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Bridge to Deep Space COVER-fin-jan2013_Layout 1 12/12/12 12:51 PM Page 1 1 AMERICA AEROSPACE January 2013 JANUARY 2013 JANUARY SST research Breaking new barriers LRO: Changing the face of the Moon Aircraft finance: Drought and flood? A PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF AERONAUTICS AND ASTRONAUTICS VIEWjan2013.qxd_Layout 1 12/11/12 11:41 AM Page 2 Bridge to deep space IN A FISHING VILLAGE OFF THE REMOTE ers is a concept still current in the eries, and an increased operations north coast of Papua, New Guinea, most distant corners of the globe. tempo. U.S. astronaut Neil Armstrong is a Between now and 2015, we will In September, the Expedition 33 household name. A young villager decide if we are to continue or aban- crew—Suni Williams, Aki Hoshide, and named Luke, who makes his living don that premise. The space talk at Yuri Malenchenko—performed two fishing and farming for his family on the close of the year has centered on unplanned EVAs to remove and re- Wanam, one of the tropical Tami Is- whether NASA has a new plan to place a failed main bus switching unit lands, had heard the news of Arm- match those heroic Apollo feats. The (MBSU). Located on the station’s S0 strong’s August 25 passing. president’s reelection and looming se- truss, just above the U.S. Destiny lab, “He was first to go to the Moon,” questration mean NASA—at best—can the MBSU suffered a failure that took said Luke, who was born about 20 expect no increases in its human down 25% of the station’s solar power years after the Eagle landed. Ques- spaceflight budget. capacity. tioned about my own space voyages, During the first EVA, Williams and I had to admit that Neil, Mike Collins, ISS troubleshooting and success Hoshide removed the failed MBSU and Buzz Aldrin had gone a thousand Before NASA can talk of returning to box, about the size of a dishwasher, times farther into space than I had. deep space, it must first preserve and and replaced it with a spare delivered But that didn’t matter to Luke or the then build on its investment in the ISS. earlier by shuttle. During the spare in- villagers I spoke to: I was an American The closing months of 2012 saw NASA stallation, however, the spacewalkers ‘space man,’ the same as Neil. The and its partners deal successfully with were unable to drive home the long idea that the U.S. is a nation of explor- unexpected repairs, new cargo deliv- bolt that engages mechanical and elec- Expedition 33 commander Sunita Williams participates in a 6-hr 38-min spacewalk outside the ISS on November 1, 2012. During the spacewalk, Williams and JAXA’s Akihiko Hoshide ventured outside to support ground-based troubleshooting of an ammonia leak. 14 AEROSPACE AMERICA/JANUARY 2013 VIEWjan2013.qxd_Layout 1 12/11/12 11:41 AM Page 3 trical connections between the truss ISS controllers will look now for stable and the new MBSU. Mission Control in coolant levels to verify that the leak Houston had them temporarily strap was in the bypassed radiator. If the down the box, reenter the airlock, and leak persists, further EVA trouble- regroup for another try. shooting and repairs might be needed. Within a week, controllers work- ing with the crew had Williams and New cargo era Hoshide back outside to try a new ap- SpaceX’s second Dragon cargo vehicle proach. Working at vacuum, they used successfully reached the station in Oc- a spare bolt coated with grease to cap- tober, delivering 900 lb of cargo. Al- ture and remove metal shavings from though Dragon’s Falcon 9 booster suf- the threaded MBSU receptacle on the fered a Merlin engine shutdown truss; engineers think the shavings during its October 7 launch, the eight were the result of galling that occurred remaining first-stage engines fired when the MBSU was bolted onto the longer than planned and inserted truss in 1-g during original assembly. Dragon into a safe orbit. After its Oc- With the threads now lubricated and tober 10 rendezvous and berthing, the clear of debris, the crew used a man- crew packed the capsule with 1,700 lb ual torque wrench to carefully hand- of scientific samples, obsolete gear, drive the bolt, securing the MBSU to and trash. On October 28, Dragon de- the truss and engaging electrical and parted the station and executed a suc- cooling interfaces. Flight controllers cessful reentry and splashdown. The Soyuz rocket with Soyuz commander Oleg soon had full power restored. Analysis of the engine failure, Novitskiy, flight engineer Kevin Ford of NASA, On November 1, Expedition 33 which shattered an aerodynamic fair- and flight engineer Evgeny Tarelkin of ROSCOSMOS launches to the ISS on October 23, 2012, in commander Williams ventured outside ing on Falcon 9’s first-stage engine Baikonur, Kazakhstan, on Expedition 33/34. with Hoshide once again, this time to skirt, may delay SpaceX’s next cargo Credit NASA/Bill Ingalls. isolate a minuscule leak in one P6 so- run until May. NASA hopes the firm lar array’s ammonia coolant loop. will soon be joined on cargo runs by ent on the Soyuz, at least until 2016, to Flight controllers believe a micromete- Orbital Sciences and its Cygnus cargo rotate expedition crews, who have orite or orbital debris impact punched spacecraft. A first test flight of Orbital’s maintained a continuous presence at a tiny hole in the channel 2B thermal new Antares rocket is due this spring, ISS for over 12 years. radiator lines. To avoid a low-ammo- and the company hopes to demon- Scientific research aboard ISS is nia-coolant shutdown of the 2B power strate a successful Cygnus cargo deliv- growing, although slowly (see www. channel, Williams and Hoshide by- ery to the ISS within six months. nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/re- passed the radiator with a spare The Dragon deliveries and a search/news.html). Talented, adapt- jumper line, handing over cooling du- Progress cargo shipment supported able crews, along with a well-chosen ties to a long-stowed P6 radiator used the arrival of the Expedition 34 crew. array of tools, spare parts, and robotic during early ISS construction. Commander Kevin Ford and flight en- capabilities, have enabled astronauts Both the bypass operation and ra- gineers Oleg Novitskiy and Evgeny and cosmonauts to overcome every diator redeployment were successful. Tarelkin docked their Soyuz TMA-06M systems failure and challenge encoun- at the ISS on October 25. Ford as- tered so far. The ISS is an invaluable sumed command from Williams as she asset in LEO, well positioned to serve returned to Earth with Hoshide and as an exploration testbed while the Malenchenko on November 18. partners discuss possible ventures into In early December, the second trio deep space. of Expedition 34 astronauts was scheduled to launch from Baikonur on Glimmers of an Earth-Moon Soyuz TMA-07M. Chris Hadfield, Tom architecture Marshburn, and Roman Romanenko Press reports in September revealed would inaugurate Expedition 35 in that NASA is evaluating a new strategy March and remain on station until May. to send astronauts to the lunar vicinity The administration has not moved and beyond. Using the Orion crew ve- The SpaceX Dragon commercial cargo craft is to accelerate NASA’s plans for com- hicle and the initial, 70-metric-ton ca- ready for release by the ISS's Canadarm2 robotic mercial astronaut transport to the out- pability of the Space Launch System arm on October 28 to allow it to head toward a splashdown in the Pacific Ocean. post. The agency will remain depend- (SLS) heavy lifter, the agency could AEROSPACE AMERICA/JANUARY 2013 15 VIEWjan2013.qxd_Layout 1 12/11/12 11:41 AM Page 4 L-what? Why EM-L2? This gravitational equipotential point in the rotating Earth-Moon coordinate frame enables a spacecraft to hover some 60,000 km beyond the Moon using minimal pro- pellant. Looping around EM-L2 for several weeks in a long, lazy halo or- bit, visiting astronauts would have a direct view of the lunar far side, and could conduct intensive remote sens- ing investigations of that rugged hemisphere. They could also take di- rect ‘telepresence’ control of lunar far- side surface rovers, taking advantage of the slightly shorter radio time delay from L2 compared to terrestrial con- trollers. This virtual exploration pres- ence on the lunar surface is similar to what would be possible for Mars from a future astronaut outpost on the Mar- Exploration Flight Test 1 Orion, currently at Michoud Assembly Facility, will fly in 2014 to an altitude of tian moon Phobos. over 3,600 mi, more than 15 times farther away from Earth than the ISS. Orion will return home at a The most challenging activities for speed of 25,000 mph, almost 5,000 mph faster than any human spacecraft. Heat shield temperatures astronauts at L2 would be rendezvous will reach 4,000 F, higher than any crew vehicle since Apollo. Photo credit: NASA/Eric Bordelon. with and wide-ranging investigation of a captured NEA. A team funded by the reach lunar orbit or the Earth-Moon agency appears to be seeking White Keck Institute for Space Studies has Lagrange points shortly after 2020. House approval for an ambitious se- proposed a robotic, ion-driven space- While not as profound an achieve- ries of missions that build methodi- craft that would snare and then return ment as establishing a new Tranquility cally toward a versatile deep-space ca- a 7-m, 500-metric-ton NEA to cislunar Base or cruising to an asteroid, the pability.
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