Housing D~Fferent~At~On
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
RESURGENCE AND TRANSCENDENCE ASSESSINGLONG TERMSOCIAL CONSEQUENCES OF THE ~MPLEMENTATION OF HOUSINGPOLICIES & RENEWAL POLICIES IN EUROPE I LOCAL CONTEXT - PROJECTS IN GOTEBORGSWEDEN 11 TRANSFORMATIONSFROM 1980's TO 1990's : COUNTRY CASES RESURGENCE & TRANSCENDENCE : ASSESSINGSOCIAL CONSEQUENCES CIB Proceedings Publication 243 0 The Authors, editors Sten Gromark, lvor Ambrose & Timo Tanninen, graphical design by Sten Gromark ISBN nr. 90-6363-016-6 ISSN 028 1 -221 5 ByACTH 1 999: 1 16th Re-union of the CIB Working Group W69 on Housing Sociology Meeting in Goteborg June 4-8 1998 Printed at Chalmers Reprocentral, Goteborg, Sweden September 1999 Table of contents RESURGENCE AND TRANSCENDENCE:ASSESSING SOCIAL CONSEQLIENCES OF THE IMPLEMENTATION OF HOUSING POLICIES & RENEWAL POI-ICIES IN EUROPE Proceedings from CIB W69 Meeting in Goteborg June 4-8 1998 PREFACE Sten Gromark, Ivor Ambrose & Timo Tanninen, editors & organisers '1 ~~NDHOLMEN- A CASE S'TUDYOF PARTICIPATORYDESIGN AND BUILDING Birgitta Holmdahl, Sweden 2 BERGSJ~N- AN ECO-DISTRICT Paula Femenias, Sweden 11 TRANSFORMATIONSFROM 1980's TO 1990's : COUIVTRYCASES 3 HOUSINGREGULATIONS BEFORE AND AFTERTHE TRANSITIONIN HUNGARY Judit Szekely, Hungary 4 SEVENYEARS OF INDEPENDENCYIN LITHUANIA-HOUSING IN A SOCIETYIN TRANSITION Augustinas Vygandas Raginis, Lithuania 5 HOUSINGREFORM IN ESTONIAAND ITS ~NFLUENCEON THE POLICY SCENE Mauno Inkinen, Estonia 6 POLARISATION OF FINNISH HOUSING MARKnS IN THE 1990~?PUBLIC RENTAL HOUSING AS AN EMPIRICAL CASE Timo Tanninen, Finland 7 THEHOUSING MARKETS OVERHEATED? THECASE OF ~UBUANAAND COPENHAGEN Barbara Verlic Christensen, Denmark PROCEEDINGS CIB W69 16TH MEETING GOTEBORG JUNE 1998 8 HOUSINGMANAGEMENT SCHEMES: ORGAN~SAT~ONAL DILEMMAS WHEN RUNNING HOUSINGSTOCK IN TRANSITION 97 Roode Liias, Estonia 9 EVALUK~NGPRACI'I'~IONERS: THE SOCIAL CONSEQUENCES OF HOUSINGMANAGEMENT-ON LARGE ESTATES 113 Kevin Gilliam &-Barry Hills, Great Britain 10 HOUSINGRENEWAL IN SWEDEN:THE CASEOF SALTSKOG Ove Ericsson, Sweden 11 HOLISINGDIFFERENTATION INDOWNGRADED AREAS: CLIRE OR THE OVERTL~RETO NEWPROBLEMS? 141 Eva van Kempen, Holland 12 HOUSINGIN ~.ITHUANIA: PASTEXPERIENCE, MODERN CHANGES AND TRENDS Jurgis Vanagas, Lithuania 13 THEARCHITECTURAL PROPERTIES OF THE HOME Ola Nylander, Sweden 14 LEARNINGFROM KARLSKRONA: BEYOND CONVENTION AND ~NVENTION Sten Gromark & Michel Conan, Sweden, France & USA SOCIALEXCLUSION IN THE EUROPEAN UNION: WIDER THEORE~~CAL DEBATES AND 'THE POLICY DISCOURSEIN THE UNITEDKINGDOM 191 Judith Allen, Great Britain About the authors Previous publications of ClB W69 CIB information PROCEEDINGS CIB W69 16TH MEETING GOTEBORG JUNE 1998 Preface RESURGENCE AND TRANSCENDENCE: ASSESSINGLONG TERM SOCIAL CONSEQUENCES OF THE IMPLEMENTATION OF HOUSING POLICIES IN EUROPE West European as well as Central and East European Countries (CEEC) are witnessing a resurgence of former societal structures at the same time as they are confronted with the urge for a radical transcendence into a new amodern reality - whether it is a question of the reformulation of the welfare state based on new economic conditions or the sudden collapse of an economically obsolete totalitarian system. Under such circumstances former conventions and traditions are reintegrated in an inevitable process of invention and reinvention. Taking the example of Sweden, the housing situation since the end of the 1980ries up until the present has gone through an extremely turbulent development, a considerable reformulation and economic reconstruction, which is still not fully implemented. The starting point for the seminar was to present and examine the local context and experiences of the municipality of Goteborg within a time span of about thirty years, based on three proiects: a project concerning the qualitative renovation of a traditional working class area, Lindholmen; one of Norra Alvstranden's recent urban re-inventions, a former docklands and waterfront production zone which will be developed to accommodate new city functions, i.e. for housing, education and recreation; and the third example was the refurbishing of a large suburban housing estate, Bergsion, with ambitions of sustainability. These examples provide researchers participating in the seminar, and in similar situations, projects with which to compare the present situation in their own countries. What in one situation and location now seems totally unrealistic can have already been proven highly realistic in another, given the perspective of a longer time span. The seminar particularly focused on issues of modes of tenure and management within this context and also initiated exchanges around planning issues, architectural sociology and project design analysis. Within this broad perspective, contributors from nine countries at the CIB Housing Sociology Re-union each presented papers and debated current housing issues as they are manifested in projects, policies and outcomes in their respective countries. In these revised and edited papers, where possible, historical themes are developed, thereby allowing trans-national differences and similarities to become clearer. New solutions and methods might thus be offered to the reader of these seminar proceedings. For example, social implications and consequences might be clearly identified and discerned within a longer time span. The research papers discussed at the seminar have been divided into five different sections of this book. After a description of the local context and actual projects in Goteborg, we present, in the second chapter, some country cases focusing on the consequences of changing housing policies. The third chapter contains articles and country cases that describe tools for local empowerment and other actual trends in progress. The fourth section focuses on planning issues, architectural sociology and project design analysis. The Ola Siksio memorial lecture, given at the seminar by Judith Allen from Great Britain and published as an epilogue in this book, reflects the threads of social exclusion and the actions necessary for more thorough integration of different residential groups at the local level. It is our hope that this publication might also be of interest as a diagnosis of the present housing situation in Eastern countries, in preparation for the integration process already initiated by the European Union. The CIB W69 1 6Ih Meeting was primarily made possible through the important financial support of the Swedish Institute, Svenska Institutet, in Stockholm. We also acknowledge the institutional support from NOPUS - Nordic Education Programme for Social Service Development, located in Goteborg, and the particularly dedicated work by R&D-secretary Annika Ahlstrom, along with the welcome address and inauguration of the meeting by the chairman of the board Karl Ola Warnhammar, School of Architecture, Chalmers University of Technology. The Meeting was also honoured by the presence of Chris Pollington from CIB, the Netherlands, and by an interesting lecture given by Kent Johansson from the Municipality of Goteborg, describing new planning strategies of the city. We also thank Paula Femenias for her guidance in Bergsjon on our excursion day as well as Birgitta Holmdahl for guidance at Lindholmen. The Editors 1999-09-09 I LOCAL CONTEXT - PROJECTS IN GOTEBORG SWEDEN The former shipyard and worker's housing at Lindholmen Goteborg, by the end of the century. 10 PROCEEDINGS CIB W69 1 ~THMEETING GOTEBORG JUNE 1998 1 LINDHOLMEN- A CASE STUDY OF PARTICIPATORYDESIGN AND ~U~LDING Birgitta Holmdahl, Sweden Wolfgang Braunfels, the German researcher, has studied the structure of Italian medieval towns by going back to their town statutes, which are the equivalent of our early local building regulations. He shows that in these self- governed communities a very large number of people were involved in the organisation and construction of the town. The shaping of the town was a collective process, regulated by the town statutes. Even though we should refrain from making far-reaching comparisons between medieval local communities and those of today, it is interesting to notice through Braunfels' thesis how the most beautiful cities of our culture developed through collective processes based on the totality. Far from being the creation of an autocrat, Siena was built by vast numbers of people through co-operation and a system of agreed regulations. (Braunfels 1953). A point of departure As a sharp contrast to this principle, the renaissance city was built by the autocratic sovereign and his architect, taking charge of the design of the city themselves - very clearly depicted by Filarete in the book about how the ideal city of Sforzinda was to be built (Cornell 1984). That our own profession originates from the renaissance principles of central control and autocratic power should give us architects food for thought. In the mid 1960's young architects, including myself, were reminded of this legacy, when the criticism of modern housing and planning and its consequences became strong and clear. At the same time as there was growing criticism of the poor architecture of the new suburbs with their lack of activities and social life, many central town areas, both in Europe and the USA, were threatened with demolition. It suddenly became obvious that in the densely populated inner cities, we could find everything the new suburbs lacked. Here we had the teeming life of shops, cafCs, craftsmen, small industries, housing and people of all ages from different social classes - a rich web of social