Ascendancy Women and Elementary Education in Ireland, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-54639-1 310 GLOSSARY

GLOSSARY

Changes in people’s titles are reﬂected in the narrative, except where to do so would compromise clarity. In the case of the six women whose lives are outlined in this book, the titles the women used when their schools opened are the ones used in all chapters other than the relevant case study. Emily (Jefferyes) Butler, for example, was Countess of Glengall when the schools she was involved with opened in Cahir. This title, and not Lady Cahir, is used in all chapters other than Chapter 10. Throughout eighteenth-century documents, various spellings of names, titles and place names were used. For example, “Cahir” and “Caher” were both used. For ease of reading and consistency, “Cahir” will be used throughout. Similarly, “La Touche” not “Latouche” will be used, except where an alternative is employed in quotations. During the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, “Douglas-street” was often used in place of “Douglas Street,” for example. The former, or similar, has been maintained in quotations. As “platting” was used at the time instead of “plaiting,” the former will be used in this book. The term “Protestant” is an umbrella term for members of several churches. In Ireland, historically, the term has been taken to mean Anglican adherents of the Established Church, formally the Church of Ireland. “Ascendancy,”“upper class,”“gentry” and “landed gentry” are used interchangeably throughout this book.

The term Catholic(s) is applied in this book to the institutions and members of the Roman Catholic Church. The Vulgate, and ofﬁcial text of the Catholic Church, is the Latin version of the Bible prepared in the main by St. Jerome, circa 382-404. The Douay-Rheims Bible is the English translation of the Vulgate. The Authorized Version of the Bible, used by Protestant churches, is an English translation prepared in 1611 during the reign of James I of England and VI of Scotland. Nouns (but not pronouns) were generally, though not uniformly, capitalized in the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. Such capitalization is retained in quotations and tables, except where to do so would compromise clarity. Eighteenth-century writers frequently used a dash in place of a full stop. In general, this is retained in quotations. In matters of punctuation, capitalization and spelling, amendments to quotations will be noted. When quoting manuscripts, letters and/or diaries “?” denotes an ille- gible or missing words or words while (?) denotes uncertainty about the word as interpreted. Where used, percentages have been rounded off. Lists are set down, generally, either in chronological (e.g. “Trimmer, More and Leadbeater”) or alphabetical order (e.g. “Britain and Ireland,” “Catholic and Protestant”, “female and male”). SOURCES CONSULTED

PARLIAMENTARY PAPERS AND REPORTS Commissioners of Irish Education Enquiry, Report of the Commissioners of Irish Education Enquiry, (2336-II.) XXII. Part iii 1791, 1857-58. Commissioners of the Board of Education in Ireland, Third Report from the Commissioners of the Board of Education in Ireland on the Protestant Charter Schools: House of Commons, (142.) VII. 463. 475. 478. 1809. Commissioners of the Board of Education in Ireland, Eighth Report from the Commissioners of the Board of Education in Ireland on the Foundling Hospital: House of Commons, (193.) X. 269. 1810. Commissioners of the Board of Education in Ireland, Twelfth Report from the Commissioners of the Board of Education in Ireland on Classical Schools of Private Foundations: House of Commons, (218.) V. 553. 1812. Commissioners of the Board of Education in Ireland, Thirteenth Report from the Commissioners of the Board of Education in Ireland on English Schools of Private Foundations in Ireland: House of Commons, (219.) V. 563. 1812. Commissioners of the Board of Education in Ireland, Fourteenth Report of the Commissioners of the Board of Education in Ireland: View of the Chief Foundations with some general Remarks: House of Commons, (21.) V. 221. 1812–1813. Reprinted, (744.) XI. 143. 1821. Commissioners of Irish Education Inquiry, First Report of the Commissioners of Irish Education Inquiry: House of Commons, (400.) XII. 1. 1825. Commissioners of Irish Education Inquiry, Second Report of the Commissioners of Inquiry (Abstract of Returns in 1824, from the Protestant and Roman

Catholic Clergy in Ireland, of the State of Education in their respective Parishes): House of Commons, (12.) XII. 1. 1826-27. Commissioners of Irish Education Inquiry, Third Report of the Commissioners of Irish Education Inquiry (Education of the Lower Classes): House of Commons, (13.) XIII. 1. 1826-27. Commissioners of Irish Education Inquiry, Sixth Report of the Commissioners of Irish Education Inquiry (Hibernian Society for Soldiers’ and Sailors’ Children): House of Commons, (442.) XIII. 385. 1826-27.

KILDARE PLACE SOCIETY ARCHIVES,CHURCH OF IRELAND CENTRE,DUBLIN CITY UNIVERSITY Kildare Place Society Archives, Box 838, Archive Number 28. Kildare Place Society Archives, Box 841, MS 117/2. Kildare Place Society Archives, Box 843, MS 411/2. Kildare Place Society Archives, Box 846, MS 1002/2. Kildare Place Society Archives, Box 846, MS 1002/3. Kildare Place Society Archives, Box 846, MS 1002/4. Kildare Place Society Archives, Box 852, Archive Number 108. Kildare Place Society Archives, Box 854, MS 88. Kildare Place Society Archives, Box 856, MS 932. Kildare Place Society Archives, Box 860, Archive Number 4. Kildare Place Society Archives, Box 860, Archive Number 205. Kildare Place Society Archives, Box 861, Archive Number 135. Kildare Place Society Archives, Box 861, Archive Number 135(2). Kildare Place Society Archives, Box 861, Archive Number 248-2. Kildare Place Society Archives, “List of mistresses instructed in the Education Society’s model school, December 1824-March 1855,” MS 685. Kildare Place Society Archives, MS Ledger 353. Kildare Place Society Archives, MS Ledger 354. Kildare Place Society Archives, Reports of Various Societies 1817-47, Box 27, Serial Number 47. Kildare Place Society Archives, “A Return of the Schools in connection with The Society for Promoting the Education of the Poor of Ireland in the Province of Munster on the 5th day of January, 1825,” Ledger 360. Kildare Place Society Archives, “Returns of Schools in connection with the Society: Munster (1) 1825,” 426 A (7). Kildare Place Society Archives, “List of schools by county giving details of teachers’ sources of ﬁnancial support: Munster,” MS 416. SOURCES CONSULTED 313

EARL OF DUNRAVEN PAPERS,GLUCKSMAN LIBRARY,LIMERICK Christie, Manson and Woods, Adare Manor Ireland: the properties of the Earl and Countess of Dunraven, The Dunraven Limerick Estate Company, The Dunraven Heirlooms Trustees, Old Master, English and Irish Pictures, Furniture Sculpture, Silver, Arms and Armour and Porcelain, edited by Christie, Manson and Woods. Vol. 1, London: Christie’s Ltd., 1982. Christie, Manson and Woods, Adare Manor Ireland: the properties of the Earl and Countess of Dunraven, The Dunraven Limerick Estate Company, The Dunraven Heirlooms Trustees, The Library of Books, Vol. 2, London: Christie’s Ltd., 1982. D. Fitzgerald, “Adare Manor,” in Adare Manor Ireland: the properties of the Earl and Countess of Dunraven, The Dunraven Limerick Estate Company, The Dunraven Heirlooms Trustees, Old Master, English and Irish Pictures, Furniture Sculpture, Silver, Arms and Armour and Porcelain,Vol.1, London: Christie’s Ltd., 1982. A.P.W. Malcomson, “The Dunraven Papers Detailed Calendar,” D/3196. A.P.W. Malcomson, “Dunraven Papers Summary List,” D/3196.

GODFREY FAMILY PAPERS

Sources written or published before 1915

J. Barrington, Personal Sketches of His Own Times, Vols. 1 and 2, London: Henry Colburn, 1827. J. Binns, The Miseries and Beauties of Ireland, Vol. 2, London: Longman, Orme, Brown and Co., 1837. J.L.H. Campan, Conseils aux Jeunes Filles, Ouvrage Destiné aux Ecoles Elémentaires, Rue Racine, No. 4, Place de l’Odéon, Paris: Imprimerie de Fain, 1824. C. Cappe, Extracts from Observations on Charity Schools, and Other Subjects, Connected with the Views of the Ladies Committee, Dublin: Printed by William Watson for Society for Promoting the Comforts of the Poor, 1807. G. Compayré and W.H. Payne, The History of Pedagogy, 6th ed., London: Swan Sonnenschein and Co., 1905. W. Coppinger, Letter to the Right Honorable and Honorable The Dublin Society from the Right Rev. Doctor Coppinger Titular Bishop of Cloyne & Ross, occasioned by Certain Observations and Misstatements of the Rev. Horatio Townsend, in his Statistical Survey of the County Cork, Cork: Pr. by James Haly, Exchange, 1811. A. de Vere, Recollections of Aubrey de Vere, New York, London: Edward Arnold, 1897. 314 SOURCES CONSULTED

R. Dodsley, ed. The Poetical Works of Will. Shenstone with the Life of the Author and a Description of the Leasowes, London: printed for W. Suttaby and C. Corrall, 1804., 1804. C. Dunraven, Memorials of Adare Manor by Caroline, Countess of Dunraven with historical notices of Adare by her son, the Earl of Dunraven, Oxford: printed for private circulation by Messrs. Parker, 1865. M. Edgeworth and R. Edgeworth, Practical Education, New York: Harper and Bros., 1835 (1798). R.S. Gower, “Preface,” in Sir Thomas Lawrence, with a catalogue of the artist’s exhibited and engraved works, edited by R.S. Gower and A. Graves, Paris, London, New York: Goupil and Co., J. Boussod, Manzi, Joyant and Co., 1900. G. Griffin, The poetical works of Gerald Griffin, Esq., and Tragedy of Gisippus, New York: D & J. Sadlier & Co., 1857. S. Gwynn, Charlotte Grace O’Brien Selections from her Writings and Correspondence with a Memoir, Dublin: Maunsel and Co. Ltd., 1909. E. Hamilton, Letters on the Elementary Principles of Education, Vol. 2, London: Wilkie, Robinson and G. Robinson, 1810. A. Hare, The Story of Two Noble Lives Being Memorials of Charlotte, Countess Canning and Louisa Marchioness of Waterford, Part One, New York: Anson D.F. Randolph & Company, 1893. W. Hepworth Dixon, ed. Lady Morgan’s Memoirs: Autobiography, Diaries and Correspondence, Vol. 1, London: William H. Allen & Co., 1862. J. Howard, An Account of the Principal Lazarettos in Europe; with various papers relative to the Plague: together with further observations on some Foreign Prisons and Hospitals; and additional remarks on the present state of those in Great Britain and Ireland, England, 1789. M. Leadbeater, The Landlord’s Friend: intended as a sequel to Cottage Dialogues, Dublin: Printed at the Hibernia-Press Office, 1, Temple-Lane, for J. Cumming, 16, Lower Ormond-Quay, 1813. H. Maxwell, ed. The Creevey Papers: A Selection from the Correspondence and Diaries of the late Thomas Creevey, M.P. born 1768-died 1838, London: John Murray, 1904. H. More, Strictures on the Modern System of Female Education, 5th ed., Dublin: Wogan and Porter, 1800. J. O’Donoghue, Historical Memoir of the O’Briens with Notes, Appendix, and a Genealogical Table of their Several Branches compiled from the Irish Annalists, Dublin: Hodges, Smith and Co., 1860. D.J. O’Donoghue, Sir Walter Scott’s tour in Ireland in 1825 now first fully described by D. J. O’Donoghue, Glasgow and Dublin: Gowans & Grey Ltd., O’Donoghue & Co., M.H. Gill & Son., 1905. S. Owenson, O’Donnel: A National Tale, Vol. 1, London: Colburn, 1814. S. Owenson, O’Donnel: A National Tale, Vol. 2, London: Colburn, 1814. SOURCES CONSULTED 315

S. Owenson, O’Donnel: A National Tale, Vol. 3, London: Colburn, 1814. A. Graves R. S. Gower, Sir Thomas Lawrence, with a catalogue of the artist’s exhibited and engraved works, Paris, London, New York: Goupil and Co., J. Boussod, Manzi, Joyant and Co., 1900. S. Richardson, Clarissa: Or the History of a Young Lady, London, New York: Dent, Dutton, c.1962 (1748). J.J. Rousseau, Emile, ou de l’Education, Translated by B. Foxley, London: Dent, Everyman’s Library, 1911 (1762). R.H. Ryland, The History, Topography and Antiquities of the County and City of Waterford with an account of the present state of the peasantry of that part of the south of Ireland, London: John Murray, 1824. J.R. Swinton, A Sketch of the Life of Georgiana, Lady de Ros: With Some Reminiscences of Her Family and Friends, including the Duke of Wellington, London: J. Murray, 1893. H. Townsend, Statistical Survey of the County of Cork with Observations on the Means of Improvement: Drawn up for the Consideration, and by Direction of the Dublin Society, Dublin: Graisberry and Campbell, 10 Backlane, printers to the Dublin Society, 1810. H. Townsend, Observations on Dr. Copinger’s Letter to the Dublin Society, Cork: printed for Evory and Odell, No. 8, Patrick’s Street, 1811. S. Trimmer, The Oeconomy of Charity; or, an Address to Ladies Concerning Sunday- Schools; the Establishment of Schools of Industry Under Female Inspection; and the Distribution of Voluntary Benefactions to which is Added an Appendix, Containing an Account of the Sunday-Schools in Old Brentford, Dublin: Messrs. White, H., Whitestone, Moore and Jones, 1787. J.E. Walsh, Ireland One Hundred and Twenty Years Ago, edited by D. Cosgrave, Dublin: M.H. Gill & Son, Ltd., 1911. A. Young, Arthur Young’s Tour in Ireland: 1776-1779, Vol. 1, London and New York: George Bell and Sons, 1892. A. Young, Arthur Young’s Tour in Ireland: 1776-1779, Vol. 2, London and New York: George Bell & Sons, 1892.

LATER EDITIONS OF MATERIAL WRITTEN OR PUBLISHED BEFORE 1915 J. Austen, Mansﬁeld Park, Hertfordshire: Wordsworth Classics, 1992 (1814). F.V. Barry, Maria Edgeworth, Chosen Letters, London: Jonathan Cape, 1931. E. Burke, Reﬂections on the Revolution in France and on the Proceedings in Certain Societies in London relative to that Event, England: Penguin Books, 1982 (1790). F. Burney, Evelina, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1982 (1778). 316 SOURCES CONSULTED

F. Burney, Cecilia, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999 (1782). T. Crofton Croker, Researches in the South of Ireland, Shannon: Ireland University Press, 1969 (1824). M. Edgeworth, The Absentee, London: Wordsworth Editions Ltd., 1994 (1812). M. Edgeworth, Castle Rackrent, London: Wordsworth Editions Ltd., 1994 (1800). E. Gaskell, Wives and Daughters, London: Penguin Books Ltd., 2002 (1866). E. Gaskell, The Cranford Chronicles, London: Vintage, 2007 (1853, 1855, 1859). E. Gaskell, “My Lady Ludlow,” in The Cranford Chronicles, London: Vintage, 2007. D. Herbert, Retrospections of Dorothea Herbert 1770-1806, Dublin: Town House, 1988 (1929-1930). E. Inchbald, A Simple Story, edited by J.M.S. Tompkins, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1988 (1791). C. Lamb, Glenarvon, Delmar, New York: Scholars’ Facsimiles & Reprints, 1972 (1816). W.E.H. Lecky, A History of Ireland in the Eighteenth Century, Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press, 1972 (1913). W. LeFanu, ed. Betsy Sheridan’s Journal: Letters from Sheridan’s sister 1784-1786 and 1788-1790, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1986. S. Lewis, A topographical dictionary of Ireland with historical and statistical descriptions, Vol. 1, Port Washington and London: Kennikat Press, 1970 (1837). S. Lewis, A topographical dictionary of Ireland with historical and statistical descriptions, Vol. 2, Port Washington, New York: Kennikat Press, 1970 (1837). B. Merriman, Cúirt an Mheán Oíche (The Midnight Court), Baile Átha Cliath: Dolmen, 1969. H. More, “The History of Hester Wilmot: Part One,” in Tales for the Common People and Other Cheap Repository Tracts, edited by C. MacDonald Shaw, Nottingham: Trent Editions, 2002. H. More, “The History of Hester Wilmot: Part Two,” in Tales for the Common People and Other Cheap Repository Tracts edited by C. MacDonald Shaw, Nottingham: Trent Editions, 2002. H. More, Tales for the Common People and Other Cheap Repository Tracts Nottingham: Trent Editions, 2002 (1795 to 1801). P. Ó Laoghaire, Mo Scéal Féin, Ireland: Longman, Brún & Ó Nualláin Tta., 19–. S. Ó Tuama, Caoineadh Airt Uí Laoghaire, Baile Átha Cliath: An Clóchomhar Tta., 1961. S. Owenson, The Wild Irish Girl: A National Tale, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999 (1806). T.U. Sadlier, ed. An Irish Peer on the Continent (1801-1803): Being a Narrative of the Tour of Stephen, 2nd Earl Mount Cashell, through France, Italy, etc. as related by Catherine Wilmot, London: Williams and Norgate, 1920. SOURCES CONSULTED 317

R.M. Wardle, Collected Letters of Mary Wollstonecraft, Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 1979. J. West, Letters to a Young Lady; in which the Duties and Character of Women are considered, chieﬂy with a reference to prevailing opinions, Female Education in the Age of Enlightenment, edited by J. Todd, London: Pickering, 1996 (1811). M. Wollstonecraft, A Vindication of the Rights of Woman, London: Everyman’s Library, 1992 (1792).

NEWSPAPERS PUBLISHED BEFORE 1915 Freeman’s Journal, January 21, 1823. Freeman’s Journal, June 12, 1827. Freeman’s Journal, May 5, 1836. Freeman’s Journal, September 29, 1856. Freeman’s Journal, May 21, 1870. Irish Times, May 31, 1870.

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C. Clear, Nuns in Nineteenth Century Ireland, Dublin and Washington, DC: Gill and Macmillan and The Catholic University of America Press, 1987. L. Cohen and L. Manion, Research Methods in Education, 4th ed., London and New York: Routledge, 1994. J. Coolahan, Irish Education: its history and structure, Dublin: Institute of Public Administration, 1981. D. Cordingly, Heroines & harlots: women at sea in the great age of sail, London: Macmillan, 2001. D. Corkery, The Hidden Ireland: A Study of Gaelic Munster in the Eighteenth Century, Dublin: M. H. Gill and Son, Ltd., 1925. M. Cruickshank, History of the Training of Teachers in Scotland, London: University of London Press Ltd., 1970. M. Cullen, ed. Girls Don’tDoHonours, Dublin: Women’s Education Bureau, 1987. C. De Bellaigue, Educating Women: Schooling and Identity in England and France 1800-1867, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007. M. Denham-Jephson, An Anglo-Irish Miscellany, Dublin: Allen Figgis, 1964. H.T. Dickinson, ed. A Companion to Eighteenth-century Britain, Blackwell Companions to British History, United Kingdom: Wiley-Blackwell, 2002. E. Donoghue, Life Mask, London: Virago Press, 2004. P. Douglass, Lady Caroline Lamb: A Biography, New York and England: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004. M. Dunleavy, Dress in Ireland, London: B.T. Batsford Ltd., 1989. T.J. Durcan, History of Irish Education from 1800 with Special Reference to Manual Instruction, Bala, North Wales: Dragon Books, 1972. I.R. Findlay, Education in Scotland, Newton Abbot and Hamden, Connecticut: David & Charles and Archon Books, 1973. D. Fitzgerald and D. Guinness, Great Irish Houses, Co. Dublin: Image Publications Ltd., 2008. A. Foreman, Georgina Duchess of Devonshire, London: Harper Collins, 1998. R.F. Foster, Modern Ireland 1600-1972, London: Penguin Books Ltd., 1989. Department of Education and Science Gender Equality Unit, Discovering Women in Irish History, Dublin: Department of Education and Science, 2004. W.J. Gibson, Education in Scotland, United Kingdom: Read Books, 2007. H. Hanff, 84 Charing Cross Road, London: Virago Books, 2002. J. Harford, The Opening of University Education to Women in Ireland, Dublin: Irish Academic Press, 2008. K. Harvey, The Bellews of Mount Bellew: A Catholic Gentry Family in Eighteenth Century Ireland, Dublin: Four Courts Press, 1998. W. Hayes and A. Kavanagh, The Tipperary Gentry, Vol. 1, Dublin: Irish Family Names, 2003. M. Hill and V. Pollock, Image and Experience: Photographs of Irishwomen c.1880 & 1920,Belfast:TheBlackstaffPress,1993. 320 SOURCES CONSULTED

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B. Behan, “The Conﬁrmation Suit,” in Brendan Behan’s Island: an Irish Sketchbook, London: Hutchinson, 1962. M. Bryan, “Fitzwilliam Square,” in The Georgian Squares of Dublin: An Architectural History, edited by M. Clark and A. Smeaton, Dublin: Dublin City Council, 2006. C. N. Degler, “What the Women’s Movement has done to American History,” in A Feminist Perspective in the Academy: The Difference It Makes, edited by E. Langland and W. Grove, Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press, 1981. H. Gallagher, “Inside an Eighteenth Century Terraced House,” in Georgian Limerick 1714–1845, edited by D. Lee and C. Gonzalez, Vol. 2, Limerick: Limerick Civic Trust, 2000. C. Gonzalez, “The Limerick Club and Garrison Fancy Dress Balls,” in Georgian Limerick 1714–1845, edited by D. Lee and C. Gonzalez, Vol. 2, Limerick: Limerick Civic Trust, 2000. C. Gonzalez, “The Question of Poor Relief in the Eighteenth Century,” in Georgian Limerick 1714–1845, edited by D. Lee and C. Gonzalez, Limerick: Limerick Civic Trust, 2000. D. Hayton, “Did Protestantism fail in early eighteenth-century Ireland? Charity schools and the enterprise of religious and social reform, c. 1690– 1730,” in As by Law Established The Church of Ireland since the Reformation, edited by A. Ford, J. McGuire and K. Milne, Dublin: The Lilliput Press, 1995. M. Hilton, “‘Child of Reason’: Anna Barbauld and the Origins of Progressive Pedagogy,” in Practical visionaries: women, education, and social progress, 1790–1930, edited by M. Hilton and P. Hirsch, Harlow: Pearson Education Limited, 2000. J. Hoff, “The Impact & Implication of Women’s History,” in Women & Irish History, edited by M.G. Valiulis and M. O’Dowd, Dublin: Wolfhound Press Ltd., 1997. R. Houston, “The Literacy Campaign in Scotland, 1560–1803,” in National Literacy Campaigns: Historical and Comparative Perspectives, edited by R. F. Arnove and H.J. Graff, New York and London: Plenum, 1987. W. LeFanu, “Introduction,” in Betsy Sheridan’s Journal: Letters from Sheridan’s sister 1784–1786 and 1788–1790, edited by W. LeFanu, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1986. Limerick Civic Trust, “Quaint Cures and Curious Remedies,” in Georgian Limerick, edited by D. Lee and B. Kelly, Vol. 1, Limerick: Limerick Civic Trust, 1996. N. Matthews, “Merrion Square,” in The Georgian Squares of Dublin: An Architectural History, Dublin: Dublin City Council, 2006. SOURCES CONSULTED 325

R.B. McDowell, “Ireland in 1800,” in A New History of Ireland 4: Eighteenth- century Ireland 1691–1800, edited by T.W. Moody and W.E. Vaughan, Vol. 4, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1986. T. Mooney and F. White, “The Gentry’s Winter Season,” in The Gorgeous Mask: Dublin 1700–1850, edited by D. Dickson, Dublin: Trinity History Workshop, 1987. I. Murphy, “Primary Education,” in The Church Since Emancipation, edited by P. J. Corish, Vol. 5, Dublin: Gill & Macmillan, 1970. M. Luddy and C. Murphy, “Cherchez la Femme: The Elusive Women in Irish History,” in Women Surviving, edited by M. Luddy and C. Murphy, Dublin: Poolbeg Press, 1989. W. Nolan, “Patterns of living in Tipperary, 1750–1850,” in Tipperary: History and Society Interdisciplinary Essays on the History of an Irish County, edited by W. Nolan and T.G. McGrath, Dublin: Geography Publications, 1985. G. O’Brien, “The 1825–6 Commissioners of Irish Education reports: background and context,” in G. Fitzgerald, Irish Primary Education in the Early Nineteenth Century, Dublin: Royal Irish Academy, 2013. A. O’Connell, “‘Good to the Heart’s Core’: Charlotte O’Brien 1845–1909,” in Clio’s Daughters: Essays on Irish Women’s History 1845–1939, edited by B. Whelan, Limerick: University of Limerick Press, 1997. R. O’Donnell, “Bridget ‘Croppy Biddy’ Dolan,” in The Women of 1798, edited by D. Keogh and N. Furlong, Dublin: Four Courts, 1998. M. O’Dowd, “Women and paid work in rural Ireland, c. 1500–1800,” in Women and paid work in Ireland, 1500–1930, edited by B. Whelan, Dublin: Four Courts, 2000. E. O’Sullivan, “Irish Women and Elementary Education for the Poor in Early Nineteenth-Century Ireland,” in Educating Ireland: schooling and social change, 1700–2000, edited by D. Raftery and K. Fischer, Dublin: Irish Academic Press, 2014. E. O’Sullivan, “The Provision of Elementary Education in Munster: Inclusion at the Beginning of the Nineteenth Century or Since?,” in The Inclusion Delusion? Reﬂections on Democracy, Ethos and Education, edited by A. O’Donnell, Bern: Peter Lang AG, International Academic Publishers, 2014. J. O’Carroll, “Towards the Homeless Poor 1725–1775,” in The Gorgeous Mask: Dublin 1700–1850, edited by D. Dickson, Dublin: Trinity History Workshop, 1987. D. Raftery, “Colonizing the Mind: The Use of English Writers in the Education of the Irish Poor, c. 1750–1850,” in Educating the Child in Enlightenment Britain: Beliefs, Cultures, Practices, edited by M. Hilton and J. Shefrin Ashgate Studies in Childhood, 1700 to the Present, ed. C. Nelson, Farnham: Ashgate Publishing Company, 2009. 326 SOURCES CONSULTED

R. Raughter, “A Natural Tenderness: The Ideal and the Reality of Eighteenth- Century Female Philanthropy,” in Women – Irish History, edited by M.G. Valiulis and M. O’Dowd, Dublin: Wolfhound Press, 1997. J.L. Ruff, “Introduction,” in C. Lambe, Glenarvon, Delmar, New York: Scholars’ Facsimiles and Reprints, 1972. C. MacDonald Shaw, “Introduction and Notes,” in H. More, Tales for the Common People, Nottingham: Trent Editions, 2002. W. Smyth, “Property, patronage and population: reconstructing the human geography of mid-seventeenth century County Tipperary,” in Tipperary: History and Society, edited by W. Nolan and T.G. McGrath, Dublin: Geography Publications, 1985. J.M.S. Tompkins, “Explanatory Notes,” in E. Inchbald, A Simple Story, edited by J. Spencer, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1988.

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M. Girouard, “Curraghmore, Co. Waterford, Eire-II “ in Country Life, February 14,1963. M. Girouard, “Curraghmore, Co. Waterford, Eire-III,” in Country Life, February 21,1963. J. Kelly, “A Tour in the South of Ireland in 1782” in North Munster Antiquarian Journal 29, (1987). J.G. Knightly, “Eleanor Godfrey: A Tradition of Landlord Philanthropy,” in Journal of the Kerry Archaeological and Historical Society, Series 2, 2, (2002). J. Logan, “Governesses, tutors and parents: domestic education in Ireland, 1700– 1880,” in Irish Educational Studies 7, No. 2 (1988). J. Logan, “How many pupils went to school in the nineteenth century?,” in Irish Educational Studies 8, No. 1 (1989). M. Luddy, “The Lives of the Poor in Cahir in 1821,” in Tipperary Historical Journal 4, (1991). M. Luddy “An Agenda for Women’s History in Ireland, Part 2, 1800–1900,” in Irish Historical Studies XXVIII, No. 109 (1992). M. Mac Curtain and M. O’Dowd, “An Agenda For women’s History in Ireland, Part I, 1500–1800,” in Irish Historical Studies XXVIII, No. 109 (1992). J. McAuley, “From the Education of Daughters to the Rights of Woman:Mary Wollstonecraft in Ireland, 1786–7,” in History Ireland, January/February, 2016. J. McDermid, “‘Intellectual Instruction is Best Left to a Man’: the feminisation of the Scottish teaching profession in the second half of the nineteenth century,” in Women’s History Review 6, No. 1 (1997): 95–114. J. McDermid, “Gender, National Identity and the Royal (Argyll) Commission of Inquiry into Scottish Education (1864–1867),” in Journal of Educational Administration and History 38, No. 3 (2006): 249–262. M. Moroney, “The 1841 Census – do the Numbers Add Up?” in History Ireland, May/June, 2015. S. Ní Chinnéide, “A Frenchman’s impression of Limerick, Town and People in 1791,” in North Munster Antiquarian Journal 5, No. 4 (1948). T. Ó Gadhra, “Milltown Local History – How the Village of Milltown origi- nated,” in Contact, March, 1970. T. Ó Gadhra, “Milltown Local History Part II “ in Contact, July, 1970. T. Ó Gadhra, “Milltown Local History Part III,” in Contact, December, 1970. T. Ó Gadhra, “Milltown Local History Part IV,” in Contact December, 1972. M. O’Dowd, “Women and Patriotism in Eighteenth-Century Ireland,” in History Ireland, September/October, 2006. M. Potter, “William Monsell, First Baron Emly of Tervoe,” in Old Limerick Journal 32, (1995). G.T. Rimmington, “Thomas Robinson: Evangelical Clergyman in Leicester, 1774-1813,” in Transactions of the Leicestershire Archaeological and Historical Society 75, (2001). 328 SOURCES CONSULTED

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CONFERENCE PAPERS M. Cohen, “Keynote Address,” in Education and Culture in the Long Eighteenth Century, 1688–1832, Conference, Faculty of Education, University of Cambridge, September 8–10, 2005. SOURCES CONSULTED 333

S. Cowan, “Changing Technologies of Writing in the late Eighteenth and its impact upon ideas of reading, writing and schooling,” in Education and Culture in the Long Eighteenth Century, 1688–1832, Conference, Faculty of Education, University of Cambridge, September 8–10, 2005. S. George, “Cultivating the Botanical Woman: Rousseau, Wakeﬁeld and the Instruction of Ladies,” in Education and Culture in the Long Eighteenth Century, 1688–1832, Conference, Faculty of Education, University of Cambridge, September 8–10, 2005. J. Girdham, “Musical Education: as Accomplishment and Recreation,” in Education and Culture in the Long Eighteenth Century, 1688–1832, Conference, Faculty of Education, University of Cambridge, September 8– 10, 2005.

AUDIO AND VISUAL MATERIAL The Wallace Collection, Hertford House, Manchester Square, London. D. Ferriter, “Episode 5: The 1950s and emigration, his replacement by Sean Lemass,” in Judging Dev, Dublin: RTÉ Radio, November 25, 2007. British Galleries, 1760-1900, Victoria and Albert Museum, Cromwell Road, London. V. Glendenning, “Jonathan Swift: A Portrait,” interviewed by M. Dungan, in Rattlebag, Dublin: RTÉ Radio 1, April 17, 2002. W. Hogarth (1751) Gin Lane, etching and engraving, London: Tate Britain. Jim Kemmy Municipal Museum, City Hall, Merchant’s Quay, Limerick. Le Musée de l’Ecole Rurale, Trégarvan, Finistère, Bretagne.

PERSONAL COMMUNICATIONS B. Croeser, conversation with author, July 17, 2006. J.G. Knightly, email to author, November 26, 2001. J.G. Knightly, email to author, January, 2008. B. Power, telephone conversation with author, August 31, 2001. W. Power, conversation with author, July 7, 2007. J. Walsh, conversation with author, May 22, 2006. J. Walsh, conversation with author, June 24, 2008.

UNPUBLISHED PAPERS “Curraghmore,” tour guide fact sheet, Curraghmore, Co. Waterford, n.d. J.G. Knightly, private papers, 2009. J. Walsh, private papers, n.d. 334 SOURCES CONSULTED

J. Walsh, “Chronology of Cahir 1599-1999,” private papers, n.d.

REFERENCE WORKS Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1906. Oxford Illustrated Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1982. B. Burke, A Genealogical History of the Dormant, Abeyant, Forfeited, and Extinct Peerages of the British Empire,2nd ed., London: Burke’s Peerage, 1969. B. Burke, Peerage and Baronetage, 105th ed., London: Burke’s Peerage Ltd., 1975. H. Montgomery-Massingberd, ed. Burke’s Irish family records, London: Burke’s Peerage, 1976. INDEX

A C Abbey, Kilcoleman, 45n53, 146n27, Cahir, 16, 46n83, 54, 64n28, 168, 182, 184, 190, 191, 194, 199–215, 215n5, 215n6, 216n8, 195n22, 269 216n11, 216n13, 217n19, The Absentee, 54, 140–141 217n22, 218n33, 218n36, Agency, 6, 10–12, 19, 20, 286, 288 218n45, 253, 287, 288, 296 American War of Independence, 9, 69, Cahir Chapel School, 207–211, 214, 290 215, 216n14, 296 Ancien Régime, 14, 107, 122n1, 300 Cahirmoyle, 221, 237, 239n4 Architects, 16, 31, 181, 265, 269 Cahir Straw Platting School, 211–212, Ardsolas School, 233–234 216n14 Arthur Young, 24n44, 44n39, 154, Caroline FitzGerald, Lady 215n1 Kingsborough, Countess of Ascendancy women, 5, 7, 11, 12, 14, Kingston, 16, 18, 22n18, 99, 20, 30, 33, 35–41, 285, 288, 100, 151–168, 201, 269, 287, 289, 299 292, 294, 295, 297, 301 Association for Discountenancing Caroline Wyndham, Lady Dunraven, Vice, 72, 84n22 Countess of Dunraven, 16, Augustinian Abbey, Adare, 272, 274 65n71, 100, 141, 144, 147n38, 265–279, 280n2, 280n7, 284n106, 287, 288, 293, 295, B 297, 302, 308n51 Baptist Society, 72, 78, 79, 80, 85n58, Castle Rackrent, 3, 140 225, 226, 227, 295 Charleville, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 94, Betsy Sheridan, 24n52, 25n69, 33, 38, 102n16, 249 42n5, 43n34, 44n37 Charlotte Smith, Lady O’Brien, 16, Blarney Castle, 199, 215n1 99, 100, 221–238, 285, 288, Brittany, 18, 110 294, 295, 297, 299, 302, 305n4, Bushﬁeld, 175, 177, 181, 196n38 305n10

Charter Schools, 87, 89, 91, 95, 100, E 101n2, 102n12, 131, 145n4, Education societies, 5, 13, 14, 16, 19, 163, 164, 274 70, 71, 77, 78, 82, 100, 132, Clare Adult School of 163, 191, 226, 238, 283n84, Industry, 234–235 297, 299, 300, 304 Clare Industry School, 227–230 Eleanor Cromie, Lady Godfrey, 16, Class, 5, 6, 11, 12, 13, 16, 19, 20, 28, 100, 132, 144, 152, 175–194, 35, 36, 39, 40, 61, 70, 72, 285, 287, 293, 294, 102n16, 110, 115, 116, 126n92, 295, 302 132, 133, 140, 151, 157, 159, Emily Jefferyes, Lady Cahir, Countess 184, 185, 186, 190, 193, 204, of Glengall, 16, 54, 100, 168, 222, 231, 263n57, 274, 278, 178, 199–215, 220n92, 285, 286, 289, 290, 292, 293, 239n13, 257, 287, 288, 293, 295 296, 302 Clearwell Court, 265, 267, 275, 276 Ennis Adult School of Commission of the Board of Industry, 230–232 Education in Ireland, 1806– Ethnicity, 4, 5, 6, 12, 13, 14, 17, 20, 1813, 21n16, 23n37, 42n13, 51, 61, 289 65n64, 70, 75, 83n6, 84n22, 92, Evangelicalism, 13, 71, 77, 132, 134, 96, 99, 101n2 135, 159, 177, 186, 193, 224, Commission of Irish Education 226, 227, 292, 294, 295 Inquiry, 1825, 21n16–22n16, 23n26, 65n72, 67n101, 70, 73, 83n8, 96, 101n1, 103n27, F 145n4, 172n83 Famine, 40, 41n3, 56, 60, 62n10, Commission of Irish Education 190, 191, 222, 223, 235, – Inquiry, 1791, 21n16 22n16, 240n20, 240n33, 258, 275, 278, 70, 91, 98, 172n83 289, 290 Curraghmore, 16, 18, 201, 248, 249, Female Orphan House, 99, 105n49, – 250, 251, 253, 255 259, 259n3, 255, 306n16 260n17, 260n22, 291 Foundling Hospital, 101n1, 274 Foundlings, 88 France, 13, 14, 15, 107, 109, 110, D 111, 112, 121, 122n1, 123n25, Denny, Lady Arabella, 29, 158 162, 176, 179, 200, 214, 248, Dromoland, 16, 99, 132, 221, 222, 267, 293, 296, 297, 298, 300, 223, 224, 226, 235, 238, 266, 307n48 269, 288 French Revolution, 9, 69, 111, 121, Dromoland School, 226–227 134, 142, 290 Dunraven Castle, 265, 267 Fry, Elizabeth, 223 INDEX 337

G 212, 219n55, 219n56, 225, 226, Galtee Mountains, 154, 168 227, 228, 230, 231, 232, 233, Gaskell, Elizabeth, 20, 141, 143 234, 239n11, 240, 240n29, Glenarvon, 58, 202, 217n30 240n30, 240n31, 241n34, Godfrey family, 139, 175, 180, 241n38, 241n41, 241n46, 194n12, 196n34, 196n38 241n50, 256, 273, 274, 285, Godfrey, John, 175, 187, 191, 287, 290, 292, 293, 295, 297, 195n20, 195n30 298, 300, 305n4

H L Hannah More, 36, 22n22, 23n35, Lady Catherine le Poer 43n25, 60, 66n98, 71, 74, 79, Beresford, 248, 249 114, 119, 131, 134, 135, 136, Lady Susanna Carpenter, Marchioness 137, 139, 144, 145n11, 145n15, of Waterford, 16, 18, 99, 100, 159, 162, 185, 186, 196n48, 178, 248, 255, 288, 291, 295, 211, 267, 275, 286, 298, 307n48 297, 302 Henry le Poer Beresford, 2nd Lancaster, Joseph, 76, 137, 141, 204, Marquess of Waterford, 39, 208, 224, 226, 241n48 248, 249, 251, 257, 258, 259, Leadbeater, Mary, 20, 131, 136, 138, 291, 296 162, 289, 291 Herbert, Dorothea, 24n52, 34, 37, Legacy, 6, 118, 121 39, 57, 215n5, 250 Lewis, Samuel, 118, 156, 215n1, The History of Hester Wilmot, Parts 1 218n36, 222, 253, 256 and Two, 134–136 Limerick Protestant Orphan Howard, John, 163, 168, 172n82 Society, 274, 278 London Hibernian Society, 72–74, 226 J Lord Lieutenant’s School Fund, 14, – Jeanne-Louise-Henriette Genet, 72, 81 82, 159, 187, 208, 228, Madame Campan, 113 288, 289, 290, 293, 297 Louisa Stuart, Marchioness of Waterford, 39, 257 K Kauffman, Angelica, 3, 249 Kilcoleman School, 187, 188, 190 M Kildare Place Society, 13, 16, 18, 72, Manor, Adare, 65n71, 139, 144, 73, 74–78, 79, 82, 84n26, 131, 147n38, 265–272, 275, 276, 132, 187, 188, 189, 197n60, 278, 279, 280n1, 280n2, 280n7, 197n66, 207, 208, 210, 211, 287, 295, 308n51 338 INDEX

Maria Edgeworth, 24n50, 35, Petites écoles, 107, 108, 109, 122n3 124n49, 139, 140, 141, 256, 291 Portlaw, 201, 253–254, 256, 257 Marquis de Condorcet, 112–113, Practical Education, 140 124n57 Pragmatism, 238, 291–293, 296 Maxwell, Constantia, 22n18, 27, 49n157, 57, 62n10, 304 Mc Auley, Catherine, 298 Q Milltown, 97, 132, 139, 176, 177, 178, Quakers, 76, 96, 141, 163, 178, 205, 180, 182, 184, 186, 187, 188, 253, 296 190, 191, 193, 194n4, 295, 305 Quintessence, 12 Mitchelstown, 16, 99, 139, 151, 152, 154, 156, 157, 158, 160–168, 171n73, 201, 207, 238n4, R 239n7, 253, 254, 269, 287, Religious belief, 9, 16, 72, 78, 108, 292, 295 185, 235, 279, 294, 296, 303 Mitchelstown Castle, 18, 151, 154, Richard, Lord Cahir, Earl of 156, 157, 160, 269 Glengall, 200, 206 Motivation, 12–13, 20, 144, 163, Robert, Viscount Kingsborough of 256, 278, 292, 295, 304 Rockingham, Earl of Mountain Lodge, Galtee Kingston, 151, 152, 160 Mountains, 154, 168 Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 3, 39, 45n66, Munster Hibernian Education 101, 110, 111, 112, 123n40, Society, 226 142, 146n25, 185, 279 My Lady Ludlow, 34, 141–143

S N School patrons, 15, 19, 29, 78, 79, 87, Nano Nagle, 163, 292, 298, 299 92, 96, 97, 98, 99, 132, 208, – Newmarket School, 232 233 210, 211, 212, 225, 229, 289, 296, 297 Schools, 4–6, 8, 11, 13, 14, 16, 19, O 20, 36, 40, 58, 60, 70–81, Oeconomy of Charity, 132, 291, 87–100, 107–110, 112–121, 306n24 131–135, 137, 138, 140, 142, Orphanage, 94, 99, 109, 162, 163, 163–167, 175, 185–188, 191, 164, 165, 274, 295, 306n16 193, 213, 224–228, 237, 256, 274, 276, 278, 279, 286, 288–299, 302–303 P Schools’ inspectors, 11, 76, 117, 188, Pascal, Jacqueline, 108 210, 232, 234, 274 Pendarves Delany, Mary Scotland, 13–15, 79, 107–121, Granville, 304 297, 300 INDEX 339

Sir Edward O’Brien, 221 U Society in Scotland for Propagating Ursuline Sisters, 94, 109, 298 Christian Knowledge, 116 Stéphanie Félicité de Genlis, 110 Swiss Cottage, 204 V Viceregal court, 29–31 T Vicereine, 30, 168, 180 Teachers, 4, 15, 19, 74–79, 87, 92, Viceroy, 30–31, 168 94–99, 107–109, 111, 113–120, 133, 136, 140, 164, 166, 187–190, 205, 208, 210, 211, 212, 215, 225, 227–230, 232, W 234, 254, 255, 273, 274, 278, West, Jane, 79, 86n59, 144, 144n1, 297–299, 303 185, 186, 196n49, 279 Ton, 8, 30, 110, 202, 245 Windham Quin, Windham Wyndham- Trimmer, Sarah, 3, 8, 13, 22n22, 60, Quin, Lord Dunraven, Earl of 66n98–67n98, 69, 83n1, 131, Dunraven, 268, 272, 279 132, 133, 134, 135, 139, 145n6, Wives and Daughters, 141, 143–144 145n9, 162, 211, 291, 298, Wollstonecraft, Mary, 11, 158, 168, 306n24 169n6, 286