refinement  Cultural and education in America, Harold with which they are used but they typically rugg. Harcout brace, New York, 1931 p.55. do elicit attective responses. Thus, training  For a detailed account of the impact of interventions in general very in complex ways lockean philosophy on American life & on both onformational and emotional culture consult the meeting of east and dimensions. west. F.S.C. northop.  Consult Sinclair Lewis novel Babbitt.

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[ 216 ] Research Zone India - 1, Vol. (IV) 4, September - 2013 ISSN 2319 - 8168 lADFZL4 V5\UTF4 lJW]ZTF4 J'wWFJ:YF VG[ T[GF VGrK[N o #_ VF 3MQF6F5+ DF\ V[JM SM. ;]lRT VY" lGI\+6 ACFZGF VgI ;\HMUMDF\ VFÒlJSFGL p65 GYL lGS/TM H[ SM. ZFHI4 H}Y S[ jIlSTG[ VCL\ ;FD[ ;FDFÒS ;]Z1FF 5|F%T SZJFGM CS K[P HFC[ZSZFI[, CSM VG[ :JT\+TFVM DF8[ G]S;FGSTF" CMI VG]rK[N o Z5 sZf DFT'tJ VG[ AF/56G[ BF; ;\EF/ T[JF S'tI S[ 5|J'lTDF\ HM0FJFGL K]8 S[ CS VF5[P VG[ ;CFI 5]ZL 5F0JFDF\ VFJX[ ,uG S[ ,uG ACFZGF ;DFHSFI"GF ;\NE"DF\ DFGJ VlWSFZMG]\ DCtJ o ;A\WMYL HgD[, NZ[S AF/S ;DFG ;FDFÒS ;]Z1FF DFGJ VlWSFZMGL J{l`JS 3MQF6F J0[ TDFD ,MSMG[ VG]EJL XSX[P V;\bI CSM VG[ :JT\+TFVM VF5JFDF\ VFJ[ K[P VG]rK[N o Z& s!f NZ[SG[ lX1F6 D[/JJFGM CS K[ lX1F6 SM.56 jIlST 5KL E,[ T[ VF lJ`JDF\ UD[ tIF\ ZC[TM DOT CX[4 SD;[SD D}/E}T VG[ 5|FYlDS CMI4 UD[ T[ S]/4 J\X4 WD"4 ;\5|NFI S[ jIJ;FIDF\ CMI TASS[45|FYlDS lX1F6 OZÒIFT CX[4 8[SlGS, VG[ TDFDG[ VF CSMv:JT\+TFVM SM.56 HFTGF E[NEFJ jIJ;FlIS lX1F6 p5,aW SZFJFX[ VG[ D[ZL8GF VFWFZ[ lJGF p5,aW SZJF. K[ 5Z\T] VF VlWSFZMGM jIJCFZDF\ prRlX1F6 ;DFG ZLT[ TDFD DF8[ p5,aW SZFJFX[P VD,LSZ6 TYF ;DFHGF TDFD ,MSM ;]WL VF VG]rK[N o Z& sZf lX1F6 ;\5}6" jIlSTtJ lJS;FJ[ CSMv:JT\+TFVM 5|F%T SZFJJF V[ DM8M 50SFZ K[ TYF DFGJ VlWSFZM VG[ D}/E}T :JT\+TFVM 5|tI[GF ;DFHSFI"GF D}/E}T l;wWF\TM VG[ G{lTS lGIDM VFNZG[ JW] DHA]T AGFJ[ T[ ;FY[ lGN["lXT SZX[ T[ TDFD sCode of ethicsf 56 VF CSM TYF :JT\+TFVMG[ ZFQ8=M4 HFlTVM4 J\XLI S[ WFlD"S H}YM JrR[ 5Z:5Z D/TF VFJ[ K[P ;DH4 ;lCQ6]TF VG[ lD+TFG[ 5|Mt;FlCT SZX[ VG[ DFGJ VlWSFZM ;FDFÒS SFI"SZG[ NZ[S TASS[ DFU"NX"S XF\lTGL HF/J6L DF8[ ;\I]ST ZFQ8=;\3GL 5|J'lTVMG[ AGL XS[ K[ DFGJ CSMGM bIF, H~lZIFT D\N ,MSMGL DHA]T AGFJX[P H~lZIFTM VG[ S

Research Zone India - 1, Vol. (IV) 4, September - 2013 [ 217 ] ISSN 2319 - 8168 Rural Study Research Zone India Vol. 1 Issue - (4) Sept.- 2013 Page 218-221 ISSN 2319 - 8168 * S]\EF6L C[DF\ULGL U|FD lJSF; lJ:TZ6 SFI"DF\ JT"DFG ;\RFZGL V;ZSFZS p5IMULTF lJ:TZ6 SFI" UFD0F\DF\ SZJF DF8[ ;\RFZGL H~ZLIFT DCtJGL AGL HFI K[P V;ZSFZS ;\RFZ DF8[ V;ZSFZS DFwIDGL H~ZLIFT VlGJFI" Y. 50[ K[P ;DIGL ;FY[ ;FY[ ;\RFZGF DFwIDMDF\ 5lZJT"G VFjI] tIFZ[ ;\RFZGF DFwIDDF\ 5lZJT"G H~ZL K[P GJF DFwIDGM p5IMU S[JL ZLT[ SZJM m ,MSM ;D1F DFlCTL S[JL ZLT[ 5CM\RF0JL m JU[Z[ AFATMGL RRF" VlC\ SZJFDF\ VFJ[,L K[P

5|:TFJGF ov Z lAG ;\:YFUT ov 5|YD 5\RJQFL"I IMHGFYL H EFZ D]SJFDF\ VFjIM VGF{5RFZLS JFTRLT4 S]8]\AGF ;eIM4 lD+M4 50MXL K[P VFH[ 56 UFD0FDF\ 5*@ J;JF8 WZFJ[ K[P &)@ :YFlGS G[TF4 N]SFGNFZ ZMHUFZL S'lQF 5Z VFWFZLT K[P tIFZ[ UFD0FGM lJSF; S'lQF DCFlJnF,IM VG[ ;ZSFZ N=FZF DFlCTL U|FDL6 H~ZL K[P U|FDL6 lJSF; HIF\ ;]WL ;CEFULTFG]\ ;D]NFI ;]nL 5CMRF0JFGL lJSF; 5|lS|IF +6 5|DF6 VMK] ZC[JFG]\ H VFDF\ V;ZSFZS ZLT[ lJEFUDF\ lJEFHLT SZJFDF\ VFJ[,L K[P 5|tIFIG VG[ UFD ,MSM DF8[ lJSF;GL H~ZLIFTGL ! 7FG pt5FNGT\+ ov H[ 7FGGM HgD YFI T[ ;DH]TL VF5JL VG[ ;CSFZ 5|F%T SZJF DF8[ T\+ S[ H[ 7FGGM pNEJ SZ[ T[ 7FG pt5FNGT\+ TZLS[ 5|tIFIGGL H~ZLIFT µEL YFI K[P VM/BJFDF\ VFJ[ K[P U|FDL6HLJG jIJ:YF V,U ZLT[ UM9JFI[, K[P Z 7FG lJ:TZ6 T\+ ov ALHF TASSFDF\ H[ GJF U|FDL6 ,MSM 5F;[YL ;CSFZ VG[ lJ`JF; 5|F%T SZJF 7FGGM HgD YIM K[ T[ 7FGG[ ,MSM S[ UFD0F ;]nL T[ Sl9G SFI" K[P VF DF8[ V;ZSFZS 5|tIFIGGL 5CM\RF0JFGL H[ 5|lS|IF YFI K[P T[G[ 7FG lJ:TZ6 H~ZLIFT µEL YFI K[P T\+ S[ TASSF TZLS[ VM/BJFDF\ VFJ[ K[P H[ VY" VG[ H[ AFAT SC[JFDF\ VFJ[,L CMI T[G[ T[ H[DF\ GJL DFlCTL4 7FGGL p5IMULTF VG[ H VY"DF\ ;FD[GL jIlST4 H]Y S[ ;D]NFI ;]WL p5IMUGL 5|lS|IF ;DHFJJFDF\ VFJ[ K[P VYJF DFwIDGF VFWFZ[ 5CMRF0JFGL lS|IFG[ 5|tIFIG TZLS[ TF,LD4 RRF"4 DL8L\U4 5|SFXG4 8[,LlJhG JU[Z[ N=FZF VM/BJFDF\ VFJ[ K[P DFlCTL 5CMRF0JFG]\ SFI" VlC YFI K[P SOURCE, MESSAGE, CHANNEL, RECEIVERS # 7FG p5IMU T\+ ov ;\RFZ 5|lS|IF ov H[ 7FGGM HgD YIM 5KL 7FGGM lJ:TFZ SZJFGF

SOURCE MESSAGE CHANNEL RECEIVERS SFI" 5KL H[ 7FGGM pNEJ YIM T[ 7FGG[ p5IMU SZJFGL 5|lS|IF X~ YFI K[P EFFECT VF p5ZMST 7FG lJSF;GL 5|lS|IFDF\ ,MSMGF :JLSFZ DF8[ GLR[GF TASSFVMDF\ JC[RJFDF\ VFJ[ ;\RFZGL D]bI 5wWTL ov K[P ! ;\:YFUT 5wWTL ov Z[l0IM4 l;G[DF4 ;DFRFZ5+4 HFU'TTFvVlE~lRvD]

[ 218 ] Research Zone India - 1, Vol. (IV) 4, September - 2013 ISSN 2319 - 8168 p5ZMST 5|lS|IF V[ U|FDL6 ;D]NFIDF\ AGTL CMI ,FuIF K[P VG[ T[ 56 B]A VMKF NZ[ JWFZ[ DFlCTLGL K[P GJF 7FG S[ AFATMG[ U|FDL6 ,MSM h05YL T{IFZ VF5v,[ XSI AGL K[P 3G VFJTF XFaNLS4 ,[BLT YTF GYLP VF DF8[ T\+G[ T{IFZ SZJF DF8[ VG[ CJ[ lR+FtDS DFlCTLGL VF5v,[ 56 XSI 8[SGM,LHLGM p5IMU SZJFDF\ VFJ[ K[P H[ 7FGGL AGJF 5FDL K[P XMW SZJFDF\ VFJL K[P T[GL p5IMULTF S[D p5IMULTF ovB[TL4 VFZMuI4 ZMHUFZL4 5X]5F,G4 JWFZJL T[G[ p5ZMST AFAT ;FY[ HM0JFDF\ VFJ[ K[P ;DFRFZ JU[Z[G[ V[S :Y/[YL VgI :Y/[ 5CMRF0JF U|FDL6 ;D]NFIGL ;FY[ ;\RFZ 5|lS|IF DF8[ GLR[GL DF8[ ;\N[XFVM4 lR+M4 lJl0IM VG[ JFTRLT N=FZF N]ZGF AFATM D]bI K[P :Y/[ ;Z/TFYL DFlCTL DMS,L XSFI K[P v GJF 7FGGL H~ZLIFT ;DHJLP MASSEGE, MMS, CALL JU[Z[ N=FZF DFlCTLGL v GJF 7FGYL YJFGF OFINFVMG]\ lJ:TFZ[ J6"G VF5v,[ SZL XSFI K[P SZJ]\P 8[l,lJhG v GJF 7FGGL DIF"NFVMGF pS[, DF8[ VlE5|FIM !)Z* AFI"0 N=FZF 8[l,lJhGGL XMW SZJFDF\ T{IFZ SZJFP VFJ[,L H[ VFBF lJ‘J DF8[ JZNFG ;DFG AGL ZCL v H~ZLIFT D]HA GJF 7FGGM p5IMU SZJMP K[P EFZTDF\ N]ZNX"G VG[ T[DGL VgI 8LJL R[G,M v VlE~RL DF8[GF 5U,FVM HF6JFP H DF+ Z__$ ;]WL UFD0F S[ N]ZGF lJ:TFZMDF\ v ,MSMGF VlE5|FIM D]HA ;]WFZF JWFZF SZJFP V:TLtJ WZFJTL CTLP VF ;DI[ 56 N]ZNX"G H[JL v ,MSMDF\YL H G[TF AGFJJFP ZFQ8=LI R[G, 5Z lJlJW SFI"S|DM NXF"JJFDF\ NFTP S]\8]\A lGIMHG SFI"S|DGL X~VFTGM TASSM ,MSMG[ VFJTF CTFP WLZ[ WLZ[ DTH VFJTF VFH[ lJlJW VFZMuI SFI"SZ ;DHFJ[ tIFZ[ T[DG[ AC] lJZMW R[G,M UFD0F ;]WL 5CMRJF 5FD[,L K[P V[S ;J[“ GMWFI[,P 5Z\T] VFH SFDG[ ZFDFI6 ;FY[ HM0JFDF\ D]HA UFD0FVMDF\ $)@ 8[l,lhGGM DTH N=FZF VFjI]\P ZFDG]\ VFNX" HLJG VG[ OST A[ H ;\TFGMG[ R,FJJFDF\ VFJ[ K[ VG[ ETV, TV9, ;FD[ ZFBTF ,MSM N=FZF VFJSFZ 5|F%T Y> XSIMP DDNational, Aajtak H[JL R[G,M p5Z ;F\HGF ,MSM ;D1F GJF 7FGGM :JLSFZ h05YL YTM GYLP ;DI[ B[TL4 VFZMuI4 lX1F64 ZMHUFZL4 Z;M>4 VYL VHDFIXGM ;DI VF5JMP ALHL AFH] ;D:IFG[ 5X]5F,G H[JL DFlCTLVM ,MSM ;]WL 5CMRF0JFGL ;Z/ ;FD[ ZBJL VG[ AN,FJ[, ElJQI ATFJJ]\ V[ AGFJJFDF\ VFJ[,L K[P DCtJG]\ AGL ZC[ K[P p5IMULTF ov lJlJW 8[l,lJhG R[G,M 5ZGF SFI"S|DM U|FD lJ:TZ6 lX1F6 DF8[ VFW]lGS DFwIDM VG[ N=FZF ;D}C ;\RFZ TZLS[ p5IMUL AGFJL XSFI K[P p5IMULTF ov;DI 5lZJT"G ;FY[ ;\RFZGL SM> V[S TH7 S[ lJX[QF7 N=FZF VFJL DFlCTL ;D]C 5wWTLVM V[ H ZCL 5Z\T] DFwIDMDF\ AN,FJ ;]WL 5CMRF0JL ;Z/ AGFJL XSFI K[P VFJJF 5FdIM K[P VFH[ Z[l0IM4 GF8S4 X[ZLGF8S4 >g8ZG[8 o >g8ZG[8 VF\TZLS HF/ EJF>4 D\0/4 G8vG8LVM4 S95}T/L H[JF SFIM" TZLS[ VM/BFJL XSFI K[P SMd%I]8ZGL XMW TM GFDX[QF YJFGF ;DI[ K[P tIFZ[ VFW]lGS DFwIDMGM jIJl:YT >P;P !)&) DF\ YI[,L :JLSFZ SZJM VlGJFI" AGJF 5FdIM K[P 5Z\T] T[GL p5IMULTF VG[ lJSF; DMAF>, OMG o DMAF>, OMGGL ;]lJWF 5|YD >g8ZG[8 ;[JFGL X~VFTYL YI[, K[P VFH[ SMd%I]8Z jIJl:YT X~VFT >P;P!)(! YL VG[ >g8ZG[8 ;Z/ AGTF HFI K[P 0[GDFS"4 GMJ[“ H[JF N[XMDF\ Y> CTLP H[ ;[JF VFH[ >g8ZG[8 !)(#YL lJ‘JDF\ X~ SZJFDF\ VFjI]\P ;FDFgI AGJF ,FUL K[PEFZTLI ;\RFZ DFwID VF56F N[XDF\ jIJl:YT X~VFT !))& YL ;[JF p5ZF\T BFGUL ;[JFVMGL G[8JS" VFH[ UFD0FVM SZJFDF\ VFJLP ;]WL 5CMRL UIF K[P JM0FOMG4 I}lGGMZ4 V[Z8[,4 8F8F4 VFH[ DFlCTL D[/JJFGL ;Z/ AGFJJFDF\ VFJL K[P lJl0IMSMG4 V[Z;[,4 VF>l0IF4 V[DP8LPV[;P4 ZL,FIg; lJ`JGF SM> 56 B}6[YL VD}S DLGL8DF\ HM>TL H[JL VFH[ VG[S S\5GLVM VF Vl:TtJ WZFJ[ K[P DFlCTL D[/JJL XSI AGLP H[ GLR[ D]HAGF ,MSMG[ VFH[ ;FDFgI SFI" 56 ;Z/TFYL YJF EFUMDF\ JC[RL XSFIP

Research Zone India - 1, Vol. (IV) 4, September - 2013 [ 219 ] ISSN 2319 - 8168 ;DI *o#_ YL )o__ JFuIF ;]WLGM ZFBJFYL DFlCTL GL V;ZSFZSTF JWJF 5FD[ K[P

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[ 220 ] Research Zone India - 1, Vol. (IV) 4, September - 2013 ISSN 2319 - 8168 5|NX"G . D]bI Z:TF p5ZGL lNJF,M 5|NX"G VFD TM HFC[ZFT VG[ DFlCTL 5CMRF0JF . XF/FGL lNJF,M DF\ VFZMuI VG[ :JrKTF DF8[G]\ pTD DFwID K[P T[D KTF\ T[GL . D\NLZGL lNJF,M DIF"NFVM ZC[,L K[P ;DI BR"/F K[P VG[ VFIMHG . 5FGGL N]SFGM SZJF DF8[ 56 DFGJ ;\;FWGGL H~ZLIFT ZC[,L . A; :8[g0 K[P 5Z\T] V;ZSFZSTF ZC[,L HMJF D/[ K[P ;}+Mov p5IMULTF ov . D]bI Z:TFGL AFH]GL lNJF,M SM> 56 HFC[Z :Y/ S[ HIF\ ,MS ;D}CG]\ 5|DF6 . D\lNZGL lNJF, JWFZ[ CMI VYJF UFD0FDF\ S[gN= :YFG CMI . XF/FGL lNJF, VG[ JWFZ[ ,MSMGF ;\5S"DF\ tIF\ VFIMHG SZJ]\ HM>V[P ,MS D[/F4 0FIZFVM4 VFJTF :Y/M S[ ;F:S'lTS TC[JFZM JU[Z[DF\ 5M:8Z S[ GJL 8[SGM,MHLG[ . JF0LVMDF\ HJFGF Z:TF p5Z VHDFIX VG[ UM9J6M SFI" SZJFG]\ ;Z/ ZC[ K[P lJl0IM XMov T[DH DFlCTL h05YL VG[ ;DHFJL XSFI K[P . XF/FvUFDGM D]bI RMSvD\lNZvSMdI]lG8LCM, V\ULSFZG]\ 5|DF6 5|NX"GYL JWFZ[ YFI K[P . ,MS D[/FVM VG[ ;D}C D[/Fov ,MS D[/F S[ ;D}C D[/F . RMSS; HuIF VG[ ;\:S'lT D]HA VFIMHG VF V[S 5Z\5ZFUT VG[ ;F\:S'lTS DGMZ\HG DF8[GM . lJlJW .,[8=LS VG[ VgI H~ZLIFT D]HAGF SFI"S|D K[P WLZ[ WLZ[ XC[ZMDF\ ,MS D[/FVMG]\ ;FWGM ZFBJF 5|DF6 VMK] YT] HFI K[P 5Z\T] UFD0FVMDF\ ,MS ;DF5G D[/FG]\ 5|DF6 CH] 38F0M HMJF D/TM GYLP CF ;\RFZ DFGJ HFTL DF8[ DCtJG]\ 5|NFG K[P DFlCTLG[ D[/FGF lNJ;MDF\ 38F0M YI[,M K[P VY";EZ ZLT[ 5CMRF0JFG]\ SFI" ;\RFZ N=FZF XSI VF p5ZF\T VFH[ ;ZSFZ N=FZF S'lQF D[/F4 5X]5F,G AGFJFI K[P ;DI AN,JFGL ;FY[ ;\RFZ D[/F4 ,FJ/L J]0 JU[Z[ D[/FVMG]\ VFIMHG SZJFDF\ DFwIDMGF\ 5lZJT"G VFJJFGL ;FY[ DFwID VFJ[, HMJF D/[ K[P VFJF D[/FVM ,MSM ;]WL DFlCTL 5;\NUL 56 DCtJGL U6JFDF\ VFJ[,L K[P VFYL 5CM\RF0JFGL TYF 5[|S8LS, ;lCT 8[SGM,MHLG]\ U|FDL6 ;\:S'lT D]HA ;]WFZF JWFZF VFJxIS AGL 5|NX"G SZL XSFI K[P ZC[ K[P p5IMULTF ov D[/FVMDF\ 5|NX"G :8M, UM9JL ,MSM ;]WL lJlJW ;\NE" DFlCTLG]\ lJTZ6 SFI" XSI AGFJL XSFI K[P  3SFG WLZH cc lJ:TZ6 lX1F6GF\ D}/TtJMcc 5l+SFVMG]\ lJTZ6 SFI" 56 SZL XSFI K[P VG[ SGS0L s!))(f HFDGUZ lJXF/ ;D}CG[ DFlCTL 5CM\RF0L XSFI K[P  ;\RFZGF VFW]lGS DFwIDMP ;D}C HG ;\RFZ DF8[ :Y/ 5;\NUL VG[ VFIMHGov UFD;EF 4EL\T;]+M45M:8ZM4 lJl0IM XM JU[Z[ ;D}C EHG ;\RFZGF DFwIDMGL V;ZSFZSTF :Y/ p5Z JWFZ[ VFWFlZT CMI K[P ,MS ;EFov .5\RFIT 3Z .5|FYlDS XF/F .UFDGM RMZM .D\lNZ .SMdI]lG8L CM,

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Research Zone India - 1, Vol. (IV) 4, September - 2013 [ 221 ] ISSN 2319 - 8168 Rural Study Research Zone India Vol. 1 Issue - (4) Sept.- 2013 Page 222-225 ISSN 2319 - 8168 * SFGF V[RPZFD :+L ;XlSTSZ6GF VJZMWM

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[ 224 ] Research Zone India - 1, Vol. (IV) 4, September - 2013 ISSN 2319 - 8168 H[JL DFgITFVM VF56F\ ;DFH DF\ ZC[,L K[P S[ lJ,\lAT gIFI D/TM CMJFYL ,MSM OlZIFN SZTF 5Zl6T :+L V[ 5MTFGF 5lTGF lJRFZ D]HA 0Z VG]EJ[ K[ S[ 5KL OlZIFN GMWFJTF\ H GYLP RF,JFG]\ ZC[ K[P VF K[ VF56F\ :JT\+ EFZTGL IMHGFGM ,FE BZ[BZ H[ ,MSMG[ D/JM HM.V[ T[ D[/ :+L U],FDLP JL XSTF GYL VG[ ,FUJU XFlC S[ VIMuI jIlSTG[ 3ZGL ACFZGL N]lGIFDF\ :+LG[ BAZ CMI V[JL ,FE D/JFYL TSl,OM N]Z YJF 5FDlT GYLP VF56F\ ;DFHDF\ 36L VMKL :+LVM K[P VG[ ;DF5G VFYL H HF6SFZLGM VEFJ ZC[,M HMJF D/[ K[P D]bI ;D:IF 5MTFYL S[ 5MTFGF 3ZYL RF,] YTL ZLJFHMGL hF/DF\ :+LG[ Z]WJFDF\ VFJ[ tIF \ CMI K[ VG[ T[GF pS[,GL X~VFT 56 tIFYL H VJFH p9FJGFZ GM tIFU SZJFDF\ VFJ[ VYJF YFI TM T[GM pS[, h05L ,FJL XSFI K[P VF56F\ VJFHG[ NAFJL N[JFDF\ VFJ[ K[P VFJL S[8,L ;DFHG] DFG; HIF\ ;]WL :+LG[ ;DHL GlC XS[ tIF lH\NULVM VF56F\ lZJFHMDF\ ZLAF. K[P \;]WL lJSF; XSI GYLP ;D:IF N[BFI T[ SIFZ[I :+L lC\;F S[ :+L VtIFRFZo CMTL GYLP V[8,[ ;D:IFGF D}/ ;]WL 5CMRJ] H~ZL K[<,F A[ NXSFYL ;TT U]GFGF 5|DF6DF\ JWFZM K[P VgIYF VFH ;]WL W6L :J{lrKS ;\:YFVM VG[ Y. ZCIM K[P VG[ VFHGF lNJ;[ lGI+6 AC] VMK] ;ZSFZL lJEFUM :+L lJSF;GF GFD p5Z RF,TF AGJF 5FdI]\ K[P :+L VtIFRFZGL JFT SZJFDF\ ZCIF K[ VG[ VFJ] H RF,T] ZCX[ TM VFJTF W6F\ VFJ[ TM JQF" Z_!Z NZlDIFG :+LVM p5Z YI[,F JQFM" ;]WL RF,] ZCX[P U]GFG]\ 5|DF6 Z4$$4Z*_ S[;M GM\WFIF CTFP Z$4)Z# A/FTSFZ4 (4&!( NC[H D'tI] YIF\ CTF\P ;\NE" VF HMTF bIF, VFJX[ S[ JQF" Z__(DF\ _P$ 8SF  5|MP XFC V[PHLP VG[ 5|M NJ[ H[PS[P c EFZTLI D'tI] NC[HGF ,LW[ YTF\ CTF\ H[DF\ DF+ _P! ;DFHDF\ :+LVMGM NZHHMc VG0Fs2004 f 8SF 38F0M GM\WFIM K[P JQF" Z_!Z H[ :+LVM p5Z VDNFJFN VtIFRFZ YIF K[ T[DF\ $PZ& 8SF A/FTSFZGF  CRIME REPORT 2012 S[; CTF\P p5ZMST VF\S0FVM HMTF bIF, VFJX[ S[  Census 2011 Data of Indian Population VFJF ;DFH DF\ :+L lJSF; S[8,M XSI K[m 2011 Census ;ZSFZL 5U,FVMG]\ VIMuI VD,LSZ6 VG[  www.census2011.co.in/ýMinistry of SFG]GL lGTLVMGL ;D:IFo Women and Child Development .P;P !)(* DF\ DlC,F VFIMUGL :YF5GF4 wcd.nic.in  G[XG, SlD8L VMO J]D[G4 HFgI]VFZL !))Z DF\ National Mission for Empowerment of Women-Ministry of Women ... G[XG, SlDXG OMZ J]DG4 Z__! DF\ lSXMZL XlST  www.nmew.gov.in/ý IMHGF JU[Z[ VFJJF KTF\ 56 lJSF; YJM HM.V[  hdr.undp.org/en/reports/national/.../ V[8,M YJF 5FdIM GYLP ALHL AFH] :+L Z1F6 DF8[ Timor-Leste_NHDR_2011_EN.pdf SFINFVM AGJF KTF\ 56 gIFIDF\ VF0[ VFJTL

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Research Zone India - 1, Vol. (IV) 4, September - 2013 [ 227 ] ISSN 2319 - 8168 56 Vl:TTJ WZFJ[ K[P WD" VFH[ 5|FRLG SZTF\ HLJGWMZ6DF\ ;]WFZM YJF KTF\ 56 VFH[ lJZMWGL AFAT K[P ,MSMDF\ EF.RFZM S[ lJSF;GL VgI ;D:IFVMGM pNEJ YI[,M HMJF D/[ K[P AFATMGM p<,[B SZJFDF\ VFJ[ K[P VFYL VFH[ ;DF5Go WD"G]\ lGI\+6 38T]\ HMJF D/[ K[P VFH[ p5ZMÉ RRF" VF56L 5Z\5ZFUT ;FDFHLS jIlÉJFNL ;DFH 30TZ V[ WD" ÛFZF YI[, VFJSFI" jIJ:YFGL AFATDF\ CTL VG[ VFW]lGS jIJ:YFGL K[P H[ 5MTFG]\ ;DFHV[STFG]\ SFI" SZJFG[ AN,[ AFATDF\ CTL VG[ V[ JFTYL VFH[ 5lZlRT KLV[ S[ WD"YL VG[ EUJFGYL ,MSMG[ 0ZFJJFG]\ SFI" SZ[ K[P 5lZJT"G V[ ;DFHG]\ VlGJFI" 5ZLA/ K[P T[D lX1F6 ;\:YFov KTF\ VFW]lGS lJRFZ;Z6L ;FDFHLS ;\\:YFVMDF\ lX1F6 V[ ;FDFlHSZ6GL V[S 5|lS|IF K[P lX1F6 VFJ[,F AN,FJ DCtJGF K[P 5Z\T] 5lZJT"G ;FY[ ãFZF ;DFHLSZ6 YFI K[P VG[ jIlÉG]\ HLJG VF56L ;D:IFVM 56 VFJ[,L K[P H[ VF56F\ 30TZ YFI K[P jIlÉtJ lJSF;4 lGI\+64 5ZLJT"G ;DFHGF lJSF; S[ jIJ:YFDF\ AFWF~5 ZC[,L K[P VG[ ;FDFlHS UlTXL,TFG]\ SFD V[ lX1F6G[ VFlWG K[P ;\NE" VF56L 5F|RLG lX1F6 jIJ:YF V[ HLJG,1L  5||MP XFC PV[PHL VG[ 5|MPNJ[PH[ PS[— ,uG4S]\8\]A VG[ AFATMG]\ 30TZG]\ SFD CT]\ VG[ VFJL lX1F6 ;U56v;\A\WM VG0FsZ__5f VDNFJFN jIJ:YF V[ ;\5}6" jIlÉtJ 30TZ4 ZMHUFZ,1FL VG[  Srinivas m .n. social change in morden 5lZJT"GXL, CT]\P 5Z\T]\ VFHGL lX1F6 jIJ:YF INDIA New Delhi OST ZMHUFZ,1FL AGJF 5FDL K[P ;FY[ ;FY[ 8Ÿ[SGM,MHL  0MP N[JZ[ ;]WLZ ZFHFZFD “EFZTLI ;FDFlHS VG[ lJ7FGGF lJSF; ;FY[ ;\S]lRT YJF ,FuI]\ K[P jIJ:YFˆ VH]"G 5la,LXL\U CFp; sZ__(f G. VF p5ZF\T BFGULSZ6GF ,LW[ VG[ DIF"NLT lN<,L AFATMYL lX1F6GL U]6JTF lGdgF Y. K[P  Rawat H.K. Sociology basic concepts"ravat 5Z\5ZFUT ;\:YFo U|FDL6 ;\:YF ;\5}6" UF|D 5Z publication (2009) jaipurp 5|E}tJ WZFJTL V[S DF+ ;\:YF\ CTLP H[GFYL  0MP JF3[,F VlG, V[;P cc ;DFHXF:+ 5lZRIcc U|FD DF\ YTL NZ[S 5|J'lT DF\ 5\RFIT C:T1F[+ I]PU\PlGPAMP sZ__5f VNFJFN SZL XSTL HIFZ[ VFH[ U|FD 5\RFIT DF\ AN,FJ VFjIM K[P VG[ U|FD 5\RFIT EFUL 50TF ;ZSFZL C:T1F[5 SZ[, K[P VFYL U|FD 5\RFITDF\ H[ ,MSM ÛFZF gIFlIS 5|J'lT VG[ U|FDL6 jIJ:YF5G SZJFDF\ VFJT] T[ VFH[ XSI AGFJL XSFT] GYLP U|FD 5\RFIT ãFZF NZ[S lG6"IGL AFAT ;J[" U|FDHGMG[ DFgI ZC[TM CTM HIFZ[ VFH[ U|FD 5\RFITG]\ DFgI ZC[T] GYLP VFlY"S ;\;YFov U|FDL6 VFlY"S jIJ:YF V[ lJlJW ;\:YFVM ;FY[ HM0FI[, K[ VG[ T[GFYL DFGJL H~lZIFTM VG[ ;FDFlHS jIJ:YFGL NZ[S AFAT UM9JJFD\F VFJ[,L CTLP 7FlT VFWFlZT VY" jIJ:YFG]\ Vl:TtJ ZMHUFZL D[/JL XSFTL CTLP VFH[ VF VY"jIJ:YF T]8[,L HMJF D/[ K[P 5Z\T] 7FlT7T jIJ;FI GFX 5FDL ZCIM K[P ;FY[ ;FY[ 8[SGM,MHL lJ7FG H[J]\ VFW]lGSLSZ6 YI] K[P lJSl;T ;DFH VG[

[ 228 ] Research Zone India - 1, Vol. (IV) 4, September - 2013 ISSN 2319 - 8168 Commerece Research Zone India Vol. 1 Issue - (4) Sept.- 2013 Page 229-235 ISSN 2319 - 8168 * Dr. Jigar O. Aggarwal

HOW SUCCESSFULLY HAS LUPIN LTD. EMBRACED LEVERAGE? Abstract: In today's market conditions when the expectations of the Equity shareholders are rising, a company has to be able to determine a judicious mix of debt funds and owned funds. When a company involves debt in its capital structure, it has to bear fixed charges and this has deep impact on the company's profitability and liquidity.If the debt is used wisely it should also be able to augment its profitability and improve its liquidity and if not, the same proves to be counterproductive. Several Indian industries have written success stories that have made India proud today. Several companies from the leading industries have employed debt funds which in some cases exceed 50% of total corporate funding.This paperfo cuseson therelation ship between leverage andprofita bilityin Lupin Limited. The financial statements ofLupin Limit edhave been collected over aperiod of 7years (from 2006-07 through 2012-13).Various tools and techniques employed reveal that the degree of operating leverageis found to havestatisti callysigni ficantpositive correlation with the ROI as also that thedegreeo ffinanciall everageis positively correlated with the ROI.Itis suggestedthatLupin Limited should revamp its capitalstruc turesuch that it should inclu deth eoptimumblend of equityand borrowed fundssothatit haspositiveimpacton Returnon Investment.Furthermore, degree of combined everagei spositively correlated with ROI ofL upin.It follows thatLupin has not significantly resorted to the use of debtfunds which also deprives it of the benefits of financialleverage. Keywords:CombinedLeverage,FinancialLeverage,Operating Leverage, ProfitabilityandROI

Leverage is employment of debt fund or a business are financed by debt and/or by borrowed capital. Although leverage is purely equity. a financial tool, it is used immensely by 2. Literature Review managers involved in the decision-making Financial Leverage has always been a processes related to capital structuring favourite topic with the business community decisions, mergers and acquisitions, as well as the academia. It evokes a full gamut ascertainment of cost of capital etc.The of responses from both the teaching management of a company goes through community and the business community. To many brain storming sessions before deciding fully gauge this diversity of opinion and body on a particular capital structure- Equity of work, several books, journals and articles dominated or Debt-dominated or trade-off were reviewed. In this study utmost care has between the two etc. Needless to say, the main been taken to include as diverse literature as purpose is to maximize the market value of possible on the theoretical aspect of the topic the share and to fetch decent returns to the and findings and exploratory studies. investors. Debt-to-Equityratio can be used as According to Paul Allen (1995), the co- which divulges as to what extent the assets of founder of Microsoft, averred "Use of debt is * Assistant Professor, J.G. College Of Commerce, Ahmedabad, Gujarat (India)

Research Zone India - 1, Vol. (IV) 4, September - 2013 [ 229 ] ISSN 2319 - 8168 a risky affair…..if the leverage employed is has stated that the prospective investors neutral, its presence in the balance sheet is should first look at the quality of assets negated….the rate of return has to be higher acquired by the leveraged firm. This, they for it to be advantageous..."Martin Thomas say,is a decisive factor in projecting the future (2010)has opined in his research article titled prospects of getting a reasonable rate of 'What Is Leverage And How Can I Use It' that return. So the key issue here is how well the Financial Leverage is simply another way of firm is invested…''. Bernstein and Wild saying 'borrowed money'. But to leave it at (2004) in their have clearly investigated the that would be a gross injustice to the value, issues related to the volatile interest rates and utility and purpose of Financial Leverage …it the fluctuating financial prospects of the is the fountain head of wealth and a catalyst investors directly influenced by it. They for wealth creation. expounded that if interest rates are soaring, In the research article published in The Wall a leveraged company paying a fixed lower Street Journal, James Kobzeff (2009)has interest rate is more profitable than its non- extensively analysed the impact of capital leveraged rival…the fundamental risk with a structure decisions with regard to debt raising leveraged capital structure is the risk of capacity and earning capacity of the firmand inadequate cash under conditions of has expounded that Financial Leverage is adversity…". Dr. Umar Butt (2011)attempted about management of borrowed fund to to study the relationship between the policies multiply returns...positive leverage can adopted by the corporates and the degree of augment wealth creation at phenomenal rate, leverage in their capital structures. The author but if used recklessly, it can be the undoing of investigates as to what are the considerations a company..''. Dilip D. Kare (2003)published for selecting various sources for finance and a survey of Corporate practices with regard how corporate governance influences the to employment of Financial Leverage, in selection of the source. The author also which he said that while different industries segregates various firms into democratic may exhibit widely differing capital structure, firms and dictatorship firms and observes firms in the same industry choose the same that the democratic firms resort to debt much level of leverage composition…this means that more than the dictatorship firms. The author intra industry leverage differences were fairly concludes that all the previous studies have negligible''. Brent A. Gloy and Timothy G. not given complete and consistent account of Baker (2002) have discussed the risk-taking relationship between financial leverage and and risk-aversion behaviour of various profitability and that empirical studies point companies and the reasons thereof. They to divergent directions which in reality may opined "the problem of choice among risk- not be the case. The author uses the data base management strategies is addressed with the of 2229 firms for the years 1990-2009 and dominance of a risk-free asset criterion. This uses Pearson correlation coefficients among allows for strategies with less business risk, the financial leverage, profitability and less expected return and greater leverage to industry specific control variables for all firms. dominate strategies…".Carole E. Scott (1998) CA Sachchidanand Pachori and Dr. in a working paper described Financial Navindra Totala (2012) made an attempt to leverage as '' name given to the impact on study the influence of financial leverage on returns of a change in the extent to which the the shareholders' return and market firm's assets are financed with borrowed capitalisation of automotive cluster money''. Louis Chaillet (2010) in his book companies of Pithampur, Madhyapraesh,

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India. Their study covers five years' time its steady march to growth and prosperity period from 2006-07 to 2010-2011. Apart even in the face of changing vicissitudes at the from dealing with the basics of Financial stock market. Lupin Limited has been Leverage, the paper clearly explains the growing by leaps and bounds in recent years impact of leverage on the profitability of the and being a home-grown company it naturally automotive industries of the region.They have arouses curiosity in the academia. observed that shareholders of the firms with 4. Objectives Of The Study risk-laden debt will invest only when or up to  Toanalysethe Financial Performance of the point at which, the expected return on Lupin Ltd. investment is at least as great as the promised  Tocarry out LeverageAnalysisof LupinLtd. payment to bondholders. They imply that if  Toexamine the relationshipbetween the expected return is less than the promised LeverageandProfitabilityinLupinLtd. payment, the shareholders invest less than the 5. Research Methodology : optimal amount or do not invest at all. Then, Considering the nature of study only the firm value declines resulting in restricted secondary financial data have been used. use of debt. Their findings indicate that even Thesecondary datahave been collected from if the rate of return on equity is high but if the company website and other reputed the amount of financial leverage is very high websites and online data sources. the shareholder will ask for premium to cover Hypotheses the added risk. They conclude that financial H1: Thereis significantpositive correlation leverage is a speculative technique and that between Operating Leverageand Profitability there are special risks and costs involved with ofLupin Ltd. financial leverage and there is no guarantee H2: Thereis significant positivecorrelationbet that financial leverage strategy will be ween Financial Lever ageand Profitability of successful during any period in which it is Lupin Ltd employed. H3:Thereis significant positive correlation 3. Rational Of The Study between combined Lever age and Profita In India, there have been significant changes bility of Lupin Ltd. in the capital market over the last few decades. Methodology The government rules and regulations have  Various profitabilityratios, liquidity ratios, also been changing from time to time. Hence, and leverageratioshave beenused to analyse the expectations of the investing community the financial perfor mance of Lupin Ltd. for have also changed in keeping with the the period from 2006-07 to 2012-13. aforementioned changes. How the  Operating Leverage, Financial Leverage corporates raise funds and utilise the same and Combined Leverage have been has become a make or break point so far as computed to gauge leverage. the financial performance of the corporate i. Degree of Operating Leverage (DOL) has world is concerned. Leverage has always been been computed as under: and continues to be the buzz-word for the Percentage change in EBIT/Percenta ge corporates and the investors as well as other change in sales stakeholders.Employing leverage has its pros ii. Degree of Financial Leverage (DFL) been under a particular set of financial computed as under: circumstances and also its cons in a different %changein EPS/% changeinEBIT set of financial circumstances.Lupin Limited, iii. DegreeofCombinedLeverage (DCL) an Ahmedabad-based company,has continued

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The Degree of Combined Leverage (DCL) is Table -4 :CurrentRatio the leverageratio that sumsup thecombined effect of the Degreeof OperatingL everage( Year Current Current CurrentRatio DOL)andthe Degree of Financial Assets (Rs. Cr) Liabilities(Rs.Cr) Leverage(DFL) has on the Earning pershare 2006-07 302.13 177.71 1.70 or EPSgivena particular change in sales. This 2007-08 340.41 198.4 1.71 ratio helps in ascertainin gthebest possible 2008-09 326.92 194.36 1.68 financialan do perationa lleverage that is to 2009-10 320.08 193.28 1.10 beusedinany firm or business. 2010-11 345.21 313.14 1.10  The Leverage and Profitability relationship 2011-12 445.23 258.83 1.72 has been analysed through statistic altool 2012-13 694.14 350.6 1.97 ssuch as Pearsonco efficient of correlation. Table -5:QuickRatio Tools of data analysis: The collected data have also been also analysed Year Quick Current QuickRatio using Ratio Analysis Technique & statistical Assets (Rs.Cr) liabilities (Rs.Cr) software suchas SPSS. 2006-07 25.77 177.71 0.14 2007-08 36.67 198.4 0.18 6. Data Analysis 2008-09 34.69 194.36 0.18 Table-1: DegreeofOperatingLeverage 2009-10 42.62 193.28 0.22 2010-11 45.85 313.14 0.14 Year Sales Operation profit %EBIT %Sales DOL 2011-12 53.91 258.83 0.20 2006-07 879.06 57.37 ------2012-13 232.05 350.6 0.66 2007-08 955.89 72.25 25.93 12.56 2.06 2008-09 1080.98 102.48 78.62 28.41 2.76 2009-10 1104.97 147.3 156.75 42.19 3.43 Table -6: Debt -EquityRatio 2010-11 1558.76 181.8 216.89 63.18 3.43 2011-12 1840.64 247.95 332.19 99.83 3.326 Year Totaldebt Net worth Debt-equityratio 2012-13 2037.88 274.43 378.35 138.40 2.73 (Rs.Cr) (Rs.Cr) 2006-07 480.33 2120 0.22 2007-08 510.8 2510.38 0.20 Table-2: Degree of Financial Leverage 2008-09 440.63 2910.15 0.15 2009-10 250.05 3347.28 0.07 Year EPS(Rs) Operation Profit %EPS %EBIT Financial 2010-11 138.77 3988.24 0.04 2011-12 1905.4 5749.3 0.30 (Rs.Cr) Leverage 2006-07 6.25 57.37 ------2012-13 0.00 7000.33 0.00 2007-08 7.38 72.25 18.08 25.93 0.69 2008-09 9.45 102.48 51.2 78.62 0.65 2009-10 10.46 147.3 67.36 156.7 0.42 Table -7:TotalAssets TurnoverRatio(TATR) 2010-11 14.84 181.8 137.44 216.8 0.63 2011-12 35.14 247.95 462.24 332.1 1.39 2012-13 26.7 274.43 327.2 378.3 0.86 Year Sales(Rs.Cr) TotalAssets(Rs.Cr) TATR Table-3:DegreeofCombinedLeverage 2006-07 770.93 266.31 2.89 2007-08 867.76 303.19 2.86 2008-09 989.96 335.8 2.94 Year %changein %Changein DOL DFL DCL = 2009-10 1096.21 359.33 3.05 EPS Sales DOL*DFL 2010-11 1258.08 412.01 3.05 2006-07 ------2011-12 1540 593.72 2.62 2007-08 18.08 12.56 2.06 0.6 1.42 2008-09 51.2 28.41 2.76 0.6 1.79 2012-13 1837.97 700.33 2.62 2009-10 67.36 42.19 3.43 0.4 1.44 2010-11 137.44 63.18 3.43 0.6 2.16 2011-12 462.24 99.83 3.32 1.3 4.62 Table-8:WorkingCapitalTurnoverRatio 2012-13 327.2 138.40 2.73 0.8 2.35 LIQUIDITYRATIO Year Sales(Rs.Cr) Workingcapital(Rs.Cr) WCTR

2006-07 770.93 124.42 6.19 2007-08 867.76 142.01 6.11 2008-09 989.96 132.56 7.46 2009-10 1096.21 126.8 8.64 2010-11 1258.08 32.07 39.22 2011-12 1540.59 186.4 8.20 2012-13 1837.97 343.54 5.35

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Table-9:Rate Of Return Thetable-10shows that the correlation coefficient between DOL (Degree of Year ROI (%) Leverage) and ROI (Return on Investment) is 2006-07 19.31 0.946 which is statistically significant at 0.01 2007-08 20.30 level of significant as significant level 2008-09 18.34 (pvalue=0.004) less than 0.01.There fore,it is 2009-10 25.16 observed that degree of operating leverage 2010-11 26.11 2011-12 29.41 is significant positively corre lated with the 2012-13 29.07 ROI. It mean sthat degree of operating leve rage of Lupin was at a desirable level or in a RELATIONSHIP BWTWEEN LEVERAGE AND good position. It is suggested to Lupin to con PROFITABILITY tinue it spresent operating leverage practice It is imperative to understand the relationship in future also. between leverage on the one hand and profitability on the other. In that, correlation is astatistical technique measuring ganassociation orrelationship between two Table -11:Correlationb/w DFL andROI (SPSS) Variables ormo revariables.There can be a simple DFL ROI correlation or multiple correlation. An DFL PearsonCorrelation 1 .195 association between two variable siscalled Sig.(2-tailed) .712 simple correlation whereas anassociation N 6 6 amon gsevera lvariables (morethan ROI PearsonCorrelation .195 1 twovariables) is calledmul tiple correlation. If Sig.(2-tailed) .712 two variable sarenegative lycorre lated, such a correlation is called negative correlation and N 6 6 the Karl Pearsonco efficient of correlationis As can be observed from the table-11, the negative. It may be pertinent to note here correlation coefficient between DFL(Degree that the Karl Pearson coefficient fcorrelation of Financial Leverage) and ROI (Return on variesfrom-1 to +1. Whent wovaria blesare Investment) is 0.195 which is statistic ally not positive lycorrelated the nthecorre signi ficantat 0. 01 level of significan t as lationiscalled positive correlation and theKarl significant level (pvalue= 0. 712) more than Pearsonco efficient of correlationis positive. 0.05. There fore, it is implied that the (DFL) If there is no correlation between two degree of financial leverage is positive ly variables, it is called zerocorrelation and the correlated with the return on investment. Karl Pearsonco efficient of correlationiszero. Lupin Ltd. can be said to not have been However, when the correlation coefficient-1 optimally levered as suggested by DFL. Lupin then there exists perfectne gative correlation and it turns out to be +1, it indicate sperfect Ltd. is advised to review and recast its present capital structur eso that there is judicious mix positive correlation.. of equity and borrowed funds to experience

Table-10:CorrelationCoefficientb/wDOL andROI (SPSS) the positive impact of leverage on ROI. Variables DOL ROI Table12–Correlation b/wROI andDCL (SPSS) ** DOL PearsonCorrelation 1 .946 Variables ROI DCL Sig.(2-tailed) .004 ROI PearsonCorrelation 1 .469

N 6 6 Sig.(2-tailed) .349 N 6 6 ROI PearsonCorrelation ** 1 .946 DCL PearsonCorrelation .469 1 \

Sig.(2-tailed) .004 Sig.(2-tailed) .349 N 6 6 N 6 6

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A glance at table-12divulges that the to unlock the company's potential to create correlation coefficient between DCL (Degree wealth for its share holders. The same fact is of Financial Leverage) and ROI (Return on corroborated by the averaged out debtequity Investment)is 0.469 which is statistically not ratio (at 0.12) of Lupin Ltd. and that is why significant at level of significan tassignificant the advantages of leverage are negated to the level (pvalue=0.349) more than 0.01. There company. fore, it is observedthat degree of combined Total Assetsturn over Ratiomaintaine do f leverage is positively correlated with the ROI Lupin Ltd.is2.86 which again shows that total but not significant statistically. It means that assets have not been used productively to degree of combined ffect of leverage of Lupin achieve greater amount of sales. It indicate Ltd. was not profound or at an optimum level. sthat firm'smanage mentefficiency was not The key to augment ROI is effective superior. However, the company is efficient management of debt. Again the company is when it comes to using its fixed assets as advised to tweak its capital structure to have reflected in average of fixed Asset Turn over the desired effects of leverage. Ratio which come to 8.11times. It can be said CONCLUSIONS:This paper attempts to the fixe dassetsw ith the company have been explore the relationship between leverage effectively engaged in generating higher sales. and profitability and concludes that the The average of Working Capital turn over company is not maintaining optimum ratio maintained byLupin Ltd. is11.6times perating leverage. As revealed by what the indicating firm' ssuperior management aforementioned in-depth analysis, Lupin Ltd efficiency. is not maintaining optimum financialle verage. As far as profitability goes, the average ROI As a natural corollary, the average degree of maintained by Lupin was 34.35% during the combined leverageis also not optimum. study period which can be taken as Everything in moderation is desirable. The satisfactory.Moreover, when profitability and company is tilting on the "inadequate leverageare considered to gether, it can be leverage" side. This lopsided disarray of capital stated that the degree of operating leverage structure should be corrected by is significant positive lycorrelated with the administering greater dose of leverage to ROI. The degree of financiall everage is augment profitability as well liquidity. In the positively correlated with the ROI. The degree context of liquidity, the company is not of combined leverage is positively correlated sufficiently liquid as reflected in the averagef with the RO Ialthough notsignificant current ratio of just 1.5which is less than the statistically, implying that the degree of standard norm of 2.1, reflecting the "not-so- combine defect ofl everage was not atan satisfactory" liquidity position of the optimum level. This again brings home the company. It may not be able to meet or even point that the company must introduce a worse, default on its short-term obligations. greater dose of leverage to achieve greater The exact same truth is brought out by the profitability and liquidity and even the quick ratio with the average quick ratio being cherished objective of shareholders' wealth 0.25 against the standard norm of 1.Lupin Ltd creation can also be accomplished. has an average total debtcapital employed which is merely 8.43percentof total capital Bibliography& Webliography employed. That leads to the conclusion that Allen, Paul (1995). CorporateCapital the company is heavily banking on share StructuresintheUnited States: Investment holders' funds, 91 % of its capital requirements Patternsand FinancialLeverage.University and borrowed funds to the extent of just ofChicagoPress. VolumeISBN: 0-226- 8.43%. This inadequate use of debt has failed 26411-4. (p. 325-352). [ 234 ] Research Zone India - 1, Vol. (IV) 4, September - 2013 ISSN 2319 - 8168

Thomas, Martin (2010),' Financial to Portfolio & Risk Management", Vol. 19 Leverage: Its Determinants and itsImpact November (p 39) on Cost of Capital and Shareholders Bernstein & Wild (2004) in "Analysis of 'Return', JournalofAccounting andFinance, Financial Statements" Book published by XI(2), pp. 82-93. McGraw-Hill Education, Oct 2004, 5th Kobzeff, James (2009). Financial Edition. Management of Enterprise. The Butt, Dr. Umar (2011)"Profits, Financial Foundation: "Romania Bucharest. Leverage and Corporate Governance" The Kare,Dilip D.(2003). "Market Structure and DeGroote School of Business Research Day, Financial Leverage : Does Market Power Business Day (2011, Vol. 56),Ontario in Affect Debt and Equity Decisions ?" Canada published inAkron Business and Economic Pachori Sachchidanand CA, Review, Akron University, Vol. 21 ISSN: TotalaKNavindraDr. (2012), "Influence of 0044-7048 (p 69-77) Financial Leverage on Shareholders Return Gloy, Brent & Baker, Timothy G. (2002), and Market Capitalization: A Study of American Journal of Agricultural Automotive Cluster Companies of Economics, Vol. 84, No. 4 (November), (p Pithampur, (.M.P., India)." National 1130-1143) University of Singapore's Business Journal Scott, Carole E. (1998), in Your Financial Pandey, Prof. I.M. (1979 & 1997) "Financial Plan, published by Harper & Row Management" Vikas Publishing House Pvt. Chaillet, Louise (2011) in IMF working Ltd. (seventh edition pp. 575) paper series, "Financial Leverage: A Guide www.moneycontrol.com

Research Zone India - 1, Vol. (IV) 4, September - 2013 [ 235 ] ISSN 2319 - 8168 Physical Education Research Zone India Vol. 1 Issue - (4) Sept.- 2013 Page 236-238 ISSN 2319 - 8168 * CHAUHAN YOGENDRASINH .J.

TRIBLES AND SPORTS Tribes of Gujarat have an interesting history. The Ramayana and Mahabharata make several reference to the hill tribes. The reference to the Bhil hunter mistakenly staying Lord Krishna at Prabhas Patan shows that the tribe had freedom in his region. in the charactor of Shabri. Valmiky's Ramayana portrays the simple and hospitable of the Bhil women.Bhil Tribes ruled over the Chhotaudaipur, Rajpipla and Sagbara region of Ratanmal in the Panchmahals district.the Danta region in the Banaskantha district and over principalities around Ider. In the 11th century Karnadeo (son of Bhimadeo, the Chalukya King who ruled over north Gujarat marched against Asha Palli and vanquished him.He then established karnavati, a new Kingdom near Palai,in the southern suburb of Ahmedabad. Location of Tribes of Gujarat In the plains of the Surat,Broch and Buibar Tribes of Gujarat inhabit the rugged terrain Districts there are also other tribes,such as, adjoining the Aravallis,the western redges of the Dublas,who seem to have a foreign origin the Vindhya and Saputara mountain Range ,the Dhodias, who might have migrated from and the northen siopes of the Sahyadri the Dhulia region of Maharashtra and the Ranges. Chodhuris, who may have come from Orissa The Trible belt in Gujarat consists of the or West Bengal. district of Demographics of Tribes of Gujarat Danga,Surat,Bharuch,Panchmahals,Sabarkantha Thers are over 5million Adivadis or tribal various sects of adivasis. mainly of Bhil Tribes communities in Gujarat.Tribes with Bhil and Konkan origin reside in the region. features account for more then 50% of the Tribes such as the Siddhis, Rabari Tribes, Gujarat's Adivasi poppulaion .Most of the Mers and Bharvads live in the coastal Adivasi sects claim descent from clans,such Sarashtra districties of Junagadh, Jamnagar as,the Rathod,Solanki,Chauhan,Parmar and and Kutch. Makwana.The colourful ghagra the jhulki,the The Sidhis are known to have come to India sallo and the jewellery won by the Bhil garasia from East Africa and have district Negroid women reveal Rajput influence as well. features.The Rabaries and the Mers seem to The Bhils near Akkalkavu in west khandesh have come from the Mediterranean in early and those in Ratanpur came under the times. influence of the Muslims and though they The australoid Adivasi (who have Australoid adopted the muslim faith,their women neither features) live in the two tracts. They have accepted the pactice of wearing veils. Konkan features the other group lives in the Culture of Tribes of Gujarat hill tracts along the state's eastern border and The trible pople of Gujarat are religious and comprise of Bhil Garasias,Dungri are animistic in religion.They worship Bhils,Ratwas,Naikas and others. They have animals,uch as the tiger,crocodile and snake Bhil features. * Asst.Professor Arts college Fatepura, Di-Dahod.

[ 236 ] Research Zone India - 1, Vol. (IV) 4, September - 2013 ISSN 2319 - 8168 as Gods and also worship some plant Gods Mangte Chungneijang Mary Kom(born and a hill God(Thumbi Dev).They also have 1March 1983[?]),also Known as MC Mary many Gods in common with the Hindus such Kom,[²] is a boxer from Manipur,India.She is as chamunda,Kalika,Amba,Lord Hanuman a five- time Amateur Boxing champion,and and Lord Krishna.Their greatest festival is the only women boxer to have won a medal Holi. in each one of the six worldchampionships.[³] It is said that this and other festivals such weight category 41,45,46,48 and 51 Kg. as Diwali.which it is said originally belonged Awards: to these aborigines.were in due course of 1. Padma bhushan(Sports),2013 time adopted by the Hindus Scholars are also 2. Arjun Award(Boxing),2003 of the opinion that the concept of the Mother 3. Padma Shree(Sports),2006 Goddess Parvati(daughter of the hill king) 4. Contender for Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna and that of the Lord Shiva has been Award,2007 borrowed by the Hindus from the 5. People of the year-Limca Book of Adivasis.The tribes also worship their dead Records,2007 ancestors. 6. CNN-IBN & Reliance Indistries' real Indian Traditional sports Tournament Heroes Award 14/4/2008 Mon India is the mother of traditional sports and 7. Pepsi MTV Youth Icon 2008 the sports are played quite extensively 8. ´Magnificent mary`AIBA 2008 throughout the country.The Indian people 9. Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna award,2009 love playing the traditional sports very much 10. International Boxing Associaton's and take part in various competitive Ambassador for Women's Boxing tournament. whenever they get a chance.The 2009 Indian traditional tournaments are organised 11. Sportswoman of the year 2010,Sahara by various authorities like the national, state Sports Award or district associations. Apart from them, the 2.Durga Boro -Footballer organisers of different village festivals also Durga Boro (born 28 june 1987) is an organise various Indian traditional sports Indian professional footballer who plays as tournaments. a striker for Guwahati. In India ,most of the Indian traditional 3.Sunita Lakra -Indian Women's Hockey sports tournament are organised during Team festivals.there are several religoion festivals (Born June 11,1991 )is a member of the in India that have become famous particularly Indian women's national field hockey because of organising a traditional sports teamwho plays as a forward for the tournament.the sports like Thoda,Vallamali or team.Hailing from Odisha she made her Boat Race, kabaddi, Kho-kho, Mallakhamb, International debut in 2009,and has often sagol etc attract a large number of people been cited the backbone of the team since during festivals. then and evenbeen part of important Rural Sports in India bears the essence of tournaments like the 17th Asian Games and various games and the assortment of sports the recently culminated Women's Hockey played amidst the territory og India that World League Round 2.India's clash against mobilizes the rural sector at once. Rural new Zealand yesterday at the Hawke;s Bay Sports like Gilli Danda, Kabaddi, Football Cup 2015 marked the 50th International ,basketball,wrestling, kite flying, kancha, match for lakra, who as a defender at all Pitthu etc. crucial matches for the country. Adivasi Players of India. 4.Limba Ram -Archer Limba Ram is an Indian archer who 1.Mc Mary kom -Boxer. represented India in International Research Zone India - 1, Vol. (IV) 4, September - 2013 [ 237 ] ISSN 2319 - 8168 competitions,including three Olympics.He defenders(because of his tight marking skill equalled an archery world record in 1992 at near goal post) to beat in the world.He was the Asian Archery Championships in an ex-captain of Indian hockey team,on 22 Beijing.He was awarded the Padma Shri March 2012, he was elected unopposed to the Award in 2012 and Arjun award in Rajya Sabha as one of the three Biju Janata 1991. Dal(BJD)candidates to the Upper House of 5.Munmun Lugun -Footballer Indian Parliament Munmun Lugun( born 5 May 1993) in Delhi 10.Birendra Lakra - Indian Hockey Team is an Indian footballer who plays as a full back Birendra Lakra(born 3 February 1990) is for Pune in the 1-League.Pune,Simla an Indian professional field hockey player.He Youngs,Delhi,United Sikkim,Rangdajied represented india in Men's Hockey diring the United clubes join. 2012 London Olympics.Lakra's elder brother 6.Lal Mohan Hasnda- Footballer Bimal has played as a midfielder for india.his Lal Mohan Hasnda( born 3 December sister Asunta Lakra has played for India's 1983) in Jharkhand is an Indian footballer women's hockey team and has captained the who plays as a forward for Prayag United s.c. side.He join with Chandigarh comets in the 1-League.South Eastern Railway BPCL,Orissa steelers,Ranchi Rhinos,Ranchi pathachakra and Prayag United team. rays.He also played Hockey World 7.Sanjay Balmuchi - Footballer League,Asian Games,Commonwealth Games Sanjay Balmuchi (born 5 january 1992) .is and Sultan Azlan shah Cup. an Indian professional footballer who plays 11.Manohar Topno - Indian Hockey Team as a midfielder for Mohun Bagan a.c. in the 1- (born 1958) is an Indian field hockey League.he joined with Mohun Bagan and player.He competed at the 1984 Summer Churchill Brothers. Olympics in Los Angeles,where the Indian 8.Baichung Bhutia - Former Caption, Indian team placed fifth. Football Team 12.Masira Surin - India Women's Hockey Baichung Bhutia( born 15 December 1976) Team is an Indian footballer of Sikkimese,Bhutia Masira Surin (born November 18,1981) is descent who plays as a striker.Bhutia is a member of the India women's national field considered to br the torchbearer of Indian hockey team.she played with the team when football in the International arena.three time it won the Gold at the Manchester 2002 Indian Player of the Year I.M.Vijayan Commonwealth Games. described Bhutia as "God's gift to Indian References: football"He join with East Bengal,JCT 1. India Netzone Mills,Bury,Mohan bagan,United Sikkim team. 2. Adivasi-Wikipedia.https://en. Awards: wikipedia.org/wiki/Adivasi. 1.Arjun Award for football in 1998 3. Kom,Mary(2013) Unbreakble 2.Padma Shri ,the fourth highest civilian 4. "Mary Kom Review" Mid-day.Retrived 5 award in india,in 2008 September 2014. 3.Banga bhushan award in 2014 5. I see India. "Magnificent Mary" On Mary 4.asian Football Hall of fame in 2014 Kom.I see India.Retrieved 7 June 2012. 9.Dilip Tirkey - Former Caption,India Hockey Team Dilip Tirkey (born 25 November 1977) hailing from Sundargarh, Odisha is a former hockey player and his playing position was of fullback.he was best known for his penalty corner hit.Dilip was one of the most difficult [ 238 ] Research Zone India - 1, Vol. (IV) 4, September - 2013

Contents ISSN 2319 - 8168 Research Zone India, Vol. I Issue - IV(4) September.- 2013

SCIENCE 1-7 V. J. HUSHARE  Synthesis, Characterization Of Some Novel Heterocycles And Their Growth Promoting Effect On Some Flowering Plants 8-11 M M Rathore  Study Of Cledendron Plumidis Plant Extract On Intestinal Worms Of Commertial Birds With Special Reference To Inorganic Ions In Blood Serum 12-18 V. V. Parhate Synthesis Of Some New Chlorosubstituted Isoxazolines And Their  Curative Effect On Induced Hepatotoxicity In Albino Rat 19-21 S. M. Rathore Effect Of Dielectric Constants Of Dioxane-Water Mixtures On  Proton-Ligand Dissociation Constants (Pk) And Formation Constants Of Cu (Ii) Complexes With 3-Benzoyl-2-(4’- Chlorophenyl)-6-8- Dichoroflavanone Complex Ph-Metrically At 0.1m Ionic Strength 22-25 Rajal Thadesar  Introduction Of Algebra 26-30 Ankit Bhatt  Brain Computer Interface Controlling Communication Devices (Computer Sci.) PHYSICAL EDUCATION

31-35 Dr. P. A. Gohil  Women In Sports: Changing Concept And Evolving Role 36-37 Dr. Digant Oza  Yoga : A Solution To Overcome The Iii- Effects Of Modern Life Style 38-39 Dr.D.S.Wankhade  Yoga And Quality Of Human Life 40-43 Chetan Dhanani  Meditation 44-45 Jignesh Zala  Health And Physical Management 46-48 Dharmesh Patel  Sports Medical Care And Doping In Sports 49-51 Vanar Harish  Health And Physical Management 52-54 Vijesh Patel  Alcohol, Tobacco And Drugs It’s Effects On Sports Person 55-56 Sanjay Bhudiya  A Study Of The Impacts On The Player’s Agility By Kabaddi Game Tranining Programme 57-60 Gaytri Vasava  Physical Fitness And Sports ARTS 61-63 Hiren Solanki  Internet Access And Use Among Pharmacy Students Of L.J.Institute: (Lib & Info. Sci.) A Survey 64-65 Ravi Parmar  Library Classification (Lib & Info. Sci.) 66-69 Sonal J. Oza  Digital Library : An Overview (Lib & Info. Sci.) 70-73 Mukesh Vala  U\|YF,I D\0/M o V[S GHZ (Lib & Info. Sci.) 74-76 Nikhil Gohil  lX1F6 VG[ ;DFH (Lib & Info. Sci.) 77-79 Mitesh Gohel  Copyright Ownership & The Impact On Academic Libraries (Lib & Info. Sci.) 80-82 Hiren Solanki  The Deep Web : The Internet’s Obscure Data Mine (Lib & Info. Sci.) 83-85 Dr. Ninad Jhala  Deliberations For Integration (Social Work Education, Practice And (Social Work) Human Rights) Research Zone India - 1, Vol. (IV) 4, September - 2013 [ 239 ] 86-87ISSN 2319 Dr.- 8168 K.D. Bagada  cc;F[Z9 TFZF JC[TF 5F6Lcc GJ,SYFDF\ 5|U8TL U|FD R[TGF shJ[ZR\N D[3F6Lf (Gujarati) 88-91 Dr. M.J. Parmar  DCFtDF UF\WLÒ: Nl,T ;]WFZF 5|J’lTVMGL TJFlZBMDF\ V[S VeIF; (History) 92-93 Chagan Makwana  ,M0" lJl,ID A[lg8SGF ;FDFlHS VG[ X{1Fl6S 1F[+[ ;]WFZFVM s!(Z(v!(#5f (History) 94-95 Ramesh Kaliya  .lTCF;GF VeIF;DF\dI]lhIDMG]\ DCtJ (History) 96-100 Pushpa Dixit  Using The Internet For Social Development (English) 101-104 Devarshi  Urmila - A Phonological Study (English) 105-108 Jatin P. Bhal  A Study Of Anxiety In Adolescent (Psychology) 109-110 Manthan  Abnormal Psychological Condition Thadeshwar (Psychology) 111-114 Rajendrasinh Mori :+L VtIFRFZGF SFZ6M VG[ 5ZL6FDM o V[S ;DFHXF:+LI VwIIG (Sociology) 115-118 Kunvar Arpita  EFJGUZ XC[ZDF\ V;\Ul9T SFDNFZM TZLS[ DlC,FS},LVMGM ;DFHXF:+LIVeIF; (Sociology) 119-121 Ranjit Sarvaiya  ,uG;\:YF ;FD[GF 50SFZM (Sociology) 122-124 Bhumika Gohil  :+LlX1F6GL :+LGF NZHHF 5Z V;ZM (Sociology) 125-128 Dr. Kirti Jivrajani  EFZTDF\ lX1F6 VFlY"S lJSF;DF\ ;FWS S[ AFWS m (Economics)

MANAGEMENT 129-132 K. M. Khatsuriya  Telecom Sector And Its Growth & Prospects In India 133-137 Harsh Pandya  Female Consumers’ Preferences For Different Daily Soaps 138-143 Nitesh Rohada  The Impact Of Celebrity Endorsement On Buying Behavior Of Amit Vadher Customers In Soft Drinks 144-149 Utkarsh Trivedi  To Study Facebook’s Marketing Potentiality: With Special Reference To Youth Of Bhavnagar City 150-152 Bhavik Parmar  Emerging Trends Of Passing Off By Fmcg Local Player In Rural Bhavnagar- A Critical Review COMMERCE 153-155 Dr. C.K. Patel  p\Ati(vt Diyr[kT T[x ki[D b)l 156-158 Dr.Dilip Joshi  Evaluation Of Gokul Gram Yojana (With Reference To Saurashtra Dr. Ashok Trivedi Region) 159-161 B. B. Trivedi  Evaluation Of Water Shed Development Program With Reference Of Bhavnagar District 162-164 Vishvnath Borse  Impact Of Education On Fertility In Surat District 165-167 Pratik Trivedi  Kronecker Product 168-170 Dilip Sondani  Micro Financing: A Blessing For The Poor People (A Case Study Of Saurashtra Gramin Bank-Tarasamiya (Bhavnagar) Branch) 171-174 MehboobKhan  Financial Inclusion: The Steps Towards The Unbanked Population Baloch At Bottom Of The Pyramid 175-177 Krupa J. Bhatt  TQM: An Effective Method For Quality Control [ 240 ] Research Zone India - 1, Vol. (IV) 4, September - 2013 178-182 M. M. Gauswami  Effect Of Jyotigram Scheme On Rural Life In BharuchISSN 2319 District: - 8168 (A M. D. Vachhani Study Of Selected Five Village) 183-186 Rahul Revne  Case Study On Naukri.Com 187-189 Kunjal R. Bhatt  The Reality Of Globalization And Its Impact On Employer Branding 190-193 Nina Parekh  Business Ethics Education : An Educator’s Perspective 194-196 Nilam Shah  Impact Of Corporate Social Responsibility On Corporate Financial Performance In Chemical Industries EDUCATION 197-200 Mukesh Patel  The Teacher Of Economics 201-202 Manshukh Sabva  Evaluation And Measurement In Schools 203-204 Bhavika Pandya  ;FDFHLS ;\:YFDF\ VFJ[,F\ 5lZJT"G VG[ 5lZJT"SM 205-206 Hiren Patel  Effective Lecturing In The Class Room 207-209 Dinesh Rojesara  SlAZ SL 5|F;\lUSTF 210-213 Chetan Parmar  Teaching Performance

RURAL STUDY 214-217 Paresh Jani  ;DFHSFI" VG[ DFGJ VlWSFZM 218-221 Kumbhani  U|FD lJSF; lJ:TZ6 SFI"DF\ JT"DFG ;\RFZGL V;ZSFZS p5IMULTF Hemangi 222-225 Kana Rama  :+L ;XlSTSZ6GF VJZMWM 226-228 Chetan Savaliya  ;FDFHLS ;\:YFDF\ VFJ[,F\ 5lZJT"G VG[ 5lZJT"SM Commerce

229-235 Dr. Jigar Aggarwal HOW SUCCESSFULLY HAS LUPIN LTD. EMBRACED LEVERAGE?

Physical Education

236-238 CHAUHAN YOGENDRASINH .J.  TRIBLES AND SPORTS

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