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An Investigation Into the Volume Changetown Characteristics of Loess Like Soil in Mount Moorosi Village in Lesotho

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An Investigation Into the Volume Changetown Characteristics of Loess Like Soil in Mount Moorosi Village in Lesotho UNIVERSITY OF CAPE TOWN FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT Department of Civil Engineering An Investigation into the Volume ChangeTown Characteristics of Loess Like Soil in Mount Moorosi Village in Lesotho Cape Geotechnicalof Engineering Group Author: Monica Damane Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Denis Kalumba UniversityCo-supervi sor: Mrs. Laxmee Sobhee-Beetul [June 2019] A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the award of the degree of Master of Science in Engineering Specialising in Geotechnical Engineering at the University of Cape Town The copyright of this thesis vests inTown the author. No quotation from it or information derived from it is to be published without full acknowledgement of the source. The thesis is to be used for private study or non- commercial research purposes Capeonly. of Published by the University of Cape Town (UCT) in terms of the non-exclusive license granted to UCT by the author. University Plagiarism declaration 1. Plagiarism is using another’s work and to pretend that it is one’s own. I know that plagiarism is wrong. 2. I have used the Harvard convention for citation and referencing. Each significant contribution to and quotation in this report from the work or works of the other people have been attributed and has been cited and referenced. 3. This report is my own work. 4. I have not allowed and will not allow anyone to copy my work with the intention of passing it off as his or her own work. Signature: … ………………………………… Date: 17/06/2019 Student Name: Monica Damane (DMNMON001) i Dedication To my grandmother and late parents, for undoubtedly and always believing in me. ii Acknowledgements Deep appreciation to my supervisor, Assoc. Prof. Denis Kalumba, for his invaluable commitment, patience, constructive input and guidance throughout this endeavour. I am forever indebted to him. Further gratitude to my co-supervisor, Dr. Laxmee Sobhee-Beetul, for her intellectual expertise and indispensable contribution. The staff at the University of Cape Town are greatly thanked for the outstanding assistance, particularly Mr. Noor Hassen, Mr. Christopher Ceasar, Mr. Elvino Witbooi, Mr. Tahir Mukaddam, and Ms. Lita Nolutshungu at the university’s geotechnical laboratory, Mr. Charles Nicholas in the Workshop, Assoc. Prof. Kirsten Corin and Ms. Rachel Cupido in the Centre for Minerals Research and Mrs. Miranda Waldron in the Centre for Imaging Analysis. The MasterCard Foundation Programme at the University of Cape Town is highly treasured for its financial support and for granting me the opportunity to pursue my dream. The program manager, Ms. Carol Ojwang, co-ordinator Mr. Xolani Mkoba, recruitment and peer mentor officer Ms. Insaaf Isaacs, administrator Mr. Riyaadh Fakier and advisor for careers, internships and opportunities Mrs. Jean, are all much appreciated for organising remarkable leadership activities during my time on the programme. Sincere gratitude to my friends: Charles, Daniel, Edward, Emmanuelle, Jason, Katlego, Lisebo, Moshoeshoe, Motlatsi, Nandipha and Ruben for the constant moral support and encouragement throughout the research. A special thank you goes to my family for unquestionably and always believing in me, even when I did not have faith in myself. Tlotliso is particularly acknowledged for his priceless assistance in the in-situ study. The Mount Moorosi community is also honoured for being co- operative during my field work. You will all be endlessly cherished in my heart. Monica Damane (DMNMON001) iii Abstract The Mount Moorosi village is situated in the Senqu River Valley of southern Lesotho, within the Stormberg landform. The integrity and aesthetic appearance of nearly all the structures in this area are undermined by recurrent cracks. At present, no apparent institutionalised effort had been conducted to investigate the source of this problem. The crack patterns were associated with the possible volume change of the underlaying loess like soil. This soil has caused a disastrous failure to brittle civil engineering structures in various parts of the world. Its behaviour is attributed to sand and silt particles bonded by minerals, which become active upon saturation and induce hydrocollapse settlement. This study characterised the volume change properties of the underlaid deposits in Mount Moorosi. The research utilised representative samples from trial pits in the study region to perform laboratory experiments such as the Atterberg limits, wet sieving, sedimentation, free swell, x-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope and slaking. The consolidated undrained tests and hydrocollapse potential were also determined from the GEOCOMP triaxial and Global Digital System oedometer, respectively. Results revealed that Mount Moorosi is generally underlaid by a more than 3 m thickness of low plasticity (9 to 17 %) silty-sandy loess. The material had significant warping (up to 27 mm) in linear shrinkage that illustrated potential inducement of detrimental stresses to the superimposed structures during drying. The identification and quantification of the mineralogy composition clearly evidenced the passive minerals (quartz, feldspar and mica) to be predominant (86 %), while the active phases (kaolinite, carbonates, sulfates, halides, the oxides and hydroxides of aluminum and iron) were subordinate (14 %), which substantiated potential soil settlement upon wetting. Furthermore, the micrographs depicted structures that synergistically enhanced the collapse properties of the tested deposits. These included the porous clays, silts bonded by clay and silts coated with clay, which all rendered a metastable fabric. A comparison of the stress- strain graphical plots from the consolidated undrained tests at the field and saturated moisture contents indicated a drastic reduction (up to 73 %) in deviator stress at saturated water content. This was attributed to the augmentation of the interparticle spaces, caused by a rise of up to 337 kPa in pore water pressure. Shear strength parameters obtained from Mohr’s failure envelopes were also decreased by up to 80 %. The hydrocollapse index measured from the oedometer tests ranged from 10 to 15 % at a vertical stress of 200 kPa. It indicated severe settlement problems for structures constructed on this soil. This was caused by the loss in shear strength of the soil under the saturated conditions and a high slaking mechanism that reached a maximum rating of 4. Generally, the mineralogy composition, morphology, saturated shear strength, slaking and hydrocollapse index collectively indicated the possibility of soil volume decrease. In fact, the check for serviceability limit state demonstrated a settlement that exceeded the tolerable value of 50 mm. The cracks observed on structures were, therefore, related to soil settlement. This study recommends further research on suitable ground techniques to minimise settlement, thereby improving the durability of structures. Moreover, investigations should be conducted to understand the pressure induced by warping during shrinkage. iv Table of Contents PLAGIARISM DECLARATION .......................................................................................... I DEDICATION....................................................................................................................... II ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................................................................ III ABSTRACT .......................................................................................................................... IV TABLE OF CONTENTS ...................................................................................................... V LIST OF FIGURES .......................................................................................................... VIII LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................. XII NOTATIONS AND ABBREVIATIONS .......................................................................... XIII 1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................... 1 1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY ....................................................................................... 1 1.2 RESEARCH OBJECTIVES ................................................................................................ 2 1.3 SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF THIS INVESTIGATION........................................................... 3 1.4 THESIS OVERVIEW ....................................................................................................... 3 2 LITERATURE REVIEW ................................................................................................ 4 2.1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................ 4 2.2 SOIL FORMATION ......................................................................................................... 4 2.3 SOIL GRAIN CLASSIFICATION........................................................................................ 5 2.4 PROBLEM SOILS ........................................................................................................... 6 2.4.1 Expansive Soils ..................................................................................................... 6 2.4.2 Soft Clay ............................................................................................................... 7 2.4.3
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