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Geological section Underground utility pre-drilling DAT instruments using automation detection pre-drilling instruments The use of Bentley Standardisation for on Tunnel Boring Solutions’s gINT underground service Machines detection

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+44 (0)1295 670990 | www.equipegroup.com EQUIPE TRAINING Health and Safety Courses Contents DELIVERED IN PARTNERSHIP WITH: Geological Section Automation Writing for theGeotechnica this month is Gary Logan, Director of Sales IOSH Safe Supervision of Geotechnical Sites at Bentley Systems, a global leader dedicated to providing architects, This three day geotechnically focussed health and safety course has been developed by industry specialists and is a unique course for managers and supervisors involved in projects in the drilling engineers, geospatial professionals, constructors, and owner-operators and geotechnical industry. The course is certified by IOSH and has been approved by The with comprehensive software solutions for sustaining infrastructure. 7 This month Gary discusses the use of gINT during geological section Environment Agency, Thames Water, AGS and BDA and also meets all of the requirements of the UKCG (formerly the Main Contractor's Group). automation.

10th - 12th December 2014 NEXT COURSE DATES: 4th - 6th February 2015 Underground Utility Detection Standardisation Writing for theGeotechnica this month is Piers Edgell, Senior Account Manager of Landmark® Information Group, a leading provider of land, IOSH Avoiding Danger from Underground Services property and environmental risk data and digital mapping. Piers looks This one day geotechnically focussed health and safety course follows the requirements and guidance set out within HSG47 and includes the four chapters; identifying and managing the at the introduction of the new PAS 128 specification that has been dangers; planning the work; detecting, identifying and marking and safe excavation. Important 13 introduced to standardise underground utility detection, verification aspects include the use of real examples from the geotechnical industry and delivery by chartered and location and looks at what it means to the industry. advisors who are from within the industry.

5th December 2014 Driven Precast Concrete Piles NEXT COURSE DATES: 30th January 2015 Writing for theGeotechnica this month is Bob Handley, an Engineer in the Piling Division of (UK) Ltd, a subsidiary of Per Aarsleff Safe Working on Geotechnical Sites A/S, one of Denmark’s leading civil engineering contractors. In this article This one day geotechnically focussed health and safety course has been developed by industry 19 Bob reveals more about precast piles which were previously discussed specialists as a foundation to site safety for all personnel involved in projects in the drilling and in Issue 29 of theGeotechnica, back in April of this year. geotechnical industry. Its aim is to impart the core safety skills required of those working on geotechnical sites by building on their existing specialist technical skills and making it relevant to their place of work. Pre-Drilling in Tunnel Works Our fourth article this month comes from one of our regular contributors NEXT COURSE DATES: Please contact Equipe in DAT instruments, an Italian company that specialises in the design and production of advanced foundation instruments and software. In 23 this article DAT instruments provide details on pre-drilling in tunnelling works and what equipment is out there to make the process easier.

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[email protected] Equipe Group www.equipegroup.com Directory @EquipeGroup +44 (0)1295 670990 27 +44 (0)1295 678232 EquipeGroup 4 GEOTECHNICAL COURSES

SOIL DESCRIPTION WORKSHOP - £265 + VAT 3rd December 2014 21st January 2015 25th February 2015 Welcome ROCK DESCRIPTION WORKSHOP - £265 + VAT Welcome to the 35th Edition of theGeotechnica - the back in April of this year. 28th January 2015 UK’s fastest growing online geotechnically focussed 10th March 2015 e-magazine. Our fourth article this month comes from one of UPCOMING our regular contributors in DAT instruments, an This month, once again, we have a fantastic line-up Italian company that specialises in the design and of insightful and informative articles that make for a production of advanced foundation instruments GEOTECHNICAL FOUNDATION DESIGN - £225 + VAT COURSES must-read. and software. In this article DAT instruments provide 20th January 2015 details on pre-drilling in tunnelling works and what 26th February 2015 The first article of this month’s issue comes from equipment is out there to make the process easier. Gary Logan, Director of Sales at Bentley Systems, IN a global leader dedicated to providing architects, As with every new edition of the magazine, the engineers, geospatial professionals, constructors, Editorial Team here at theGeotechnica will be on the IN SITU TESTING - £225 + VAT and owner-operators with comprehensive software lookout for even more new, original and interesting 18th November 2014 solutions for sustaining infrastructure. This month content from all corners of the sector, and would 5th March 2015 Gary discusses the use of gINT during geological actively encourage all readers to come forward with 2014/15 section automation. any appropriate and relevant content - whether it be a small news item or a detailed case study of FROM THE UK’S Writing our second article of this month’s issue is works recently completed or being undertaken. If GEOTECHNICAL LABORATORY LEADING GEOTECHNICAL Piers Edgell, Senior Account Manager of Landmark® this content is media rich and interactive, then all TRAINING PROVIDER Information Group, a leading provider of land, the better. We are looking to increase the already TESTING AWARENESS - £225 + VAT property and environmental risk data and digital large readership of the magazine through better 27th January 2015 mapping. Piers looks at the introduction of the new social media integration and promotion, as as 26th May 2015 Supported by PAS 128 specification that has been introduced improving content month on month. to standardise underground utility detection, verification and location and looks at what it means Finally, for any content that is submitted we will to the industry. ensure that an advertising space, proportionate BOOK ONLINE NOW @ to the quality of content provided, is reserved should you wish to place an advert in that single WWW.EQUIPEGROUP.COM edition of the magazine. We hope you enjoy this month’s edition of the magazine and are inspired to contribute your own content for the coming editions of theGeotechnica.

Editorial Team, To book your place, please contact theGeotechnica Equipe Training: [email protected] www.equipegroup.com The third article comes from Bob Handley, an +44 (0)1295 670990 Engineer in the Piling Division of Per Aarsleff (UK) Ltd, a subsidiary of Per Aarsleff A/S, one of Denmark’s +44 (0)1295 678232 leading civil engineering contractors. In this article Bob reveals more about precast piles which were Other courses are available. Please visit previously discussed in Issue 29 of theGeotechnica, our website for more details. 5 6 GEOLOGICAL SECTION AUTOMATION

Writing for theGeotechnica this month is Gary Logan, Director of Sales at Bentley Systems, a global leader dedicated to providing architects, engineers, geospatial professionals, constructors, and owner-operators with comprehensive software solutions for sustaining infrastructure. This month Gary discusses the use of gINT during geological section automation.

Hours Become Seconds gINT, Bentley’s geotechnical and geoenvironmental data A global provider of management and reporting professional, technical, and software, to manage and report management support services all geological and geotechnical to a broad range of markets, information. gINT saved up to AECOM delivers solutions that six months (800-1,000 man- create, enhance, and sustain the hours) in manual drafting time world’s built, natural, and social by enabling AECOM to produce environments. The Fortune geological sections in seconds AECOM used gINT to visualize CPT profiles alongside conventional in cross sections. 500 company was engaged by rather than hours. the Carillion/Morgan Sindall finding a way to make use of 900 exploratory holes – “Most of the historical (Association of Geotechnical Joint Venture (CMSJV) to be the 50 Years of Legacy Data the huge amount of legacy approximately 400 boreholes and Geoenvironmental lead designer from feasibility data. Records from the ad hoc and 500 trial pits – along with data for the A1 was Specialists) file structure, which through detailed design of “One of the biggest improvements made since the associated laboratory testing available as hard copy is the standard geotechnical the A1 Dishforth to Leeming challenges at the A1’s opening included short- data. only...” exchange format used in many Improvement Scheme in North length roadway upgrades from countries, including the U.K., Yorkshire, United Kingdom. start of the project single to dual carriageway, and AECOM chose gINT to store Ireland, and the Middle East. efficiently and with greater The USD 460 million scheme was finding a way to roundabout replacements with and manage this historical This allowed easy validation accuracy. Most of the historical upgraded 22 kilometers of -separated junctions. data due to the easy and and import into gINT. make use of the huge data for the A1 was available as the existing A1 trunk to These projects included 10 flexible way in which the data hard copy only, so a data entry a dual three-lane motorway amount of legacy different phases of ground could be processed. With Having more than 50 years team was employed to create with the aim to improve data.” investigations carried out by gINT software, engineers and of ground investigation electronic files from the paper safety, reduce accidents, and various contractors over the geo-professionals can gather, data together in one readily records. The electronic records provide extra road capacity for One of the biggest challenges years. Together the legacy manage, present, and report accessible database were entered into Excel tables future growth. AECOM chose at the start of the project was data comprised more than on subsurface data more proved to be invaluable compatible with the AGS

7 8 elevation, and powerful and relevant to that structure, elapsed time. In addition, there querying tools generated pond, or earthwork that you’re were at least another 100 discrete subsets of data to working on.” For example, cross-sections at key locations be analyzed. For example, in in areas where groundwater such as structures, ponds, and an area where the route was monitoring indicated water sign gantries that would take underlain by soft alluvial , levels would be above the another two months to draw Cone Penetrometer Tests base of planned retaining manually. Addison estimated (CPT) revealed the exact soil ponds, designers were able total time savings using gINT to base the water level and instead to be 800 to 1,000 man- “gINT allowed these pond geometries presented in hours, or about six months. results to be visualized sections and plan the required on profile and cross dewatering. Construction of the A1 Dishforth to Leeming Improvement sections, which the Time and Cost Savings Scheme began in Spring 2009 designers used to and was completed in Summer delineate where gINT provided access to the 2012. The scheme met the legacy and scheme-specific needs of motorists as well as improvements had to data that informed production the cyclists, equestrians, and be made...” of geologic sections for pedestrians who use the route. roadways, embankments, AECOM was later engaged to ponds, and structures along 22 design the next section of A1 composition and strength. gINT kilometers. Rather than draw improvements, from Leeming to the scheme designers. The detailed information for specific as an advanced, string-based allowed these results to be geological sections manually visualization and analysis of the locations, including 16 bridges modeling tool. Rob Addison, visualized on profile and cross in AutoCAD, as had been the “While the project historic data at an early stage of and retaining structures, AECOM Senior Consultant, sections, which the designers practice in the past, AECOM was completed in the project aided in optimizing earthwork embankments and explained: “The existing used to delineate where was able to output sections 2012, the investment the requirements of the cuttings, 15 balancing ponds, topographical ground model improvements had to be made from gINT in DXF format at any scheme-specific investigation. and motorway communication was managed in MXROAD, the before road embankments horizontal and vertical scale. and workflows Areas with discrepancies or “Geological sections proposed highway alignments could be built. The ability to output sections implemented by the insufficient data were targeted were designed in MXROAD, in seconds provided huge time team using gINT, for further investigation. of specific structures the cross-sections and the Addison noted: “I don’t think and cost benefits throughout were generated long-sections were output this would have been possible the project from feasibility has ensured that the When the scheme-specific in DXF format and from MXROAD, and finally without gINT. Historically, we through design. database of historical ground investigations were the sections, or ‘fences’, were would have done the CPT trace data was carried over undertaken, the number of integrated with output from gINT to the same profiles in Excel with just a For example, Addison exploratory holes stored in the general arrangement scale via DXF and married up single and a single estimated it would take a half- to this next phase of database rose to 1,400. The drawings...” with the gINT section in CAD.” CPT, but to actually plot it along hour to draw each borehole development, which is gINT project database allowed a specific length of the scheme manually in CAD – along now ongoing.” users to retrieve data relating Visualizing Subsurface with all the different CPT traces with in-situ test results and to any exploratory hole with structures. Geological sections Conditions showing – the cone resistance a single click. The graphical of specific structures were and the boreholes next to “To draw one set of to Barton. While the project output from gINT enabled generated in DXF format These geological sections them – it was so much easier to long sections for the was completed in 2012, the users to visualize the geological and integrated with general then assisted engineers and visualize.” 1,200 exploratory investment and workflows data, and quickly and easily arrangement drawings, cross environmental specialists in the implemented by the team generate geological sections to sections, and profiles. The visualization and interpretation gINT also allowed users to easily holes along the route using gINT, has ensured that any scale. sections showed the ground of ground conditions, export just the data needed for would take around 600 the database of historical data model and highlighted both formulation of a project ground a specific area. “If you wanted hours or four months was carried over to this next Producing Geologic Sections the existing and proposed road model, consideration of ground to focus on just one balancing phase of development, which surfaces. They incorporated condition constraints, and pond, you could easily export elapsed time.” is now ongoing. Geological long sections schematic horizontal and assessment of geotechnical out the data for the boreholes (continuous profiles along vertical highway geometry and geoenvironmental risk. that related to that pond or groundwater data. To draw the road alignment) were produced from the 3D models The easily customized gINT structure,” Addison said. “It one set of long sections for the generated along the full length created in Bentley MXROAD. reports enabled a variety was very useful to be able to 1,200 exploratory holes along of the scheme. Cross sections of geotechnical parameters export out discrete packages the route would take around were also produced to provide AECOM used Bentley MXROAD to be plotted vs. depth or of information that are specific 600 hours or four months 9 10 KeyLogbook® digital logging solution BOREHOLE AND TRIAL PIT LOGGING SOLUTION KeyLogbook® revolutionises the way site data is captured, recorded and THE WORLD’S FIRST SENSOR BASED ROTARY RIG GUARD transmitted. Drillers and engineers no longer need to keep re-entering the same Introducing Equipe Geosolutions’ latest product data repetitively. You will therefore reduce errors and make the whole process innovation: SAFER G. Primarily aimed at land based rotary simpler, faster, smarter, greener and more efficient. The system records all site drilling rigs, SAFER G is a sensor-based guarding system data at source and transmits it directly from site, saving time and money from the that allows for increased access and productivity whilst outset. operating on site, removing the need for restrictive and - Revolutionises the way site data is - Accurate financial control fully enclosing guarding systems. A less obstructive captured, recorded and transmitted - Quicker, more efficient turnaround method of guarding, the sensors operate outdoor in all - Confidence that all data is complete of logs and data weathers and function in even the most harsh conditions - AGS Data available immediately - Easier to maintain chain of custody and environments including: Rain, sleet, snow, ice and - NEW TRIAL PIT LOGGING FUNCTION associated low temperatures; Sun and associated high temperatures; Dust, dirt (including mud, soil, , FULL PACKAGE AVAILABLE vegetation, etc); High volumes of water, air, mist, foam and FOR PURCHASE NOW other flush medium. The sensors are fully encased, with 30 DAY FREE TRIAL AVAILABLE no moving parts and ultra-robust. FOR DOWNLOAD NOW THE BENEFITS OF SAFER G • Improves rig productivity • Improves reliability in personnel protection • Complies with safety and machinery legislation • Fully compatible with all rig types • Creates a safer work environment

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[email protected] Equipe Group [email protected] Equipe Group www.equipegroup.com www.equipegroup.com @EquipeGroup @EquipeGroup +44 (0)1295 670990 +44 (0)1295 670990 +44 (0)1295 678232 EquipeGroup +44 (0)1295 678232 EquipeGroup 11 12 determine potentially hidden • Survey type A or unknown risks, which could - verification, where makes themselves known as underground services are a or site located via a manhole, excavation commences. This inspection chamber or through is where PAS 128 is set to make excavation. a real difference. “The range of survey With no agreed or published types have been UK standards related to the detection, verification designed to take a or location of underground categorised approach, services, PAS 128 aims to provide meaning that differing clarity in the service provided and methods employed, as levels of data may be well as offer consistency in the required for differing “It is also a way of projects...” safeguarding land professionals from The range of survey types have been designed to take a potential risks or categorised approach, meaning ‘unknowns’ that may that differing levels of data be hidden under may be required for differing projects, so the Survey type ground.” can be selected depending on the confidence levels required. Survey type D requires the approach to data capture. It is least effort in the sense that also a way of safeguarding land desktop utility reports can be professionals from potential easily accessed from the office, risks or ‘unknowns’ that may be while at the other end of the hidden under ground. scale, survey type A requires full physical investigations at PAS 128 is made up of four the site to determine whether UNDERGROUND UTILITY DETECTION levels of differing survey types. any utilities are present. These have been defined as the following: “The way in which the • Survey type D - desktop appropriate survey utility records search, whereby level is selected will be STANDARDISATION utilities are identified through Writing for theGeotechnica this month is Piers Edgell, Senior Account aims to not only set clear “It pays to ensure the analysis of paper and based on a number of Manager of Landmark® Information Group, a leading provider of provisions for those operating digital records or reports, land, property and environmental risk data and digital mapping. in this space but will ultimately as much research factors...” such as those available from Piers looks at the introduction of the new PAS 128 specification that lead to more effective planning and due diligence is Landmark; has been introduced to standardise underground utility detection, and far safer execution of undertaken at the • Survey type C - site The way in which the verification and location and looks at what it means to the industry. ground/civil works, street reconnaissance, where existing appropriate survey level is excavations and utility-based outset to determine records are validated by the selected will be based on a activities. potentially hidden or During the summer, a new location of utilities – whether visual inspection of physical number of factors, such as the industry standard was launched they are active, dormant or unknown risks...” evidence observed during a density of services within the Most organisations are today at the Institution of Civil even unknown utility services. site visit; area in question, and it might fully aware of the risks related Engineers that aims to provide ‘forearmed is forewarned’. • Survey type B - detection, well be the case that more than to corporate manslaughter, a clear and definite provision The specification, which the It pays to ensure as much where utilities are detected one survey is selected once negligence claims or civil for those who are engaged in British Standards Institution research and due diligence is using geophysical techniques; initial desk-based research damages and therefore the detection, verification and has termed as ‘PAS 128:2014’, undertaken at the outset to and draws its conclusions. 13 14 across unknown cabling, KEYNETIX.COM pipework, water supplies or other utilities may create GEOTECHNICAL delays in a project, which has the potential to incur financial penalties. These are commonly DATA MANAGEMENT overlooked, yet can reflect negatively on a consultancy’s reputation if unforeseen delays SOFTWARE occur on a project.

Understanding the features that lie below the surface is therefore crucial before any excavations commence. Detailed Utilities Reports are available that collate all utility 1 0 0 information into a single 9 5 source, providing a clear outline of what is below the surface. 7 5 TRANSFORMEDSTART TRANSFORMING THE WAY YOU VIEW DATA WITH A FREE TRIAL TODAY As recommended in Survey type D, this level of due diligence 2 5

provides valuable information Keynetix 5 that will help reduce the risk of potential litigation if damage is Geotechnical Industry Partner 0 caused, the project is delayed, [email protected] +44(0) 1527 688 888 or any added danger to the provide consistent and clear “With no formal workforce occurs. best practice in identifying H o l e B A S E S I T r a n s f o r m e d 2 0 1 4 standardisation underground utilities. With 1 3 F e b r u a r y 2 0 1 4 1 3 : 4 0 : 0 3 The desktop utility search previously in place no formal standardisation reports from Landmark form previously in place for the for the detection, the basis of the detection detection, verification or process outlined in PAS 128. verification or location location of underground By accessing such reports, it of underground utilities, we fully encourage our demonstrates that reasonable customers that operate in the utilities, we fully steps have been taken to construction, engineering and ensure that as much is known encourage our built environment sectors to about a site at the outset. customers that contact the BSI to obtain a copy of the PAS 128 standard. operate in the Ultimately, the more comprehensive and reliable construction, As well as demonstrating that information that can be engineering and built as much research has been gathered, the better informed undertaken at the outset from environment sectors everyone is to understand the a personnel security point ‘known’ risks and minimise to contact the BSI to of view, it will also help firms the ‘unknown’ risks to an obtain a copy of the manage risk in other areas of ALARP level. Data is key and their business. For example, PAS 128 standard.” by achieving a PAS compliant having a clearer understanding survey, you can avoid potential of what utility features lie below project delays, injuries or the surface may help them to service disruption. Here at Landmark, we fully avoid implications such as cost welcome the new PAS 128 of damages should an asset be specification as it aims to inadvertently hit. Or, coming

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Specifying Site Investigations This one day course will look at the various methods available to carry out intrusive and non intrusive investigation. Whilst the course will concentrate on geotechnical methods some geo-environmental methods will be briefly discussed. The course will look at the aims of SI and On-the-ground practical development categorise the various stages in an investigation. for geo-professionals Soil Description Workshop From 2007 new European Standards have started replacing the British Standards (Codes) under which investigations in the UK have been carried out. UK working practice will have to change to meet these new requirements but few practitioners are aware of the changes or the timetable. The workshop will comprise a series of lectures on the changes, and lectures on soil description followed by practical sessions describing soil samples. Rock Description Workshop The Geotechnical Academy is a partnership between From 2007 new European Standards have started replacing the British Standards (Codes) under which investigations in the UK have been carried out. UK working practice will have to change to meet these new requirements but few practitioners are aware of the changes or the timetable. The workshop will comprise a series of lectures on the changes, and lectures on rock description followed by practical sessions describing rock and Ltd & Equipe Training, providing compiling mechanical logs of rock core. unique, high quality vocational geotechnical CPD development In Situ Testing The course will cover both the theory and the practice of various In Situ Testing techniques used on typical geotechnical projects. In addition the for early career engineering professionals courses will consider the effect that Eurocodes will have on the UK's current practice. This course provides an overview of in situ tests used in common practice and some of the more specialist tests together with their advantages and limitations. Instrumentation and Monitoring The course comprises a comprehensive one day appreciation of the complete process involved in Instrumentation and Monitoring in the Group 8 Enrolling now for Dec 2014 geotechnical environment. The course provides an overview of the current guidance documents and their requirements. The course will consider the design of both individual installations and the installation of suites of instruments in the wider site contex. Basic Foundation Awareness This one day course will provide a general overview of foundation design. It will include an Interested? For further information: assessment of the use and choice of shallow foundations and piles. It will cover the derivation of bearing capacity formula and their use. Exercises will be carried out to calculate the working loads and settlement of simple foundations. The methods used to calculate these will be in accordance with those described in Eurocode. Contact Amanda Thompson on: 01452 527743 IOSH Working Safely on Geotechnical Sites This one day course is developed by industry specialists within RPA Safety Services and Equipe A collaboration between Training as a foundation to site safety. Its aim is to impart the core safety skills required of those [email protected] working on geotechnical sites by building on their existing specialist technical skills. After attending the course, candidates should be able to identify hazards on site, understand basic safety legislation, participate fully and confidently in site safety consultation and manage priority risks to a sufficient standard. Or visit our website: www.geotechnicalacademy.co.uk IOSH Avoiding Danger from Underground Services

Partnering with RPA Safety Services once again, Equipe provide another IOSH certified health and safety course. This one day course is aimed at anybody involved in specifying, instructing, managing, supervising or actually breaking ground and really addresses the problems and risks related to ◊ peer support ◊ mentoring ◊ debate & discussion ◊ practical sessions ◊ underground services, which may be encountered during both planning and execution of demonstrations ◊ knowledge transfer ◊ confidence building ◊ external lecturers geotechnical projects. 15% off IOSH Safe Supervision of Geotechnical Sites Equipe has partnered with RPA Safety Services, an independent occupational health and safety specialist, to provide a unique IOSH certified course for the Drilling and Geotechnics industry. The Equipe Courses three day course is certified by IOSH, is specifically focussed on the geotechnical industry and provides a totally unique and relevant Health and Safety course for managers and supervisors. for Academy Visit our websites for more details: Alumni www.geotechnicalacademy.co.uk www.equipegroup.com 17 18 length can be made. The records applied to the pile resistance of resistance to penetration on provided by the soil. The choice probe piles installed in working of design approach is dictated pile locations can be compared by the National Annex and for with reported soil conditions. bearing pile design in the UK DRIVEN PRECAST Piles may be installed to a Design Approach 1 has been calculated embedment or adopted. This process requires length, to a dynamic resistance the pile designer to consider two combinations of factored “In variable soil actions (partial factor sets CONCRETE PILES conditions the precast A1 and A2). For bearing pile concrete pile can be design combination 1 generally governs the structural design of driven on until the the pile whereas combination design resistance 2 governs the geotechnical to penetration is design. achieved...” Eurocode 7 allows the designer a number of different ways of or set, or to a combination of deriving characteristic values both. In variable soil conditions of pile resistance including the precast concrete pile can the use of static or dynamic be driven on until the design load tests on piles, the use of resistance to penetration is direct ground test results (e.g. achieved, as opposed to say cone penetration tests), set forming a CFA pile without first measurements and calculation seeing the spoil that has been based on soil properties excavated. obtained by intrusive ground investigation. • “A driven pile is a tested pile”. “In the case of load tests, set measurements and “New British Standards” direct ground tests BS EN 1997-1:2004 Eurocode correlation factors are 7 Geotechnical design General applied to the mean rules and its associated and minimum values Writing for theGeotechnica this month is Bob Handley, an Engineer safeguard against failure of conditions and arrives at National Annex published in the Piling Division of Per Aarsleff (UK) Ltd, a subsidiary of Per the pile/soil interaction that the pile location preformed; in 2007 adopts a different of resistance...” Aarsleff A/S, one of Denmark’s leading civil engineering contractors. provides the resistance to the consequently the risks approach using partial factors. In this article Bob reveals more about precast piles which were applied load, and to ensure that associated with placing previously discussed in Issue 29 of theGeotechnica, back in April of pile settlement characteristics fresh concrete in the ground “Eurocode 7 currently In the case of load tests, set this year. are within acceptable limits in are absent. The pile can be allows the designer measurements and direct the service condition. Typically inspected prior to driving and to adopt one of three ground tests correlation factors design for driven precast the successful achievement are applied to the mean and number of considerations: “Old British Standards” concrete piles would use a of the design pile toe level design approaches...” minimum values of resistance global factor of safety at the and/or driving resistance can to derive characteristic values Historically the geotechnical • Piling technique. lower end of this range in be safely acknowledged as a and these will vary according design of bearing piles has • Quality and quantity of combination with a dynamic demonstration of pile shaft Eurocode 7 currently allows to the extent of testing and utilised the concept of a site investigation data. regime, for the integrity on completion. the designer to adopt one of measurements. global factor of safety and BS • Load testing regime. following reasons: three design approaches to the 8004:1986 Code of practice for • Settlement specification • Even with relatively manner in which the partial In the UK design by calculation foundations recommended • The pile is manufactured basic site investigation data, factors applied to the actions is the norm and Eurocode 7 that this should be in the range The factor of safety employed under quality assured factory a reasonable estimate of pile are combined with the partial requires the application 2.0 to 3.0 depending on a in pile design is intended to material and resistance factors of a model factor to the 19 20 verification of the ultimate limit Safe working load 500kN sector of the UK piling industry state, but may require explicit for the last 30 years without 2.0 ( verification in itself. BS 8004 FOS any evidence that the safety regime applied) standards of construction have A change for the better or Required ultimate resistance 1000kN been compromised across the the worse? board. 1.15 (based on 50/50 Eurocode factor A2 “The declared purpose permanent/variable load) 4 The Future of the Structural 1.4 (without a preliminary Model factor Eurocodes was to load test) All parts of Eurocode 7 are currently under review by 1.7 (on base resistance provide a set of unified Eurocode factor R4 a number of “evolution” without proof load tests) calculation methods to (working) groups managed Required ultimate resistance 1369kN assess the “mechanical by CEN Committee TC 250/ SC7. Fortunately the UK is resistance” Consider this example (above load test (model factor 1.2) ) of a driven precast concrete and at least 1% proof load well represented, holding the of structures, pile which is predominantly tests (R4 factor 1.5) with a Chair of SC7 and with expert provide a basis for end bearing, driven to a set and resulting requirement for representation in EG7 Pile Design and EG8 Harmonisation. specifying contracts is effectively self-testing: 1035kN soil resistance. Either option impacts heavily on the There is recognition that the for construction The increase in required soil sustainable and economical current range of permitted work and serve as resistance resulting from use of driven piles. design approaches is too broad and that in the UK driven piling a framework for designing to Eurocode 7 is 37%; this would mean an increase Some might question the design has been adversely harmonising technical in section size from 250mm wisdom of a global factor of affected by the combination of specifications. “ square to 300mm square. To safety as low as 2.0 but the reality partial factors. restore the BS 8004 status quo is that this has been the norm would require a preliminary for the driven precast concrete Watch this space! The declared purpose of the Structural Eurocodes was to provide a set of unified calculated ultimate resistances of resistance have been calculation methods to assess to derive characteristic values. established the relevant the “mechanical resistance” The First Name in Piling A reduction in the model factor design values can be derived of structures, provide a basis Specialist n Driven n Piling n Contractors from 1.4 to 1.2 is permitted if by application of the partial for specifying contracts for a preliminary pile is load tested factors applicable to load construction work and serve as to the calculated ultimate combinations 1 and 2 (Sets R1 a framework for harmonising and R4). Lower values of the technical specifications. “The benefits of this R4 factors are permitted if a Individual members of the EU will depend on the minimum 1% of piles are proof would be free to determine Do you need: scope of piling works load tested or if settlement can certain parameters within n Sustainability? n A Quality Assured System? be reliably predicted, or when their National Annexes to the n Swift & Accurate Installation? n Experts in Piling? being large enough to settlement is of no concern. various standards. justify the cost of the Offering the Centrum Reinforced Precast Concrete Piling System in sections from 200mm² to 600m², Design values of pile resistance Unfortunately, in the case of preliminary static load plus steel bearing piles to accommodate high tension are compared with design bearing piles generally and loads; Aarsleff have the experience and technical test.” values of actions (loads) driven piles in particular, the capability to offer all of the above and more. applied to the pile to ensure compounded effect of the resistance. The benefits of that a geotechnical (GEO) Eurocode 7 partial factors this will depend on the scope and structural (STR) ultimate has led to an increase in of piling works being large limit state is not exceeded. the overall design factor of enough to justify the cost of the Verification of serviceability safety compared to the global Aarsleff, Hawton Lane, preliminary static load test. limit states (i.e. settlement factor of safety that has been Balderton, Newark, or deflection) is normally acceptable under BS 8004. Nottinghamshire NG24 3BU Once characteristic values demonstrated implicitly by the T. 01636 611140 E. [email protected] 21 www.aarsleff.co.uk 22 PRE-DRILLING IN TUNNEL WORKS Our fourth article this month comes from one of our regular contributors in DAT instruments, an Italian company that specialises in the design and production of advanced foundation instruments and software. In this article DAT instruments provide details on pre-drilling in tunnelling works and what equipment is out there to make the process easier.

DAT instruments have designed the TBM excavation, allowing and launched a product aimed a faster and longer daily dig. to work in tunnelling projects. “There are two major The product combines accurate electronic equipment with benefits by using long performance sensors to this instrumentation: face pre-drilling activities, with monitoring soil the purpose of investigating the ground to be dug and the structure even 70m at vault of a tunnel when a Tunnel the front of the TBM Boring Machine (TBM) is in and investigation of operation. soil above the tunnel Underground works, especially vault.” tunnelling works, must consider all soil strata. Continuous monitoring of the geological There are two major benefits pattern is required to quickly by using this instrumentation: acquire soil information and monitoring soil even 70m it is going to dig and the best and to determine the final type the project manager a detailed by the DAT instruments deliver the best result on time, at the front of the TBM and equipment to be used, avoiding of sensors that will monitor the description of each dig. equipment, including: drill not only during the excavation investigation of soil above the choosing cutting tools based depth, rod feed force, rod feed by the TBM but also during the tunnel vault. on best guesses and increasing “Last but not least: the From a technical perspective speed, rotation torque and process of soil investigation, the productivity. data logger provides the datalogger created by DAT rotation speed; mast inclination above the tunnel vault. Here Thanks to the small drill instruments for this particular axes X and Y (optional); drilling is where DAT instruments, on which it is installed, the an opportunity to At the same time the TBM type of processing is the JET fluid pressure, date and start/ specialist within the production datalogger allows to test and auxiliary drilling machine can certify the work...” 4000 AME / J, equipped with end time of work and duration of drilling and piling electronic explore the ground in front be used to test the vault of the a special set of sensors that of work, calculation of relative monitoring instrumentation, of the TBM, recording the tunnel (that operation usually tunnel during the entire life allows data transfer through energy of the ground. had the opportunity to install a diagraphy before the dig of the does not reach 5m of depth) of the structure. Last but not USB pen drive and to process datalogger on a small drill rig, tunnel. In this way the building aimed to define the type of soil least: the data logger provides the parameters using the Assistance and worldwide placed on the TBM. The purpose company perfectly knows the to be encountered, to choose an opportunity to certify the software JET S 104. There are support: Although the was to pre-drill the soil before characteristics of ground that the best coating to be taken work, allowing you to deliver to several parameters recorded dataloggers and sensors

23 24 local distributors all over the A successful example - the BBT: staff has followed all the stages world with high-level technical Among the many successful of the building, installation assistance, capable of carrying applications recorded by DAT assistance. out any installation and support instruments in the specific field customers during the use of The Italian technicians were the instrumentation. Reseller “... the intervention involved in the pre-drilling technicians are formed directly in the Brenner Base of the service tunnel built by us and are continually Tunnel or Brenner Base transversely to the main rail supported by Italian experts. tunnel linking Italy to Austria. A They are always ready to Tunnel (BBT), appears gallery of 10 kilometers with a intervene in the work site for one of the most width of about 6-7 m. In this site any client’s needs. In fact DAT significant because the data logger was installed on instruments has always been a small drill that had the task of available to solve problems of the importance of testing the waters to about 70 by phone, e-mail or Skype. the work at European m, anticipating the work of the However today our service has level...” TBM of 20-25 m evolved, with the opportunity to realize video conferencing At the same time the drill, with operators in the pipeline. of tunnelling, the intervention rotating 90°, carried out surveys Pressure sensors on the TBM. It is possible to install and in the Brenner Base Tunnel of the entire of the tunnel are highly sophisticated use of stainless steel and latest for doubts and uncertainty configure the software (BBT), appears one of the providing precise diagraphies electronic instruments, they are generation polymer resins that and has as main objective the remotely, in order to make life most significant because of of the ground ahead of the not delicate. All products DAT ensure maximum strength proximity to the customer and easier in the work sites. It is also the importance of the work at TBM. instruments are made keeping and durability. However, the his site problems. As stated possible to provide education European level but also for the in mind the work site where Italian company has developed by Amedeo Valoroso, owner and training.” specific commitment of the they will operate, with a large a service that leaves no room of DAT instruments: “We have Italian company that with his 25 26 DYNAMIC SAMPLING UK Unit 8 Victory Park Way, Victory Road geotechnical specialists Derby, DE24 8ZF GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING Tel: 01332 771104 Mob: 07836 365533 Centurion House, Olympus Business Park, Email: [email protected] Quedgeley, Gloucester, GL2 4NF GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING Tel: 01452 527743 Fax: 01452 729314 Centurion House, Olympus Business Park, Email: [email protected] Quedgeley, Gloucester, GL2 4NF GEOTECHNICAL OBSERVATIONS Directory Tel: 01452 527743 Fax: 01452 729314 The Peter Vaughan Building, 9 Avro Way, Email: [email protected] Brooklands, Weybridge, Surrey KT13 0YF 1. Select your advert size. RGI GEOTECHNICAL INVESTIGATION Tel: 01932 352040 Fax: 01932 356375 Unit 37, Longfield Road, Sydenham Industrial Email: [email protected] Want (Full, Half, Quarter Page, Directory Entry) Estate, Leamington Spa, Warwickshire, CV31 SOILS LIMITED 2. Select timescale. 1XB Newton House, Tadworth to (1, 3, 6 or 12 Months) Tel/Fax: 01926 886329 Mob: 07748871546 Surrey, KT20 5SR Email: [email protected] Tel: 01737 814221 Fax: 01737 812557 3. Format your artwork. Email: [email protected] advertise (Adobe PDF, .jpg or .png) drilling suppliers 4. Send your artwork to us. DRILLWELL Soils Limited ([email protected], Unit 3, Rotherham Close, Killamarsh, Sheffield, Newton House or contact us on 01295 670990) S21 2JU Tadworth in Tel: 0114 248 7833 Fax: 0114 2487997 Surrey Email: [email protected] KT20 5SR Geotechnical and Environmental Consultants theGeotechnica? field instrumentation Phone 01737 814221 Fax 01737 812557 GEOTECHNICAL OBSERVATIONS Web www.soilslimited.co.uk The Peter Vaughan Building, 9 Avro Way, Brooklands, Weybridge, Surrey KT13 0YF Tel: 01932 352040 Fax: 01932 356375 ground protection All adverts placed by Drilling Academy™ members will benefit from discounted rates. Email: [email protected] 2012 Advertising Rates (£) - All rates are given excluding VAT. geophysics Rapid-Install Trackways EUROPEAN GEOPHYSICAL SERVICES 22 Sansaw Business Park, Hadnall, Shrewsbury, HIRE or SALE borehole surveying software drilling contractors Shropshire SY4 4AS 39kg panels easily installed by hand Tel: 01939 210 710 Fax: 01939 210 532 Guaranteed unbreakable by vehicles up to 120 tonnes* GEOMEM Tel: 0113 267 6000 * See website APEX DRILLING SERVICES Email: eurogeophys@europeangeophysical. 24 John Huband Drive, Birkhill, Angus, DD2 Email: [email protected] Sturmi Way, Bridgend, CF33 6BZ com 5RY Web: www.ground-guards.co.uk Tel: 01656 749149 TERRADAT United Kingdom Email: [email protected] Unit 1, Link Trade Park, Penarth Road, Cardiff, Tel: 01382 329 011 Fax: 01382 230 256 CF11 8TQ health and safety Email: [email protected] BOREHOLE SOLUTION SITE INVESTIGATION Tel: 08707 303050 Fax: 08707 303051 13 Great North Road, Buckden, St Neots, Email: [email protected] EB SAFETY consultants Cambridgeshire, PE19 5XJ Tel: 01926 642465 Mob: 07881858271 Tel: 01480 812457 Mob: 07969 715655 geotechnical software Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected] GROUND TECHNOLOGY KEYNETX LTD Systems Park, Moons Park, Burnt Meadow Ground Technology Services, Maple Road, CONCEPT Kings Lynn, Norfolk, PE34 3AF Road, Unit 8 Warple Mews, Warple Way, London Redditch, Worcestershire, B98 9PA Tel: 01553 817657 Fax: 01553 817658 W3 0RF Tel: 01527 68888 Fax: 01527 62880 Email: [email protected] Tel: 020 8811 2880 Fax: 020 8811 2881 Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected]

27 28 K4 SOILS LABORATORY laboratory services Unit 8, Olds Close, Watford, Hertfordshire, ALCONTROL LABORATORIES WD18 9RU Units 7 & 8 Hawarden Business Park, Manor Tel: 01923 711288 Fax: 01923 711311 Road, Hawarden, Deeside, Flintshire CH5 3US Email: [email protected] Tel: 01244 528 700 Fax: 01244 528 701 DRILLING AND MINIPILING RIGS Email: [email protected] site investigation CHEMTEST Depot Road, Newmarket, CB8 0AL CONCEPT Tel: 01638 606 070 Fax: 01638 606 071 Unit 8 Warple Mews, Warple Way, London Email: [email protected] W3 0RF Tel: 020 8811 2880 Fax: 020 8811 2881 CONCEPT Email: [email protected] Unit 8 Warple Mews, Warple Way, London W3 0RF Tel: 020 8811 2880 Fax: 020 8811 2881 Email: [email protected] training and education

GEOLABS EQUIPE GROUP Bucknalls Lane, Garston, Watford, The Paddocks, Home Farm Offices, Hertfordshire, WD25 9XX The Upton Estate, Banbury, Oxford, OX15 6HU Tel: 01923 892 190 Fax: 01923 892 191 Tel: 01295 670990 Fax: 01295 678232 Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected]

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