Esarhaddon's Expedition from Palestine to Egypt in 671
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The Ancient Egyptian Pharaohs
The Ancient Egyptian Pharaohs 8. 1 Introduction In the last chapter, you learned how early Egyptians settled in the Nile Ri ver valley. In this chapter, you will visit ancient Egypt and meet four of its leaders, called pharaohs. In 1922, archeologists discovered the tomb of a pharaoh known as King Tutankhaten, or King Tut. Inside a small burial chamber, they found three coffins nested inside each other. The smallest coffin was made of solid gold. It held the king's mummy. (A mummy is a body that has been preserved after death to keep it from decaying.) On the mummy's head was a magnificent golden mask. Jewelry and good luck charms lay on the mummy and in the wrappings that protected it. Other rooms of the tomb were filled with statues, weapons, furniture, and even a chariot. The treasures in King Tut's tomb provided an amazing glimpse into ancient Egypt. Other pharaohs also left behind fabulous riches and artwork. Many of them built great monuments to celebrate their accomplishments. Like King Tut's tomb, these artifacts have much to teach us about this ancient civilization. In this chapter, you will learn about three important lE.Il..<COMlE ,,. <GY1P1r .." periods in ancient Egyptian ~- .. ~ ·,;,,,., .; ...... history. They are called year Mar~af . the Old Kingdom, the \hemonu"1 e ~ --- - Middle Kingdom, and It was buil l : f . JftJ a:J ~ ~ - the New Kingdom. Then - ' . You( frien , you wi II meet four of the pharaohs who ruled during Jose these periods. You will learn about their achieve- ments and explore some Use this postcard as a graphic organizer to help you learn about of the monuments they ancient Egyptian pharaohs and their achievements. -
T C K a P R (E F C Bc): C P R
ELECTRUM * Vol. 23 (2016): 25–49 doi: 10.4467/20800909EL.16.002.5821 www.ejournals.eu/electrum T C K A P R (E F C BC): C P R S1 Christian Körner Universität Bern For Andreas Mehl, with deep gratitude Abstract: At the end of the eighth century, Cyprus came under Assyrian control. For the follow- ing four centuries, the Cypriot monarchs were confronted with the power of the Near Eastern empires. This essay focuses on the relations between the Cypriot kings and the Near Eastern Great Kings from the eighth to the fourth century BC. To understand these relations, two theoretical concepts are applied: the centre-periphery model and the concept of suzerainty. From the central perspective of the Assyrian and Persian empires, Cyprus was situated on the western periphery. Therefore, the local governing traditions were respected by the Assyrian and Persian masters, as long as the petty kings fulfi lled their duties by paying tributes and providing military support when requested to do so. The personal relationship between the Cypriot kings and their masters can best be described as one of suzerainty, where the rulers submitted to a superior ruler, but still retained some autonomy. This relationship was far from being stable, which could lead to manifold mis- understandings between centre and periphery. In this essay, the ways in which suzerainty worked are discussed using several examples of the relations between Cypriot kings and their masters. Key words: Assyria, Persia, Cyprus, Cypriot kings. At the end of the fourth century BC, all the Cypriot kingdoms vanished during the wars of Alexander’s successors Ptolemy and Antigonus, who struggled for control of the is- land. -
HIRAM of TYRE and SOLOMON Edward Lipiński University Of
HIRAM OF TYRE AND SOLOMON Edward Lipiński University of Leuven Josephus Flavius took a particular interest in the relations between Hiram, king of Tyre, and Solomon. Describing their friendly relation- ship, maintained on a basis of equality, Josephus undoubtedly aimed at underscoring the importance of Solomon in the eyes of his non- Jewish readers, he was addressing in Jewish Antiquities, followed soon by Against Apion. 1. Josephus and His Sources The sources of Josephus were not only the biblical Books of Kings and the Books of the Chronicles, but also some Hellenistic historiogra- phers of the 2nd c. BCE, like Menander of Ephesus, Dius, and Eupo- lemus. Menander and Dius quote translated extracts from the Tyrian annals, while Eupolemus’ work contains letters allegedly exchanged between Hiram and Solomon. Although the writings of Menander and Dius were no primary sources, they were works independent from the Bible and, in consequence, had more appeal for the heathen readers of Josephus. They are unfortunately lost, and the quotations from both authors preserved by Josephus have most likely been excerpted from the History of Phoenicia compiled ca. 70–60 BCE by Alexander Polyhistor,1 who had copied large passages from his predecessors’ writ- ings. Josephus stresses the importance of the Hiram-Solomon relation- ship in his Jewish Antiquities and in the somewhat later booklet Against 1 Alexander Polyhistor, a native of Miletus, an ancient city on the Anatolian shore of the Aegean Sea, compiled excerpts from several Hellenistic historiographers, related to Phoenicia. Preserved fragments of his work have been collected by F. Jacoby (ed.), Fragmente der griechischen Historiker IIIA (Berlin: Weidmann, 1940) 96–121, with a commentary F. -
The Fiction of Gothic Egypt and British Imperial Paranoia: the Curse of the Suez Canal
The Fiction of Gothic Egypt and British Imperial Paranoia: The Curse of the Suez Canal AILISE BULFIN Trinity College, Dublin “Ah, my nineteenth-century friend, your father stole me from the land of my birth, and from the resting place the gods decreed for me; but beware, for retribution is pursuing you, and is even now close upon your heels.” —Guy Boothby, Pharos the Egyptian, 1899 What of this piercing of the sands? What of this union of the seas?… What good or ill from LESSEPS’ cut Eastward and Westward shall proceed? —“Latest—From the Sphinx,” Punch, 57 (27 November 1869), 210 IN 1859 FERDINAND DE LESSEPS began his great endeavour to sunder the isthmus of Suez and connect the Mediterranean with the Red Sea, the Occident with the Orient, simultaneously altering the ge- ography of the earth and irrevocably upsetting the precarious global balance of power. Ten years later the eyes of the world were upon Egypt as the Suez Canal was inaugurated amidst extravagant Franco-Egyp- tian celebrations in which a glittering cast of international dignitar- ies participated. That the opening of the canal would be momentous was acknowledged at the time, though the nature of its impact was a matter for speculation, as the question posed above by Punch implies. While its codevelopers France and Egypt pinned great hopes on the ca- nal, Britain was understandably suspicious of an endeavor that could potentially undermine its global imperial dominance—it would bring India nearer, but also make it more vulnerable to rival powers. The inauguration celebrations -
Capernaum, the City of Jesus
Capernaum “Then they went into Capernaum, and immediately on the Sabbath He entered the synagogue and taught.” (Mark 1:21) © 2017 David Padfield www.padfield.com Scripture taken from the New King James Version. Copyright 1982 by Thomas Nelson, Inc. Used by permission. All rights reserved. Capernaum, The City Of Jesus Introduction I. The city of Capernaum was a small fishing village on the northwestern shore of the Sea of Galilee, about two miles west of the Jordan River. A. The Hebrew name for this village is Keœfar NahΩum, which means, “village of Nahum.” B. While this ancient town is not mentioned by name in the Old Testament, it is mentioned sixteen times in the New Testament. C. Matthew refers to Capernaum as our Lord’s “own city” (Matt 9:1), for it became the center of His Galilean ministry. D. This is interesting since He was not born in Capernaum, His parents did not live in there, and He did not grow up there! E. Jesus performed more miracles and preached more sermons in and around Capernaum than at any other place during His entire ministry. F. The residents of this prosperous town were common people who made their living from fishing, agriculture, and trade. G. The road leading to Damascus passed nearby, providing a commercial link with regions to the north and south. H. Capernaum was also a garrison town, housing a detachment of Roman soldiers, under a centurion, along with government officials. II. It was in the vicinity of Capernaum that Jesus chose several of His apostles. -
Innocent Blood — Part One
ONE SESSION SESSION INNOCENT BLOOD — PART ONE Tel Megiddo, where this session was filmed, is located at a strategic mountain pass overlooking the Plain of Jezreel, which made the city of Megiddo one of the most important cities in ancient Israel. The Via Maris, the main trade route between the dominant world pow- ers of the day — Egypt and the Mesopotamian empires of Assyria, Babylon, and Persia — crossed the mountains at Megiddo. So who- ever controlled the city could exert great power over world trade and have significant influence over world culture. In fact, the Via Maris was one source of Solomon’s wealth because God gave him the political might to control the key cities along that trade route — Hazor, Gezer, and of course Megiddo. Some scholars believe that because of Megiddo’s strategic location more battles have been fought in the Jezreel Valley below it than in any other place in the world. But in the context of the Bible, Megiddo repre- sents more than political control, more than economic and cultural influence. It also represents the battle for spiritual control of the minds and hearts of people — the ongoing battle between good and evil. That battle was waged when the people of ancient Israel lived in the land, it continues to this day, and it will culminate in the bat- tle of Har Megiddo, or Armageddon. So let’s take a closer look at the significance of Tel Megiddo. Centuries before the Israelites settled in the Promised Land (from about 2950 – 2350 BC), Megiddo was a prominent “high place” where the p eople of Canaan worshiped their fertility god, Baal, and his supposed mistress, Asherah. -
Three Conquests of Canaan
ÅA Wars in the Middle East are almost an every day part of Eero Junkkaala:of Three Canaan Conquests our lives, and undeniably the history of war in this area is very long indeed. This study examines three such wars, all of which were directed against the Land of Canaan. Two campaigns were conducted by Egyptian Pharaohs and one by the Israelites. The question considered being Eero Junkkaala whether or not these wars really took place. This study gives one methodological viewpoint to answer this ques- tion. The author studies the archaeology of all the geo- Three Conquests of Canaan graphical sites mentioned in the lists of Thutmosis III and A Comparative Study of Two Egyptian Military Campaigns and Shishak and compares them with the cities mentioned in Joshua 10-12 in the Light of Recent Archaeological Evidence the Conquest stories in the Book of Joshua. Altogether 116 sites were studied, and the com- parison between the texts and the archaeological results offered a possibility of establishing whether the cities mentioned, in the sources in question, were inhabited, and, furthermore, might have been destroyed during the time of the Pharaohs and the biblical settlement pe- riod. Despite the nature of the two written sources being so very different it was possible to make a comparative study. This study gives a fresh view on the fierce discus- sion concerning the emergence of the Israelites. It also challenges both Egyptological and biblical studies to use the written texts and the archaeological material togeth- er so that they are not so separated from each other, as is often the case. -
Bible Readings and Commentaries Book 5 of 6
Bible Readings and Commentaries Book 5 of 6 Fifth Half-Year of Triennial Torah Cycle For Sabbath Service © 2005 All rights reserved Congregation Beikvot HaMashiach (Followers of the Messiah) P. O. Box 13031 Seattle WA 98198-1001 WWW.MESSIANIC.WS 1 Triennial Torah Cycle from the Ancient Holy Temple The first Sabbath of the Month Nisan (the month that begins two weeks before Passover), every third year, is the time to start the triennial Torah reading cycle. This is the reading cycle that was used in the Holy Temple, and apparently the one that Yeshua followed. As the readings progress through the three years, the subjects will be seen to correspond to times of festivals and major events. Each Sabbath's readings are called a seder (order of service). Each seder includes a portion of the Torah (meaning Instruction), Haftara (meaning Completion of the Torah -- a reading from the Prophets), and a Psalm to be sung. The cycle begins with Bereshit (In the beginning) / Genesis 1, and Psalm 1, and a portion of Isaiah on the same subject. A reading of corresponding topic from the Apostolic Writings (NT) is suggested for each Sabbath. The title of a Torah reading is the first significant word(s), which predates today’s common system of chapters and verses. The Psalms, used in numerical order, agree in subject with the Torah portions throughout the three years. These blessings are to accompany the Bible readings: Before Torah Reading: "Blessed are You, Yahweh our God, King of the Universe, Who chose us from among all peoples by giving us Your Torah. -
The Wives of Solomon
THE WIVES OF SOLOMON. BY MONCURE D. CONWAY. " CCORDING to the first book of Kings, Solomon's half-brother, ft Adonijah, after the defeat of an alleged (perhaps mythical) effort to recover the throne of which he had been defrauded, sub mitted himself to Solomon. He had become enamored of the vir gin who had been brought to the aged King David to try to revive some vitality in him; and he came to Bathsheba asking her to re quest her son the king to give him this damsel as his wife. Bath sheba proffered this "small petition" for Adonijah, but Solomon was enraged, and ironically suggested that she should ask the king dom itself for Adonijah, whom he straightway ordered to execu tion. The immediate context indicates that Solomon suspected in this petition a plot against his throne. A royal father's harem was inherited by a royal son, and its possession is supposed to have in volved certain rights of succession: this is the only interpretation I have ever heard of the extreme violence of Solomon. But I have never been satisfied with this explanation. Would Adonijah have requested, or Bathsheba asked as a "small" thing, a favor touch ing the king's tenure? The story as told in the Book of Kings appears diplomatic, and several details suggest that in some earlier legend the strife between the half- brothers had a more romantic relation to "Abishag the Shunammite," who is described as "very fair." Abishag is interpreted as meaning "father of error," and though that translation is of doubtful accuracy, its persistence in dicates the place occupied by her in early tradition. -
OF EZEKIEL Ezekiel 26–28
Dr. J. Paul Tanner Old Testament III Ezek 26–28: Tyre Oracles SESSION SEVENTEEN THE "TYRE ORACLES" OF EZEKIEL Ezekiel 26–28 I. THE INTERPRETATIVE PROBLEM Chapters 26–28 of Ezekiel, dealing with the oracle against Tyre, occur in the context of chapters 25– 32 in what is often referred to as the "doom oracles." In this series of oracles, God speaks judgment against several neighboring nations of Israel. One people group that receives extended treatment is the city of Tyre (26–28). The concluding chapter to this segment (ch 28) singles out the leader(s) of Tyre for special condemnation. The one who is addressed as the “king of Tyre” in 28:11-19 has received particular attention because of the many superhuman things said of him. Various solutions have been proposed: (1) Ezekiel was describing Tyre's human king who served as the representative (a "guardian cherub") for Tyre's patron deity Mekart;1 (2) Ezekiel was describing the pagan "god" behind the king of Tyre and who empowered the human king (possibly Baal); (3) Ezekiel was describing Tyre's king, Ethbaal in highly poetic language, comparing him with Adam (so Merrill2); and (4) Ezekiel was actually referring to Satan (several conservative interpreters including Chafer, Feinberg, and Ryrie take this view). Most all admit that this is one of the more difficult passages in the OT to interpret, and the problem is compounded by the fact that the figure in view is never designated specifically by name in the text. Yet this is not a moot question, because the answer we give to this has a bearing on our theology of Satan. -
Egyptian Pharaohs Who Were the Pharaohs?
Egyptian Pharaohs Who were the pharaohs? The pharaohs of Egypt were the kings and queens of Egypt. Who were the pharaohs? Most Pharaohs were men. Some were women. Cleopatra Who were the pharaohs? Pharaohs were the most powerful and important people in the kingdom. Who were the pharaohs? ● head of the government and high priest of every temple ● considered to be half-man, half-god. The First Pharaoh of Egypt ● First true pharaoh of Egypt was Narmer (sometimes called Menes) ● United Lower and Upper Egypt Duties of a Pharaoh -Establish and collect taxes -Begin and oversee construction -Protect Egypt from enemies -Represent the people to their gods, and gods to their people -store food (in case of drought) -be in charge of trade with other countries -lead troops into battle -preserve (maintain) order and justice in Egypt Which god did the people think their pharaoh was? ● Ancient Egyptians believed that their pharaoh was the god, Horus, son of Ra (the sun god). ● When a pharaoh died he was thought to be united with the sun and then a new Horus ruled on earth. Where were pharaohs buried? ● First, Egyptian kings were buried in the pyramids. ○ About 50 royal pyramids survived. ● Later years, Egyptian kings were buried in tombs in the Valley of the Kings at Thebes. ○ These tombs were tunnels cut deep into the natural rock. Fun fact! Beards like mine were normally fake. They were not there for style, but indicated social position and masculinity. See this cobra on my headdress? Actually, this was considered as a kind of “protection” from enemies. -
Afro-Eurasian Trade Patterns Before 600 CE Afro-Eurasian Trade Patterns Before 600 CE
Afro-Eurasian Trade Patterns Before 600 CE Afro-Eurasian Trade Patterns before 600 CE What are the four most well known ancient trade routes? • Mediterranean Sea Maritime Trade (c. 1550 BCE – Present) • Trans-Saharan Trade Routes (c. 800 BCE – Present) • Indian Ocean Maritime Trade Route (c. 300 BCE – Present) • Eurasian Silk Road (c. 200 BCE – Present) What other ancient trade routes were important? • Via Maris or “The way of the Sea” (c. 3100 BCE – 1500 CE) • Canal of the Pharaohs (c. 600 BCE – 767 CE) • Incense Trade Route (c. 300 BCE – 200 CE) • Grand Trunk Trade Route (c. 300 BCE – Present) • The Amber Road (c. 200 BCE – 300 CE) Afro-Eurasian Trade Patterns before 600 CE Mediterranean Sea Trade Route • Originated by Phoenician Sea-faring traders (c. 1550 BCE) • Centered on the Phoenician trade centers of Carthage, Cyrene and Tyre • Travel by sea was usually by means of a man-powered vessel with oars Afro-Eurasian Trade Patterns before 600 CE VIA MARIS “Way of the Sea” • Mediterranean Coastal Trade Route originated in the Levant (c. 3100 BCE) KING’S HIGHWAYS • Linking land trade routes connected the regions of Egypt to Mesopotamia (c. 3000 – 1500 BCE) • VIA MARIS and the KING’S HIGHWAYS paved the way for the Phoenicians to create a vast Mediterranean Trade Route by 1550 BCE Afro-Eurasian Trade Patterns before 600 CE TRANS-SAHARAN TRADE ROUTES • The Darb el-Arbain trade route is the earliest of the known Trans-Saharan Caravan Trade Routes (c. 3000 BCE) linking Egypt to the Sudan & Ethiopia • Nomadic Saharan Tribes known as Berber were the first to dominate trade • Expansion of the Trans-Saharan Trade Networks occurred due to the domestication of the Camel (c.