Cover page: Dinosor bearing Lameta sucssesion at Salbardi area, districts Amravati, Maharashtra and Betul, Madhya Pradesh

National Conference on Basin Dynamics, Facies Architecture and Paleoclimate

34th Convention of Indian Association of Sedimentologists

19-21 December, 2017

Extended Abstracts’ Volume

Convener Dr. Ashok K. Srivastava

Organized by Department of Geology Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati-444602 Maharashtra, India

National Advisory Committee IAS Governing Council Prof. G. N. Nayak, Goa Prof. G. N. Nayak, Goa, President Prof. S. K. Tandon, Delhi Prof. S. M. Casshyap, Delhi, Past President Prof. S. M. Casshyap, Delhi Prof. S. K. Tandon, Delhi, Past President Prof. M. Raza, Aligarh Prof. G. M. Bhatt, Jammu, Vice President Prof. S. Kumar, Lucknow Prof. S. Banerjee, Mumbai, Vice President Dr. P. Srivatava, Dehradun Prof. M. Raza, Aligarh, General Secretary Prof. D. S. Singh, Lucknow Prof. Subir Sarkar, Kolkata, Joint Secretary Prof. I. B. Singh, Lucknow Prof. A. V. Joshi, Vadodra, Joint Secretary Dr. Bandana Samant, Nagpur Prof. A. H. M. Ahmad, Aligarh, Treasurer Prof. Rajwant, DST, New Delhi Prof. Abdullah Khan, Aligarh, Joint Treasurer Dr. N. Khare, MoES, New Delhi Prof. D. Rajasekhara Reddy, Editor Prof. S. J. Sangode, Pune Prof. R. Nagrndra, Chennai, Joint Editor Prof. R. Nagendra, Chennai Prof. A. Sathy Naidu, USA, Foreign Secretary Dr. D. M. Mohabey, Nagpur Prof. B. P. Singh, Varanasi, Member Dr. M. G. Kale, Pune Prof. A. K. Srivastava, Member Prof. B. P. Singh, Varanasi Prof. R. N. Hota, Bhubaneswar, Member Prof. U. K. Shukla, Varanasi Dr. Singarasubramanian, Member Prof. D. C. Gupta, Bhopal Prof. Nilesh Bhat, Vadodra, Member Prof. N. Sharma, Vadodara Prof. M. E. A. Mondal, Aligarh, Member Dr. B. S. Kotlia, Nainital Dr. Biplab Bhattacharya, Rorkee, Member Dr. N. Juyal, Ahmadabad Dr. Nivedita Chakravorty, Bankura, Member Prof. P. Kundal, Nagpur Dr. Pramod Kumar, Delhi, Member Dr. Rajeev Guhey, Raipur, Member

Conference theme 1. Basin dynamics 2. Climate through time and space 3. Petrology and Geochemistry 4. Stratigraphy and Paleobiology 5. Facies architecture and Depositional environments 6. Quaternary basins of India 7. Resource potential of sedimentary basins 8. Surface and subsurface processes 9. Hydrogeology, Remote sensing and GIS Dr. Ashok K. Srivastava Professor, PG Department of Geology SGB Amravati University, Amravati Maharashtra-444 602, INDIA Tel: +91-0721-2662206-8 (ext. 301) (O) Fax: +91-0721-2660949/2662135 Mob: +919422157422 E-mail: [email protected] Website: http://aksrivastava.weebly.com ------Preface

The volume of extended abstracts is an outcome of the National Conference on ‘Basin dynamics, Facies architecture and Paleoclimate’ and includes write-up of 07 Keynote/Invited lectures, 95 extended abstracts and 03 abstracts of the applicants for Young Sedimentologist Award. The Conference focused on sedimentology and paleoclimate is further subdivided into nine themes, i.e., i) Basin dynamics, ii) Climate through time and space, iii) Petrology and Geochemistry, iv) Stratigraphy and Paleobiology, v) Facies architecture and Depositional environments, vi) Quaternary basins of India, vii) Resource potential of sedimentary basins, viii) Surface and subsurface processes, and ix) Hydrogeology, Remote sensing and GIS. The response of the participants to various subheads were uneven, however, high trends are noticed for Petrology and Geochemistry followed by Hydrogeology, Remote sensing and GIS.

Participation of eminent scientists from Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmadabad; National Centre for Earth Science Studies, Thiruvananthapuram; Maharashtra Remote Sensing Application Centre, Nagpur; Regional Remote Sensing Application Centre, Nagpur; Indian Institute of Technology, Mumbai; Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee; Atomic Minerals Directorate for Exploration and Research, Nagpur; Lucknow University, Lucknow; Anna University, Chennai; RTM Nagpur University, Nagpur; Madaras University, Chennai; Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh; Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi; Nagaland University, Kohima; Manipur University, Imphal; SBF Pune University, Pune; Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar; Jadhavpur University, Jadhavpur; Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh etc. has raised the standard of the Conference up to the level of excellence. I personally feel elevated and express my sincere gratitude.

The Conference is organized under the aegis of 34th Convention of Indian Association of Sedimentologists (IAS-2017). The Association is the pioneer, non-profitable, purely academic body committed for development of sedimentological studies in India and neighbouring countries from last 35 years. Every year, it provides an opportunity for the sedimentologists to meet and express their views on one platform through the Conference in its annual convention. The present convention is also in accordance with the aim of the Association with grand success.

Organizing this Conference is a step forward of the host University towards fulfilment of its mission i.e., ‘To contribute to the society through the pursuit of education, learning and research at the highest level of excellence’. This University is committed for the social and economic development of the residents of its region, particularly, the districts of Amravati, Akola, Buldhana, Yavatmal and Washim under its jurisdiction. This expert meet has provided an opportunity for the academicians of this region to be a part of this very high repute scientific gathering.

Our youngsters will drive on the front seat in future; hence, need better guidance, learning and inspiration to move fast on right track. This aspect has been considered and all efforts have been made to encourage and support them in this Conference by providing travelling expenses, free accommodation and reducing the Registration fee. Besides, they were also encouraged to participate for Young Scientist Award.

I am very much thankful to my team members of the Conference, University authorities as well as Government and non Government organizations for their support.

(Ashok K. Srivastava) National Conference on BASIN DYNAMICS, FACIES ARCHITECTURE AND PALEOCLIMATE

34th Convention of INDIAN ASSOCIATION OF SEDIMENTOLOGISTS 19-21 December, 2017

SOUVENIR-CUM-GEOLOGY OF AMRAVATI REGION

Organised by Department of Geology Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University Amravati-444602, Maharashtra, India

Under the Aegis of Indian Association of Sedimentologists, AMU, Aligarh

SR. TITLE AND AUTHOR PAGE NO. NO.

Keynote/Invited Lecture 1 Correlation of terrestrial and marine sedimentation records during the Quaternary: some 1 conceptual issues: Singhvi, A. K. 2 Precipitation variability over Northwest Himalaya from ~4.0 to 1.9 ka BP with likely impact on 3 civilization in the foreland areas: Kotlia, S. B. 3 Evolution of the western Himalayan foreland basin: Singh, B. P. 5 4 Infratrappean sequences (Maastrichtian) of Narmada Basin, western India: repository of 7 terminal Cretaceous events – A review: Joshi, A.V. 5 Stromatolites and the Vindhyan Supergroup, Central India: Kumar, S. 10 6 Is Deccan Volcanism responsible for termination of Indian Late Cretaceous Dinosaurs?: 12 Mohabey, D. M. 7 Research challenges and opportunities for pursuing career in earth and atmospheric sciences: 14 Rajwant BASIN DYNAMICS

8 Sediment source and varying SW monsoon intensity in the recent past through the study of 16 sediment proxies, western Bay of Bengal: Kangane, J. and Nayak, G. N. 9 Configuration, geodynamic evolution and metallogeny of Singhbhum Mobile Belt (SMB), 19 Eastern India: An Overview: Alvi, S. H. and Malik, N. K. 10 Deep water clastic sedimentation: Progression of understanding in processes, concepts & 22 models: Roy, S. K. and Banerjee, S. CLIMATE THROUGH TIME AND SPACE 11 Environmental magnetic properties of lateritic soils from diverse environmental settings in 24 Kerala: Warrier, A. K., Amrutha, K., Sandeep, K., Jyothinath, A. and Ananthapdmanabha, A. L.

12 Sedimentological and rock magnetic lines of evidence for Mid-Holocene rainfall variability 26 recorded in sediments of Kuruburkere Lake, Southern India: Sandeep, K., Shankar, R., Warrier, A. K ., Weijian, Z. and Xuefeng, L. 13 TOC, CHNS and Hydrogen / Oxygen index study of sediment core of Tarna-Satighat Lake, 28 Central India: appraisal of environmental change and anthropogenic impact: Humane, S. K. Humane, S. S., and Adatte, T. 14 Changing sediment sources in the Bay of Bengal: evidences of summer monsoon 30 intensification and ice melt over Himalaya during Late Quaternary: Prajith, A., John K. P. and Tyagi, A. 15 Tropical tidal record from Paleoproterozoic mixed-diurnal tidal rhythmites, Gwalior basin, 32 Central India: Paul P. P. and Chakraborty P. P. 16 Palaeoenvironmental changes during the Middle to Late Holocene Period, Lothal, Gujarat: 34 Implications in demise of the Harappan civilization: Vedpathak, C., Sodhi, A., Das, A. and Prizomwala, S. PETROLOGY AND GEOCHEMISTRY 17 Petrography and provenance study of Barakar Formation of Raigarh coalfield, district Raigarh 35 (C.G.): Ali, S. and Khan, M. W. Y. 18 Petrography of Baneta sediments, Central Narmada basin, Hoshangabad District, Madhya 37 Pradesh: Kale, M. G. Pundalik, S. A. and Kumar, D. 19 Petrography and diagenesis study of carbonates of the Penganga Group at Govari area, Wani 39 Taluka of Yeotmal District, Maharashtra: Humane, S. S. Ramteke, S. Humane S. K. and Borkar, S. 20 Evolutionary trend of early continental crust in the northern part of Indian Shield : Evidence 41 from geochemical composition of sedimentary rocks: Raza, M. and Ahmad, S. 21 Provenance of Upper Bhuban Sandstones, Belt of Schuppen, Chumukedima, Dimapur, 43 Nagaland: Srivastava, S. K. and Kikon, F. 22 Mesozoic Jhuran Formation, Kutch Rift Basin: Analysis of sandstone characteristics: 45 Chaudhuri, A., Banerjee, S. and Pera, E. L. 23 Textural and compositional analysis of Miliolite deposits from Katrol Hill Range, Kachchh, 47 western India: Talati, R. and Bhatt, N. 24 Ordovician siliciclastic sediments are good climate archives: Evidences from the geochemical 49 studies of Thango Formation, Spiti Valley, Tethys Himalaya, northern India: Rashid, S. A. and Ganai, J. A. 25 Geochemical and SEM-EDX characterisation of lateritic soils developed over Tertiary 51 Sedimentary Formations of Kerala: Mohan, R. and Babu, L. 26 Geochemistry of the Barail Group of rock and depositional environment during Oligocene in 53 NE Indian subcontinent: Devi, S. R., Ibotombi, S., Mondal, M. E. A. and Singh ,Y. R. 27 Mobility of elements in Darai-Daldali Bauxite deposit of Kabirdham, Chhattisgarh: Das, B. and 55 Khan, M. W. Y. 28 Sedimentological and geochemical studies of the Pleistocene carbonates around Diu, India: 57 origin and paleoenvironments: Humane, S. S., Humane S. K. and P. Kundal 29 Provenance, redox structure, and hydrocarbon propensity of shale intervals from Proterozoic 59 Vindhyan basin: clues from geochemistry (major, trace and REE), TOC and stable isotope (δ13C) chemistry: Singh, A. K., Chakraborty, P. P. and Sarkar, S. 30 δ13C Depletion in Tidal sediments: Upper Cretaceous Garudamangalam Sandstone, Cauvery 61 Basin, India: Chakraborty, N. 31 Geochemical and facies analysis of Gulcheru Formation, Cuddapah Basin, India changes during 63 Paleoproterozoic sedimentation: Jana, S., Chakrabarti, G. and Shome, D. 32 Environmental magnetic and geochemical characteristics of Beypore estuarine sediments, SW 65 Coast of India: Praseetha, B. S., Prakash, T. N. Shankar, R. and Varghese, T. I. 33 Mineralogy and geochemistry of glauconites in the Maastrichtian Lameta Formation, Narmada 68 Basin: Bansal, U., Banerjee, S. and Pande, K. 34 Textural And heavy mineral studies of sediments from Colachel To Muttom Coast, 70 Kanyakumari, Tamil Nadu, India: Bejino, A. A. Pal, A. K. and Singarasubramanian, S. R. 35 Geochemistry of heavy metals and CHNS composition in the Kavaratti Island, Lakshadweep 72 Archipelago, India: Krishnan, A. K., Antony, S., Ratheesh, K. M., Krishnakumar, A., Harsha M., Vinu V. Dev and Viswadas, V. 36 Preliminary sedimentological and geotechnical investigations of sediments of Karewa Basin of 74 Kashmir Valley: implication for seismic hazard assessment: Mir, S. A., Chandra, R., Romshoo, S. A., Dar, J. A., Rashid, I. and Parvez, I. A. 37 Geochemistry of Cauvery River sediments; implication to provenance and weathering process: 76 Krishnan, N. G., Nagendra, R. and Elango, L. 38 Study on the textural characteristics of lower part of the Kollidam River sediments, 78 Nagapattinam District, Tamil Nadu: Patra, P. K., Singarasubramanian, S. R. and Rajmohan, S. 39 Study on textural behavier of Kodiyampalayam beach sediments, Nagapattinam District, 79 Tamilnadu: Samal, P., Rajmohan, S. and Singarasubramanian, S. R. 40 Validation of hyper spectral signatures with geochemical data of Eastern ghat Bauxite in the 81 part of Kollimalai, Namakkal District, Tamil Nadu: Santha, K. K., Bharathiraja, S., Aravindan, S. and Vijaya prabhu, S 41 Mineralogic-geochemical study and elemental variation in the weathering profile (Soil) 83 developed on the Bundelkhand granite, Peninsular India: Kanhaiya, S., Singh, B. P., Singh, S., Srivastava, V. K. and Patra, A. 42 Impact of diagenesis on reservoir quality the Proterozoic Upper Kaimur Group Sandstones, 85 Son Valley, Central India: Quasim, M. A. and Ahmad, A. H. M. 43 Diagenetic evolution of ridge sandstone of Jumara Dome, Kachhchh, western India and its 87 implications for reservoir quality: Khan, Z., Ahmad, A. H. M. and Sachan, H. K. 44 Petrography and heavy mineral studies of the Lameta sediments exposed at Pandhari area, 89 districts Amravati, Maharashtra and Betul, Madhya Pradesh: Kandwal, N. K. 45 A study on textural characteristics of the Palar River sediments, Vayilur to Mamandur, 92 Kanchipuram district, Tamil Nadu: Annamalai, C. D. and Ramasamy, S. STRATIGRAPHY AND PALEOBIOLOGY 46 Biomarker characterization of Paleogene coal-bearing sediments of the Assam Basin: Rudra, 95 A. and Dutta, S. 47 Turritellid species from Miocene of Kutch, Gujarat and its palaeobiogeographic implications: 96 Hazra, S., Pradhan, A. and Roy, P. 48 Palynology and biomarker signatures of Siju Formation of Meghalaya, India: Singh, Y. R., 98 Rudra, A., Singh, P. and Dutta, S. 49 Ichnotaxonomy and its palaeoenvironmental significance of part of Jumara Formation of Habo 100 Dome, Kachchh, western India: Shah, P. and Solanki, P. M. 50 Stratigraphical review of the Alif Member in the Sab’atayn Basin, Yemen: Implication from 102 well logs and top formation: Albaroot, M., Ahmad, A. H. M., Aldharab, H., Quasim, M. A., Khan, Z., Amjad, A. and Sinha, A. 51 Microbially Induced sedimentary structures (MISS): their biostratigraphic and palaeoclimatic 104 implications in Marwar Supergroup, Rajasthan, India: Srivastava, P. 52 Biomarker signatures of Permian Glossopteris flora of Gondwanaland: Tewari, A., D’Rozario, 105 A., Bera, S. Barua, A. And Dutta, S. 53 Megaloolithus nesting sites form Lameta Formation of Salbardi area, Amravati district, 107 Maharashtra, India: Mankar, R. S. and Srivastava, A. K. 54 Paleontological studies in the sedimentary rocks around Katrambakkam, Villupuram District, 110 Tamil Nadu: insight for paleo-depositional Condition: Sivaraj, K. Abdul Basith EM, and Deepak, C. G. FACIES ARCHITECTURE AND DEPOSITIONAL ENVIRONMENTS 55 Lateral lithofacies variation within Lokapur Subgroup, Kaladgi basin: Verlekar, P. and Kotha, 112 M. 56 Detrital modes and clay mineralogy of Lower Gondwana rocks in parts of West Kameng 114 district, Arunachal Pradesh; implications for provenance and tectonic setting: Gogoi, M. and Sarmah, R. K. 57 Depositional environment and provenance characterization of Palaeo- 116 MesoproterozoicTadpatri Formation, Cuddapah Basin, India: Mitra, R., Chakrabarti, G. and Shome, D. 58 Facies association and diagenetic features as Paleodepth indicator in Neo-Proterozoic Narji 118 Limestone, Cuddapah Basin, India: Roy, A., Chakrabarti, G. and Shome, D. 59 Facies association as evident from stromatolite morphology inferring palaeo-ramp evolution 120 during Vempalle Formation, Cuddapah Basin, Andhra Pradesh, India: Bose, S., Chakrabarti, G. and Shome, D. 60 Transgressive-regressive cycles in Early Permian coal-bearing Barakar Formation, Raniganj 122 Coalfield, India; implications on paleogeography: Bhattacharya, B. 61 Lithofacies and petrographic studies of Sawa Formation, Lower Vindhyan, Southeastern 123 Rajasthan, India: Khan, A. 62 Sedimentological attributes of the Dewar Lake and its depositional history: Bisht, K. and 125 Kotlia, B. S. 63 Depositional trends of Middle Jurassic condense sequence of Chorar Island, eastern Kachchh 127 basin, Patan district, Gujarat, western India: Darngawn, J. L., Patel, S. J., Joseph, J. K. and Shitole, A. D. 64 Lithofacies and ichnofacies analysis of genetically related sequences of the Bagh Group (Late 129 Cretaceous), Narmada District, Gujarat: Shitole, A. D., Patel, S. J., Joseph, J. K. and Darngawn, J. L. 65 Palaeocurrent and palaeoslope pattern of Permian Barakar and Motur formations in South- 131 Western part of Satpura Basin, Betul District, Madhya Pradesh: Raut, B. H. and Pophare, A. M. 66 Deciphering provenance characteristics of Dhosa Sandstone Member (Chari Formation) at Ler, 133 Kachchh basin, western India: Ghaznavi, A. A., Ahmad, A. H. M. and Alam, M. M. 67 Sedimentology of Gangotri Glacier landforms Garhwal Himalaya, India and its implication for 135 the Palaeoclimate: Singh, D. S., Dubey, C. A., Kumar, D. and Vishwakarma, B. QUATERNARY BASINS OF INDIA 68 Palaeoclimatic characteristics from Quaternary sediments of Godavari river in Nanded area of 137 Maharashtra, India: Babar, Md. 69 Clay mineralogical studies on the Quaternary sediments of Lower Narmada river basin: 139 Sharma, N. 70 Quaternary Fluvial sedimentary Motif in North Bengal, India: Sur, S., Samaddar, S. and 141 Mandal, S. 71 Calcrete profiling in Quaternary sediments of Purna alluvial basin, Maharashtra: Bansod, M. 143 N. and Srivastava, A. K. RESOURCE POTENTIAL OF SEDIMENTARY BASINS 72 Chemistry of Petroleum and Its Fraction: Selukar, N. B. 146 73 A appraisal of uranium mineralization in Jhabua Phosphorite and associated rocks of Aravalli 148 Metasediments, District Jhabua Madhya Pradesh: Samanta, S. Dandele, P. S. Panda, A. Srinivasan, S. and Yadav, O. P. 74 Resource Potential Study of the Permian Barren Measures Formation Shale, Damodar Basin, 149 East India: Waquar, A., Bhat, G. M., McLennan, J.

SURFACE AND SUBSURFACE PROCESSES 75 Source, processes and productivity in the recent past through spatial distribution of the 151 surface sediments from Kongsfjord to Krossfjord system, Svalbard: Choudhary, S., Nayak, G. N. and Khare, N. 76 Textural and geochemical study of surface sediments in Arasalar River, Tamilnadu and 154 Pondicherry Union Territory, India: Senkatesan, S., Singarasubramanian, S. R., Sundarrajan, M., Padhi, D. and Suganraj, K. 77 Trace metal pollution and ecological risk assessment in the surface sediments on a river 156 estuary shelf mixing zone, Southwest coast of India: Arun, T. J, Srinivas, R., Prasad K. R., Aneesh, T. D., Sreeraj, M. K, Silpa, B. L. and Sajan, K. 78 Study of channel dynamics of Ghaghara river from Bahraich to Faizabad districts of central 158 Ganga Plain, Uttar Pradesh using Geospatial techniques: Singh, A. P. and Arya, A. K.

HYDROLOGY, REMOTE SENSING AND GIS 79 Geomorphological investigations of Arna river basin Amravati District, Maharashtra using 160 Remote Sensing and GIS techniques: Kose, S. S. and Borgawkar, A. R. 80 Urbanization using GIS: A case study on Jammu city: Deshpande, A. V. 161 81 Possibility of artificial ground water recharges structures in Aurangabad District using Remote 163 Sensing and GIS techniques: Khade, B. V. and Borgawkar, A. R 82 Mapping of active fault related morphotectoinc features along the western segment of south 164 Wagad fault, Kachchh, Western India: Thakkar, M. G., Lakhote, A. and Chauhan, G. D 83 Identification of various lithofacies in Purna alluvial basin, Maharashtra through Remote 166 Sensing and GIS technique: Kale, V. M. 84 Groundwater modelling using Geographical Information System and Remote Sensing 168 techniques in Aurangabad District, Maharashtra: Gaikwad, N. V., Borgawkar, A. R. and Deshpande, S. M. 85 Hydrogeological investigations of the Chandrabhaga river basin using Geographical 169 Information System and Remote Sensing techniques in Daryapur and AchalpurTaluka, Amravati District, Maharashtra: Dhawale, S. D. and Borgawkar, A. R. 86 A fuzzy logic approach to assess wetland quality-A case study of AshtamudiRamsar wetland 170 system, Southwest coast of India: Krishnakumar, A., Anju, K., Aditya, S. K., Krishnan, A. K. and Dharan, D. T. 87 Appraisal of groundwater potential from sedimentary provinces of Maharashtra, Central 173 India: Murkute, Y. A. 88 Investigation of major element characterization in the groundwater of hard rock of Archaean 176 formation and recent sedimentary formation, Marakkanam block Villupuram district, Tamil Nadu, India: Saravanan, P., Raja J. K. T. and Raja, V. S. 89 Appraisal of groundwater potential zone and shallow subsurface lithology using multi 177 electrode resistivity scanning technique and compared with borehole lithology in Chittar sub basin of Thambaraparani river, Tamil Nadu, India: Vasanth Raja, S., Jeyavel Raja Kumar, T., Dushiyanthan, C., Thirunelakandan, B., Suresh, R. and Saravanan, P. 90 Hydro geological investigations of Manglur mini watershed taluka Morshi district Amravati: 178 Mawale, Y. K. and Jaipurkar, R. S. 91 Hydrogeomorphological assessment of the BhatkuliTaluka, Amravati District, Maharashtra 180 using remote sensing and GIS technique: Warghat, S. R., Khadse, S. P. and Meshram, S. A. 92 Proposed artificial groundwater recharge structures in over-exploited area of Amravati 182 District, Maharashtra State, India: Uke, C. K. and Deshmukh, M. S. 93 Qualitative analysis of groundwater from Bhatkuli and Walgaon villages, District Amravati, 183 Maharashtra: Karmore, J. S. 94 Analysis of Ahar watershed for assessment of sediment erosion: Remote sensing and GIS 185 approach: Ikbal, J., Ali, S. A. and Aldharab, H. S. N. 95 GIS based morphometric analysis of the Pedhi river basin tributary of Purna river, Amravati 187 and Akola Districts, Maharashtra: Tidke, P. S., Khadse, S. P., Warghat, S. R. and Daberav, I. M. 96 Morphometric analysis of the Suryaganga river basin tributary of Wardha river, Amravati 189 District, Maharashtra, India: Warghat, S. R., Tidke, P. S., Meshram, S. A. and Kitukale, S. B. 97 Hydrogeochemistry of high fluoride groundwater in granulite belt aquifer in a part of 191 Bhopalpatnam area, Bijapur District, Chhattisgarh, India: Korsa, M. and Guhey, R. 98 Hypsometric analysis as indication for understanding geomorphic stages in Ataq area, 192 Shabwah Province, Yemen: Aldharab, H. S., Ali, S. A., Albaroot, M., Ikbal J. and Ghareb, S. A. 99 Ionic relations and sources of major components in Purna alluvial basin, Maharashtra, India: 194 Parimal, P. S. 100 Geomorphology and geological studies of basaltic hard rock region for groundwater regime 196 using Remote Sensing and GIS: Deshmukh, S., Suple, P., Deshmukh, T. and Pande, C. 101 Hydrological controlled aggradation and incision of the upper Indus valley, Ladakh Himalaya, 198 during the late Pleistocene: Kumar, A. and Srivastava, P. 102 Identification and spectral analysis of water potential areas using Remote Sensing and GIS 199 techniques in Aligarh District, U. P.: Singh, D. S., Mishra, A., Kumar, A. and Gupta, A. YOUNG SEDIMENTOLOGIST AWARD

103 Facies characterisation and sequence stratigraphy of Shoreface-Tidal Delta deposits of 201 Jurassic, Wagad Highland, Kachchh, Western India: Joseph, J. K. and Patel, S. J. 104 Seasonal variations in suspended particulate matter distribution and locations of the 202 estuarine turbidity maximum in three tropical estuaries of India: Suja, S. 105 Volcanic ash from Purna Alluvial Basin, Maharashtra, Central India: Singh, A. and Srivastava, 203 A. K.

34th Convention, Indian Association of Sedimentologists Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati; 19-21, December, 2017; Extended Abstracts’ Volume

Keynote/Invited Lecture

Correlation of terrestrial and marine sedimentation records during the Quaternary: some conceptual issues

Singhvi, A. K. Physical Research Laboratory, Navarangpura, Ahmedabad -380 009, Gujarat [email protected]

Till date, most of Land-Sea or Land-Land correlations have been made assuming a synchronicity between forcing events and sedimentation processes, and in simultaneous and analogous changes in the sedimentary records (and their attributes), on the land and in the oceans. There has been a convention to match the terrestrial records with those from the oceans and/or ice cores and then deduce the forcing. This leads to a circular argument. Thus, for example, it is common place that odd number marine isotopic stages are correlated directly with warmer, soil forming episodes in Loess-Paleosol sequences irrespective of other factors that may modulate these processes.

In such correlations, two aspects merit consideration. These are the sedimentation and the proxies. Sedimentation wise, such correlations implicitly assume that the terrestrial archives are created and preserved same manner as the ocean or ice proxies. Thus, implicitly it is assumed that in terrestrial realm preservation to the entire record is ensured, and erosion is negligible. In respect of proxies, use of multi-proxy data is made, with a simplistic assumption that all proxies respond to the forcing in a synchronous and analogous manner and that the larger the number of proxies, the better it is. Further, often the convergences of evidence from multiple proxies are often imposed (tuned) rather than being observed. Factors such as, the threshold for proxy response and their relaxation times for a given forcing have been invariably ignored. Simple logic suggests that both the sedimentation and proxy responses have been used somewhat too simplistically and hence inferences on the presence or absence of correlations and its implications are ab inito doubtful.

Direct dating of sediments using modern chronometric methods especially the luminescence dating has necessitated a reassessment of this conventional wisdom. Luminescence dating studies show that spatial gradients in landform response to the same climate forcing exist and arise due to the fact that terrestrial sediments need a window of opportunity to create a sediment record and only a part of the created records gets preserved and its is this fractional record that available for climate reconstruction. Therefore, by definition terrestrial systems have a lagged response to a forcing both due to thresholds of response, and of preservation.

I shall present some of the fundamental difficulties with conventional land sea correlation and then present a few chronometrically constrained case studies of dry land sequences to demonstrate, namely: 1) clear evidence of lagged aeolian system response in respect of climate forcing; 2) spatially different soil formation chronologies on the same stratigraphic but differing geographical boundaries; and 3) variable timing of the desiccation of lacustrine systems within a small spatial domain. These cases question the conventional

1 34th Convention, Indian Association of Sedimentologists Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati; 19-21, December, 2017; Extended Abstracts’ Volume wisdom and suggest the importance of determining temporal and spatial gradients and use proxy responses, based only robust chronologies and response styles.

The need now is to more completely understand the proxies by determining their thresholds, the style of their response style and the times scales on which they respond to a climatic perturbations. This can be done establishing sound chronologies with due cavets and caution their error limits. Blending field evidence, the laboratory assessment for reworking and pedogenetic effects, with numerical chronometry is essential. Also essential is to recognize of the nature of events being dated by a particular method and their error limits. Only then, an fully informed and scientifically secured interpretations of sedimentary archives will be available for proper land use - land-cover planning. A powerful yet simple analytical approach to this problem is system dynamics approach that explicitly includes feedbacks, delays, and response types. Such approaches will be crucial for paleosciences to truly serve as a compass for future Earth.

In the context of research in the terrestrial sediments, I will outline some potential areas of research that can lead to newer understanding towards climate reconstructions. It is now established that radiocarbon ages of paleosols in these sequences are grossly underestimated. However, the cause of this is as yet un-elucidated. Use of compound specific accelerator based mass spectrometric radiocarbon dating may provide the reason for such underestimation and help quantify the extent of contamination leading to underestimation. This when used in conjunction with optical methods should lead to development of contamination as a proxy that informs on the time scales of processes in soil formation. Similarly, while the uses of mineral magnetic methods have been extensive, the basic science of how this method works and when the magnetic signal gets frozen is not attempted to a degree that generates confidence on their interpretations. It is my conviction that use of methods like Mossbauer Effect along with Optical dating may provide robust physico-chemical basis for the use of mineral magnetic methods in paleoclimate research.

Over all, it is my conviction that the future developments in future paleoclimatology and sedimentology studies will accrue from conjunctive use of multiple chronometric and physico-chemical methods, with a focus on the understanding the processes. These alone will provide for robust land-sea correlations that could be used to inform the future.

References Blaauw, M., 2012, Out of Tune: the dangers of aligning proxy archives, Quaternary Science Reviews Journal, v. 36, p. 38-49. Kocurek, G., 1999, The Aeolian rock Record, In Aeolian Environments, Sediments and Landforms (Goudie, A. S. and Stokes, S. (Eds.), pp. 239-259. Wiley, Chichester, UK. Singhvi, A.K., Bluszez, Batemen, H.D. and Rao, H.S., 2001, Luminescence dating of loess paleosol sequences and cover sands: Methodological aspects and paleoclimatic implications, Earth Science Review, v. 54, p.193-211. Vanderberghe, J., 2012, Multi-proxy analysis: a reflection on essence and potential pitfalls. Geology edition Mijnbouw. 91, 263-269, Wasson, R.J., 2012, System dynamics of desert dunes, In International Workshop on Desert Dune Systems: Past Dynamics and Chronology, Physical Research Laboratory Ahmedabad, India, March 2012 Singhvi, A.K., 2013, Abstract of Plenary talk at the PAGES open science meeting, Goa, Feb 13-16, 2013. Singhvi, A.K., 2017, Abstract of a Key note talk on International Conference on Loess Research-Loessfest 2018, Gorgon, Iran.

2 34th Convention, Indian Association of Sedimentologists Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati; 19-21, December, 2017; Extended Abstracts’ Volume

Keynote/Invited Lecture

Precipitation variability over Northwest Himalaya from ~4.0 to 1.9 ka BP with likely impact on civilization in the foreland areas

Kotlia, S. B. Centre of Advanced Study in Geology, Kumaun University, Nainital-263 001, Uttranchal [email protected]

I present a stalagmite based high resolution climatic record between ~4.0 and 1.9 ka BP from Dharamjali Cave in Pithoragarh (Kumaun Himalaya), an area which is influenced primarily by the Indian Summer Monsoon (ISM) and supplemented by the Indian Winter Monsoon (IWM). The chronology of the 41.5 cm long DH-1 stalagmite was constructed using a StalAge model on six 230Th/U dates. The significance of this work lies in its being one of the rare studies of speleothems to reconstruct high resolution climatic changes in the NW India for the Upper Holocene. The δ18O values, ranging between -5.3‰ to -10‰, show a large variation, compared to the areas dominated by a single monsoon, and this can be ascribed to the two sources of moisture (e.g., ISM and IWM) in the study area during the Upper Holocene. The sample consists of aragonite except for two sections of calcite growth from 0- 7.3 cm and 8.5-13.5 cm from the top. The climatic reconstruction, within the age uncertainties, indicates strengthened precipitation from 4.0 ka BP with a sharp drop (>-2‰) in δ18O values, peaking at ~3.7 ka BP. A gradual decline in precipitation is observed from ~3.7- 3.0 ka BP with possible droughts, centered at ~3.4, ~3.2 and ~3.0 ka BP. Subsequently, climatic amelioration took place between ~3.0-2.9 ka BP, showing fluctuating trend in δ18O values with comparatively more rainfall, possibly generated by the IWM in the form of thunderstorms and hailstorms from ~2.9-2.7 ka BP. Precipitation declined from ~2.7 to 2.4 ka BP with a decadal scale major drought event, strongest in the present data set, at ~ 2.5- 2.4 ka BP, whereas, an abrupt drop in stalagmite δ18O values from ~2.4-2.3 ka BP points to increased precipitation intensity. Thereafter, the precipitation gradually decreased until ca. 2.1 ka BP with one of the driest events at ~2.1 ka BP. A century scale increasing trend in the precipitation intensity is observed from ~2.1-2.0 ka BP, following which the precipitation again declined. Accordingly, five sudden drought events are documented, centering at ~3.4, ~3.2, ~3.0, ~2.5-2.4 and ~2.1 ka BP. A gradual reduction in precipitation from ~3.7-3.0 ka BP coincides with reduction and deurbanisation and step-wise disintegration of the Harappan civilization along the Indus-Ghaggar-Sarasvati valleys in the foreland areas of northwestern India.

From 4.0 to 2.9 ka BP, the δ18O and δ13C values show inverse relationship, while after 2.9 ka BP, these values show strong positive relationship. From 4.0 to 2.9 ka BP, δ13C values are higher but δ18O values remain low. Although high δ13C values and deposition of aragonite suggest hot and dry conditions but this part shows low δ18O values. There is a possibility that the heavy rains took place around the study area as sudden heavy storms or thunderstorms. Sudden hailstorms and thunderstorms are characteristic features of the pre- ISM period (March-May) in the northwestern Himalaya. After 2.9 ka BP, low δ13C values 18 indicating abundant C3 soil CO2, corresponding with low δ O values presumably indicate higher rainfall. These low values, along with the deposition of calcite in a nearby part of the 13 sample strongly suggest higher precipitation. The low δ C values correspond to more C3

3 34th Convention, Indian Association of Sedimentologists Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati; 19-21, December, 2017; Extended Abstracts’ Volume plants due to higher precipitation. Under dry conditions the long root systems of trees and bushes allow plant survival and under wet conditions (C3 plants), there may be an increase in trees and bushes at the expense of grasses (C4 plants). The C4 plants are less sensitive to relative humidity as compared to C3 plants and are generally able to photosynthesize during drier conditions (Rajagopalan et. al., 1999; Ehleringer and Cerling, 2002). The lower δ18O and higher δ13C values may correspond to more precipitation during the active ISM with some role of IWM as the C3 plants are active in the winter-spring period and C4 in summer season.

The higher δ18O and δ13C values record the contribution of two monsoon systems (ISM and IWM) to the annual rainfall. The enriched δ18O values at ca. ~3.4 ka, ~3.2, ~3.0, ~2.5-2.4 ka BP and ~2.1-2.0 ka BP are suggestive of multi-decadal drought events. The precipitation trend in our data correlates inversely with localities, dominated by the ISM but point to similarity with the Himalayan sites, influenced by both ISM and IWM. We opine that the increasing aridity and droughts between ~3.7 and 3.0 ka BP contributed to the gradual decline in the Harappan civilization, its breakdown in steps and complete collapse around ~3.0 ka BP. During this period, the shift of Harappan settlements from large urban cities to lesser villages as well as migration of population may have also been a result of limited resources brought on by mounting aridity and scarcity of water. We also suggest that the IWM played a critical role in the Holocene climate of the Indian Himalaya. We also suggest that the IWM produced winter crop failure may have been responsible for the gradual demise of the Harappan society. Recent models have suggested that IWM precipitation and surface air temperatures would increase in Northwestern India towards the end of this century. Therefore, we believe that the precise role of the IWM should be understood using additional stalagmite based decadal scale data particularly in regions where instrumental records cover only the last 120 years.

4 34th Convention, Indian Association of Sedimentologists Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati; 19-21, December, 2017; Extended Abstracts’ Volume

Keynote/Invited Lecture

Evolution of the western Himalayan foreland basin

Singh, B. P. CAS in Geology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221005, Uttar Pradesh [email protected]

The western Himalayan foreland basin developed as a result of the India-Asia collision in front of the rising Himalaya beginning 58 Ma ago. The earliest sequences in the Jammu area are classified as the Subathu Formation and the latter are classified as the Lower Murree and the Upper Murree formations, and the Siwalik Group. The Subathu Formation contains chert breccia, bauxite, carbonaceous shale and coal, limestone and khaki shale possessing larger foraminifera and oyster shells in the lower part, and purple shale and marl in the higher-up. Two to three, isolated coal seams occurring in the Subathu Formation have a thickness of 0.15 m-7.0 m in the Jammu area. The coals are dominated by the vitrain bands and vitrinite maceral those give bright appearance to them and the maximum vitrinite reflectance (Ro max.) is 1.93%. The Lower Murree Formation is largely comprised of planar-bedded, cross-bedded and laminated sandstone facies, laminated siltstone facies and brown mudstone facies. The brown mudstone facies hosts pedogenic calcretes at several levels. The Upper Murree Formation consists of planar-bedded, cross- bedded and laminated sandstone facies and yellowish brown mudstone facies. This formation contains fossil wood and leaf impressions at many localities. In the higher-up, the Lower Siwalik succession contains sandstone-mudstone and siltstone- mudstone facies. The mudstones are highly bioturbated containing Thalassinoides and Imbrichnus trace fossils. The Middle Siwalik Subgroup is mainly sandy and is characterized by the occurrence of multistoried sandstones. The sandstones are chiefly cross- bedded and also, show scour and fill structures. Channel facies are very much evident in Figure 1:. Depositional model for the Subathu Formation. this succession. The Upper Siwalik Subgroup is comprised of sandstone, conglomerate and mudstone, besides bentonitic clay beds. The Subathu Formation developed in a coastal system where limestones deposited on the barrier bars and the shales deposited in lagoons (Fig. 1). The coal represents the initial transgressive phase that deposited in swamps adjacent to lagoons. The Lower Murree Formation deposited in a tide-dominated estuary and the Upper Murree Formation deposited in a river-dominated estuary (Fig. 2). In the higher-up, the Siwalik Group, consisting mainly of sandstone and conglomerate was deposited in the meandering and braided rivers. The river system was axial in the beginning followed by transverse during the Upper Siwalik sedimentation.

Petrographic study of the sandstones of the Lower Murree and the Upper Murree formations show the occurrence of quartz, feldspar and rock fragments of phyllite, quartzite, siltstone and shale. In Q-F-L and Qm-F-Lt diagrams, the sandstones occupy the

5 34th Convention, Indian Association of Sedimentologists Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati; 19-21, December, 2017; Extended Abstracts’ Volume recycled orogen field. Heavy minerals study of these sandstones shows the presence of staurolite, tourmaline and garnet. The Lower Siwalik succession contains heavy minerals such as tourmaline, staurolite, garnet, epidote, zircon and spinel, besides opaques. The Figure 2: Depositional model for the Murree Group. Middle Siwalik succession contains staurolite, kyanite, garnet epidote and zircon among non-opaque heavy minerals. The Upper Siwalik succession contains staurolite, kyanite, sillimanite, garnet, epidote and zircon among the non-opaque heavy minerals. The three subgroups of the Siwalik Group show the similar zonation in terms of the occurrence of staurolite, kyanite and sillimanite in other areas too of the Himalaya, similar to the Jammu area and can be correlated based on them. The Subathu shales were mainly constituted of the sediments derived from metamorphic rocks of the Ladakh and Kohistan arc (Fig. 3A) and the Indus-Suture zone and the limestones suggest sediment starvation. The sandstones and mudstones of the Murree Group were derived from the metamorphic rocks occurring in the Higher Himalaya and sedimentary sequences of the Tethyan Himalaya. The occurrence of the staurolite further suggests that the provenance had been a low grade metamorphic rock during the sedimentation of the Murree sequences. The Lower and Middle Siwalik sandstones are mainly constituted of the sediments derived from the Higher Himalaya, while the Upper Siwalik Figure 3: Hypothetical cartoon exhibiting positions of sandstones were contributed from the various tectonic units and the foreland during Paleogene. sediments derived from the Lesser A. Early Paleogene situation. B. Late Paleogene situation with added uplift. Himalaya. Furthermore, the chemical compositions of the Subathu shales and Murree sandstones suggest that they have either intermediate composition between the active and passive margins or same as the passive margin.

6 34th Convention, Indian Association of Sedimentologists Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati; 19-21, December, 2017; Extended Abstracts’ Volume

Keynote/Invited Lecture

Infratrappean sequences (Maastrichtian) of Narmada Basin, western India: repository of terminal Cretaceous events – A review

Joshi, A. V. Department Of Geology, Faculty of Science, M. S. University of Baroda, Vadodara-390002, Gujarat [email protected]

The Narmada basin is considered to have formed due to rifting during Cretaceous times, along the ENE-WSW basement trend (Biswas, 1987) (Fig.1) and lies between N 21o 48’-23o08’ latitudes and E 72o58’-80o00o longitudes covering a distance of about 1100 km. The lower Narmada basin extends from Barwaha in the east to Naswadi in the west, while the upper Narmada basin covers an area between Barwaha and Jabalpur in the east. Within this basin rocks varying in age from Pre-Cambrian to Recent have been observed (Table 1) however, the Infratrappean rocks belonging to Lameta Formation (Maastrichtian) forms one of the most conspicuous and interesting outcrops, occurring in the form of patches, exposed at various locations in the basin having wide areal extension. The patchy outcrops of these rocks have always remained a centre of attraction for the earlier workers owing to their stratigraphic position and also being a storehouse of mainly vertebrate and partially plant remains ( Srivastava et. al., 1986; Buffetaut, 1987; Mohabey, 1983; Mohabey and Mathur, 1989; Sahni and Bajpai, 1988; Joshi, 1995).

Although the Infratrappean rocks (Lameta Formation) are exposed at various locations in the upper Narmada basin, however complete succession is very well exposed in an around Jabalpur town wherein the litho-stratigraphic succession rests disconformably on the upper Gondwana rocks (Jabalpur Formation) and comprises five distinct litho- units with an overall exposed thickness of 25 to 30 m. with Deccan basalts covering the top of the succession. Earlier these rocks have been extensively studied from the point of their depositional environments and occurrence of invertebrate and vertebrate remains. Figure 1: Architecture of the Narmada Basin (Modified after, 1987)

As compared to the upper Narmada basin, the litho-stratigraphic succession of Infratrappeans (Lameta Formation) in lower Narmada basin comprises mainly three litho- units resting unconformably on various older meta sediments (Pre-Cambrian) and Erinpura granites having exposed thickness of 10 to 15 m however they are concealed below the cover of Deccan basalts (Upper Cretaceous to lower Eocene). Although the Infratrappean rocks (Lameta Formation) in upper and lower Narmada basin represent the coeval

7 34th Convention, Indian Association of Sedimentologists Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati; 19-21, December, 2017; Extended Abstracts’ Volume deposition however their environments of deposition have been found to be different from lacustrine in lower Narmada basin and shallow marine to tidal flat in upper Narmada basin. The end of Cretaceous period has witnessed many catastrophic events in the world including the Indian sub-continent. The present discussion is attempted to review the work carried out by the earlier workers and the author in context of the nature and severity of the events so far recorded in Narmada basin during that time. The Narmada basin in western India has witnessed the catastrophic events such as massive outpouring of Deccan flood basalts, biotic extinctions, climatic as well as atmospheric changes, and sea level fluctuations during that time. The Infratrappean rocks (Lameta Formation) and their contact with the overlying Deccan basalts which demarcates the transition from Cretaceous to Tertiary period encompasses evidences of these large scale events. This contact at majority of the locations in the Narmada basin has been concealed below the massive cover of Deccan basalts. However, at places the exposed nature of this contact bears testimony to the existence of these events during the terminal Cretaceous period. The field as well as laboratory analyses including petrographic details of the Infratrappean rocks (Lameta Formation) and the geochemical studies of rocks marking the contact between them and Deccan basalts reflects climatic perturbations and anoxic conditions during the close of Lameta sedimentation concomitant with the Deccan Trap activity. The sharp and abrupt nature of contact aptly corroborates that the Deccan volcanic activity in western India initiated immediately after the Infratrappean (Lameta) sedimentation ceased (Joshi, 2007).

Table 1: Lithostratigraphic succession of Narmada Basin (Modified after Bose, 1884; Chiplonkar, 1982; Sahni & Bajpai, 1988)

Based on the available literature and the authors own observation it appears that the biotic (vertebrates, invertebrates and plants) extinctions during the terminal Cretaceous times within this basin are intimately related to the Deccan Trap activity that occurred episodically in absence of any concrete evidences indicating the role of extra-terrestrial impacts. The presence of phytolith assemblages represent the exuberant occurrence of C4 vegetation (grasses), patches of carbon soot and glass shards from the contact rocks indicate the phenomenon of burning of terrestrial biomass and wild forest fires due to the volcanic activity (Wolbach et. al., 1985, Glasby and Kunzendorf, 1996). The presence of C-3

8 34th Convention, Indian Association of Sedimentologists Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati; 19-21, December, 2017; Extended Abstracts’ Volume type of vegetation has already been suggested by Sarkar et. al., 12 O18 isotopes from fossilized dinosaurian egg shells. The elevated concentrations of LREE and trace elements also points to the volcanic source (Alexander and Gibson, 1977 ) however the higher concentrations of Cerium (Wilde, 1987) and Barium reflects drop in ocean temperatures, sea level regression and cooler climatic conditions (Ramkumar et. al., 2005). The hike in concentration of Barium may be attributed to the release of Methane gas from gas hydrates generated by bacterial decomposition of organic matter.

The climatic perturbations in western India in general and Narmada basin in particular from initially warm and gradually changing over to cooler conditions due to the Deccan volcanic activity perhaps elevated the atmospheric temperatures initially, however later contributed to the drop in ocean temperatures, sea level regressions, atmospheric dysoxia and disturbing thermal regularities and body metabolism of organic species leading to their gradual extinctions.

The observations cited so far focuses on the imprints and impacts of the terminal Cretaceous events in Narmada basin during the transition period, however an holistic approach including the detailed palaeohistological studies of the skeletal remains of vertebrates vis-à-vis climatic changes during that time and their causative factors is warranted.

References Alexander, P.O. and Gibson, L.L., 1977, Rare earth abundances in Deccan Trap basalts, Lithos, v.10, p. 143-147. Biswas, S.K., 1987, Regional tectonic framework, structure and evolution of the western marginal basins of India, Tectonophysics, v.135, p. 307-327. Buffetaut, E., 1987, On the age of dinosaur fauna from the Lameta Formation, Upper Cretaceous of central India. Newsletter on Stratigraphy, v.18, p.1-6. Glasby, G.P. and Kunzendorf, H., 1996, Multiple factors in the origin of the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary; the role of environmental stress and Deccan Trap volcanism. Geol Rundsch, v. 85, p. 191-210. Joshi, A.V., 1995, New occurrence of dinosaur eggs from Lameta rocks (Maastrichtian) near Bagh, Madhya Pradesh, Journal of Geological society of India, v. 46, p. 439-443. Joshi, A.V., 2007, New observations on the Lameta Formation – Deccan Trap contact in Narmada basin, western India – Implications for terminal cretaceous events. v. 26F(1-2), p.27-36. Mohabey, D.M., 1983, Note on the occurrence of dinosaurian fossil eggs from Infratrappean limestones in Kheda district, Gujarat, Current Science. v.52, p. 1194. Mohabey, D.M. and Mathur, U.B., 1989, Upper Cretaceous dinosaur eggs from new localities of Gujarat, India. Journal of Geological society of India, v.33, p. 32-37. Ramkumar, M., Harting, M. and Stuben, D., 2005, Barium anomaly preceding K/T boundary: possible causes and implications on end Cretaceous events of K/T sections in Cauvery basin (India), Israel, NE-Mexico and Guatemala. International Journal Earth Sciences, v.94, p.475-489. Sahni, A. and Bajpai, S., 1988, Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary events : the fossil vertebrates, paleomagnetic and radiometric evidence from peninsular India. Journal of Geological society of India, v. 32, p. 382-396. Sarkar, A., Bhattacharya, S.K. and Mohabey, D.M., 1991, Stable isotope analyses of dinosaur egg shells: Paleoenvironmental implications. Geology, v. 19, p. 1068-1071. Srivastava, S., Mohabey, D.M., Sahni, A. and Pant, S.C., 1986, Upper Cretaceous egg clutches from Kheda district, Gujarat, India: their distribution, shell ultrastructure and paleoecology, Palaeontographica, v. 193, p. 219-223. Wilde, P., 1987, Model for progressive ventilation of the Late Precambrian-Early Palaeozoic Ocean. American Journal Science. v. 287, p. 442-459. Wolbach, W.S., Lewis, R.S. and Anders, E., 1985, Cretaceous extinctions-evidence for wild fires and search for meteoritic materials. Science, v. 230, p. 167-170.

9 34th Convention, Indian Association of Sedimentologists Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati; 19-21, December, 2017; Extended Abstracts’ Volume

Keynote/Invited Lecture

Stromatolites and the Vindhyan Supergroup, Central India

Kumar, S. M-1/68, Sector B, Aliganj, Lucknow-226024, Uttar Pradesh [email protected]

Stromatolites are organo-sedimentary structures and are abundantly recorded in many Precambrian sequences but in absence of index fossils and lack of radiometric dates they have been used in correlation. However, the stromatolite based correlations have not been accepted with the desired degree of confidence. The Vindhyan Basin shows abundance of stromatolite forms from the different carbonate horizons and have been used in correlation which appear as very helpful and promising. The Vindhyan Basin is the biggest Proterozoic basin of India and covers a vast area of ca. 1,00,000 km2 in central India. The eastern part of the Basin shows different stratigraphic succession in comparison with the western part. In the light of this, the Vindhyan Basin can be visualised to be made up of two sub-basins (Kumar, 2012). The stratigraphic horizons of one sub-basin are not traceable in the other and there is no continuity of outcrops except for the sandstones of the Kaimur Group which can be traced from the Son Valley Section (eastern of the Vindhyan Basin) to the Chambal Valley Section (western part of the Vindhyan). The stromatolite bearing carbonates are recorded in both the Semri and Bhander Groups. Since there is no continuity of outcrops and the stratigraphic successions of both the areas are significantly different there is a serious problem of correlation of the different stratigraphic horizons in absence of index fossils and poorly available radiometric dates. Carbonaceous mega fossils and microfossils reported from the Vindhyan rocks are all long ranging. The Rohtas Limestone has been dated as 1600 Ma by Pb-Pb method (Ray et. al., 2002; Rasmussen et. al., 2002; Sarangi et. al., 2004) and now Pb-Pb dates for the Bhander Group are available (Gopalan et. al., 2013). They have dated the Bhander Limestone of the Son Valley Section as 908 ± 72 Ma. The dates for the Lakheri Limestone and the Balwan Limestone of the Chambal Valley Section are also given but are with very large error and hence can be ignored. More recently, Tripathi and Singh (2015) have dated the black shales (Bijaigarh Shale) of the Kaimur Group by Re-Os method and suggested the depositional age as 1210 ± 52 Ma, which fixes the age of the Kaimur Group as ca. 1200 Ma. This restricts the age of the Rewa and Bhander Groups as younger than 1200 Ma. However, recently there are many reports which suggest that the sedimentation ended in the Vindhyan Basin around at 1000 Ma based on palaeomagnetic data and zircon ages (Malone et. al., 2006; Gregory et. al., 2006; Pradhan et. al., 2012; Turner et. al., 2014; Basu and Bickford, 2015). In contrast the other geological data favour a pre-Ediacaran upper age for the Vindhyan Supergroup.

Thus, with limited available dates and with poor and meagre palaeontological data, the intrabasinal correlation of the Vindhyan rocks has become very difficult and subjective. In this light, the abundance of columnar stromatolites in both the Semri and Bhander Groups plays a significant role and appears that they are very helpful in correlation.

The Semri Group of the Lower Vindhyan is characterized by the dominance of coniform stromatolites and other columnar form with very passive branching while the

10 34th Convention, Indian Association of Sedimentologists Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati; 19-21, December, 2017; Extended Abstracts’ Volume

Bhander Group shows abundance of Baicalia spp. with complete absence of coniform stromatolites. In the Bhander Group the Baicalia type stromatolites and other columnar forms show very active branching. The presence of stromatolites also helped in suggesting that the Lakheri Limestone of the Chambal Valley Section is not correlatable with the Bhander Limestone of the Son Valley Section as has been done by many workers. The Lakheri Limestone is devoid of stromatolites and the Bhander Limestone is marked by the abundance of stromatolites and the carbon isotope signatures of both the carbonate horizons are significantly different. On the basis of stromatolites the Bhander Limestone is correlated with the Sirbu Shale and the Balwan Limestone of the Chambal Section. The Vindhyan stromatolite assemblage matches well with the other stromatolites assemblages of the same age of other basins.

References Basu, A. and Bickford, M.E., 2015, An alternate perspective on the opening and closing of the intracratonic Purana Basins in Peninsular India. Journal of the Geological Society of India, v. 85(1), p. 5-25. Gopalan, K., Kumar, A., Kumar, S., Vijayagopal, B., 2013, Depositional history of the Upper Vindhyan succession, central India: Timeconstraints from Pb–Pb isochron ages of its carbonate components. Precambrian Research, v. 233, pp. 108-117. Gregory, L. C., Meert, J.G., Pradhan, V., Pandit, M.K., Tamrat, E., and Malone, S.J., 2006, A palaeomagnetism and geochronological study of the Majhgawan kimberlite, India: implication for the age of the Vindhyan Supergroup. Precambrian Research, v. 149, p. 65-75. Kumar, S., 2012, Stratigraphy and correlation of the Neoproterozoic deposits of central and western India: an overview. Geological Society, London, Special Publication,doi: 10.1144/SP366.9 Malone, S.J., Meert, J.G., Banerjee, D.M., Pandit, M.K., Tamrat, E., Kamenov, G.D., Pradhan, V.R., Sohl, L.E., 2008, Paleomagnetism and detrital Zircon geochronology of the Upper Vindhyan sequence, Son Valley and Rajasthan, India: A ca. 1000Ma Closure age for the Purana Basins. Precambrian Research, v. 164, p. 137-159. Pradhan, V.R., Meert, J.G., Pandit, M.K., Kamenov, G. and Mondal, M.E.A., 2012, Palaeomagnetic and geochronological studies of the mafic dyke swarms of Bundelkhand craton, central India: Implications for the tectonic evolution and palaeogeographic reconstructions. Precambrian Research, 198-199: 51- 76. Rasmussen, B., Bose, P.K., Sarkar, S., Banerjee, S., Fletcher, I. R. and McNaughton, N.J., 2002, 1.6 GaU–Pb zircon age for the Chorhat Sandstone, lower Vindhyan, India: possible implications for early evolution of animals. Geology, v. 30, p. 103–106. Ray, J. S., Martin, M. W., Veizer, J. and Bowring, S. A., 2002, U–Pb zircon dating and Sr isotope systematic of the Vindhyan Supergroup, India. Geology, v. 30, p. 131–134. Sarangi, S., Gopalan, K. and Kumar, S., 2004, Pb–Pb age of earliest megascopic, eukaryotic algae bearing Rohtas Formation, Vindhyan Supergoup, India: implications for Precambrian atmospheric oxygen evolution. Precambrian Research, v. 132, p. 107-121. Tripathy, G.R. and Singh, S.K., 2015, Re-Os depositional age for black shales from the Kaimur Group, Upper Vindhyan, India. Chemical Geology, v. 413, p. 53-72. Turner, C.C., Meert, J.C., Pandit, M.K. and Kamenov, G.D., 2014, A detrital sector of the zircon U-Pb and Hf isoropic transect across the Son Valley sector of the Vindhyan Basin, India: Implications for basin evolution and palaeogeography. Gondwana Research, v. 26(1), p. 348-364.

11 34th Convention, Indian Association of Sedimentologists Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati; 19-21, December, 2017; Extended Abstracts’ Volume

Keynote/Invited Lecture

Is Deccan Volcanism responsible for termination of Indian Late Cretaceous Dinosaurs?

Mohabey, D. M. Department of Geology, RTM Nagpur University, Nagpur-440001, Maharashtra Formerly Geological Survey of India [email protected]

Beginning with the discovery of the first dinosaur bones in India in 1828 from the Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) Lameta sediments of Jabalpur by W.H. Sleeman and eventually described as caudal vertebrae of Titanosaurus indicus by Richard Lydekker in 1877, almost all the Indian Late Cretaceous collection of dinosaur skeletal remains has come mainly from the Lameta Formation of Jabalpur in Madhya Padesh, Pisdura- Dongargaon in Mahaashtra and Kheda-Panchamahals in Gujarat. Most intensive collection of dinosaur bones and serious research was pursued by Charles Matley who carried out a systematic excavation in two expeditions (1917-1919 and 1932-1933) at two stratigraphic levels- the Carnosaur bed and Ossiferous Conglomerate in the Lameta Formation sediments at Bara Simla and Chota Simla at Jabalpur and also the Lameta Formation at Pisdura. Von Huene and Matley (1933) described at least twenty dinosaur species representing five titanosauriforme, thirteen theropods and two ornithopods from these localities. However, the revised taxonomy considers a majority of the genera and species (that were not associated or incomplete) as either nomen dubia or invalid including Titanosaurus indicus and T. blandfordi. Presently, amongst the sauropods Wilson and Upchurch, 2003) only two titanosauriforme genera (viz. Isisaurus and Jainosaurus), and for the theropods four large- bodied abelisauridae theropods (viz. Rajasaurus narmadensis, Rahiolisaurus gujaratensis, Indosuchus matleyi and Indosaurus raptorius) and a small-bodied theropod, noasaurid Laevisuchus having affinity to Masiakasaurus knopfleri from Madagascar, are considered valid.

The first dinosaur egg in India was discovered in 1981 (Mohabey, 1983) from the Lameta Formation of Balasinor Quarry in Gujarat which is much later than the first dinosaur bone found in the year 1828. Since then a large number of nest and nest-sites with thosands of eggs of titanosauriforme sauropod have been found in the Lameta sediments in different inland basins (Mohabey, 1996). Till date the nests and nest-site from Lavariya Muwada near Rahioli in Gujarat is a sole record of any theropod (abelisauridae) dinosaurs in India (Mohabey, 1998). The nests and nest sites of sauropod and also theropods in India are exclusively found in the channel sandstones of pedogenically modified semi-arid flod plain deposits and it has been suggested that these reptiles always preferred to nest in the soft riverine sands. Multiple association of sauropod eggs and hatchlings, snakes (Sanahjeh indicus), cocodiles (Simosuchus) and turtles are recorded from a sole locality at Dhori Dungri in Panchmahal District, Gujarat (Wilson et. al., 2010). Although a large number of sauropod coprolites (dung mass) with comminuted and permineralised plant tissues have been found in Pisdura (Mohabey, 2001), there is no confirmed record of any foot-prints or trackways of any kind of dinosaurs in the Lameta sediments in India!

12 34th Convention, Indian Association of Sedimentologists Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati; 19-21, December, 2017; Extended Abstracts’ Volume

Records of Indian dinosaurs from the intertrappean sediments are scarce and confined to sediments associated with the lower lava piles within Deccan volcanic sequences in few localities. Associated skeletal remains are reported from in the intertrappean sediments of C30N at Ukala in Dhar District in Madhya Pradesh; and Anjar in Kutch and Ranipur in Madhya Pradesh in the sediments deposited in Maastrichtian C29R. The magnetostratigraphic and palaeontological studies including the palynostratigraphy of the dinosaur bearing Lameta and intertrappean beds at multiple stratigraphic levels in the Deccan volcanic sequences in different provinces and the associated Deccan volcanic flows showed that in India the first dinosaurs appeared in the Late Maastrichtian at 500 KY before the Cretaceous-Palaeogene (K-Pg) boundary and they totally disappeared at least 350 KY before the K-Pg boundary (Mohabey and Samant 2013). Implicitly, the termination of the Indian dinosaurs is induced by Deccan volcanic eruptions and is not related to the global mass extinction that is considered as caused by the extra-terrestrial impact at K-Pg boundary. Magnitude and durations of massive volcanic eruptions in geographically separated Deccan Volcanic Provinces having their own eruptive history with local sites and sources of eruptions are indicated to be catastrophic and responsible for wiping out Indian dinosaurs much before they could reach the K-Pg boundary.

References Lydekker, R., 1877, Notices of new and other vertebrates from Indian Tertiary and Secondary rocks. Records Geological Survey India, v. 10, p. 30-43. Mohabey, D.M., 1983, Note on the occurrence of Dinosaurian fossil eggs from Infratrappean Limestone in Kheda District, Gujarat. Current Science, v. 52(24), p. 1194. Mohabey, D.M., 1996, Depositional environments of Lameta Formation (Late Cretaceous) of Nand-Dongargaon inland basin: their fossil and lithological evidence. Memoirs, Geological Society of India, v. 37, p. 363-386. Mohabey, D.M., 1998, Systematics of Indian Upper Cretaceous Dinosaur and Chelonian eggshells. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. v. 18(2), p. 348-362. Mohabey, D.M., 2001, Dinosaur eggs and dung (fecal mass) from Late Cretaceous of central India: dietary implications. Records, Geological Survey of India, Special publication, v. 64, p. 605-615. Mohabey, D.M. and Samant, B., 2013, Deccan Continental Flood Basalt Eruption Terminated Indian Dinosaurs before the Cretaceous-Palaeogene Boundary. Geological Society of India, Special publication, v. 1, p. 260-267. Vonhuene, F.B. and Matley, C.A., 1933, The Cretaceous Saurischia and Ornithinchia of the Central Provinces of India. Memoir Geological Survey of India. Palaeontologica indica, v. 21, p. 1-74. Wilson, J.A. and Upchurch, P., 2003, Revision of Titanosaurus the first dinosaur genus with a "Gondwanan" distribution. Journal of Systematic Paleontology, v. 1, p. 125-160. Wilson, J.A., Mohabey, D.M., Peters, S.E. and Head, J.J., 2010, Pre- dation upon hatchling dinosaurs by a new snake from India. PLoS Biology 8:e1000322.

13 34th Convention, Indian Association of Sedimentologists Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati; 19-21, December, 2017; Extended Abstracts’ Volume

Keynote/Invited Lecture

Research challenges and opportunities for pursuing career in earth and atmospheric sciences

Dr. Rajwant Scientist-E, Science and Engineering Research Board, 5 & 5A,Vasant Square Mall, Sector-B, Pocket- 5,Vasant Kunj, New Delhi-110 070 [email protected]

In recent years, there has been a renewed global interest and recognition of the societal relevance of Earth System Science. This interest in Earth System Science arises from the concerns about human survival and sustainability. The fact that human interventions in the Earth System now equals or exceed the geological amplitudes and rates makes it imperative to inquire, if the human impacts on the natural Earth System are systematic or transient and reversible. The last decade has witnessed the emergence of an array of increasingly vibrant movements to harness science and technology (S&T) in the quest for a transition toward sustainability.

The Indian peninsula is home to some of the oldest rocks and events, large volumes of mineral deposits and fuel resources, expansive fossil-rich marine and terrestrial sediments that demonstrably preserve a comprehensive record of past climate and tectonics, a desert with high-amplitude variability in aeolian dynamism, and a long coastline. Besides, the Himalayan mountain range is a classic example of active orogen; its unique climate system provides an exclusive setup to understand the temporal-spatial interplay between tectonics, orogeny and climate. Origin, evolution and dispersal of life on Earth has remained a matter of great scientific interest.

SERB (DST) as the premier national extra mural research funding agency to raise the quality and footprint of Indian science and engineering to the highest global levels in an accelerated mode, through calibrated support for research and development. SERB is also promoting Earth, Atmospheric and Glaciological Programs which connect with needs of our society and identify key scientific questions, both basic science and application that have concrete societal value.

Extramural Research (EMR) funding scheme of SERB to academic institution, research laboratories and other R&D organizations to encourage emerging and eminent scientist in field of science and engineering individual centric competitive mode of funding have been supported under EMR funding scheme. Since the scheme provides core research support to the active researchers, the existing name Extramural Research (EMR) has been renamed as Core Research Grant (CRG).

The Core Research Grant (CRG) pertaining to the Earth, Atmospheric and Glaciological aspects include Program Advisory Committee on Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Early Career Research Award, National Post Doctoral Fellowship, High Risk High Reward Research, Industry Relevant R&D, JC Bose Fellowship, Ramanujan Fellowship Program, Empowerment and Equity Opportunities for Excellence in Science (EMEQ) and

14 34th Convention, Indian Association of Sedimentologists Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati; 19-21, December, 2017; Extended Abstracts’ Volume

Intensification of Research in High Priority Area (IRHPA). The IRHPA program supports proposals in high priority areas where multidisciplinary / multi-institutional expertise is required which will put our nation in international science map in that particular discipline. The Board identifies the priority areas in consultation with the stakeholders. The necessary facilities required for implementing the identified high priority areas will be supported through this scheme.

The International Travel Support Scheme is to provide financial assistance for presenting a research paper or chairing a session or delivering a keynote address in an international scientific event (conference/seminar/symposium/workshop etc.). In addition, support is also provided to young scientists (age limit 35 years as on date of conference) for attending training programs and short-term schools/workshops/courses. Economy class air- fare by shortest route, airport-tax and visa fees are provided under the scheme. Registration Fee is provided to young scientist in addition to the above support.

The need for sustainable development initiatives to mobilize appropriate science and technology has long been recognized and accordingly, the earth science community has to take the challenge to understand the effects of chemical microenvironments, coupled thermal–mechanical–chemical processes, controls on mineral–fluid reaction rates in natural media, and scaling of reactive transport processes from the microscopic to pore to field scale.

15 34th Convention, Indian Association of Sedimentologists Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati; 19-21, December, 2017; Extended Abstracts’ Volume

Sediment source and varying SW monsoon intensity in the recent past through the study of sediment proxies, western Bay of Bengal

Kangane, J. and Nayak, G. N.

Department of Marine Sciences, Goa University, Goa-403 206. [email protected], [email protected]

Introduction: Bay of Bengal (BOB) receives Oceanography in January 2014. The a large quantity of fresh water and samples brought to the laboratory were suspended particulate matter from the stored at -20˚C. Before analysis samples rivers flowing through Himalaya and Indian were dried in the oven. The samples were peninsular regions. Maximum sediment analyzed for grain size using pipette particle flux is transported to BoB (Bay of method (Folk, 1968) which is based on Bengal) during SW monsoon which supplies Stoke’s settling velocity principle. Clay nutrients that may enhance primary minerals were analyzed using method productivity and cause strong stratification. proposed by Rao and Rao (1995), further The waters in BoB (Bay of Bengal) have low they were identified and quantified using (<5µM) dissolved oxygen content at Biscaye (1965) procedure. Total Organic intermediate depth resulting in an oxygen Carbon was estimated using Walkey – black minima zone (OMZ). method (1947) and for total metal analysis in sediment procedure given by Sholkovitz Study area: Western Bay of Bengal (Fig.1) (1990) was followed to digest sediment from 25 to 2500 m water depth along 4 samples. The concentrations of major and transects off Mahanadi, Vamasadhara, minor elements (Fe, Mn, Ti, Ba) were Godavari and Krishna river mouthswas determined using atomic absorption studied for abundance of sediment spectrometry (AAS) and induced coupled components, clay minerals, organic carbon plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). (OC) and selected metal concentration. Result and Discussion: The grain size distribution of surface sediments revealed decrease in sediment size from coast towards off shore indicating transportation direction from east to west. Off Mahanadi Ti decreased with increase in water depth while Fe and Mn showed reverse trend. Fe, Mn and Ti concentration decreased from shallow to deeper water depths off Krishna in surface sediments supporting their land source. Higher sand content off Mahanadi and higher silt content off Krishna river mouth indicated relatively high energy Figure 1: Sampling location of sediment cores condition prevalent off Mahanadi as

compared to off Krishna river mouth. Off Methodology: The sediment cores were th Mahanadi abundant illite concentration collected using multi coreronboard 308 suggest illite supply from north through cruise of R.V. Sagar Kanyalead by Dr. Rajeev Gangas (Bejugam and Nayak, 2016) and Saraswat, Scientist, National Institute of

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Figure 2: A), B) and C) represent sediment components, T.O.C, clay mineral and metal concentration data respectively down core off Mahanadi Transect and X), Y) and Z) of Krishna Transect

17 34th Convention, Indian Association of Sedimentologists Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati; 19-21, December, 2017; Extended Abstracts’ Volume

also from weathering of rocks from sediment size; abundance and distribution Mahanadi catchment area (Mazumdar, et of clay minerals and metals in the study al., 2015). Also, illite being coarser in size area in cores indicated change in intensity precipitated under higher hydrodynamic of monsoon with time. conditions prevailing off Mahanadi. Furthermore, decreased illite concentration Acknowledgement The authors would like to thank Ms Purnim Bejugam and increased smectite concentration off for providing the samples collected onboard 308th Godavari and Krishna suggests source of R.V. Sagar Kanya in January 2014. Authors extend smectite from Deccan basalts and sincere thanks to Dr. Rajeev Saraswat, Senior associated black cotton soils. Organic Carbon Scientist CSIR- NIO; Dr. Anoop Tiwari Scientist D MOES- NCOAR; Dr. Waliur Rahaman, Scientist D was better preserved in the surface samples MOES- NCOAR and Lathika N Padmanabham, from deeper water depths. Scientist B MOES – NCAOR for extending the laboratory and equipment facilities. The grain size distribution of down core sediments revealed higher concentration of References coarser material in the upper layers in Bejugam, P. and Nayak, G.N., 2016, Source and depositional processes of the surface sediments and shallow marine, also in the deeper their implications on productivity in recent past off sediment layers at different water depths Mahanadi to Pennar River mouths, western Bay of indicating variation in intensity of sediment Bengal. Paleogeography, Paleoclimatology, discharge with varying intensity of SW Paleoecology. monsoon and weathering. Variation of Biscaye, P.E., 1965, Mineralogy and sedimentation of recent deep-sea clay in the Atlantic Ocean and metal concentrations with depth also adjacent seas and oceans. Geological Society of indicated large fluctuation indicating America Bulletin, v. 76(7), p. 803-832. changes in monsoon intensity with time. Folk R.L., 1968, Petrology of Sedimentary rocks. Mn showed different distribution pattern Austin, Texas: Hemphillis, p.177. compared to Fe and Ti at different water Mazumdar, A., Kocherla, M., Carvalho, M.A., Peketi, A., Joshi, R.K., Mahalaxmi, P., Joao, H.M. and Jisha, depths indicating the role of additional R., 2015, Geochemical characterization of the factor like oxygen minima zone (OMZ) Krishna–Godavari and Mahanadi offshore basin (Bay influencing distribution of Mn. Ba of Bengal) sediments: a comparative study of concentration increased with increasing provenance. Marine and Petroleum Geology, v. 60, water depths. p. 18-33. Rao, V.P. and Rao, B.R., 1995, Provenance and distribution of clay minerals in the sediments of the Conclusion: The study revealed provenance western continental shelf and slope of India. of basic igneous rocks present in the Continental Shelf Research, v. 15(14), p. 1757-1771. catchment area of Krishna River and acid Sholkovitz, E.R., 1990, Rare-earth elements in igneous rocks present in the catchment marine sediments and geochemical standards. Chemical Geology, v. 88(3-4), p. 333-347. area of Mahanadi River for smectite and Walkley, A., 1947, A critical examination of a rapid illite respectively. Higher hydrodynamic method for determining organic carbon in soils- conditions prevailing off Mahanadi river Effect of variations in digestion conditions and of mouth was responsible for retaining inorganic soil constituents. Soil Science, v. 63(4), p. coarser sediments comparative to off 251-264. Krishna river mouth region. Variation in

18 34th Convention, Indian Association of Sedimentologists Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati; 19-21, December, 2017; Extended Abstracts’ Volume

Configuration, geodynamic evolution and metallogeny of Singhbhum Mobile Belt (SMB), Eastern India: An overview

Alvi, S. H. and Malik, N. K.

Department of Geology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh-202002, Uttar Pradesh. [email protected]

Introduction: Singhbhum Mobile Belt (SMB) episodes and metallogeny in and across the or as Singhbhum Group, ~9000 m to SSZ. ~11500 m thick rock succession can be longitudinally classified into five domains, Geology: A generalized chrono-stratigraphy each one having different sedimentary of the SMB and adjoining region is given in assemblage, magmatic products, tectono- Table 1. thermal imprints and metallogenic associations. it is however, emphasized here that tectonic status of Singhbhum Shear Zone (SSZ) and stratigraphic positions of Chaibasa and Dhalbhum formations and Dalmameta volcanic suite is highly debated due to the contradictory concepts on the geodynamic evolution of SMB (Sarkar and Saha, 1963; Sarkar and Chakraborti, 1982; Iyengar and Murthy, 1982). As a result, suggested evolutionary models of SMB ranging from (i) intraplate northward subduction along the SSZ (Saha, 1994), (ii) back-arc origin with a southward Table 1: Chrono-stratigraphy of SMB and adjoining subduction zone lying far to the north, region. considering CGGC as magmatic arc (Bose, et al, 1989), (iii) continent-continent collision Discussion: The problem involved whether between the southern Singhbhum plate the SMB was developed as a and northern Chotanagpur plate resulting Paleoproterozoic ensialic rift or through in obduction along the Dalma (Sarkar, 1982) crustal accretion along a Paleoproterozoic and (iv) plume generated continental active continental margin. Volcanic arc / rifting, emplacement of Dalma, Dhanjori syn-collision geochemical signatures of and Ongarbira metavolcanic rocks along the SBGC (Saha, 1994) suggest that on the crustal fractures and subsequent regional scale modern-style plate-tectonic tectonization (Gupta and Basu, 2000) are processes were operational during 2800 Ma unable to accommodate the different rock to 3200 Ma or slightly earlier. The flysch types and metallogenic events (ranging character of Chaibasa rocks also suggests from 2500 Ma to 900 Ma) in an acceptable an early syn-orogenic evolution of the plate-tectonic framework (Alvi, 2006). The sediments (Sarkar, 1982). Sarkar and Saha present paper attempts to reinterpret the (1963) and Saha (1994) while revising the available wealth of geological information stratigraphy retained the observation of in order to make an acceptable plate- Dunn (1929) and Dunn and Dey (1942) that tectonic model for SMB on the basis of a geo-anticline (Chaibasa stage) over folded stratigraphic correlation, tectono-magmatic and over thrust against the Iron-ore stage

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(and Dhanjori Stage) to the south. If volcanic arc affinity of these metavolcanic Chaibasa rocks, north of SSZ, are regarded suites (Alvi, 2006). as younger than the rocks on the south side of the SSZ Dunn (1929) and Dunn and Dey Metallogeny: Two distinct types of U- (1942) as part of their Iron-ore Stage, age mineralization are recorded from the relationship as reported by Sarkar and Saha Dhanjori basin and adjacent SSZ: (i) Quartz (1963, 1977) are the reverse. The older Pebble Conglomerate (QPC) of Neoarchean rocks would be expected on the northern identifying SBGC as provenance side of SSZ and the younger rocks to the (Sunilkumar, et al., 1998) and (ii) SSZ south (Dunn, 1966). Significantly, SSZ does controlled hydrothermal vein deposits of not have a sharp border and there is no Paleoproterozoic age. Paul, et al., (2011) evidence of any stratigraphic or tectonic has identified three distinct events of discontinuity across the SSZ (Sengupta and hydrothermal activity at ~1.88, 1.65 and 1.0 Ghosh, 1997). In the western part, SSZ is Ga in the SSZ. Variation in host lithology more than 25 km wide where three major from biotite-chlorite schist around shear slices are recognized. These slices are Kanyaluka, tochlorite-biotite-quartz- compressed into a narrow zone of about apatite-magnetite-ilmenite-tourmaline rock 1km in the centre but widen again to more (termed as granular rock) in Jaduguda, to than 5 km in the eastern part (Sarkar, chlorite-sericite schist around Narwapahar- 1982). Available radiometric ages of the Turamdih to tourmaline bearing quartzite in minerals and rocks also indicate continuity Mahuldih is a convincing evidence for of geological processes on both sides of structurally controlled U-mineralization SSZ. The latest tectono-thermal event that along the SSZ. Au in association with base affected the rocks of SMB and SSZ appears metal sulfides occurs in several localities in to be ~1.0 Ga. vicinity of Dhanjori and Dalmametavolcanic rocks. Apatite-magnetite deposits is closely Geochemical characteristics of granite- associated with the chlorite schist and its gneisses, granophyres, metavolcanic suites variants and also hosted at places by also have significant bearings on the Dhanjori metavolcanic rocks. Radiometric geodynamic evolution of SMB. Calc-alkaline age of 1950 ± 100 Ma and 1600 ± 50 Ma and volcanic arc affinity of Chakradharpur obtained for apatite-magnetite and apatite granite –gneisses and Arkasanigranophyres indicates two phases of apatite (Sengupta, et al., 1983; Bhattacharya, et al., mineralization. Reported δ 34S values 2015) do not corroborate with the rifted (0.00‰ to +10‰) and δ 18O (4.17‰ to basin model of the SMB. A number of 7.14‰) from the Cu-deposits (Saha, 1994) earlier workers have used major element also suggest volcanic arc-hydrothermal geochemistry without the proper activity associated with subduction related consideration of element mobility during Dhanjori volcanism. Soda Granite pot-igneous alteration processes including representing S-type granite is the metamorphism. As a result, their characteristic feature of collision belt, back- investigations revealed chemical arc fold thrust belt and perhaps outer arcs. characteristics of komatiite, high-Mg and Sm-Nd (TDM) ages, Rb-Sr isotopic ages with high-Fe tholeiite, N-MORB and back-arc high initial Sr ratio and Pb-Pb isotopic dates basalts from these metavolcanic suites. A suggest that Soda Granite was review of incompatible trace element emplaced/crystallized around 2500 Ma and geochemical characteristics infers a due to remobilization during shear movements, Rb-Sr clock was reset at

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1600Ma and 1400 Ma. Pb-Pb isotopic data Dunn, J.A. and Dey, A.K., 1942, Geology and scatter between 2200 Ma and 1450 Ma is petrology of eastern Singhbhum and surrounding areas. Memoir, Geological Survey of India, v. 9(2), p. perhaps due to Pb-loss during deformation 281-450. and remobilization during shear Gupta, A. and Basu, A., 2000, North Singhbhum movements along SSZ. Proterozoic Mobile Belt, Eastern India - A review. Geological Survey of India, Special Publication, v. 55, Conclusion: Sarkar (1982) and Saha (1994) p. 195-226. Lyengar, S.V.P. and Murthy, Y.G.K., 1982, The in their tectonic models considered that evolution of Archean-Proterozoic Crust in parts of Singhbhum cratonic margin during Bihar and Orissa, Eastern India. Records, Geological Paleoproterozoic converged towards north Survey of India, v. 112(3), p. 1-5. under an accretionary wedge that includes Pal, D.C. and Rhede, D., 2011, Geochemistry and Chaibasa formation. However, contrary to geochemical dating of uraninite in the Jaduguda Uranium deposit, Singhbhum Shear Zone, India – their models, geochemical characteristics of implications for uranium mineralization and Ongarbira and Dhanjori metavolcanic suites geochemical evolution of uraninite. Economic lead to suggest their emplacement on an Geology, v. 108, p. 1499-1515. active continental margin. If these Saha, A.K., 1994, Crustal evolution of Singhbhum- metavolcanic suites are lying on the down North Orissa, Eastern India. Geological Society of India, Memoir No., v. 27, p.341. going plate, there is no other subducting Sarkar, A.N., 1982, Precambrian tectonic evolution slab that could cause subduction zone of Eastern India: a model of converging microplates. related magmatism on the margin of SBGC. Tectonophysics, v. 86, p. 363-397. It therefore appears that geological Sarkar, A.N. and Chakraborti, D.K., 1982, One evolution of SMB did not take place as a orogenic belt or two? A structural reinterpretation supported by Landsat data products of the separate orogenic belt as proposed by Precambrian metamorphic of Singhbhum, Eastern Sarkar and Saha (1963) and Saha (1994). India. Photogrammetria, v. 37, p. 185-201. Sarkar, S.N. and Saha, A.K., 1977, Present status of References the Precambrian stratigraphy, tectonics and Alvi, S.H., 2006, Paleoproterozoic tectonics and geochronology of Singhbhum-Keonjhar-Mayurbhanj metallogeny of the Singhbhum Cu-U belt, Eastern region, Eastern India. Indian Journal of Earth India. Journal of Economic Geology and Georesource Science, S.Ray volume, p. 37-75. Management, v. 3, p. 13-30. Sarkar, S.N. and Saha, A.K., 1963, On the occurrence Bhattacharya, H.N., Nelson, D.R., Thern, E.R. and of two intersecting orogenic belts in Singhbhum and Altermann, W., 2015, Petrogenesis and adjoining area, India. Geological Magazine, v. 100, p. geochronology of the Arkasani granophyres and 69-92. felsic Dalma volcanic rocks: implications for the Sengupta, S., Bandhopadhyay, P.K. and Van Den Hul, evolution of the Proterozoic north Singhbhum H.J., 1983, Geochemistry of the Chakradharpur Bose, M.K., Chakraborti, M.K. and Saunders, A.D., Granite-Gneiss Complex – A Precambrian 1989, Petrochemistry of the lavas from Dalma trondhjemite body from West Singhbhum, Eastern volcanic belt, Singhbhum, Eastern India. Geologische india. Precambrian Research, v. 23, p. 57-78. Rundschau, v. 78(2), p. 633-648. Sunilkumar, T.S., Krishna Rao, N., Palrecha, M.M., Dunn, J.A., 1966, Observations on the Precambrian Parthasarthy, R., Shah, V.L. and Sinha, K.K., 1998, Stratigraphy of Singhbhum and adjoining areas. In: Mineralogical and geochemical characteristics of the S.Deb (ed.), Contributions in Singhbhum Geology, basal Quartz Pebble Conglomerate of Dhanjori Jadavpur University, Calcutta, p. 15-21. Group, Singhbhum Craton, India and their Dunn, J.A., 1929, Geology of Northern Singhbhum significance. Journal Geological Society of India, v. including parts of Ranchi and Manbhum districts. 51(6), p. 761-776. Memoir, Geological Survey of India, v. 54, p. 166.

21 34th Convention, Indian Association of Sedimentologists Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati; 19-21, December, 2017; Extended Abstracts’ Volume

Deep water clastic sedimentation: Progression of understanding in processes, concepts & models

Roy, S. K1. and Banerjee, S2.

1Directorate General of Hydrocarbons, Sector-73, Noida-201301, Uttar Pradesh. [email protected] 2Department of Earth Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai-400076, Maharashtra. [email protected]

Introduction: Deep water sedimentary for oil and gas exploration for deep water processes commonly refer to slope clastics. sediment failure, beyond or at the shelf slope break and/ or the movement of Models and Discussion: One of the first sediment under the pull of gravity beyond concepts to develop were a flux of model of the shelf beyond the shelf break. Four types modern deep sea fans tied to facies of gravity flow deposits are recognized viz., concepts of ancient fans in the early 1970’s. slide, slump, debris flows and turbidity It advocated a general fan model with currents. The first two named are included single feeder channel in the upper fan area in the general term” mass transport” while and suprafan lobes in the mid fan and the last two named fall in the ambit of lower fan areas. It was adopted for sediment flows (sediment gravity flows). petroleum exploration then and implied to Sediment gravity flow is a continuum of be meant for turbidities systems. Turbidite deep water process from a debris flow to facies concepts developing then, from out turbidity current. Considering fluid crop studies, led to the concept of rheology, it is an expression of laminar submarine fans with channels in mid fan flow, part laminar-part turbulent, to a and lobes in lower fan setting. As the turbulent flow. Accordingly, a range of deep concept of “depositional lobes” emerged, water products can emerge and not just they were attributed to developing at the turbidites alone. The whole gamut of deep mouth of deep water channels, with water clastic sedimentation is a story absence of basal channeling, coarsening influenced by provenance or hinterland, upward depositional cycles, sheet like climate, sea level rise or fall, tectonic geometry and a common thickness of 3- movements, nature and extent of shelf 15m. Sub-marine fan models with slope break, slope and basin floor and depositional lobes attached to feeder inherent transport processes. channels were in vogue in the mid 1970’s. The span of late 1970’s to whole decade of How concepts and models emerged: The 1980’s saw developments in understanding depositional models which emerged with of “submarine lobe “concept. The the tryst of time as a response to sediment positioning of a suprafan lobe for mid fan gravity flow processes were influenced by environments, fan lobe encompassing the modern and ancient deep water entire fan, depositional lobes for lower fan, sedimentation, submarine fans, submarine erosional lobes for entire fan and fringe channels, lobes, their relationship, lobe developing beyond the lower fan were geometry of the deposits as derived from emerging concepts at that time. The observations of outcrop, core, side wall concepts of detached lobes from feeder cores, well log and seismic data. Much of channels, as a result of sediment bypassing this progression is linked to the demands due to “hydrodynamic readjustment of

22 34th Convention, Indian Association of Sedimentologists Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati; 19-21, December, 2017; Extended Abstracts’ Volume turbidity current” or due to growing stand brought out the predictability of the anticlines, also emerged from out crop geometry, extent and grain size of the deep studies. In 1990’s, deep water depositional water clastics. As one stepped into the elements were described on the basis of decade of 2010’s the influence of contour grain size of the deposits (gravel rich, sand currents and the recognition of mixed rich, mixed sand-mud rich, mud rich) wrt process products like “linked debrites” slope apron, ramp and shelf-slope settings. (both turbidity current and debris flow Point source canyons, arcuate line source processes involved in a single flow) takes shelf fed line source sedimentary supply as center stage. feeders for lobes downstream were thought of mass wasting of shelf margin Acknowledgements and slope were yet another variation to the The first author thanks the Director General, Directorate General of Hydrocarbons (DGH), Noida thought. for kind permission to send this extended abstract for the Conference. Advances in 21st century: The first decade of the 21st century, ushered in a quantum References leap in understanding of deep water Catuneanu Octavian, 2006, Principles of sequence depositional models. Sediment texture in stratigraphy, Elsevier, London. Fraser, S.I., Robinson, A.M., Johnson, H.D., Underhill, relation to sediment suspension, slumping J.R., Kadolsky, D.G.A., Connell, R. Johannessen, P. and hyper pycnal flows and source and and Ravnås, R., 2003, Upper Jurassic, In; Evans, D. volume of sediments helped in eds., The millennium atlas: Petroleum geology of the classification of submarine fans. Low and central and northern North Sea: Geological Society high hinterland systems influencing (London), p. 157–189. Galloway, W.E., and Hobday, D.K., 1996, depositional models and higher order deep Terrigenousclastic depositional systems: Heidelberg, water depositional systems, emerged. A Springer-Verlag, p. 489. multitude of complex sediment gravity Gani, M.R., 2004, From Turbid to Lucid: A processes leading to development of a straightforward approach to sediment gravity flows variety of deep water clastic products in and their deposits. The Sedimentary record, September, 2004. addition to simple channel- levee and Imbert, P. Christophe, N.J., 2001, Depositional lobes, surfaced. Tidal bottom currents, elements, control parameters, and scaling; a wind driven bottom currents, increased practical approach to turbidite reservoir description. influence of slumping and debris flows in Proceedings - Offshore Technology Conference 33. observed deposits, contour currents, Mitchum, R.M.Jr., 1985, Seismic stratigraphic expression of submarine fans. American Association contour following bottom currents and of Petroleum Geologists, Memoir no. 39. pelagics influenced the thinking of models Mutti, E., and Ricci Lucchi, F., 1972, Le torbiditidell’ for deep water sedimentation. Growing Appenninosettentrionale: introduzioneall’analisi de influence of sequence stratigraphy in facies: Societá GeologicaItaliana, Memorie, v. 11, p. predicting models and reservoirs in deep 161–199. English translation by T.H. Nilsen, 1978, International Geology Review, v. 20, p. 125–166. water sedimentation took away the latter Normark, W.R., 1970, Growth patterns of deeps-sea st half of first decade of 21 century. The fans. AAPG Bulletin, v. 54, p. 2170–2195. position of the sea level wrt the base level Reading, H.G., and Richards, M., 1994, Turbidities of erosion on a shelf brought in concepts system in deep-water basin margins classified by like forced or normal regression during sea grain size and feeder system: American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Bulletin, v. 78, p. 792–822. level low stand, transgression and high

23 34th Convention, Indian Association of Sedimentologists Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati; 19-21, December, 2017; Extended Abstracts’ Volume

Environmental magnetic properties of lateritic soils from diverse environmental settings in Kerala

Warrier, A. K1., Amrutha, K2., Sandeep, K3., Jyothinath, A2. and Ananthapdmanabha, A. L2.

1Department of Civil Engineering, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal-576104, Karnataka. [email protected] 2Department of Geology, Government College Kasargod, Vidyanagar, Kasaragod-671123, Kerla 3Department of Geology, Central University of Kerala, Kasaragod-671316, Kerala. [email protected]

Introduction: Soils are one of the greatest the pedogenesis of lateritic soils developed integrator of our ecosystem as it plays a key under tropical humid climate. role in several functions like crop production, filtering of wastes, providing Study area: The lateritic soils developed raw materials to the construction industry mainly on charnokitic and gneissic rocks etc. Pedogenesis is a rather slow process were collected from Angadimogar, and the nature, properties and genesis of Pallathadka, Pakkam, Kanthampara, soils depend on main factors, namely, Cheruvathur and Kasaragod urban areas, parent rock, climate, vegetation, Kasargod, northern Kerala. topography and time (Jenny, 1941). Different geochemical techniques have Methodology: Sixty one surficial soil been employed to study the processes samples were collected from different related to soil formation. However, as the locations and subjected to the entire range procedure for chemical studies are quite of environmental magnetic measurements tedious and time-consuming, newer (χlf, χhf, χARM and SIRM). Inter-parametric techniques have come into existence for ratios were also calculated to understand soil studies. Environmental magnetism is the concentration, mineralogy and grain- one such technique in which the magnetic size of the iron-bearing minerals. In characteristics of the soils are used as addition, the redness rating index was also proxies for understanding pedogenesis. Soil calculated for the soils. magnetic investigations are mainly useful for the evaluation of environmental Results: The average χlf values for the conditions of soil formation and processes gleyed soils is 132.87 x 10-8m3kg-1, pristine related to it (Jordanova, et al., 2011). soils is 1007 x 10-8m3kg-1, agricultural soils is Several studies have been carried out on 92.39 x 10-8m3kg-1, urban soils is 201 x 10- temperate soils to understand pedogenesis 8m3kg-1 and non-urban soils is 376 x 10- 8 3 -1 using environmental magnetic techniques, m kg . The average χfd % for the gleyed, however, such studies on tropical soils are agricultural, pristine, and urban soils is rather limited (Ananthapadmanabha, et al. around 5.5 to 6 % whereas for the non- 2014). In the present study, we measured urban soils it is 1.20 %. The average S-ratio the environmental magnetic properties of values for the samples are close to 0.90 lateritic soils from different environmental indicating a high proportion of settings (gleyed, pristine, agricultural and ferrimagnetic soft minerals like urban) in Kasargod. The objective of the magnetite/titanomagnetite etc. study is to understand the factors influencing the soil magnetic properties. Discussion: The gleyed and agricultural soil This in turn will help in gaining insights in to types are weakly magnetic when compared

24 34th Convention, Indian Association of Sedimentologists Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati; 19-21, December, 2017; Extended Abstracts’ Volume with the pristine, non-urban and urban

25 34th Convention, Indian Association of Sedimentologists Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati; 19-21, December, 2017; Extended Abstracts’ Volume

Sedimentological and rock magnetic lines of evidence for Mid-Holocene rainfall variability recorded in sediments of Kuruburkere Lake, Southern India

Sandeep, K1., Shankar, R1., Warrier, A. K1., Weijian, Z2. and Xuefeng, L2.

1Department of Marine Geology, Mangalore University, Mangalagangothri-574199, Karnataka. [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] 2Xi’an AMS Center, Institute of Earth Environment, Xi’an, China.

Introduction: Lake sediments provide high- Results: The four AMS 14C dates suggest resolution data of past monsoon. There that the core represents a period of have been studies on many lake deposits 5940+48 to 2140+79 calibrated years B.P. from western India (Prasad, et al., 2014), (cal. years B.P.). The down-core variations northwestern India (Dixit et al., 2014) and of magnetic susceptibility (χlf), and sand, silt the Himalaya (Rawat, et al., 2015) to and clay percentages exhibit significant reconstruct the Indian Summer Monsoon down-core variations (Fig. 1). (ISM) variability. However, only a few lakes from southern India have been investigated to reconstruct ISM variability during the Holocene (Shankar, et al., 2006; Sandeep, et al., 2015, 2017). To better understand the behaviour and variation of ISM during the Holocene in southern India, multi-proxy investigations of lake sediments are crucial to reconstruct regional trends of past monsoon. In view of this, we investigated the rock magnetic and sedimentological properties of sediments from Kuruburkere (KK) Lake, southern India.

Study area: Kuruburkere (KK) is a closed natural lake situated in the Kurubur village of Chintamani Taluk, Chikkaballapur District Figure 1: Down-core variations of lf, sand (%), silt of Karnataka State. Not being connected to (%) and clay (%) of sediment core KK1.

any river, it is ideal for pale climatic studies. -8 The χlf values range from 4.6 to 22.9 x 10 3 Methodology: A 3.6 m undisturbed m /kg. The samples exhibit a high sand sediment core (KK1) was collected from the content, which ranges from 44.3 to 81.5 %. lake. To obtain high-resolution data, the The silt and clay contents range from 3.1 to core was sampled at close intervals (0.5 cm 18.7 % and from 15.3 to 39.2 % - 1 cm). We carried out rock magnetic and respectively. sediment logical studies on the sub- samples. We obtained C-14 dates on four Discussion: During ~ 6000 - 3800 cal. years selected samples by Accelerator Mass B.P. (Phase I), χlf is negatively correlated Spectrometry (AMS). with % sand and positively correlated with % clay. However, the correlation is positive during ~ 3800 - 2100 cal. years B.P (Phase

26 34th Convention, Indian Association of Sedimentologists Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati; 19-21, December, 2017; Extended Abstracts’ Volume

II). This point to two different mechanisms by the erstwhile Department of Ocean Development controlling the particle size distribution of (now Ministry of Earth Sciences), Government of India, through a research project (DOD/11- KK sediments: lake level variations during MRDF/1/48/P/94-ODII/12-10-96) to RS. KS thanks Phase I and detrital influx during Phase II, the University Grants Commission, New Delhi, for both of which are related to rainfall. financial assistance in the form of a Minor Research Project (MRP(S)-0662/13-14/KLKA014/UGC- Based on χlf and particle size variations, the SWRO). KS thanks Dr. A L Ananthapadmanabha, 6000 - 2100 cal. years B.P. period may be Dept. of Geology, Govt. College Kasaragod, for sub-divided as below: permission to use the lab facilities. We thank Shri. I. 6000 to 5600 cal. years B.P: An increasing Sajesh K for carrying out particle size analysis of the sediment samples. trend of rainfall and higher lake level. II. 5600 to 4100 cal. years B.P: Low rainfall / References arid climate and lower lake level. Dixit, Y., Hodell, D.A., Sinha, R. and Petrie, C.A., III. 4100 to 3300 cal. years B.P: Generally 2014, Abrupt weakening of the Indian summer high rainfall with a high detrital influx, monsoon at 8.2 kyr BP. Earth and Planetary Science although there was a brief return to low- Letters, v. 391, p. 16–23. rainfall conditions around 3800 cal. years Prasad, K.D. and Singh, S.V., 1988, Large-scale features of the Indian Summer Monsoon rainfall and B.P. their association with some oceanic and IV. 3300 to 2500 cal. years B.P: Low rainfall atmospheric variables. Advances in Atmospheric with a low detrital influx. Sciences, v. 5 (4), p. 499-513. V. 2500 to 2100 cal. years B.P: Increasing Rawat, S., Gupta, A.K., Srivastava, P., Sangode, S.J. rainfall with strong monsoonal conditions. and Nainwal, H.C., 2015, A 13,000 year record of environmental magnetic variations in the lake and peat deposits from the Chandra valley, Lahaul: Conclusions: The KK sediment core implications to Holocene monsoonal variability in provides a palaeoclimatic record of the the NW Himalaya. Palaeogeography, region for the Mid- to Late-Holocene (6000 Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 440, p. 116- to 2100 cal. years B.P.); it is one of the few 127. Sandeep, K., Shankar, R., Warrier, A.K., Yadava, lakes in southern India that has been M.G., Ramesh, R, Jani, R.A., Weijian, Z. and Xuefeng investigated. The rainfall in the Lu, 2017, A Multi-Proxy Lake sediment record of Kuruburkere region varied significantly Indian Summer Monsoon variability during the although the Holocene is considered to be Holocene in southern India. Palaeogeography, climatically stable. The period from 6000 to Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. v. 476, p. 1-14. Sandeep, K., Shankar, R., Warrier, A.K., Weijian, Z. 2100 cal. years B.P. may be sub-divided into and Xuefeng, Lu, 2015, The environmental magnetic five climatic periods with high/low rainfall record of palaeoenvironmental variations during the which is reflected in the high/low detrital Past 3100 years: A Possible Solar Influence. Journal influx and high/low lake levels. of Applied Geophysics, v. 118, p. 24-36. Shankar, R., Prabhu, C.N., Warrier, A.K., Vijaya Kumar, G.T. and Sekar, B., 2006, A multi-decadal Acknowledgements rock magnetic record of monsoonal variations Field work and sampling were carried out under Project No. ISRO-GBP/WG-1 letter No. 9/5/2/ 2004- during the past 3,700 years from a tropical Indian II awarded to RS. The magnetic instruments used in tank. Journal Geological Society of India, v. 68 (3), p. this study were procured from grants made available 447–459.

27 34th Convention, Indian Association of Sedimentologists Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati; 19-21, December, 2017; Extended Abstracts’ Volume

TOC, CHNS and Hydrogen/Oxygen index study of sediment core of Tarna- Satighat Lake, Central India: appraisal of environmental change and anthropogenic impact

Humane, S. K1., Humane, S. S1. and Adatte, T2.

1P.G. Department of Geology, RTM Nagpur University, Nagpur-440001, Maharashtra. [email protected], [email protected] 2Institut de Géologie et Paléontologie (IGP), Université de Lausanne, Lausanne-1015, Switzerland.

Introduction: The study area of Tarna- S2 / 10), the residual organic matter (RC), Satighat lake is located S-E of Nagpur city at the total organic carbon (TOC= PC+RC), the about 63.5 km in the Kuhi Taluka, Nagpur mineral carbon (MINC), the H-C index (HI= District. It falls in the toposheet 55P/5 of S2/TOC) and oxygen index (OI= S3/TOC). the Survey of India. Seventy eight centimeter long sediment core (N Result and Discussion: The assessment of 20o53’22.81”; E 79o25’08.34”) from the the HI and the OI are applied to Tarna-Satighat Lake was undertaken for comprehend the preservation of organic various studies to ascertain the past matter and its type. The organic matter environmental changes and the impact of originated from the terrestrial and anthropogenic activity in its watershed. lacustrine status has also applied to recognize the Corg/Ntot ratio alike the HI and Methodology: A sediment core was the OI. The TOC concentration of the Core recovered using high strength PVC pipe in has been progressively increased from May 2010. Thirty seven sediment of the bottom to top. There is the sudden rise in core were investigated for the study of TOC content at the depth of ~12 cm and TOC, CHNS and HI /OI. TOC, HI and OI were continued till top of the core (i.e. ~ 2010 calculated using the rock eval analysis that AD) range of ~12- 0cm (i.e. ~ 2.5 – 4%) with was performed at Lausanne University, the highest value of ~ 4% at ~10 cm depth. Lausanne (Switzerland) (Behar, et al., 2001). The organic matter in the lakes is chiefly The CHNS analysis was performed at the formed from the primary productivity same University using Carlo Erba. The series and/or the input of weathering and erosion are composed of 32 samples including 1 of rocks and soils. The accelerated soil blank and 5 slandered (L-cystine) and 7 mg erosion due to enhanced anthropogenic of powdered samples. The samples are activities could be responsible for the sequentially heated at particular range sudden rise in the organic matter at the top about 2000C – 7000C (Czerski, 2014). of the core. Therefore, the sediment core further investigated for N, C/N ratio and The sample represents S1, S2 and S3 peaks. hydrogen / oxygen index to discern the The peak S1 represents the amount of origin of the organic matter. The nitrates gaseous H-C, measured during first phase of and phosphates are deemed as the vital analysis. The Peak S2 represent evidence of nutrients often decided the primary quantity of H-C and peak S3 represent CO2 productivity of the lakes (Meyers, 1997). produced during the second phase of The two major peaks of the nitrogen pyrolysis and cracking of the kerogene. The content were viewed at the depths of ~32- others parameters are also calculated such 36 cm and ~20-24 cm, respectively. The as: the pyrolysable organic carbon (PC= S1+ nitrogen concentrations profile partially

28 34th Convention, Indian Association of Sedimentologists Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati; 19-21, December, 2017; Extended Abstracts’ Volume corroborates the trend of TOC (%) profile at organic matter. The HI value in the these depths indicating increase in the sediment core changes from 72 to 136 mg primary productivity. HC/g TOC, with a mean value of 104 mg HC/g TOC. The OI values of this sediment The C/N ratio distinguishes the organic core ranges from 150 to 850 mg HC/g TOC, matter originated from the lacustrine and with a mean of 500 mg HC/g TOC. The HI of terrestrial environment. The cellulose is the the core shows increased values at ~ 62-67 essential constituent of the higher plants cm, ~ 28-32cm, ~ 4-8 cm and ~2- 0 cm found in the organic matter and it is absent depths, respectively. The elevated HI in algal material (Meyers, 1997, 1998). indicates the origin of the organic matter These higher land plants have the higher from the growth of the aquatic plants and C/N ratios i.e., more than 20. Similarly, the algae i.e. autochthonous source. The OI of algae have C/N ratio from 4 to 10. A the sediment core shows higher values at ~ combination of two organic matters i.e. 62-48 cm and ~14-16 cm, respectively. The algal origin and terrestrial one has C/N ratio higher values of the OI suggest the more than 10 and less than 20 (Meyers, formation of the highly degraded and 1997, 1998). The C/N ratio of the Tarna- oxidized organic matter mainly from the Satighat Lake mostly shows the values terrestrial plants. ranging from 10 to 20 and suggest mixed source of the organic matter. However, C/N Acknowledgements ratio declines up to 4 at the depths of ~32- We are thankful to UGC, New Delhi for SAP- DRS- II and DST-FIST for financial assistance to the 36 cm and ~ 20- 24cm, respectively pointing Department of Geology, RTM Nagpur University, the algal origin of the organic matter. This Nagpur. can be clearly correlated with the two peaks of the nitrogen content. The References assessment of the origin of the organic Behar, F., Beaumont, V. and de Penteado, H.L., 2001, matter was made using the Van-Krevelen Rock-Eval 6 technology: Performances and developments. Oil and Gas Science and Technology, type plot (Steinmann, et al., 2003). The v. 56, p. 111-134. higher values of the OI suggest the Czerski, D., 2014, Comparison of two lakes located in development of the highly degraded and Maharashtra, India. Geology, climate evolution and oxidized organic matter originated from the influence of Human activity during the last 100 terrestrial plants i.e. allochthonous source. years. Institute of Earth Science, University of Lausanne, p. 29-30. Similarly, the HI indicates the production of Meyers, P.A., 1997, Organic geochemical proxies of the organic matter due to the excessive paleoceanographic, paleolimnologic and augmentation of the aquatic plants and palaeoclimatic processes. Organic Geochemistry, v. algae i.e. autochthonous source. The Van- 27, p. 213–250. Krevelen diagram clearly shows that only Meyers P.A., 1998, Early Holocene climatic instability in Japan: organic geochemical evidence in sediment few samples falls in the category of Type II core from Lake Biwa, Lake Kizaki and the Japan sea. indicating the origin of organic matter Journal of Asian Earth Science, v. 16, p. 0-6. mainly from algae. However, many samples Steinmann, P., Adatte, T. and Lambert, P., 2003, falls in the category Type III suggesting Recent changes in sedimentary organic matter from organic matter from vascular plants. Lake Neuchatel (Switzerland) as traced by Rock-Eval pyrolysis. Eclogae Geologicae Helyetiae/ Swiss Similarly, majority samples of the core of Journal of Geoscience, v. 1, p. 109-116. indicates mixed source of origin of the

29 34th Convention, Indian Association of Sedimentologists Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati; 19-21, December, 2017; Extended Abstracts’ Volume

Changing sediment sources in the Bay of Bengal: evidences of summer monsoon intensification and ice melt over Himalaya during Late Quaternary

Prajith, A., John K. P. and Tyagi, A.

ESSO, National Centre for Antarctic and Ocean Research (NCAOR), Ministry of Earth Sciences (MoES), Vasco-da- Gama-403804, Goa. [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]

Introduction: The Bay of Bengal (BoB) slides were scanned from 30 to 300 2 at 1 receives large quantity of suspended and 2/min on a Rigaku (Ultima 5) X-ray bed load sediments from the Peninsular diffractometer, using nickel filtered Cu K India and Himalayas through major rivers radiation and clay minerals were identified. like Krishna, Godavari, Mahanadi, Cauvery, Globorotalia menardii were picked from Ganga-Brahmaputra river system, Irrawady five sediment intervals, for dating, using and Salween Rivers. On a geological time Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS) at scale, changes in the strength of the climate University of Arizona. The radiocarbon ages play a major role in the physical and were calibrated to calendar ages using chemical weathering of the Himalaya and CALIB 7 (MARINE 13). Peninsular India, and also the supply of sediments to the BoB. In this work, we Results and Discussions: The five 14C AMS report grain size, magnetic susceptibility dates, along 3.05 m long sediment core (MS) and clay mineralogy of a sediment covers the past ~45 ka BP. The MS, core collected from the BoB to determine mineralogy and grain size content of the sediment source, as well as factors sediments exhibit significant change above controlling their distributions during the and below sediments of ~14 ka BP (Fig.1). Late Quaternary. The MS of the core sediments varies from 12 to 32 x10-8m3kg-1 and values were high Sediment sampling and Lab analysis: A up to ~14 ka BP (avg: 26 x10-8m3kg-1), but 3.06 m long gravity core recovered from the low (avg: 13 x10-8m3kg-1) from ~14 ka BP to 0 0 Ninety-East Ridge (08 28.42N / 90 40.97E) the core top (Fig. 1). It has been reported at 3520 m water depth is used in the that MS of sediments is a valuable tool for present study. The sediment core have identifying sediment sources in the BoB been sub-sampled at 1 cm interval for the (Sangode, et al., 2001; Tripathy, et al., top 100 cm, 2 cm intervals between 100 2011). High MS value signifies high and 200 cm and 5 cm interval from 200 to proportions of magnetic minerals and thus 306 cm. The MS of the sediments were the deposition of more iron bearing measured using Bartington susceptibility minerals in the sediments. The fluvial meter (model MS2B) having a dual- sediments from Peninsular Indian regions frequency sensor of 0.47 kHz and 4.7 kHz. (Mahanadi, Godavari and Krishna) have The grain size of the sediments were much higher MS values than those derived measured using laser particle size analyzer from the Himalayan regions (Ganges- (Beckman Coulter LS 13 320). The clay Brahmaputra River System) (Sangode, et al., fraction in selected sediment samples were 2001). The sediments from Peninsular India separated by Stoke’s Law of settling. formed particularly from the weathered Oriented clay samples were prepared by products of Deccan basalts, consists of pipetting onto glass slides. The air dried and abundant titanomagnetite (Sagar and Hall, 0 ethylene glycol treated (1h at 100 C) clay 1990), whereas in Himalayas physical

30 34th Convention, Indian Association of Sedimentologists Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati; 19-21, December, 2017; Extended Abstracts’ Volume weathering is dominant, which consist of Conclusions: Our results show significant metamorphosed rocks, gneiss and schists temporal variations suggesting (Singh, et al., 2008). Thus the variations in considerable changes in the relative MS value in the sediment core may be contributions of sediments from Peninsular caused by the changing sediment sources Indian and Himalayan Rivers before and before and after ~14 ka BP. after ~14 ka BP. These changes are due to the combined influence of ice melt by increased solar insolation and intensification of summer monsoon over Himalaya. The glaciers in Himalaya may have responded to the fluctuation in the summer monsoon that is forced by insolation changes, and these climate changes resulting from teleconnections with rapid climate oscillations in the Northern Hemisphere oceans and ice sheets.

Figure 1: Down core variations of grain size distribution, magnetic susceptibility (MS), smectite Acknowledgements and illite content. We thank the Director, NCAOR for encouragement and facility. We thank Dr. P. Dewangan and Mr. The sediment core exhibits distinct down- Girish Prabhu, NIO, Goa, for their help with core variations in grain size distribution. magnetic susceptibility meter and X-ray diffractometer, respectively. The sediments were clayey silts up to ~14 ka BP and sandy silts from ~14 ka BP to the References present (Fig.1). Illite, smectite, chlorite and Rao, V.P., Reddy, N.P. and Rao, C.M., 1988, Clay kaolinite are the major clay minerals in the mineral distribution in the shelf sediments off the core sediments which vary from 23-36%, northern part of the east coast of India. Continental 17-42%, 18-37% and 7-16%, respectively. Shelf Research, v. 8 (2), p. 145-151. Sager, W. and Hall, S., 1990, Magnetic properties of The high smectite content coincides (up to black mud turbidites from ODP Leg 116, Distal 40%) with low content of illite and chlorite Bengal Fan, Indian Ocean. Proceedings of the Ocean during Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). In Drilling Programme, Scientific Results (Cochran, J. et contrast, smectite content decreased and al., eds.), v. 116, p. 317–336. illite, chlorite and kaolinite were increased Sangode, S.J., Suresh, N. and Bagati, T.N., 2001, Godavari source in the bengal fan sediments: Results during ~14 ka BP. The drastic changes of from magnetic susceptibility dispersal pattern. clay minerals (high illite and chlorite and Current Science, v. 80, p. 660–664. low smectite) after LGM reflect the Singh, S.K., Rai, S.K. and Krishnaswami, S., 2008, Sr increased rate of sediment bed load from and Nd isotopes in River sediments from the Ganga the Himalayan Rivers during ~14 ka BP. It basin: Sediment provenance and spatial variability in physical erosion. Journal of Geophysical Research, v. has been reported that clay minerals in the 113, p. 1–18. suspended and bed loads of the Ganges Tripathy, R.G., Kumar, S.K., Bhushan, R. And and Brahmaputra are dominated by illite Ramaswamy, V., 2011, Sr–Nd isotope composition of and chlorite, whereas the Peninsular Indian the Bay of Bengal sediments. Geochemical Journal, and chlorite (Rao, et al., 1988). v.45,p.175–186

31 34th Convention, Indian Association of Sedimentologists Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati; 19-21, December, 2017; Extended Abstracts’ Volume

Tropical tidal record from Paleoproterozoic mixed-diurnal tidal rhythmites, Gwalior basin, Central India

Paul P. P1. and Chakraborty P. P2.

1Department of Earth Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai-400076, Maharashtra. [email protected] 2Department of Geology, University of Delhi, Delhi -110007. [email protected]

Introduction: Precambrian sedimentary or abbreviation. Resting on granule-bearing successions have paid large dividend in coarse grained sandstones of mid to distal- establishing marine origin of strata besides fan fluvial system, the fining-upward sandy understanding the Earth-Moon system tidal package records the first transgression evolution including paleolunar orbital history in the Par coastline. dynamics in early history of the Earth (Williams, 1989; Kvale, et al, 1999; Mazumder, 2004). An overview clearly points towards a bias towards synodic month (29.52 solar days) records, over dependence on simplistic 'equilibrium tidal theory' and overwhelming dominance of semidiurnal tidal signatures. Inadequacy of Figure 1: Tide generated cross set. Note double mud equilibrium tidal theory in explaining drape in the inset and bipolar paleocurrent directions pointing northwest and southeast. amphidromic tidal circulation, incidence of diurnal tide in low latitude positions, neap- Methodology: Laminae thickness is spring cycles with 27.32 solar days cyclicity measured perpendicular to dip of the (Tropical month) and anomalistic foresets along a horizontal line between movements in real world tidal systems gave the upper and lower bounding surfaces of birth to the 'Dynamic tidal theory' and beds from different stratigraphic levels mobilized subsequent studies towards (Fig.1). Harmonic analysis (following Archer, delineation of tidal constituents related to et al., 1991) and Fast Fourier transform both lunar phase and declination and their (FFT) program (Horne and Baliunas, 1986; relative amplification in different basinal Press, et al., 1989) was performed to test settings. presence of tidal signals/cycles in lamina

thickness data sets (Archer, 1996). Geologic setting: The Gwalior basin is hosted within the north of the Bundelkhand Results and Discussion: Harmonic analyses craton. Gwalior Group embodies two FFT program is carried out on tidal cross- lithostratigraphic ‘Formation’s viz. Par bed foreset thickness data. The outputs in (siliciclastic) and Morar (chemogenic) power spectral- density plots reveal Formation in nature. The Paleoproterozoic noteworthy peaks at 42.7, 30.9, 19, 15.7, siliciclastic Par Formation, Gwalior Group 13.2, 12.3, 11.3, 10; a 2 laminae peak, (2000 - 1791Ma) (Absar, et al., 2010; though subdued also noticed. The 42.7, Crawford and Compston, 1970) offers an 30.9, peaks corroborate monthly and semi- opportunity to study a ~20 m thick laterally- monthly cycles in a diurnal system. accreted tidal rhythmite section, free off Additionally, the 15.7, 13.2, 12.3, 11.3, and any meteorological intervention e.g., storm 10 laminae is interpreted as semi-monthly

32 34th Convention, Indian Association of Sedimentologists Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati; 19-21, December, 2017; Extended Abstracts’ Volume cycle in a semidiurnal tidal process and the peak in power spectral density plot. A 19 laminae peak is inferred as noise in the mixed, diurnal dominated system is dataset. Although thick-thin alternation in suggested. laminae thickness is noticed at rare instances, the extreme subdued incidence Acknowledgment of spectral period ~2 in power spectra plot We gratefully acknowledge Prof. Rajat Muzumder for providing the software and methodologies for rules out the possibility of semi-diurnal spectral analysis. The research was supported by dominance; instead a mixed tidal set-up University of Delhi and CSIR (SRF), Government of with dominance of diurnal tidal cycles is India. proposed. However, our observation of consistent crossover during neap tides is References Absar, N., Raja, M., Roy, M., Pandey, B.K., Roy, A.K., suggestive of relative dominance of semi- Krishna, V. and Pandey, U.K., 2010, Pr, Sr, and Isotope diurnality only during the neap tides in an systematics of chemical sedimentation of otherwise mixed-diurnal tidal system at the Paleoproterozoic Gwalior Group, Bundelkhand Par coastline. The effect possibly is related Craton, Central India: Implication for age and to basin resonance, as also observed in provenance. Exploration and Research for Atomic Minerals, v. 20, p. 73-96. many modern tidal systems. The in-phase Archer, A.W., 1996, Reliability of lunar orbital periods relationship of crossovers, indicating an extracted from ancient cyclic tidal rhythmites. Earth equatorial passage of Moon, with the neap and Planetary Science Letters, v. 141, p. 1-10. tides indicates that the neap-spring cycles Archer, A.W., 1991, Modelling of tidal rhythmites are controlled by the tropical cycle rather using modern tidal periodicities and implications for short-term sedimentation rates, in Franseen, E., than the synodic cycle. Watney, W.L., Kendall, C.G., and Ross, W. (edition), Sedimentary Modelling Computer Simulations and One more noteworthy aspect in the Par Methods for Improved Parameter Definition. Kansas tidal system is the dominance of flood Geological Survey Bulletin, v. 233, p. 185-194. record over ebb. While flood is recorded in Crawford, A.R. and Compston, W., 1971, The Age of the Vindhyan System of Peninsular. decimeter-scale cross-bed sets, the Horne, J.H. and Baliumas, S.L., 1986, A prescription oppositely oriented cross-laminated rippled for period analysis of unevenly sampled time series. strata register the ebb record. The funnel- Astrophysical Journal, v. 302, p. 757-763. shape of estuary developed because of Kvale, E.P., Johnson, H.W., Sonett, C.P., Archer, A.W. transgression on Par coastline possibly and Zawistoski, A., 1999, Calculating lunar retreat rates using tidal rhythmites. Journal of Sedimentary caused the amplification of flood current. Research, v. 69, p. 1154-1168. Mazumder, R., 2004, Implications of lunar orbital Conclusion: The neap-spring cycles at the periodicity from the Chaibasa tidal rhythmites study section was governed by tropical tidal (India) of late Paleoproterozoic age. Geological system, unlike most other Paleoproterozoic Society of America, v. 32, p. 841-844. Press, W.H., Flannery, B.P., Teukolsky, S.A., and tidal systems described world over, is Vetterling, W.T., 1989, Numerical recipes. The art of reflected in consistent presence of cross scientific computing: Cambridge, Cambridge over in successive neap records. Although University Press, p. 702. under domination of diurnal tide, subdued Williams, G.E., 1989. Late Proterozoic tidal influence of semidiurnal component is rhythmites in South Australia and the history of the earth rotation. Geological Society [London] Journal, inferred from rare presence of thick-thin v. 146, p. 97-111. laminae and occurrence of 2 bed/lamina

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34th Convention, Indian Association of Sedimentologists Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati; 19-21, December, 2017; Extended Abstracts’ Volume

Palaeoenvironmental changes during the Middle to Late Holocene Period, Lothal, Gujarat: Implications in demise of the Harappan civilization

Vedpathak, C., Sodhi, A., Das, A. and Prizomwala, S.

Active Tectonics Group, Institute of Seismological Research, Gandhinagar-382009, Gujarat. [email protected]

Introduction: The Middle Holocene Period Result and Discussion: Our results suggest is mostly acknowledged for the extreme a high sea stand during the Middle changes of the variable climatic Holocene period and a relative fall in the perturbations from all over the World (Gaur Late Holocene period. The temporal and Vora, 1999; Gaur and Bhatt, 2008). The changes in major elements advocate a decline of the Harappan civilization has fluctuating climate from arid to abrupt been attributed to abrupt changes in the spells of humid condition after 5 ka to 4.4 climate, Aryan invasion, changes in the river ka. The brief phase of aridity during 4.4 to dynamic sand spread of fatal diseases 3.5 ka period, which coincides with the 4.2 during the Mid-Holocene period (Rao, ka abrupt event, is considered as one of the 1973). causative factors for deurbanization of the Harappan civilization. This is further Study area: Lothal is located about 25 km supported by the presence of compact, from the shoreline and approximately 9 hard silty sand layer in the top of the mts. above the mean sea level. Lothal has sequence. been believed to be a riverine port and one of the oldest dockyards, which is situated in Conclusion: Our preliminary work the Bhogawo River, connecting to the Gulf suggested that the Harappan civilization of Cambay. has been affected and influenced by several factors, of which one of the major ones Objective: The present study is an being the fall of sea level after 5ka and endeavour to reconstruct the Paleoclimatic abrupt aridity at 4.2 ka. and Palaeohydrological history from the semi-arid terrain of the Lothal area, Acknowledgements Mainland Gujarat. The authors thank Director General and Director of ISR for granting the permission to carry out research at ISR and to publish this paper. Methodology: Digging a trench of 3.8m height from the paleo-mudflat and References collection 150 samples for geochemical Gaur, A.S. and Vora, K.H., 1999, Ancient Shorelines analysis at 2 cm interval. In addition, 3 of Gujarat during Indus Valley Civilization (Late-Mid samples for OSL dating have also been Holocene) Study based on archaeological evidences. collected. Current Science, v. 77(1), p. 180-185. Rao, S.R., 1979, Lothal: A Port Town (1955-62). Archaeological Survey of India, New Delhi. We employ the sedimentology and Gaur, A.S. and Bhatt, B.K., 2008, Marine geochemistry (detrital and weathering archaeological explorations on western coast of the proxy) supported by OSL chronology to Gulf of Khambhat. Man and Environment, v. 33, p. assess the palaeoenvironmental conditions 99–104. Rao, S.R., 1973, Lothal and the Indus Civilization, during the Middle to Late Holocene period Asian Publishing House, New York. Indus Civilization, in and around Lothal region. Asian Publishing House, New York.

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34th Convention, Indian Association of Sedimentologists SantGadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati; 19-21, December, 2017; Extended Abstracts’ Volume

Petrography and provenance study of Barakar Formation of Raigarh coalfield, district Raigarh (C.G.)

Ali, S. and Khan, M. W. Y

School of Studies in Geology and Water Resource Management, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur- 492010, Chattisgarh. [email protected]

Introduction: This paper deals with the basement (Kumar and Datta, 2010). In this petrographic characters and heavy mineral area Barakar Formation is well developed assemblage of the Barakar sandstone of along with coal seams (Nayak and Dutta, Raigarh coalfield in the study area. Barakar 2010). About thirteen coal seams have Formation is underlain by Talchir Group of been noticed. rocks and is overlain by thick layer of Barren measures of middle Permian age. Samples: We have collected representative The total thickness of Barakar Formation samples of Barakar Formation from varies from (180-400m) in this area (Raja boreholes, which represent a cyclic Rao, 1983). The present study is aimed to sequence of sandstone-siltstone- find out the textural arrangement of carbonaceous shale ending with the coal Barakar sandstone and effect of diagenetic parting to thick coal seams, while medium process such as compaction and secondary grained sandstone shows trough cross cementation as well as provenance with bedding. Carbonaceous shale is dull without the help of heavy mineral occurrences. any current structures and fining upward is common.

Results: The detrital component of Barakar sandstone is represented by quartz (77- 85%), feldspar (2-6%), and micas (1-2%). This sandstone is medium to fine grained, composed subangular to subrounded detrital quartz grains embedded in very fine grained matrix (Fig. 2). Grain to grain contact in detrital quartz varies from point to long contact, however most of them are loosely packed suggesting adjustment of Figure 1: Generalized geological map of Raigarh coal grains due to compaction. Embayed margins field, Chhattisgarh, India (after Raja Rao, 1983) of quartz suggest diagenetic reaction.

Among diagenetic reactions, compaction, Geology of the area: The Raigarh coal field replacement and authigenesis are observed forms apart of Gondwana of the Son in the sandstone of Barakar (Fig. 2). Mahanadi Basin (Fig. 1). The Son Mahanadi

Basin is a NW-SE trending linear Basin. In Among heavy mineral of the Barakar this area large synclinal basin of the lower Formation garnet, zircon, tourmaline and Gondwana rocks comprising Talchir rutile are most abundant. Two types of (150m+), Barakar (180-400m+), the Barren heavies have been found, transparent as measures (280-350m+), Raniganj (180- 250m+) and Kamthi (280m+) Formations well as opaque heavies mineral. The rest unconformably over the Precambrian transparent heavies constitute an average of

35 34th Convention, Indian Association of Sedimentologists SantGadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati; 19-21, December, 2017; Extended Abstracts’ Volume

64.12%. Transparent grains are mostly irregular grains are also seen. Among the angular, however subangular to subrounded heavies the dark brownish subrounded grains are identified as ilmenite rest may be haematite, magnetite or goethite etc.

Discussion: The observed petrographic study suggest quartz is most abundant mineral among the detrital grains. Heavy mineral assemblages support the view that provenance is composed of metamorphic as well as igneous rocks. Garnet is the most abundant among heavies of Barakars which suggest a supply from high grade rocks.

Conclusions: The Barakar sandstone makes up of quartz grains approximately (77-85%) of framework component. This sandstone is named as quartz wacke. Compaction, replacement and authigenesis are common diagenetic reactions. The heavy mineral assemblage (garnet, rutile, zircon etc.) support the view that provenance is made up of metamorphic as well as igneous rocks. Figure 2: Photomicrograph showing under cross It is also inferred that the provenance nicol, (a) quartz, feldspar and detrital muscovite witnessed humid to semi humid climate. grains embedded in ferruginous and siliceous matrix. Note fracture in quartz due to compaction and point contact between quartz and feldspar. The Acknowledgements Field work and sampling have been carried out for reaction of matrix with muscovite is expressed by Ph.D. work. Authors want to thank to Chief General development of embayed margin of the muscovite. Manager SECL Ranchi and General Manager MECL (b) subangular to subrounded detrital grains, Nagpur for granting permission to collect sample of embedded in siliceous matrix. (c) embayed quartz Barakar sandstone from different boreholes around due to replacement during diagenesis.(d) Raigarh coal field. ferruginous micro-laminations in silty sandstones. (e) micro-lenticular nature in shale, (f) micro fold in muscovite due to compaction (g) rounded rock References fragment along with quartz grains. Kumar, N. K. and Dutta, P. 2010, Exploration by scout drilling for coal in Sithra-Kurekela area in western grains are also found. Opaque minerals part of Mand-Raigarh coalfield district Raigarh (C.G.), Unpublished Report Geological Survey India. commonly form about 35.88 % of the total Raja Rao, C S., 1983, coalfield of India, coal Resources heavies, which are mostly subrounded of Madhya Pradesh and Jammu & Kashmir. Bulletin however, some rounded, elongated and Geological Survey India, v.3, part 45(A), p. 1-20

36 34th Convention, Indian Association of Sedimentologists Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati; 19-21, December, 2017; Extended Abstracts’ Volume

Petrography of Baneta sediments, Central Narmada basin, Hoshangabad District, Madhya Pradesh

Kale, M. G1. Pundalik, S. A2. and Kumar, D3.

1 Department of Geology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune-411 007, Maharashtra. [email protected] 2 Department of Geology, St. Xavier’s College, Mumbai-400 001, Maharashtra. [email protected] 3CSIR-National Geophysical Research Institute, Hyderabad-500007, Andhra Pradesh. [email protected]

Introduction: The Late Pleistocene Baneta Within the cement development of dense Formation (Tiwari and Bhai, 1997) of crystalline mosaic of sparry calcite, bladed Quaternary succession of Central Narmada blocky calcite crystals rims directly abutting Basin comprises of fining upwards against grain boundaries; isopachous rims sequences of yellowish brown pebbly of micritic calcite around the framework conglomerate, yellowish brown coarse to grains, caliche nodules, rhizoliths, alveolar fine grained sandstone and buff to brown texture, and irregular fenestrae is observed. siltstone. On the basis of observed Baneta sediments exhibit low ZTR index of lithofacies, petrography and provenance 4.10 together with transparent heavy studies, an attempt is made in this paper to mineral assemblage dominated by augite describe the Quaternary sedimentation (av. 85.98%) with subordinate epidote, history of Baneta Formation. staurolite, garnet, sillimanite, kyanite, sphene, spinel, chlorite, monazite, Field studies: Within Baneta Formation, hornblende and anatase. These sediments development of five distinct lithofacies are characterised by high values of namely massive pebbly conglomerate, large provenance sensitive indices such as GZi scale tabular cross bedded sandstone, and GtZRT (av. 66.19 and 53.34), UTi (av. horizontal parallel bedded coarse-grained 47.32) and SZi (av. 34.03) and low values of sandstone, parallel laminated fine-grained CZi (av. 18.30) and MZi (av. 9.58). X-ray sandstone and siltstone, are observed. diffraction studies revealpresence of illite, Presence of intraformational reworked kaolinite and montmorillonite in these calcrete conglomerate with scoured sediments. The SEM studies of quartz, erosional lower surface is also observed garnet and pyroxene grains of Baneta within Baneta Formation. Development of Formation reveal angular to subrounded nodular calcrete, buckled bedded calcrete, nature of grains, conchoidal breakage rhizoliths and tepee are noticed within pattern with rounded edges, arc shaped these sediments. semi-parallel steps and grooves, along with etched pits and razor-sharp hacksaw Laboratory studies: Granulometric studies terminations of augite grains. The of these sediments exhibit the presence of hummocky smoothly faceted surfaces of wide range of size classes, polymodal garnet grains are similar to those from nature, moderate to very poor sorting, Barakar Formation. The obtained major positive skewness and leptokurtic to oxides, trace element and rare earth platykurtic distribution. Thin section studies element composition of these sediments of these sediments indicate presence of indicate mineralogical immaturity, mixed quartz (av. 30.65 %), feldspars (av. 4.10 %), provenance of these sediments and and lithic fragments (av. 13.24 %) bounded suggests their deposition in passive representing lithic arenite (Okada, 1971). continental rift (Verma and Armstrong-

37 34th Convention, Indian Association of Sedimentologists Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati; 19-21, December, 2017; Extended Abstracts’ Volume

Altrin, 2013). The δ13C content (-8.91 ‰ to - vadose diagenesis, related with semiarid 3.56 ‰, av. -6.31 ‰) and δ18O content (- climate and subaerial exposure are also 4.51 ‰ to -2.39‰, av. -3.72 ‰) of calcretes observed within the cement. The mixed suggest enrichment in lighter isotopes. provenance and mineralogical immaturity Paleotemperatures derived from δ18O of these sediments is also supported by the content of calcretes indicate moderate to values of ZTR, provenance sensitive indices high temperatures of 25.09° C to 35.72° C along with X-ray diffraction studies and accompanied by low pCO2 values of 197.2 geochemical studies. The stable isotopic ppmV to 1349.7 ppmV derived from δ13C composition indicates pedogenic and /or content. OSL dates of the samples from shallow groundwater origin for the Baneta Formation (NP-6: 0.104228 calcretes under study and C3-C4 mixed +0.036099 My and CH-6B: 0.044720 + vegetation with dominance of C4 0.012829 My) together with C14 date of vegetation, thereby supporting meteoric gastropod and bivalve shells (BN-1s: 22625 diagenesis related with semi-arid climatic + 440 BP and SG-5: 17045 + 930 BP) suggest conditions undergone by Baneta sediments. deposition of these sediments in Tarantian OSL date of crevasse splay deposit (NP-6) is Age of Late Pleistocene. indicative of high flood intensities during Late Pleistocene. Discussion and Conclusion: The lithofacies association of Baneta Formation represents References channel lag, point bar and overbank flood Okada, H. 1971, Classification of sandstone: Analysis plain deposits of mixed load meandering and proposal. Journal Geology, v.79, p. 509-525. Reineck, H.E. and Singh I. B. 1980 Depositional river (Reineck and Singh, 1980). Sedimentary Environments, Springer Verlag, Berlin, Granulometric studies and SEM studies also Heidelburg, New York. 549 p. support the fluvial origin of these Tiwari, M. P. and Bhai H. Y. 1997, Quaternary sediments. Lithic arenitic nature of Baneta stratigraphy of the Narmada Valley. Geological sediments suggests their mineralogical Survey of India Special Publication, no. 46, p. 33-63. Verma, S. P. and Armstrong-Altrin J. S. 2013, New immaturity and mixed provenance such as multi-dimensional diagrams for tectonic Deccan Trap Basalts, Gondwana discrimination of siliciclastic sediments and their Supergroup, and Mahakoshal Group, and application to Precambrian basins. Chemical the evidences of meteoric phreatic and Geology, v. 355, p. 117-133.

38 34th Convention, Indian Association of Sedimentologists Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati; 19-21, December, 2017; Extended Abstracts’ Volume

Petrography and diagenesis study of carbonates of the Penganga Group at Govari area, Wani Taluka of Yeotmal district, Maharashtra

Humane, S. S. Ramteke, S. Humane S. K. and Borkar, S.

PG Department of Geology, R TM Nagpur University, Nagpur-440001, Maharashtra, [email protected]

Introduction: The Govari area falls in the Result and Discussion: The megascopic Wani Taluka of the Yeotmal District, study of the carbonate rocks of the Govari Maharashtra. The Govari Hill (lat. Hill Section clearly showed the distinct 79o0’19.4” and long. 19o50’21.5”) is mainly change as follows: 1) hard, massive, comprised of grayish, brown, black compact, whitish, gray limestone with limestones, argillaceous limestone and ferruginous intrusion at the base of the dolomitic limestone of 4.8 m thick section, 2) whitish, gray, siliceous dolomitic succession belonging to the Chanda limestone with several intrusions of calcitic Limestone Formation of the Penganga veins, 3) hard, compact, yellow limestone Group, Godavari Super Group. The present with minor intrusions of calcite, 4) black, preliminary investigation was done to study compact dolomitic limestone with petrography and diagenesis of these ferruginous intrusions, 5) black, compact, limestones for the understanding of their hard siliceous limestone, 6) hard, compact, depositional environment. yellow, dolomitic limestone, 7) brownish, gray, dolomitic limestone with calcitic veins, Methodology: A 4.8 m thick succession of 8)hard, compact, dark black limestone with various limestones were studied some sparitic veins, 9) light gray, very hard megascopically in the field and a and compact limestone and 10) hard, lithosection representing all the litho types compact, black limestone with micro was prepared with proper labeling. Overall, calcitic veins. 19 samples were collected covering varied litho types from this section and labeled as The microscopic study of the carbonates of GMH-1 to GMH-19. However, 10 samples the Govari Hill section are mostly fine were selected for the thin section grained with the intrusion of bands of preparation omitting the repetitive rock ferruginous material. The ferruginous types. The thin sections were prepared at material at places forms opaque minerals the Continental Instrument Private Limited, mainly may be of hematite and ankerite. Lucknow. These thin sections were further The diagenetic changes are noticed in the investigated under the Petrological form of macro and micro stylolites formed Microscope (Make-Nikon) for the by the pressure solution activity in some petrography and the diagenesis study in the samples (Fig. 1), while few sample lack the Post Graduate Department of Geology, same. These limestones are mainly RTM Nagpur University, Nagpur. The composed of microcrystalline calcite and samples were powdered to -170 mesh size calcite. Some large grains are also seen, for the geochemical analysis. The which are believed to have formed due to methodology used for sedimentological recrystallization. The detrital grains in the studies is mainly followed after Tucker form of quartz are also noticed in some of (1988). the samples. The mosaic of dolomitic grains is also seen in few thin sections of the limestone indicating the dolomitisation of

39 34th Convention, Indian Association of Sedimentologists Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati; 19-21, December, 2017; Extended Abstracts’ Volume limestone. Several, limestone samples showed the diagenetic features as

Figure 2: Photomicrograph shows neomorphism in calcitic grains with irregular grain boundaries and Figure 1: Photomicrograph of micro-stylollite in intergranular spaces are at places filled by opaque dolomite crystals and Stylollite may fill by opaque minerals (PPL) (5X) (GMHS: 1) minerals (GMHS: 11) (PPL) (10X) in many samples indicating post neomorphism indicating transformation of depositional changes under different the grains under different burial depth (Fig. diagenetic stages. 2). The development of dark colour Acknowledgements limestone indicates increased We are thankful to UGC, New Delhi for SAP- DRS- concentration of organic matter under II and DST-FIST for financial assistance to the anoxic condition at deep marine Department of Geology, RTM Nagpur University, Nagpur. environment. The sparry calcitic veins within the fine matrix mass are also present References Tucker, M. 1988, Techniques in Sedimentology. Oxford University Press, Canada, 394.

40 34th Convention, Indian Association of Sedimentologists Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati; 19-21, December, 2017; Extended Abstracts’ Volume

Evolutionary trend of early continental crust in the northern part of Indian Shield : Evidence from geochemical composition of sedimentary rocks

Raza, M. and Ahmad, S.

Department of Geology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh-202002, Uttar Pradesh. [email protected]

Introduction: Geochemical studies of clastic Delhi and Vindhyan supergroups. In the sedimentary rocks had long been used to present contribution, the geochemical data constrain the composition and geological of sedimentary rocks, ranging in age from evolution of sedimentary source areas and Mesoarchaean to middle Proterozoic are to discriminate the tectonic setting at the utilized to infer the evolutionary trend of time their deposition (Bhatia and Crook, upper continental crust during Archaean- 1986; Condie et al., 2001; Absar et al., Proterozoic times. 2009; Raza et al., 2010; 2012). In recent years, there has been a great interest in the Discussion: Geochemical data suggest that Archaean siliciclastic successions (Sugitani the source terrains of both Archaean and et al., 2006; Manakyamba et al., 2014). Proterozoic sedimentary sequences of These successions have been viewed as Aravalli craton most likely contained TTG, critical in understanding the crustal granites and mafic rocks as major development during the early part of the constituents, The mixing modeling of REE earth history. The Aravalli craton provides data suggest the derivation of Archaean an ideal opportunity to undertake a sedimentary rocks of Mavli- Naharmagra- geochemical study of sedimentary rocks Jagat area from a continental source terrain ranging in age from Mesoarchaean to end comprising TTG along with granites and Proterozoic. mafic rocks in the proportion 50% TTG, 40% Granite and 10% mafic rocks (Fig. 1). On the Geological framework: In Aravalli craton the Archaean sedimentary sequences are represented by numerous rock bodies of various sizes comprising sedimentary rocks – amphibolite association. These units are considered to be the vestiges of Mesoarchaean dismembered greenstone sequences. They are well exposed in Rakhiawal – Naharmagra and Jagat areas, occurring to the northeast and south west Figure 1: REE patterns of average Archaean of Udaipur city respectively. In Mavli area sedimentary rocks of Naharmagra- Rakhiawal and the sedimentary rocks are predominantly Jagat areas, (Mixture of 70 % pelites and 30 % quartzite) and estimated provenance after mixing quartzite and have been referred to as the end members in the proportion of 50% TTG, 40% Naharmagra quartzite (Raza et al., 2010). Granite and 10% mafic rocks On the other hand the Jagat sedimens are geochemically classified as greywacke, other hand the geochemical data of arkose and shales. The Proterozoic sedimentary rocks of Delhi Supergroup sedimentary sequences are well preserved suggest their derivation from a in various isolated basins separated by Paleoproterozoic continental crust Archaean BGC and referred to as Aravalli,

41 34th Convention, Indian Association of Sedimentologists Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati; 19-21, December, 2017; Extended Abstracts’ Volume comprising 50% high-K granites, 30% TTG References and 20% mafic rocks (Fig. 2). Absar, N., Raza, M., Roy, M., Naqvi, S.M. and Roy A.K. 2009. Composition and weathering conditions of Palaeoproterozoic upper crust of Bundelkhand Craton, Central India: records from geochemistry of clastic sediments of 1.9 Gwalior Group. Precambrian Research, v. 168, p. 313-329. Bhatia, M.R. and Crook K.A.W. 1986, Trace element characteristics of graywackes and tectonic setting discrimination of sedimentary basins. Contribution to Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 92, p. 181- 193. Condie, K.C., Lee, D. and Farmer, G.L., 2001, Tectonic

Figure 2: REE patterns of average Alwar basin setting and provenance of Neoproterozoic Uinta clastics (Mixture of 70 % pelites and 30 % quartzite) Mountain and Big Cottonwood groups, northern and estimated provenance after mixing the end Utah: constraints from geochemistry, Nd isotopes, members in the proportion of 50% Granite, 30% TTG and detrital modes. Sedimentary Geology, v. 141- and 20 % mafic rocks 142, p. 443-464. Manikyamba, C., Saha, A., Ganguly, S., Santosh, M., Lingadevaru, M. and Subba Rao,D. V. 2014 Conclusions: The compositional changes of Sediment-infill volcanic breccia from the Precambrian upper crust in Aravalli craton Neoarchean Shimoga greenstone terrane, western indicates that at least northern part of Dharwar Craton: Implications on pyroclastic Indian shield evolved from a TTG volcanism and sedimentation in an active dominated crust during Archaean to continental margin. Journal Asian Earth Sciences, v. 94, p. 269-268 granitic dominated crust during late Raza, M., Bhardwaj, V.R., Ahmad, A.H.M., Mondal, Paleoproterozoic / Mesoproterozoic. It M.E.A., Khan, A and Khan, M.S. 2010, Provenance appears that the petrogenetic evolution of and weathering history of Archean Naharmagra Archaean crust initiated with large scale quartzite of Aravalli craton, NW Indian shield: production of TTG magma. The melts for Proterozoic and geochemical evidence. Geochemical Journal, v. 44, p. 331-345. this magma were produced by melting of Raza, M., Khan, A., Bhardwaj, V.R and Rais, S., 2012, down going plate at relatively shallower Geochemistry of Meso-proterozoic sedimentary depth without extraction with the mantle rocks of upper Vindhyan Group, southeastern Rajasthan and implications for weathering history, during ascent. Further cooling of the earth composition and tectonic setting of continental favoured an increase in the angle of dip of crust in the northern part of Indian shield. Journal Asian Earth Sciences, v. 48, p. 160-172. subducting slab which favoured partial Sugitani, K., Yamashita, F., Nagaoka, T., Yamamoto, melting of basaltic rocks at higher depth K., Minami, M., Mimura, K. and Suzuki, K. 2006, and interaction of TTG magma with the Geochemistry and sedimentary petrology of overlying mantle wedge. At Archaean Archaean clastic sedimentary rocks at Mt. Proterozoic boundary, the interaction Goldsworthy, Pilbara Craton, Western Australia: Evidence for the early evolution of continental crust between hydrous sanukitoid magma and and hydrothermal alteration. Precambrian Research, tonalitic crust resulted in production of v.147,p.124-147. large amount of K-granite magma.

42 34th Convention, Indian Association of Sedimentologists Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati; 19-21, December, 2017; Extended Abstracts’ Volume

Provenance of Upper Bhuban sandstones belt of Schuppen, Chumukedima, Dimapur, Nagaland

Srivastava, S. K. and Kikon, F.

Department of Geology, Nagaland University, Kohima Campus, Meriema, Kohima-797004, Nagaland [email protected]

Introduction: Morphotectonically, grained, massive at places, friable and light Nagaland is divided, from east to west, as grey to dark grey in colour. Naga metamorphics, Ophiolites, Palaeogene Inner Fold Belt; occupied by In the present work an attempt has been two synclinoria namely Kohima made to ascertain the provenance of Synclinorium in the south and Patkai sandstones on the basis of framework Synclinorium in the north, and the Belt of mineralogy and heavy mineral assemblage. Shuppen (Mathur and Evans, 1964). Disangand the Naga thrusts define the Petrography and Heavy mineral eastern and western boundaries of the assemblage: Among the framework grains, Shuppen Belt respectively. Present study quartz is the most dominant mineral area is a part of Belt of Shuppen where followed by rock fragments and feldspars. baring Disang sediments all other litho- Majority of the quartz grains are angular to units are represented in thrusted blocks. sub-angular and comprise of both mono Sandstones of the study area area belong to and poly crystalline varieties. Quartz both Upper Bhuban Formation of the Surma with and without inclusions have also been Group and are a part of the Schuppen Belt. observed. Among the feldspars, plagioclase These Miocene sediments, exposed along with its characteristic albite twinning is Kohima-Dimapur road (Fig. 1), are most common. K-feldspar represented by represented by alternating sandstones orthoclase and microcline has also been noticed (Fig. 2A & B). Rock fragments constitute significant proportions next to quartz. Volcanic glasses are quite common. Chert and siltstone represent the sedimentary rock fragment while schist accounts for metamorphic rock fragment. In addition, mica and chlorite flakes were also observed. Sandstones of the study area have relatively high matrix content and at places, matrix seems to have digested the detrital grain boundaries importing a Figure-1: Geological map of a part of Belt of floating appearance to the grains. Silica is Schuppen (Aier et al., 2011). the only cement observed in these sediments. Heavy minerals are represented and shales. Sedimentary structures by tourmaline, zircon, rutile, silliminite, recorded in these sediments includes plane kyanite, garnet and scapolite in their order and cross laminations, ripples as well as of their abundance. Framework grains and trough cross beddings. Upper Bhuban heavy minerals of the studied sandstones sandstones are generally fine to medium are dominantly angular, which is in contrast

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rounded tourmaline alongwith zircons with overgrowth suggests that there were some contributions from sedimentary source also. Contributions from rising ophiolites in the east cannot also be ruled out. Study also suggests that deposition of Surma sandstones had been strongly controlled by tectonics of the region and deposition kept pace with the changing plate interaction with reorganized drainage in the vicinity.

Acknowledgements The work has been carried out at the Department of Geology, Nagaland University, Kohima Campus. Authors thank the concerned authorities.

References Aier, I., Luirei, K., Bhakuni, S. S., Thong, G. T. and Kothyari, G.C. 2011, Geomorphic evolution of Medziphemaintermontane basin and Quaternary deformation in the Schuppen Belt, Nagaland, NE India: Zeitschrift fur Geomorphologie, Stuttgart, v. 22 (2), p .247-265. Mathur, L.P and Evans, P. 1964, Oil in India 22nd session, International Geological Congress, New Figure 2: (A) Photomicrographs showing microcline Delhi, India, 85 (arrow) and other angular grains (B) Plagioclase Srivastava, S.K. and Tiamenba, L, Petrography and (arrow) and floating grains. diagenesis of sandstones from RenjifFormation in and around Phiphima, Dimapur, Nagaland, India , Journal Progressive Science. (In press) with the Oligocene Barail sandstone Srivastava, S.K. and Kesen, k. 2017, Tectono- (Srivastava and Kesen, 2017; Srivastava and sedimentary evolution of Laisong sandstones Longshir, in press), suggesting a major shift exposed in and around Pherima, Dimapur, Nagaland, in the provenance during the deposition of Journal Indian Association of Applied Geochemistry. Surma sandstones. Vadlamani et al. (2015) Vadlamani, R., Fu-Yuan Wu. and Wei-QiangJi, 2015, Detrital zircon U-Pb and Hf isotopic composition have also suggested the same based from foreland sediments of the Assam Basin,NE on zircon dating. Framework grains India: Constraints on sediment provenance and coupled with heavy mineral assemblage tectonics of the eastern Himalaya, Journal Asian suggests a crystalline source dominated by Earth Sciences. v. 111, p. 254-267 metamorphics. However, presence of some

44 34thConvention, Indian Association of Sedimentologists Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati; 19-21, December, 2017; Extended Abstracts Volume

Mesozoic Jhuran Formation, Kutch Rift Basin: Analysis of sandstone characteristics

Chaudhuri, A1., Banerjee, S1. and Pera, E. L2.

1Department of Earth Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai-400076, Maharashtra [email protected] , [email protected] 2Emilia Le Pera, Dipartimento di Biologia, Ecologia e Scienze della Terra, Università della, Calabria, 87036 Rende (Cosenza), Italy. [email protected]

Introduction: This study deals with the Methodology: Thin section petrography provenance of Middle Jurassic to Early with framework modal analysis was carried Cretaceous sediments in the Kutch basin of out for sandstone samples from Jhumara, western India. Samples of Jhumara, Jhuran Jhuran and Bhuj Formations. Thin sections and Bhuj Formations of Middle Jurassic, were analysed using electron probe micro- Late Jurassic and Early Cretaceous analyzer (EPMA) for chemistry of detrital respectively in the Kutch Mainland are heavy minerals. For a few pulverized studied for sandstone composition (Quartz- sandstone samples sodium polytungstate Feldspar-Lithic fragment - QFL plot), Zircon- liquid (density 2.9g/cc) was used for heavy Tourmaline-Rutile (ZTR) index and mineral-separation by gravity settling. Small chemistry of heavy detrital minerals like chips of selected samples were used for garnet and ilmenite. X-Ray Microscopy is heavy mineral investigation using X-ray used to quantify the percentage of heavy microscopy. minerals present in these samples. Results: Sandstones of Jhumara, Jhuran and Geological setting: The Kutch Basin, located Bhuj Formations are quartzofeldspathic in in the western continental margin of India composition, with mean compositions of was formed by rifting between Late Triassic Q54F44L2, Q57F41L2 and Q60F39L2 respectively. and Late Jurassic during India’s northward The number of grains of quartz, feldspar drift post Gondwanaland breakup (Biswas, and lithic (rock) fragments are plotted in 1983, 1987). This basin experienced a triangular QFR (Folk, 1974) and QFL number of uplifts associated with faulting (Dickinson et al., 1983) plots. Almost all during various stages of rifting. Activation samples plot in the field for ‘arkose’ in the along the Kutch Mainland Fault (KMF) in the QFR plot while most samples plot in the early Cretaceous resulted in the Kutch field for transitional continental Mainland Uplift (KMU), dividing the basin provenance in the QFL plot. However, a few into the Gulf of Kutch Half Graben (GOK- samples of Jhumara and Jhuran Formations HG) and the Banni Half Graben (BHG). The plot in the field representing basement Kutch Mainland Uplift with a south- uplifted provenance. westerly dipping resultant slope covers the largest part of Kutch basin. Most of the In these sandstones, most common undisturbed Mesozoic rocks are exposed transparent heavy minerals are zircon, along the NW-SE trending chain of domal rutile, tourmaline, garnet and monazite. uplifts. The present study area is located Common opaque minerals include ilmenite, within the Kutch Mainland between Zara pyrite, hematite and magnetite. ZTR index Village in the west and Tapkeshwar in the (Hubert, 1962) are 25%, 30% and 50% for east. samples of Jhumara, Jhuran and Bhuj

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Formations respectively. Garnet chemistry Jurassic Jhuran Formation and Early reveals dominance of almandine (Fe-rich) Cretaceous Bhuj Formation. over other species of the garnet group. Using elemental composition of Fe, Mn, Conclusions: Two main sediment sources of Mg and Ca from EPMA, data points plot in the Kutch Mainland are predominantly the ‘Type Ci’ field on the triangular Fe+Mn- felsic rocks of Nagar Parkar igneous Mg-Ca plot of Mange and Morton (2007). In complex in the north and the Proterozoic samples of Jhumara Formation, presence of Aravalli Supergroup in the east. Shift in >2% MnO, >50% TiO2 and <0.5% MgO sandstone composition from arkosic to sub- indicate a mixed felsic igneous and arkosic indicates increasing stability of the metabasic source. Enriched TiO2 content basin. High content of heavy minerals in (>50%) and depleted MnO content (<2%) in Jhuran Formation indicates high reworking ilmenite grains of Jhuran and Bhuj of sediments as a consequence of tectonic Formations indicate metabasic source rock. changes.

The average volume of heavy minerals from Acknowledgements processed X-Ray Microscopy scans are 3%, Authors are indebted to Indian Institute of Technology Bombay for infrastructure facilities. S.B. 5.26% and 3.44% for Jhumara, Jhuran and is thankful to Department of Science and Bhuj Formation respectively. Technology, Government of India for financial support through grant SR/S4/ES-709/2014. Authors are thankful to S.C. Patel and Javed M. Shaikh for Discussion: Composition of sandstones providing analytical support at the DST-IITB exhibits a gradual shift from arkosic in syn- National facility for EPMA, Department of Earth rift sediments to sub-arkosic in post-rift Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay. sediments. Samples of Middle Jurassic Authors are also grateful to George Mathew for facilitating heavy mineral study. Jhumara Formation indicating ‘basement uplifted provenance’ are sourced from the References Nagar Parkar Igneous Complex situated Biswas, S.K. 1983, Cretaceous of Kutch Kathiawar towards the north of the basin. Late region. Proc. Seminar Cretaceous stratigraphy of Jurassic Jhuran Formation and Early India. Indian Association of Stratigraphers, p. 41-65. Cretaceous Bhuj Formation indicate Biswas, S.K. 1987, Regional tectonic framework, structure and evolution of the western marginal ‘transitional continental provenance’, a basins of India. Tectonophysics, v. 135, p, 307-327. mixed source from rocks of Nagar Parkar Dickinson, W.R., Beard, L.S., Brakenridge, G.R., igneous complex (basement uplifted Erjavec, J.L., Ferguson, R.C., Inman, K.F., Knepp, R.A., source) and Aravalli Supergroup (cratonic Lindberg, F.A. and Ryberg, P.T. 1983, Provenance of source). Garnet mineral chemistry indicates North American Phanerozoic sandstones in relation to tectonic setting. Geological Society of America a high grade metabasic source for samples Bulletin, v. 94(2), p. 22–235. of Middle Jurassic to Early Cretaceous. Hubert, J.F. 1962, A zircon-tourmaline-rutile Ilmenite mineral chemistry reveals maturity index and the interdependence of the derivation from mixed sediment source of composition of heavy mineral assemblages with the felsic igneous and metabasic rocks for gross composition and texture of sandstones. Journal of Sedimentary Research, 32(3). Middle Jurassic Jhumara Formation and Mange, M.A. and Morton, A.C. 2007, Geochemistry metabasic source for samples of Late of heavy minerals. Developments in sedimentology, v. 58, p. 345–391.

46 34thConvention, Indian Association of Sedimentologists Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati; 19-21, December, 2017; Extended Abstracts Volume

Textural and compositional analysis of miliolite deposits from Katrol hill range, Kachchh, Western India

Talati, R. and Bhatt, N.

Department of Geology, Faculty of Science, The M. S. University of Baroda, Vadodara-390 002, Gujarat. [email protected]

Introduction: The bioclastic carbonate carbonate sand that also contain pebbles of deposit, popularly known as ‘Miliolite’ or earlier deposited Type-I Miliolites. These ‘miliolitic limestone’ is a conspicuous are younger and have been thought to be stratigraphic unit of Late Quaternary age in deposited by seasonal fluvial activities in the Kachchh and Saurashtra regions of Holocene time. Gujarat. Major studies that remained focused on neotectonic aspects of Kachchh Granulometric analysis and statistical over masked significance of this unique parameters were calculated following Folk Late Quaternary sedimentary record in and Ward (1957). Insoluble residue analysis Kachchh, whereas its counterpart in was done following Ireland (1971). Thin Saurashtra remained well investigated sections were examined to estimate the (Bhatt, 2003). In the present study we allochemical composition and diagenesis. present results from the textural and About 5 gm of bulk samples were studied compositional analyses of these deposits using Kappa bridge MKF-1B for its magnetic from Kachchh. This includes granulometric, susceptibility measurements. Selected allochemical, insolubles, magnetic samples were scanned under Hitachi make susceptibility and SEM-EDS studies of SEM which is aided with EDS to appreciate miliolitic limestone from a part of Katrol Hill ultra structures in cement and to estimate Range, south of Bhuj. its chemistry.

Methodology: Based on the mode of Results: The granulometric analysis occurrence the Miliolite deposits of suggests that majority of the grains are of Kachchh are classified in to three types viz., sand size ranging from 0.5 phi to 3.0 phi, I) Obstacle dune deposits, II) Valley fill moderately to poorly sorted, finely skewed deposits and III) Fluvial reworked sheet and having platykurtic to mesokurtic deposits. The Type-I deposits are distribution (Folk, 1957). Type-I Miliolite characterized by a typical triangular shows better sorting whereas the Type-III geometry resting unconformably on the poor. Both, the Type-I and Type-II Miliolites slopes of the Katrol Hill Range. The exhibit finely skewed nature. The substrate rocks are mainly shale and allochemical contents are characterized by sandstone of the Juran and Bhuj the dominance of peloids (20-30%) Formations. In some places, the Deccan followed by the bioclasts (10-20%). The Trap Formation basalt hills have also detrital grains are also contributing to a provided obstacles. Type-II deposits are significant amount 5-25%, and the porosity occupying the rocky amphitheatres and and/or cement to about 10-25%. The valleys associated with these hills, probably cement is mostly microsparite and sparite as slope wash during the onset of wetter cement having law magnesian non-ferroan phases. The type-III is secondary reworked calcite composition and meniscus, rim or deposits of pebbly, gravelly mixed gravitational cement geometry.

47 34thConvention, Indian Association of Sedimentologists Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati; 19-21, December, 2017; Extended Abstracts Volume

The acid insoluble residue analysis has slopes. Due to the gravity flow and fall a indicated that the Type-I Miliolite contains large amount of sediments on crossing the about 45% of detritals by weight, whereas angle of repose must have been it is ca. 55% in Type-II and highest (ca. 75%) accommodated on the base of the slope in Type-III Miliolites. The magnetic and topographic hollows/amphitheatres to susceptibility analysis has not shown any form valley fill deposits (Type-II). The typical trend amongst these three types of younger OSL ages (11.8 – 7.8 ka) from the Miliolite. Overall the SI value range from fluvial reworked unit in Gunavari river 4.75x10-8 to 5.45x10-8 which are low and (Bhattacharya et al., 2014) and the thus indicate not much presence of sedimentary characteristics suggest fluvial magnetic minerals in to it. SEM-EDS studies reworking of the Miliolite sand and detritals of selected samples could exhibit overall derived from the local substrate rocks granular calcite cement. Interesting during this period that coincide with the presence of ‘lublinite’ a fibrous form of onset of SW Indian monsoon after the LGM. calcite (Stoops, 1976) has also been The thin section and SEM studies have noticed. EDS spectra suggest its pure indicated that the diagenesis and CaCO3 (calcite) nature. In fluvial reworked cementation of these deposits must have (Type-III) Miliolite unit SEM could also show taken place in the continental (Meteoric) the presence of clay having a composition environment as suggested by the cement of K, Mg, Al silicate that could be illite. morphology and mineralogy.

Discussion and Conclusions: The field set Acknowledgements indicated three distinct environments of We thankfully acknowledge the Head, Department of Geology, M. S. University of Baroda for making the their deposition based on the overall analytical facilities procured under DST-FIST sedimentary body geometry and primary program available for this study. structures. These were aeolian obstacle dune, gravity flow and fall in to the valley References and reworking of the same sediments Bhatt, N., 2003, The Late Quaternary bioclastic carbonate deposits of Saurashtra and Kachchh, through fluvial activities. The textural study Gujarat, Western India: A Review, Proc. Indian is in support of this conclusion. Higher National Science Academy, v. 69(2), p. 137-150. amount of detritals and coarser sediments Bhattacharya, F., Rastogi, B. K., Thakkar, M. G., in the Type-III Miliolite substantiate this Patel, R. C. and Juyal, N., 2014, Fluvial landforms and inference. The presence of allochemical their implication towards understanding the past climate and seismicity in the northern Katrol Hill grains indicates its source from the offshore Range, western India. Quaternary International. areas such as the Gulf of Kachchh and the http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2014.03.002 Arabian Sea. These sediments could have Folk, R. L. and Ward, W. C., 1957, Brazos river bar: A been brought up to the inland areas of study in the significance of grain size parameters. Kachchh during the onset of aridity and Journal Sedimentary Petrolology, v. 27, p. 3-26. Ireland, H. A., 1971, Insoluble Residues. In E. R. coeval lowering of the sea level. The Katrol Carver (Ed.) Procedures in sedimentary petrology. Hill Range being a first prominent John Wiley & Sons. p. 479-498. physiographic break acted as obstacle to Stoops, G. J., 1976, On the nature of “lublinite” from deposit these sediments as obstacle dune Hollanta (Turkey). American Mineralogist, v. 61, p. deposits on its higher windward (southern) 172.

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Ordovician siliciclastic sediments are good climate archives: Evidences from the geochemical studies of Thango Formation, Spiti Valley, Tethys Himalaya, northern India

Rashid, S. A1. and Ganai, J. A2.

1Department of Geology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh-202002, Uttar Pradesh. [email protected] 2Department of Earth Sciences, University of Kashmir, Srinagar-190006, Jammu & Kashmir.

Introduction: The Thango Formation matrix. Quartz, Plagioclase and lithic exposed at Spiti region, Tethys Himalaya, fragments and detrital grains are present. Himachal Pradesh contains a marine sedimentary succession of Ordovician age Provenance weathering: Among the that offers an opportunity to study the weathering indices, the Chemical Index of weathering, provenance, paleo- Alteration (CIA) proposed by Nesbitt and environmental conditions in Earth history. Young (1982) is the most commonly applied The present geochemical study on the indices. Studied sandstone and shales of Ordovician Thango Formation (Sanugba Sanguba group has CIA values from 55 to 72 Group) is the maiden attempt by the which reflect composition of muscovite and authors from this region. This work is illite and low to medium degree of mainly aimed at examining the major weathering. and trace element geochemistry of the siliciclastic sediments primarily to Discussion: McLennan and Taylor (1980) investigate the processes that control found a visible compositional relationship sediment geochemistry with a specific focus for La/Th and Th/Yb:La/Th values increase on weathering processes, provenance, and Th/Yb values decrease toward more paleo-climatic conditions under which mafic compositions. The correlation these sediments were deposited during between La and Th in the sedimentary Ordovician period. rocks of our samples has a La/Th ratio between 2 and 4. Average La/Th and Th/Yb General geology of the area: Spiti values determined for the Tethys represents the well exposed sedimentary Himalayan Sanguba Group samples are 2.5 successions ranging in age from and 15.7, respectively, which corresponds Neoproterozoic to Cretaceous. Bhargava et to a relatively felsic composition. Cr/Th al. (1988) proposed the term Sanguba ratios are considered to be more sensitive Group to include Thango, Tackhe and Muth to variations in provenance than any of the formations of Spiti after Sanguba stream in other ratios (Condie and Wronkiewiez, Spiti region of Kinnaur-Spiti-Zanskar basin 1990). The Cr/Th ratios of the Sanguba where all these Formations are well Group sedimentary rocks ranging from 0.7 developed and is noticeable by its red to 9.1 (average= 3.3) thus strongly suggest colour and rugged slopes. to have been derived from mainly silicic source rocks. The REE patterns and the size Petrography: Microscopic examination of of the Eu anomalies in sediments also the thin sections revealed that the provide important clues on source rock sandstones are fine grained, sometimes characteristics (Cullers, 1994). In the medium to coarse grained, poor to present study, the high LREE/HREE ratios moderately sorted with fair amount of and significant negative Eu anomalies of the

49 34thConvention, Indian Association of Sedimentologists Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati; 19-21, December, 2017; Extended Abstracts Volume sandstones and shale’s fall within the range sediments may have been derived from of sediments derived from felsic source these granitoid belts. rocks ([La/Lu]chondrite = 3.00–27.0, Eu/Eu* = 0.31–0.57; (Dai, et al., 2013 and References references therein). Striking similarities Bhargava, O.N. 2008, An updated introduction to between the trace element (including REEs) the Spiti Geology. Journal of the Paleontological Society of India, v. 53, p. 113-129. patterns of the Tango Formation Bhargava, O.N. and Gadhoke, S.K. 1988, Triassic sandstones and shales of Spiti region and microfauna of the Lilang Group with special different Proterozoic granitoids of reference to Scythian-Anisian conodonts, Spiti Himalayan region strongly support the Valley, Himachal Pradesh, Journal of the Geological hypothesis suggested by earlier workers Society India, v. 32, p. 494-505. Condie, K.C. 2001, Continental growth during that the uplift, unroofing, and erosion of formation of Rodinia at 1.35-0.9 Ga. Gondwana these S-type syn-collisional (Sharma and research, v. 4(1), p. 5-16. Rashid, 2001) granites from the Proterozoic Condie, K.C. and Wronkiewicz, D.J. 1990, A new look granitoid belts may have supplied at the Archaean-Proterozoic boundary sediments significant amounts of detritus to the and the tectonic setting constraint. Developments in Precambrian Geology, v. 8, p. 61-83. Tethyan sedimentary basin. Cullers, R.L. 1994, The controls on the major and trace element variation of shales, siltstones, and Conclusions: Field evidences suggest that sandstones of Pennsylvanian-Permian age from three major depositional environments i.e., uplifted continental blocks in Colorado to platform fluvial, transitional and marine prevailed in sediment in Kansas, USA. Geochimicaet Cosmochimica Acta, v. 58, p. 4955-4972. the Spiti basin representing transgressive Dai, S., Zhang, W., Ward, C.R., Seredin, V.V., Hower, and regressive phases. Discriminant J.C., Li, X., Song, W., Wang, X., Kang, H. Zheng and L., diagrams, constrain overall passive margin Wang, P. 2013, Mineralogical and geochemical tectonic setting for these silliciclastic rocks. anomalies of late Permian coals from the Fusui The petrographic and geochemical Coalfield, Guangxi Province, southern China: influences of terrigenous materials and characteristics coupled with some hydrothermal fluids. International Journal of Coal significant immobile elemental ratios and Geology, v. 105, p. 60-84. geochemical characteristics of trace McLennan, S.M. and Taylor, S.R. 1980, Th and U in elements such as REE patterns and strong sedimentary rocks: crustal evolution and negative Eu/Eu* anomaly indicate the sedimentary recycling. Nature, v. 285, p. 621-624. Nesbitt, H.W., and Young, G.M. 1982, Early derivation of the Spiti silliciclastic Proterozoic climates and plate motions inferred sediments from a more felsic dominant from major element chemistry of lutites. Nature, v. source. A good similarity between multi- 199, p. 715–717. elemental spider diagrams of Spiti clastic Sharma, K.K. and Rashid, S.A. 2001, Geochemical sediments and the Proterozoic and Evolution of Peraluminous Paleoproterozoic Bandal Orthogneiss, NW Himalaya, Himachal Pradesh, India: Paleozoic granitoids from the Himalayas Implications for the Ancient Crustal growth in the is obtained which substantiate the Himalaya. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, v. 19, p. above inference and suggest that Tethyan 413-428.

50 34th Convention, Indian Association of Sedimentologists Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati; 19-21, December, 2017; Extended Abstracts’ Volume

Geochemical and SEM-EDX characterisation of lateritic soils developed over Tertiary sedimentary formations of Kerala

Mohan, R1. and Babu, L2.

1 Department of Geology, University of Kerala, Kariavattom, Trivandrum-695581 Kerla. 2School of Environmental Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam-686560, Kerla. [email protected]

Introduction: The Tertiary Formations of Results and Discussion: There are sixteen Kerala unconformably overlie the distinct stratigraphic layers (Fig.1) in the Precambrian crystallines which are area which include laterite, clay, iron deposited in a north-south linear basin formation, peat, sand and hornblende along the coastal tracts of Peninsular India gneiss which is similar to Warkalli (Soman, 1997). Younger sedimentary rocks Formation. of Mio- Pliocene and Sub-Recent ages are observed overlying the coastal tracts of the The Laterite fraction exhibits a swirl texture northern part of Kerala. The study area is (Fig.2) with face-to-face arrangement of located in Kannur District, Kerala which grains suggesting their detrital origin experiences tropical humid climatic (Keller, 1979). In this sample, finer laterite conditions. The area is lateritic plateau with grains are agglomerated, thereby giving a hard capping of laterite on the surface. The flower like appearance. The EDX analysis objective of the present study is to shows the presence of good amount of Fe, understand the weathering characteristics Al, Si, O, and Na. of laterite and pedogenesis of lateritic soils developed over Tertiary Sedimentary Formations of Kerala. The present study reports the geochemistry and particle morphology of lateritic soils, laterite and clay using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). The present investigation is of pioneering in nature as the studies on tropical lateritic soils from southern India, especially from Kerala are limited.

Methodology: The core samples up to a depth of 40 m were collected. The Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDX) X-Ray Fluorescence analysis was carried out on selected sub-samples of laterite, lateritic soils and clay layers.

Figure 1: Stratigraphic column of the study area.

51 34th Convention, Indian Association of Sedimentologists Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati; 19-21, December, 2017; Extended Abstracts’ Volume

The SEM image of clay shows kaolinite Hence, it is inferred that the laterites in the particles of varying sizes. Some kaolinite area are not bauxitic. The soil colour particles are of < 1μm size and exhibit analysis corroborates the ferruginous vermicular and book-like morphology (Fig. nature of laterites. 3). Almost all kaolinite grains exhibit a face- to- face pattern of arrangement of platy crystals. The kaolinite particles with pseudohexagonal edges as well as rolled and angular edges are also observed.

Figure 3: SEM image of clay

Conclusions: The laterites in the study area are of ferruginous and detrital in nature. The kaolinitic clay present in the Figure 2: SEM image of laterite stratigraphic column is formed in-situ. The study also indicates intense and deep The kaolinite shows crystals with angular weathering of the Tertiary sedimentary edges, which suggest its in-situ formation. Formations. The irregular angular kaolinite edge is characteristic of actively growing crystals Acknowledgements (Keller, 1986). The relatively poor Linu Babu gratefully acknowledges the Kerala State crystalline nature of this kaolinite is Council for Science Technology (KSCSTE)’s PhD fellowship and Reethu Mohan acknowledges the exemplified by SEM. The hot and humid KSCSTE’S Masters Dissertation through the Student weathering environment favours Project Scheme. Dr. A P Pradeep Kumar, Head, weathering of labile minerals to kaolin Department of Geology, University of Kerala is group minerals. Some patches of wedge thanked for his guidance and support. shaped minerals which coat kaolinite References particles as impurities are observed. EDX Keller, W.D. 1979, Bauxitization of syenite and analysis shows the presence of Al, Si, O, and diabase illustrated in scanning electron Na. micrographs. Economic Geology, 74(1), p. 116-124. Keller, W.D., Reynolds, R.C. and Inoue, A. 1986, From the X-Ray Fluorescence studies, it is Morphology of clay minerals in the smectite-to-illite conversion series by scanning electron microscopy. inferred that SiO2, Al2O3 and Fe2O3 Clays & Clay Miner., 34(2), p. 187. contributes up to 70% of major oxide Reethu Mohan. 2016. Magnetic susceptibility and chemistry. The SiO2 is enriched in hard rock, weathering characteristics over tropically weathered sandy clay, and sand formation but it is gneiss in Kerala,India. Unpublished MSc thesis submitted to the University of Kerala, p. 163. poor in laterites. The Al2O3 and Fe2O3 Soman, K. 1997, Geology of Kerala. Geological content in laterites are almost similar. Society of India, Bangalore. P. 280.

52 34th Convention, Indian Association of Sedimentologists Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati; 19-21, December, 2017; Extended Abstracts’ Volume

Geochemistry of the Barail group of rock and depositional environment during Oligocene in NE Indian subcontinent

Devi, S. R1., Ibotombi, S1., Mondal, M. E. A2. and Singh, Y. R1.

1 Department of Earth Sciences, Manipur University, Canchipur-795003, Manipur. [email protected], [email protected] , [email protected] 2Department of Geology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh-202002, Uttar Pradesh. [email protected]

Introduction: The Barail rocks of Oligocene in North Cachar Hills of Assam (Sen et al., are well exposed in Nagaland, Manipur, 2012, 2015), southwest of Kohima, Assam, Meghalaya and Sylhet of Nagaland (Srivastava, 2013, Srivastava and Bangladesh. The Barails are predominantly Pandey, 2004), western parts of Manipur of arenaceous sediment, characterized by (Singh, 2010), Shillong Plateau, Meghalaya sandstone with more or less thick (Mandal, 2009) and Sylhet of Bangladesh interbands of shales. This paper presents (Hossain et al., 2010). The Barail Group has the result of the geochemical study on the carbonaceous matter at many places. Plant sandstone and shale composition in the NE fossils and leaf impressions occurred within India and adjoining areas. In this study, the thus, attempt has been made to understand the provenance, tectonic setting and depositional environment of the Barail Group from different parts of NE Indian subcontinent.

Regional geological setting: Collision of the Indian plate with Tibetan and Myanmar plate marks the initiation of the Himalaya Orogeny and the Indo-Myanmar ranges (IMR) with many depositional basins. The flysch type sediment of the Disang Group Figure 1: Photograph of the bedded Barail sandstone was deposited in a shallow but rapidly (Manipur) sinking basin during the Eocene. Discussion: Geochemical composition The movement related to second phase of reflects change in provenance indicating the Himalayan Orogeny and beginning of active tectonic activity in the region during IMR uplift which was initiated in the Early the Oligocene time. Comparison of the data Oligocene resulted in the deposition of the of present work with that of previous works continental facies of the Barail Group and suggests felsic input and mixing with mafic terminated in the late Oligocene. After a materials in an upper continental crustal short break, sedimentation was resumed setup. Fe2O3+MgO vs. K2O/Na2O, Al2O3 vs. with a marine transgression during lower TiO2 and ICV vs. CIA diagrams show Miocene and the Surma Group was dominant recycled sediments mixed with deposited (Gopendra Kumar, 1997). The juvenile sediments in early Oligocene in an Barail Group of alternating sandstone and orogenic setting consistent with the shale (in varying proportion) is well exposed regional tectonic activities, changing from large depositional environment and

53 34th Convention, Indian Association of Sedimentologists Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati; 19-21, December, 2017; Extended Abstracts’ Volume reducing in depositional basin area towards Acknowledgements Middle and Late Oligocene during the initial Our sincere thanks to the Chairman, Department of Geology, A.M.U., Aligarh for providing facilities to stage of accretionary wedge formation of carry out this work and the Head of Department, Indo-Myanmar Ranges. Geochemical study Department of Earth Sciences, Manipur University infer that to the north (Nagaland) during for the permission to publish this paper. We are also thankful to B.R. Arora, the Director, Wadia Institute the Eocene-Oligocene, the sediments were of Himalayan Geology, Dehra Dun for his help derived dominantly from felsic source rock during geochemical analysis. The first author also with high degree of chemical weathering thanks to DST for providing financial help and towards south (Manipur), the (SR/WOS-A/EA-31/2016). sediments were derived from multiple References source rock with variable degree of Gopendra Kumar, 1997, Geology of Arunachal chemical weathering. Geochemistry of Pradesh, Geological Society of India, Bangalore, Laisong (early Oligocene) sediments p.217. indicates multiple source rocks and Hossain H.M.Z., Roser B.P. and Kimura J.I. 2010, different from east to west and north to Petrography and whole-rock geochemistry of the Tertiary Sylhet succession, northeastern Bengal south and degree of weathering is from low Basin, Bangladesh: Provenance and source area to high. The present study also suggests weathering. Sedimentary Geology, v. 228, p. 171– that a mafic source was within or nearby 183. basin. This, in turn, reveals that the basin Mandal, S. 2009, Sedimentation and tectonics of was large and tectonic activity was intense Lower Cenozoic sequences from southeast of Shillong Plateau, India: Provenance History of the during the early Oligocene. In Middle Assam-Bengal System, Eastern Himalayas. Oligocene during the deposition of Jenam, Unpublished Thesis, Auburn University, Alabama. the sediment within the basin is uniform Singh, W., I. 2010, Petrography and geochemical and sediment supply from both the felsic study of the Barail Sandstones in and around Ukhrul and mafic source rock with higher degree of Area, Ukhrul District, Manipur, India. Unpublised chemical weathering occurred. Towards the Ph.D., Gauhati University, Assam, India. Srivastava, S.K. 2013, Petrology and major element younger Renji, the sediment contributions geochemistry of Oligocene Barail sediments in and were dominantly from the felsic with more around Jotsoma, Kohima, Nagaland. Gondwana or less mafic source rock of similar Geology Magazine, v. 28 (2), p. 159-164. composition and low degree of chemical Srivastava, S.K. and Pandey, N. 2004, Major element weathering. geochemistry and provenance of the Paleogene Silicoclastic at Disang-Barail Transistion, NW of Kohima, Nagaland, India. Journal Indian Association Conclusion: Geochemical interpretation Sedimentologists, v. 23 (1-2), p. 137-142. indicates the depositional history and Sen, s. Das, P. K., Bhagabaty, B. and Borah, M.2015, tectonic evolution of NE subcontinent Geochemistry of Barail Sandstones occurring In and during the Oligocene. This study will around Dima Hasao District, Assam. Journal of Applied Geochemistry, v. 17, (2), p. 199-212. certainly help us to fill up the gap in our Sen, S., Das, P.K., Bhagaboty, B. and Singha, L.J.C., knowledge regarding the changes source 2012, Geochemistry of shales of Barail group rock composition related active tectonic occurring in and around Mandardisa, North Cachar activities during Oligocene in NE Indian Sub- Hills, Assam; India: Its Implications. International continent. This will also provide a deeper Journal of Chemistry and Applications, 4, p. 25-37. Singh, M. C. 2009, Geochemistry of Tertiary understanding on the position of Indian Sediments exposed along parts of NH-53, Manipur, Plate relative to Myanmar and Asian plate. India. Earth System Sciences, v. 1, p. 353-360.

54 34th Convention, Indian Association of Sedimentologists Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati; 19-21, December, 2017; Extended Abstracts’ Volume

Mobility of elements in Darai-Daldali bauxite deposit of Kabirdham, Chhattisgarh Das, B. and Khan, M. W. Y.

S.O.S. in Geology and WRM, Pt. R.S.U. Raipur-492001, Chhattisgarh. [email protected]

Introduction: The present area of study Darai Daldali plateau falls in the survey of India toposheet no. 64F/3 and is bounded by northern latitude 22023’40” and eastern longitude 81011’40”. The plateau is situated in kabirdham (Kawardha) district of Chhattisgarh state. This Bauxite deposit is developed after lateritization of Deccan Traps (Fig. 1).

Figure 2: Well developed euhedral gibbsite crystallites masked with goethite (Brownish colured) and cavity filled with amorphous clay. Under transmitted polarized light.

decrease in silica and iron content. Similarly in respect of FMTE, LILE and REE show an overall decreasing trend in bauxites, except HFSE which is concentrated in bauxite samples.

Figure 1: Photograph of lateritic profile showing Oxide % Laterite Lateritic bauxite Bauxite occurrence of boulders of bauxite.

SiO2 21.74 14.87 0.2 Mineralogy and Petrography: The XRD Al2O2 21.45 24.04 63.48 Fe2O3 43.08 28.64 3.19 investigation carried on core and surface TiO2 3.79 3.28 9.49 samples reveals Gibbsite, Brookite, Table 1: Major oxide in laterite, lateritic and bauxite Kaolinite, Ilmenite and Hematite as major done at inspectorate Griffith India Pvt Ltd. minerals, while Goethite, Anatase, quartz Bhubaneswar following standard methods. and Ilmenite occur as minor minerals. Petrographical studies show that gibbsite Trace Laterite Lateritic Bauxite element bauxite occurs either as massive formed due to colloidal precipitation or as well developed FMTE 1923.09 2124 1181.2 LILE 61.19 83.89 75.23 euhedral gibbsite crystallites marked with HFSE 493.87 538.95 539.11 goethite with a cavity filled by amorphous REE 7.16 5.503 21.16 clay (Fig. 2). Table 2: Average trace and REE composition in laterite, lateritic bauxite and bauxite. Mass change and mobility of elements during bauxitization: Average major oxide We have followed Krauskopf (1967) and composition for laterite, lateritic bauxite Sastri et al. (1982) to calculate mass balance and bauxite samples is given in Tables 1&2. in major oxides employing Al2O3 as monitor Increasing trend in alumina and titanium element (Fig. 3). is observed from laterite to bauxite with

55 34th Convention, Indian Association of Sedimentologists Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati; 19-21, December, 2017; Extended Abstracts’ Volume

89.27 % in laterite. Total loss of CaO MgO, K2O Na2O and MnO is observed in laterite

and bauxite, however with significant gain of K20 (345.23 to 495.26%) and Na2O (56.80-109.35%) in lateritic bauxite

Figure 3: Enrichment of K and Na in lateritic bauxites samples, which suggest their retention on demonstrating their presence in clay minerals. Kaolinite and other clays minerals (Wilson, 1994) in this facies. Bauxite samples are The mass change calculation for trace and depleted in FMTE compare to laterite and REE has been carried out by normalizing the lateritic bauxite. Strong positive correlation concentration of each elements with parent between fe2o3 and Sc, V, Cr, Ni, Co rock, following Malpas et al. (2001) and (CC=0.67 to 0.88) is suggestive of their data are presented graphically in (Fig. 4 a, b, similar geochemical behaviour and their c, and d.) retention in goethite and hematite. Th and U are also absorbed on goethite and kaolinite, similarly Hf, Zr, Nb, Ga and Ta are also enriched in laterite samples.

Conclusions: Above mass balance calculation suggest that a downward advancing weathering front under warm humid climate where in chemical decomposition resulted in leaching of mobile elements along with enrichment of Fe2O3 and SiO2, giving rise to development of laterites. Further increasing loss of SiO2 Fe2O3 and TiO2 resulted in a development of lateritic, bauxites and bauxite facies.

Acknowledgements We wish to express our sincere gratitude to Harish Dhru, Senior Geologist DGM Raipur for providing help during field work.

References Krauakoof, K.B. 1967, Introduction to geochemistry: New York, Mc Graw Hill, p. 721. Manikyamba C Kerrich, R, Polat, A, Rayir K. Satyanarayanan, M & Krishna, Ak 2012, Malpas J., Duzgoren- Aydin N.S., and Aydin A. behaviour of chemical element during weathering of Figure 4: a, b, c and d showing loss or gain in Laterite, pyroclastic rocks. Hong kong. Environment lateritic bauxite and bauxite samples. International, v. 26, p. 359-368 (2001). Sastri, G.G.K. and Bhargara, P.M. 1977, some practical aspects of exploration for bauxite: Indian Discussion: Loss of SiO2 from laterite and mining Engineering Journal., v. 16, no. 10, p. 15-19. bauxite facies is about 81% and 97% Wilson, M.J., 1994, Clay mineralogy: Spectroscopic respectively. A loss of 91.89 to 93.29% and chemical determinative methods. Chapman and Fe2O3 in bauxite and a gain of 88.11 to Hall.

56 34th Convention, Indian Association of Sedimentologists Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati; 19-21, December, 2017; Extended Abstracts’ Volume

Sedimentological and geochemical studies of the Pleistocene carbonates around Diu, India: Origin and paleoenvironments

Humane, S. S., Humane, S. K. and Kundal, P.

Post Graduate Department of Geology, Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University, Nagpur-440 001, Maharashtra. [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]

Introduction: The reworked Pleistocene Dispersive Analytical X-rays (EDAX) / carbonates of Diu and adjacent Saurashtra Electron Dispersive Spectrophotometer area dominantly composed of calcareous (EDS) attached with Scanning Electron algae associated with foraminifers, bryozoa, Microscope (SEM). The study of echinoids and large number of crustacean’s petrography of the Pleistocene carbonates faecal pellets belonging to the Miliolite and of Diu was done using Petrological Research the Chaya Formations. The Miliolite Microscope and SEM. Formation (Middle Pleistocene) has been divided into two members, 1) the Dhobalia Result and Discussion: The thickness of the Talav Member (DTM) and 2) the Adatiana Miliolite Forma on is highly variable Member (AM), while, the Okha Shell ranging from a couple of meter to 15 m. Limestone Member (OSM) belongs to the These carbonate rocks are observed along Chaya Formation (Late Pleistocene) the steep cliffs, the coastlines, as coastal- (Mathur et al., 1988; Bhatt, 2000; Mathur, inland obstacle and sheet deposits. At many 2005). The Dhobalia Talav Member has places the micritic material belonging to the been lithologically separated into four DTM has been calcretised into the hardpan groups such as lower pelletoid limestone / calcrete. The calcarenites / pelletoid calcarenites [DTM(CA)], nodular calcrete limestones of the Chaya Formation are [DTM(NC)], massive hardpan calcrete made up largely of angular to sub-rounded [DTM(MHC)] and upper pelletoid limestone grains with the fine shell fragments. They / calcarenites [DTM(CA)]. The Adatiana are partially indurate and porous due to Member is lithologically grouped into two interstitial space between the grains. The i.e. lower highly recrystallized limestone cementing material is mainly in the form of (HRAM) and upper lithologically friable fibrous aragonite with the high magnesium Adatiana Member (FRAM). The aim of the calcite in the limestone of the Ghogla present research work is to study origin and Beach, Diu (Fig. 1). depositional history of marine/beach (coastal) and aeolian miliolites based on sedimentology and geochemistry and other biotic assemblage.

Methodology: The methodology used for sedimentological studies has been broadly adopted from Tucker (1988). The flame Figure 1: Photomicrographs showing a) SEM image of pellets with calcite cement, b) pellets cemented by photometry, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X- calcitic spars (under microscope) ray fluorescence (XRF) studies were carried out using powdered carbonate samples of – A very distinctive weathering feature of the 170 mesh size. Chemical analyses were also Chaya limestone is honey-combed done with the help of the Electron

57 34th Convention, Indian Association of Sedimentologists Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati; 19-21, December, 2017; Extended Abstracts’ Volume weathering exposed at the crematorium that this element is hosted in the detrital near the Gangeshwar Temple, Diu. fraction, including clay minerals. But, in DTM (NC) and DTM MHC) the chemical Trace fossils are more common in the constituents possibly may have been coastal miliolites than the inland ones derived from the marine source. The indicating the existence of the neritic significant correlation of Sr with Na2O is environment during the formation of the indicative of marginal marine, beach- coastal miliolites. The assemblages of coastal dune environment in DTM (MHC) calcareous algae (Kundal et al., 2011) and and DTM (NC), Whereas, least correlation associated microfauna i.e. foraminifers, of Sr with Na2O is indicative of tidal or ostrcodes and bryozoa including trace beach / marginal marine environments in fossils Ophiomorpha and Thalassinoides AM and OSM. suggest shallow marine neritic conditions for the deposition of these organisms. The The overall petrographic, floral and faunal majority of the calcareous algae, characteristics of calcarenites suggest that foraminifers, ostracodes and other they were initially deposited in a clear, microfaunal assemblages are rounded and shallow and warm water marine symmetrical suggesting aeolian environment. The micrite facies transportation. interbedded with calcarenites in the Dhobalia Talav member indicates that the The Adatiana Member of the Miliolite depositional environment changes from an Formation shows recrystallised, compact, unsheltered, turbulent, warm, shallow and lower pelletoid limestone/ calcarenites marine water (pelletoid caclarenites) to and friable pelletoid limestone / calm water conditions. calcarenites. The miliolite limestone includes pelsparite, biopelsparite, Acknowledgements pelintrabiosparite, micritic limestone and We are thankful to UGC, New Delhi for SAP- DRS- II and DST-FIST for financial assistance to the sparite comprising of medium to fine sized Department of Geology, RTM Nagpur University, allochems and detrital grains cemented Nagpur. together by sparite with the detrital grains such as fine grained quartz, chalcedony, References olivine, plagioclase feldspar. Bhatt, N., 2000, Lithostratigraphy of the Neogene – Quaternary deposits of Dwarka- Okha area, Gujarat. Journal of Geological Society of India, The significant correlations between the v. 55, p. 139-148. content of SiO2, Al2O3 and MgO in the Kundal, P., Humane, Samaya, S. and Humane Dhobalia Talav Member (DTM), the Sumedh, K., 2011, Calcareous algae from the Adatiana Member (AM) and the Okha Shell Miliolite Formation (Middle Pleistocene) of Diu, Limestone Member (OSM) samples Saurashtra: Implications on paleoenvironment. Journal of Paleontological Society of India, v. 52(2), indicates that the SiO2 is contained mainly p. 16-22. in clay minerals except Massive Hardpan Mathur, U.B., 2005, Quaternary Geology: Indian Calcrete (MHC) and the Nodular Calcrete Perspective. Memoir of Geological Survey of India, (NC) of the Dhobalia Talav Member (DTM). v. 63, p. 344. Its correlation with TiO from these Mathur, U.B., Verma, K. K. and Mehra, S. 1988, 2 Tertiary Quaternary stratigraphy of Porbandar area, members, strongly suggest the influx of the southern Saurashtra, Gujarat. Geological Survey of detrital fractions into the sediments. The India special publication, v. 11(2), p. 333-345. TiO2 is strongly correlated with the SiO2 and Tucker, M., 1988, Techniques in Sedimentology. Oxford University Press, Canada, p. 394. Al2O3 in DTM (CA), AM and OSM suggesting

58 34th Convention, Indian Association of Sedimentologists Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati; 19-21, December, 2017; Extended Abstracts’ Volume

Provenance, redox structure, and hydrocarbon propensity of shale intervals from Proterozoic Vindhyan basin: clues from geochemistry (major, trace and REE), TOC and stable isotope (δ13C) chemistry

Singh, A. K1., Chakraborty, P. P.2 and Sarkar, S.3

1Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeosciences, Lucknow-226007, Uttar Prodesh. [email protected] 2Department of Geology, University of Delhi, Delhi-110007. [email protected] 3Department of Geological Sciences, Jadavpur University, Kolkata-700032, West Bengal. [email protected]

Introduction: From documentation of characterization of six argillaceous intervals chemical attributes of shales from six exposed within son valley sector of different stratigraphic levels up the Vindhyan basin. Vindhyan stratigraphic column in quantitative manner, the study strived Methodology: Six shale Formations viz. towards understanding i) sediment Arangi, Koldaha, Rampur, Bijaygarh, Rewa provenance and depositional tectonics with and Sirbu within Son valley, Vindhyan basin detail appreciation of source area are visited for representative shale samples weathering, sediment sorting and shale which is processed and analyzed under XRF, mineralogy, ii) degree of organic matter ICPMS for major, trace and rare earth (OM) sequestration including their type and elements data. The black shale samples are hydrocarbon propensity, and iii) Oxidation studied for TOC and Rock-Eval Pyrolysis for state of Vindhyan hydrosphere including its organic carbon content and hydrocarbon temporal change, if any. evaluation.

Geologic context of the samples: The Discussion and Conclusion: Appreciating Vindhyan basin, exposed over an area of 1, roles of weathering in the provenance (CIA 78, 000 km2, (Tandon et al., 1991) is values; Nesbitt and Young, 1989; Fedo et. constituted of ~ 4.5 km thick mixed al., 1995), hydrological sorting and siliciclastic-carbonate package of mildly mineralogical constitution of shale units, a deformed and metamorphosed sediments differentiated felsic provenance is inferred. (Fig. 1). The study undertakes the chemical Only in the Sirbu time mixing of supply from a mafic source is predicted from major, trace and REE geochemistry data. Consideration of paleocurrent motif and REE geochemistry allowed prediction of provenance in the south-southeast of the basin; Chhottanagpur Gneissic Complex (CGC) and/or Mahakoshals may be the probable candidates.

Mo and TOC values of Vindhyan shales Figure 1: General geological map of the Vindhyan basin (Modified after Krishnan and Swaminath, show that the Vindhyan hydrosphere 1959) showing disposition of lithostratigraphic although initiated as a stratified sea with Formations within the Son valley and Rajasthan anoxic and sulphidic deep water (Scott et sectors. al., 2008) as exemplified by the geochemical character of the Arangi Shale,

59 34th Convention, Indian Association of Sedimentologists Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati; 19-21, December, 2017; Extended Abstracts’ Volume the extent and veracity of anoxicity and Acknowledgements euxinicity was never pervasive. It further AKS is thankful to the Director, Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeosciences, Lucknow for necessary suggests that the Vindhyan hydrosphere permission to present this paper. PPC and SS developed euxinic deep water only during sincerely acknowledge the funding from Department deposition of Arangi, Rampur and Bijaygarh of Science and Technology (DST), New Delhi. AKS also thanks CSIR and University of Delhi for JRF black shale and was anoxic but certainly not and TA fellowships to carry out this study. euxinic during Koldaha and Rewa sedimentation and eventually became References uniformly circulated with oxygenated deep Clayton, J. L. and Swetland, P.J. 1978, Subaerial water during the Sirbu time as is evident weathering of sedimentary organic matter. from the ~3‰ enrichment of δ13C value Geochimica eta Cosmochimica Acta v. 42, p. 305 – org 312. in organic matters from the Sirbu Shale Fedo, C. M., Nesbitt, H. W., and Young, G. M. 1995, (Clayton and Swetland, 1978) when Unraveling the effects of K-metasomatism in 13 compared with δ Corg values of organic sedimentary rocks and paleosols, with implications matters from all underlying shale units. for paleoweathering conditions and provenance. Geology, v. 23, p. 921–924. Krishnan, M. S. and Swaminath, J. 1959, The Great Detailed studies involving Formation- Vindhyan Basin of northern India. Journal of specific Total Organic Carbon (TOC) Geological Society of India, v. 1, p. 10-36. analysis, C-H-S analysis and Rock-Eval Nesbitt, H. W. and Young, G. M. 1989, Formation pyrolysis indicate Vindhyan organic matters and diagenesis of weathering profiles. Journal of as of Type-III (humic) in character with high Geology v. 97, p. 129–147. Scott, C., Lyons, T. W., Bekker, A., Shen Y., Poulton, carbon (C) and very low to negligible S. W., Chu, X. and Anbar, A. D. 2008, Tracing the hydrogen (H) contents and hence, gas- stepwise oxygenation of the Proterozoic ocean. prone. Most shale Formations are either Nature, v. 452(7186), p. 456-460. under- or over-matured, except for the Tandon, S. K., Pant, C. C. and Casshyap, S. M. 1991, Arangi and Bijaygarh Shale Formations, Sedimentary Basins of India-Tectonic context. Gyanodaya Prakashan, Nainital. which yield high TOC values and show 'mature' stage for their contained organic matters.

60 34th Convention, Indian Association of Sedimentologists Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati; 19-21, December, 2017; Extended Abstracts’ Volume

δ13C Depletion in tidal sediments: Upper Cretaceous Garudamangalam Sandstone, Cauvery basin, India

Chakraborty, N.

Department of Geology, K.J.R. Govt. General Degree College, Bankura-722143, West Bengal. [email protected]

Introduction: Significant evidences of Carbon Content: Inorganic and organic methane generation and its subsequent carbon contents of a few samples were sequestration renew interest in the measured in the Department of Geology, hydrocarbon-producing Upper Cretaceous Delhi University using SHIMADZU Total Garudamangalam Sandstone Formation, organic carbon analyzer (TOC-LCPH/CPN) and Cauvery Basin, SE India. The calcareous Solid Sample module (SSM-5000A) in sandstone formation displays pronounced combustion catalytic oxidation (680°C) negative δ13C excursion, up to -44.5‰, in method. Diamond polished sections of tidal moderate organic carbon content mud laminae were scanned to check sediments (av. 1.6%). The present study kerogen compounds by Raman focuses upon selective environmental Spectroscopy with a Renishaw in via Raman constraint on spatial variation of δ13C Microscope at laser power at 514nm- highlighting reworking of methanotrophs in 785nm (with beam diameter ~1µm and a marginal marine setting. focus energy ~15-18mW) attached with a Philips SPC1036NC webcam at GSI, Kolkata Geologic background: The Head Quarters, India. Garudamangalam Sandstone Formation is the top most unit of Uttatur Group, Discussion: Considering the lithofacies underlain by the Karai Shale of deep analysis it has been inferred that the offshore origin, and overlain by Ariyalur deposition of the sandstone formation took Group with an unconformity in between. place in a near shore marine realm around The calcareous sandstone is a product of a shore-parallel river-mouth bar, generating high stand systems tract (HST) and locally a restricted environment on its shoreward exposed along a NE-SW trending outcrop side while its seaward side remained open belt, in the vicinity of Ariyalur, Trichinopoly. marine. A connection between the two contrasting energy regimes was maintained Analytical methods: by one or more tidal inlets (Sarkar et al., 2014). Instances of excessive depletion of Isotope analyses: Powdered samples of δ13C are suggestive of methanogenesis and carbonate were used for isotope analysis in its sequestration (Pohlman et al., 2013; GEO 20-20 stable isotope ratio mass Henderson, 2004). Common association spectrometer (CFIRMS) at the National with early diagenetic pyrites confirms Stable Isotope Facility of IIT, Kharagpur and abundance of sulphate-reducing bacteria Kiel IV Carbonate Device connected to MAT and indicative of methane generation 253 mass spectrometer in dual inlet mode beneath the sulfate reduction zone at IISER, Kolkata in per mil (‰) relative to (Reeburgh, 2007). Upward-moving diffusive the VPDB standard. methane underwent microbial-controlled

61 34th Convention, Indian Association of Sedimentologists Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati; 19-21, December, 2017; Extended Abstracts’ Volume anaerobic oxidation and turned relatively Acknowledgements heavier by concentration of δ13C than its The author is indebted to Sedimentology lab, Department of Geological Sciences, Jadavpur original isotopic concentration. All the University and Department of Geology, K.J.R. Govt. samples having δ13C depletion more than General Degree College for infrastructural facilities. organic carbon are derived from a Geochemical work was carried out at the National Stable Isotope Facility of IIT, Kharagpur and IISER, particular environmental sector, landward Kolkata. mouth of tidal inlets, and selectively from mud drapes on cross-bedding in tidal strata. References Calcarenite at the base of the same cross- Henderson, R. A. 2004, A Mid-Cretaceous strata are invariably much less depleted in Association of Shell Beds and Organic- rich Shale: δC13. Bivalve Exploitation of a Nutrient-Rich, Anoxic Sea- floor Environment. Paleoscience. v. 19, p.156-169.

13 Pohlman, J. W., Riedel, M., Bauer, J. E., Canuel, E. A., Conclusions: The negative excursion of δ C Paull, C. K., Lapham, L., Grabowski K. S., Coffin, R. B. values within the Garudamangalam and Spence, G. D. 2013, Anaerobic methane Sandstone Formation, Cauvery Basin, India oxidation in low-organic content methane seep could be expected as it forms the terminal sediments. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta., v. part of a HST. Unusual depletions of up to - 108, p. 184–201. Reeburgh, W. S. 2007, Oceanic methane bio- 44.5‰, however, call for methanogenesis geochemistry:Chemical Reviews. v. 107, p. 486–513. below the sulphate reduction zone. Sarkar, S., Chakraborty, N., Mandal, A., Banerjee, S. Selective association of the highly depleted and Bose, P.K. 2014, Siliciclastic-carbonate mixing δ13C values with tidal foresets clearly modes in the river-mouth bar palaeogeography of indicates the transport of methanotrophs the Upper Cretaceous Garudamangalam Sandstone (Ariyalur, India). Journal of Palaeogeography. v. 3(3), that settled on mud drapes mostly as tides p.233-256. slackened under the broader control of neap-spring cycles.

62 34th Convention, Indian Association of Sedimentologists Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati; 19-21, December, 2017; Extended Abstracts’ Volume

Geochemical and facies analysis of Gulcheru Formation, Cuddapah Basin, India changes during Paleoproterozoic sedimentation

Jana, S1. Chakrabarti, G2. and Shome, D1.

1Department of Geological Sciences, Jadvapur University, Kolkata-700032, West Bengal. [email protected], [email protected] 2 Education Directorates, Government of West Bengal, Kolkata-700091, West Bengal. [email protected]

Introduction: The Paleoproterozoic facies, (b) couplet facies with conglomerate Gulcheru Formation (30-200m thick) of and sandstone, (c) massive granule stone Papaghni Group overlying Archean facies (d) coarse grained massive basement rocks of Proterozoic Cuddapah Basin, India comprises an impersistent conglomerate at the base overlain by much widespread quartzite with grey shales as interbeds. Detailed geochemical and petrological studies of the Gulcheru shales from the Ambakapalle (Lat-14°25´13.60´´, Long-78°05´25.18´´) Gandi (Lat-14°18´25. 34´´, Long-78°28´36.52´´) and Pendllimarri (Lat-14°24´55.02´´, Long-78°36´43´´) section (Fig. 1) evaluate a change in the Figure 1: Detail of the southernmost Papaghni sub- basin showing location of the measured sections process of sedimentation in Cuddapah investigated in this study Basin during palaeoproterozoic time. sandstone facies, (e) medium to fine Materials and Methods: Several strike- grained trough cross stratified sandstone wise aligned sections are studied to facies, (f) medium to fine grained tabular understand sedimentary history during the cross bedded sandstone facies, (g) beginning of Cuddapah Basin. All the penecontemporaneous deformed mentioned stratigraphic sections have sandstone facies, (h) fine grained parallel exposed a complete sedimentary laminated sandstone facies, (i) MISS succession of basal Paleoproterozoic bearing sandstone facies and (j) rythmite period and thereby revealed the history of facies. sedimentation and its variation through the depositional regime. Several shale Geochemistry: The SiO2 content varies samples from Ambakapalle section have from 54.8 to 63.39 wt% and Al2O3 content been prepared for geochemical from 14.84 to 22.64 wt% (Table 1). Most of investigation. The samples were powdered the oxides have been used to obtain cross to less than 75 micron size (200 mesh) for plots against SiO2 and Al2O3. Major oxides XRF analysis. TiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3, Na2O and K2O correlate

positively with SiO2. TiO2, Fe2O3, Na2O and Lithofacies analysis: Following lithofacies K2O correlate positively with Al2O3 but occurrence is identified while comprising MgO and CaO correlate negatively with all the sections of Gulcheru Formation in both SiO2 and Al2O3. TiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3, the south-western part of the basin. These Na2O and K2O have a typical positive are, (a) clast supported conglomerate correlation with SiO2, suggesting that the

63 34th Convention, Indian Association of Sedimentologists Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati; 19-21, December, 2017; Extended Abstracts’ Volume contents of stable components in the which transformed into a shallow marine sedimentary rocks increases with maturity. coastline as marine transgression.

Oxides Min. Max. Avg.

SiO2 54.8 63.39 62.25

TiO2 0.44 0.83 0.70 Al2O3 14.84 22.64 16.20

Fe2O3 3.67 8.61 5.89 MnO 0.01 0.02 0.015 MgO 1.63 3.58 2.393 CaO 0.02 0.28 0.195 Na2O 0.19 0.33 0.23

K2O 5.5 7.56 6.02 P2O5 0.06 0.15 0.11 Table 1: Range of major oxides data of Gulcheru Formation shales (n=06)

Discussion: The facies assemblage and lithological attributes indicates a fluvio- aeolian condition which are supposed to be deposited initially in an alluvial fan environment in front of a high energy coastline which, gradually evolved to shallow marine coastal milieu where shale is deposited.

Figure 2: A. Al2O3 versus TiO2 bivariate diagram of Based on major oxide analysis the the Gulcheru shales. (after McLennana et al., TiO2/Al2O3 ratios of the Gulcheru shales 1983). B. Bivariate plot of SiO2 versus indicate that these sediments were mainly (Al2O3+K2O+Na2O) to discriminate paleoclimate derived from felsic source rock. The condition during the deposition of the Gulcheru Formation. chemical composition of K O, Al O , Na O 2 2 3 2 and CaO indicated that the most dominant Acknowledgements clay mineral in the Gulcheru shale is illite The authors are grateful to DST for financial (Chakrabarti et al., 2009).The geochemical support vide PURSE (Phase-II) program. All the characteristic (average CIA - 54.70) samples are analyzed in GSI, Kolkata. suggests Gulcheru shales underwent References significant weathering and recycling Chakrabarti, G., Shome, D., Bauluz, B. and Sinha, S. processes. 2009, Provenance and Weathering History of Mesoproterozoic Clastic Sedimentary Rocks from Conclusion: Geochemical data reveals that the Basal Gulcheru Formation, Cuddapah Basin, clastic sediments of the Gulcheru India. Journal Geological Society of India, v. 74, p. 119-130. Formation derived from a felsic source rock McLennan, S.M., Taylor, S.R. and Eriksson, K.A. (Fig. 2A) and indicate a semiarid 1983. Geochemistry of Archean shales from the paleoclimate condition during deposition Pilbara Supergroup, Western Australia, Geochem. (Fig. 2B). As a whole, the environment of Cosmochim. Acta, 47: p. 1211-1222. deposition during Gulcheru sedimentation may be ascribed to initial alluvial fans,

64 34th Convention, Indian Association of Sedimentologists Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati; 19-21, December, 2017; Extended Abstracts’ Volume

Environmental, magnetic and geochemical characteristics of Beypore estuarine sediments, SW Coast of India

Praseetha, B. S1., Prakash, T. N1., Shankar, R2. and Varghese, T. I1.

1Coastal Processes Group, National Centre for Earth Science Studies, Thiruvananthapuram-695011, Kerla. [email protected], [email protected] [email protected] 2Department of Marine Geology, Mangalore University, Mangalagangotri-574199, Karnataka. [email protected]

Introduction: Environmental magnetism longitude of 11°10’48”N and 75o 49’12’’E (EM) has proved to be a powerful and is situated in the Kozhikode district, diagnostic tool in numerous depositional northern Kerala, Chaliyar river is the major environments with applications in source for the estuary that finally determining sediment sources (Oldfield et debouches into the Arabian Sea. The al., 1985), assessing post-depositional, hinterland geology comprises of diagenetic changes (Zhang et al., 2001), Charnockite and variety of gneisses. and pollution studies (Bitykova et al., 1999; Prajith et al., 2015). Combined analysis of Materials & Methods: A total of 16 surficial chemical and magnetic data has proved the sediment samples were collected from the close relationship between magnetic Beypore estuary during 2015 pre-monsoon susceptibility and heavy metal (April) season using Van-Veen grab (Fig. 1). concentrations in marine, estuary and river Various magnetic properties have been sediments (Chan et al., 1998; Zhang et al., measured using standard procedure. 2001). Here we report for the first time the magnetic concentration; mineralogy and Result and Discussion: The magnetic grain size of magnetic minerals and also susceptibility (χlf) of Beypore estuary examine its relationship with heavy metals sediments shows fluctuation ranging from in the sediments of Beypore estuary. 15.84*10-8 m3/kg to 112.89 *10-8 m3/kg with an average of 135.43*10-8 m3/kg. The maximum value of χlfis observed in two stations (B6 & B8) with least value in the barmouth (B15 & B16), respectively. ARM and SIRM values varie from 0.109 to 0.291*10-5 m3/kg and 122.24 to 687.55 *10- 5 Am2/kg with low values towards the barmouth. The observed results from these parameters (χlf,ARM, SIRM) indicates the presence of ferrimagnetic minerals in the Beypore estuary. Frequency-dependent susceptibility (χfd) is an indicator of the proportion of ultra-fine-grained super

Figure 1: Location map of the study area with paramagnetic (SP) grains (Dearing, 1999). sampling points Values <2% suggest that the samples contain no SP grains whereas those in the Study area: Beypore estuary is the third range of 2–10% indicate a mixture of SP and largest estuary with a latitude and coarse magnetic minerals. The present

65 34th Convention, Indian Association of Sedimentologists Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati; 19-21, December, 2017; Extended Abstracts’ Volume

Figure 2: Isothermal remanent magnetization(IRM) acquisition curves for surficial sediment samples from Beypore estuary study, for χfd values ranges between 0.08 Fe varies from 33-96 ppm, 9-50 ppm, 21- to 9.73% reflecting the presence of SP and 100 ppm, 51696-94450 ppm, 155-465 ppm coarser non-SP grains. The percentage of and 21753-62530 ppm, respectively. frequency dependent magnetic susceptibility reflects the presence of multi Domain and stable single domain size.

The IRM values for all the samples were plotted against the different field strengths (20, 60, 100, 300, 500, 600 and 1000 mT) and it indicates that all the samples were almost saturated at the field below 300 mT depicting the presence of high magnetic concentration of ferromagnetic mineral such as magnetite or Ti-magnetite (Fig. 2). Figure 3: Spatial variation of S ratio in Beypore The value of S ratios varies between 0.894 estuarine sediments and 0.981, respectively which is close to 1 indicating the predominance of Most of the trace element shows an ferromagnetic minerals (Walden, 1999) increasing trend towards the bar mouth (Fig. 3). The χARM/χlfandχARM/χfd values except the location B4 where the Ni and Cr in the present study varies between show higher concentration as compared to 0.00147 and 0.012 (<40) and 0.124 to 4.34 the nearby stations. The Pollution Load (<1000), respectively indicating the Index (PLI) values range from 0.0074 to 0.39 absence of bacterial magnetite. The trace with a mean value of 0.088 (Fig. 5). A low element concentrations shows high value of PLI indicates very less degree of fluctuations in the Beypore estuary. The pollution. PLI values shows a positive concentration of Ni, Cu, Zn, Al, Mn and correlation with X ARM and negative

66 34th Convention, Indian Association of Sedimentologists Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati; 19-21, December, 2017; Extended Abstracts’ Volume correlation with Xlf and SIRM. This indicates magnetic mineral concentration seven the magnetic enhancement in some points though the sediments from the lower depend on the nature of the source rock estuary is comparatively strong weathered and their denudation processes. than the upper estuarine samples. Further studies are required to confirm the The geochemical parameters were plotted presence of ferromagnetic minerals and against the magnetic susceptibility (χlf) and their formations. shows a strong negative correlation with Cu (r=-0.62), Cr (r=-0.69), Ni (r=-0.72), Zn (r=- Acknowledgements 0.54), Fe (%) (r=-0.65) and Al (r=-0.73) with The Authors are thankful to Director, National Centre for Earth Science Studies Trivandrum for providing a statistical significance of <95%. These all the facilities. The author would like to thank the indicate that the magnetic minerals are KSCSTE for providing financial support. Author derived from the terrigenous sources. wish to thank Dr. Reji Srinivas, M K Sreeraj, Dr. Shynu and M Ajith Kumar for their help during the Similar observations were also reported field work at Calicut. elsewhere (Avinash et al., 2016). In this study the Xfd values suggesting that the References sediment contain an admixture of both SP Nesbitt, H.W. and young, G. M. 1982, Early and coarse magnetic grains. Xfd exhibit a Proterozoic climates and plate motions inferred negative correlation with the Xlf values from major element chemistry of lutites. Nature, v. suggesting that the SP grains do not have 299, p. 715-717. Oldfield, F. 1994, toward the discrimination of fine any control on Xlf values. The ratios, χ grained ferro magnets by magnetic measurements in ARM/SIRM and SIRM/χlf produce a negative lake and nearshore marine sediments. Journal correlation with χlf (R=-0.729 and -0.718 Geophysical Research, v. 99, p. 9045-9050. respectively with n=16) indicating that χlf is Btyukova, L. Scholger, R. and Birke, M. 1999, being controlled by the coarse magnetic Magnetic susceptibility as indicator of environmental pollution of soils in Tallinn, Physical Chemical Earth, grains. v. 24, p. 829-835. In order to understand the total weathering Chan, L. S., Yeung, C. H., Yim, W. W. S. and O, L. condition of the estuary, the chemical index 1998, Correlation between magnetic susceptibility of alteration was calculated using standard and distribution of heavy metals in contaminated molecular proportions and the results sea-floor sediments of Hong Kong harbor, Environment Geology, v. 36, p. 1-2. ranges from 72.14 to 84.69, confirms that Zhang, W., Lizhong, Y.U. and Hutchinson, S.M. 2001, the Beypore sediments underwent Diagenesis of magnetic minerals in the intertidal intermediate to strong weathering sediments of the Yangze Estuary,China,and its conditions from upper to lower estuary. environment significance ,The Science of the Total Further, high value of Fe O indicates that Environment, v. 266, p. 169-175. 2 3 Prajith, A V.Purnachandra Rao and Pratima M. the oxidation, hydration and leaching Kesarkar. 2015, Magnetic properties of sediments in processes during weathering. cores from the Mandovi estuary, western India: inferences on provenance and pollution Marine Conclusions: From the study it is clear that Pollution Bulletin, v. 99(1-2), p. 338-345. the Beypore estuarine sediments are Kumar A. P,, John, K., Kumar, A., Warrier, R. Shankar,T.C. and Vineesh. 2016, Sedimentary dominated by ferromagnetic minerals sources and processes in the eastern Arabian Sea: corresponding to magnetite like minerals. Insights from environmental magnetism, The estuarine sediment shows high geochemistry and clay mineralogy Geoscience fluctuations both in geochemical and Frontiers, v.7, p. 253-264.

67 34th Convention, Indian Association of Sedimentologists Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati; 19-21, December, 2017; Extended Abstracts’ Volume

Mineralogy and geochemistry of glauconites in the Maastrichtian Lameta Formation, Narmada Basin

Bansal, U1., Banerjee, S.2 and Pande, K.2

1Department of Earth Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee-247667, Uttarakhand. [email protected] 2Department of Earth Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai-400076, Maharashtra. [email protected], [email protected]

Introduction: Very few studies, investigates developed, slightly sinuous and sub- the relationship between glauconite parallel lamellae. The lamellar structure of composition and palaeo-environmental the glauconite indicates the ‘highly-evolved’ conditions. K2O and Fe2O3 (total) content of nature of glauconite (Odin and Matter, glauconite varies with sedimentation rate, 1981). nature of substrate and depositional environments. The Fe2O3 (total) content of glauconite possibly depends on sufficient supply of Fe and redox condition of the depositional setting. Composition of glauconite also depends on its origin and evolutionary paths. An integrated study involving detailed petrography, mineralogy, mineral chemical analysis and REE chemistry of glauconites is likely to provide a better perspective of factors affecting the composition of glauconite. Figure 1: Photomicrographs under cross polars showing a–‘incipient’ glauconite within cleavages of K- Sampling: This study investigates the feldspars (red arrows); b–glauconite rinds along geochemical characteristics of glauconites peripheries of feldspar grains (red arrows); c–relict of within the Maastrichtian Lameta feldspar substrate (yellow arrow) within a glauconite Formation in central India from pellet (red arrow); d–extensive calcite replacement of (blue arrows) of a glauconite grain (red arrow for Phutlibaori Section, western Narmada glauconite) Basin. Mössbauer spectroscopy: The Fe2+/Fe3+ Mode of occurrence: Glauconite mainly ratio (0.15) obtained by Mössbauer occurs as three different forms, linear spectroscopic study of glauconite was used stringers within cleavages and fractures of for calculation of octahedral and feldspar, along peripheries of feldspars tetrahedral charge as well as the structural and pellets (Fig. 1). formula of glauconites.

Mineralogy and textural analysis: The Major element composition of glauconite: prominent basal reflection at 10.0Å and the The K2O content varies from 5.99% to presence of (020) and (003) reflection at 8.29% in ‘fully evolved’ glauconite and from 4.5Å and 3.3Å are characteristic of 7.04% to 7.90% for ‘incipient’ variety in glauconite (Odin and Matter, 1981). FEG- feldspar grains. The Fe2O3 (total) content of SEM study of glauconite exhibit well glauconite varies from 13.29% to 18.90%.

68 34th Convention, Indian Association of Sedimentologists Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati; 19-21, December, 2017; Extended Abstracts’ Volume

REE chemistry: The strong HREE depletion between K2O and Fe2O3 (total) content of in chondrite-normalized patterns suggests the Lameta glauconite is comparable to that REE are related to the presence of tiny that observed in few Precambrian relics of K-feldspar substrate in the varieties. Ce anomaly values indicate glauconite. The ‘hat-shape’ of the PASS weakly sub-oxic redox restricts the normalized REE patterns of glauconite mobility of Fe ions during the indicate the authigenic origin (Banerjee et glauconitization and results in low Fe2O3 al., 2012). (total) content.

Palaeoredox of glauconite: The logarithmic Acknowledgements Authors are indebted to their host institutes for value of the true negative Ce anomaly infrastructure facilities. SB is thankful to Ministry varies from -0.07 to 0.04, representing of Mines, Government of India for financial weakly sub-oxic depositional conditions support through grant F No. 14/77/2015- Met. IV. (Wright et al., 1987). Authors thank S.C. Patel and Javed M. Shaikh for providing analytical support at the DST-IITB Discussion: The petrographic evidences and National facility for EPMA, Department of Earth high K2O content in the incipient variety as Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay. well as in fully evolved glauconite pellet Authors also thank S.S. Meena, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre for Mössbauer spectroscopic study suggests that the consistently high K2O content of the glauconite is related to their of glauconite. formation in K-feldspar substrate and is References unrelated to the breaks in sedimentation. Banerjee, S., Jeevankumar, S. and Eriksson, P.G. The amount of Fe2O3 (total) content 2008. Mg–rich ferric illite in marine transgressive depends on the availability of Fe and redox and highstand systems tracts: examples from the conditions of the depositional environment. Paleoproterozoic Semri Group, Central India. Although Fe was available, the weakly sub- Precambrian Research, v. 162, p. 212–226. Banerjee, S., Chattoraj, S.L., Saraswati, P.K., oxic depositional condition restricted the Dasgupta, S. and Sarkar, U. 2012, Substrate control mobility of Fe ions into glauconite structure on formation and maturation of glauconites in the and resulted in a low Fe2O3 (total) content. Middle Eocene Harudi Formation, western Kutch, The K2O and Fe2O3 (total) contents of the India. Marine and Petroleum Geology, v. 30, p. 144– Lameta glauconite are comparable to that 160. Banerjee, S., Mondal, S., Chakraborty, P.P. and reported from a few Precambrian varieties Meena, S.S. 2015, Distinctive compositional (Dasgupta et al., 1990; Banerjee et al., characteristics and evolutionary trend of 2008; 2015). Precambrian glaucony: Example from Bhalukona Formation, Chhattisgarh basin, India. Precambrian Conclusions: Compared to shelf- Research, v. 271, p. 33–48. originated Phanerozoic glauconites, the Dasgupta, S., Chaudhuri, A.K. and Fukuoka, M. 1990, Compositional characteristics of glauconitic estuarine originated authigenic alterations of K– feldspar from India and their glauconites in the Lameta Formation have implications. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, v. high K2O, high Si2O, high MgO, high Al2O3 60, p. 277–281. and low Fe2O3 (total). The consistently Odin, G.S. and Matter, A. 1981, De glauconiarum origine. Sedimentology, v. 28, p. 611–641. high K2O content and textural evidences Wright, J., Schrader, H. and Holser, W. 1987, indicate pseudomorphic replacement of K- Paleoredox variations in ancient oceans recorded by feldspars by glauconite. The relationship rare earth elements in fossil apatite Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 51, p. 631–644.

69 34th Convention, Indian Association of Sedimentologists Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati; 19-21, December, 2017; Extended Abstracts’ Volume

Textural and heavy mineral studies of sediments from Colachel to Muttom Coast, Kanyakumari, Tamil Nandu, India

Bejino, A. A., Pal, A. K. and Singarasubramanian, S. R.

Department of Earth Sciences, Annamalai University, Annamalai-608002, Tamilnadu. [email protected]

Introduction: The present study deals with the samples were treated with Bromoform provenance and depositional history of the (CHBr3) to separate the heavy and light Late Quaternary sediments and heavy minerals. mineral placers in the coastal sediments of Kanyakumari district, Tamil Nadu, India. Result and Discussion: The mean grain size Grain size studies provide important clues is important tool for interpretation of to the sediment provenance, transport sediment data in relation to bottom history and depositional condition (Folk and dynamics. The fine grain nature of Ward, 1957). Prabhakar Rao (2005) sediments indicates the moderately low explained that the heavy mineral deposits energy condition during deposition. In of varied dimension and concentration are Colachel to Muttom coast it is observed mainly controlled by geomorphology, that most of the samples fall in moderately geology, climate and hydrodynamic sorted to moderately well sorted category, conditions. Rittenhouse (1943) stressed the due to sudden winnowing or back and forth complex interrelationship between source motion by the depositing agent. Sediments rock characteristics and transport processes exhibit coarse skewed to very fine skewed that determine the heavy mineral nature. The kurtosis data shows very distribution in fluvial setup. platykurtic to leptokurtic in nature which resembles multiple environments i.e. one Study area: The study area lies from derived from riverine or aeolian Collachel to Muttom is located in environment and other primarily derived Kanyakumari district of Tamil Nadu. The from marine environment. Linear geology of the study area comprises mainly Discriminant Function values indicate that of Archeans, Quaternary and Recent the lower estuary sediments are of shallow geological formations. Beach, beach ridges, marine whereas the middle and upper part cliffed coast, sand dunes and beach sediments are of fluvial in nature. terraces are the geomorphic features According to Sahu (1964) the sediments observed in the study area. from Colachel to Muttom were deposited by Aeolian and Beach process under Methodology: A total of 12 surface shallow marine environment where samples from six selected locations turbidity prevails. The triangular diagram (Colachel, Kottilpadu, Puthoor, Periyavillai, shows that all the samples fall under sand Chinnavillai and Muttom) were collected in region. The CM pattern indicates that all a clean dry zip lock polythene bags for the samples were carried under rolling laboratory analysis. 100gm representative conditions. samples were subjected to sieve analysis after preliminary treatments. Obtained The presence of heavies like ilmenite, sieving data were used to calculate graphic garnet, zircon, rutile, sillimanite, kyanite, mean (Mz), standard deviation (σI), monazite etc. indicate that they were skewness (SKi) and kurtosis (Kg). Further derived from multi source of rocks. The

70 34th Convention, Indian Association of Sedimentologists Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati; 19-21, December, 2017; Extended Abstracts’ Volume concentration of heavies is more in prevails. The CM pattern indicates that all Chinnavillai and Muttom region while the samples were carried under rolling comparing with the other regions. In conditions. Ilmenite is dominant in Colachel only a trace of heavy mineral is Chinnavillai coast and garnet in Muttom present. coast. Monazite is available only at Muttom region. Conclusion: The fine sand sediments indicate the moderately low energy Acknowledgements condition during deposition at the study Authors want to thank Department of Earth Sciences, Annamalai University for providing lab facilities for area. Predominant moderately sorted to the current work. moderately well sorted category is due to sudden winnowing or back and forth References motion by the depositing agent. The very Folk R.L. and Ward W.C., 1957, ‘Brazos river bar: A fine skewed and fine skewed sediments study in the significance of grain size parameters’, Journal Sedimentary Petrology, v. 27, p. 3-27. imply the introduction of fine materials or Rao, P., William, A., Prasad B., Ravi G. S., 2005, A removal of coarser fractions or winnowing note on the occurrence of rich heavy mineral beach of sediments. The kurtosis data reveals placers along Gahiramatha Coast Kendrapara multiple environments. The LDF data district, Orissa. Jour Indian Association reveals sediments were deposited by Sedimentologist, v. 21 (1&2), p. 59-64. Rittenhouse. G. R., 1943, Sedimentatoin near aeolian and beach process under shallow Junction of Maquoketa and Mississippi Rivers-a marine environment where turbidity discussion’, Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, v. 13, p. 40-42.

71 34th Convention, Indian Association of Sedimentologists Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati; 19-21, December, 2017; Extended Abstracts’ Volume

Geochemistry of heavy metals and CHNS composition in the Kavaratti Island, Lakshadweep Archipelago, India

Krishnan, A. K1., Antony1, S., Ratheesh, K. M1., Krishnakumar, A2., Harsha, M.,1 Vinu, V. D.1 and Viswadas, V.1

1Hydrological Processes Group, National Centre for Earth Science Studies (NCESS), Akkulam, Trivandrum-695011, Kerla. [email protected], [email protected] 2Crustal Processes Group, National Centre for Earth Science Studies (NCESS), Akkulam, Trivandrum-695011, Kerla.

Introduction: Kavaratti Island in nitrogen and sulphur (CHNS) composition, Lakshadweep Archipelago is one of the which in turn gave the current scenario of union territories of India, which is located the Island geochemistry. The elemental at 10° 31’ to 10° 35’ N: 72° 37 to 72° 41’E in composition of sediment provided the the Arabian Sea. The population density of distribution of CHNS in organic materials as the Island is much higher and is about 2920 well as the indirect evidence of the origin of km2. Therefore, the geochemical stress due sedimentary material in the coral island to anthropogenic inputs is of great concern. system. The sediment CHNS (carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen and sulphur) analysis may give an Sampling: The sediment samples collected overall idea about the distribution pattern for geochemical measurements at different and species of organic inputs in a particular locations (20 Nos.) of Kavaratti Island (Fig. study area (Ragi et al., 2017). The study on 1). The monsoon and non-monsoon the interaction of these species with the sampling carried out during the year 2015. heavy metal content of the area is also The fieldwork was conducted out using the important (Gao and Chen, 2012). This may Ocean Research Vessel, Sagar Manjusha, determine the availability of heavy metals provided by the Vessel Management Cell of in the liquid phase through the solid-liquid Ministry of Earth Sciences. interfacial passage, which may govern by the redox potential, pHzpc and zeta Analysis: The TOC concentration and CHNS potential of the solid medium. The analysis of sediments were carried out interaction of CHNS inputs and heavy using the TOC Analyser (Make: Elementar, metals may create hydrophobic and Model: vario TOC Select) and Elemental hydrophilic entities and which have major Analyser (Make: Elementar, Model: vario EL role in the mobility of heavy metals. In cube), respectively. The heavy metal order to understand these phenomena, the concentration was determined using the study on CHNS composition as well as XRF (Make: Bruker, Model: S4 Pioneer). heavy metal distribution pattern of the soil compartment is important. Discussion: Based on the enrichment factor the populated area of the Island showed a The present study focuses on to determine minor enrichment of heavy metals in the CHNS composition and heavy metal different stations (S 18 and S 20). The geo distribution of sediments in the Kavaratti accumulation index reveals that the Island Island area in view of quality aspects. The moderately affected with Zn and Pb (2.92 pollution index was determined in terms of and 2.50 ppm). The percentage of CHNS heavy metal (Zn and Cd), carbon, hydrogen, composition recorded in sediments of the

72 34th Convention, Indian Association of Sedimentologists Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati; 19-21, December, 2017; Extended Abstracts’ Volume

Figure 1: Map of the sampling site locations

Island falls within the range of 7.98-13.44 Acknowledgements %, 0.35-0.69 %, 0.10-0.89 %, 0.20-1.35 %, The authors are thankful to Dr. N. Purnachandra Rao, Director, NCESS for providing the laboratory and respectively. During non-monsoon and knowledge resource facilities. The authors are monsoon, the average TOC concentration grateful to ICMAM, Ministry of Earth Sciences for was 10.18±1.24 % and 11.66±2.41 % and providing the ORV Sagar Manjusha for conducting the field at Kavaratti Island as part of the SWQM the C/N ratio was 48.59-22.64 and 65.55- (Sea Water Quality Monitoring) Programme. 37.72, respectively. The value of nitrogen shows spatial variation along the island in References both seasons in the range of 0.16 % - 0.67 Gao, X. and Chen, C-T. A. 2012, Heavy metal % (S1 and S17). An average value of sulphur pollution status in surface sediments of the coastal recorded 0.29 ± 0.26 % during non- Bohai Bay. Water Research, v. 46, p. 1901-1911. monsoon and 0.20±0.07 % in monsoon Ragi, M.S., Saranya, P., Krishnakumar, A., Upendra, B., Liji, T.M., Anoop Krishnan, K. and Padmalal, D. season, respectively. Further studies may 2017, Geochemistry of heavy metals and CHNS be required to understand the interactive composition in the sediments of Netravati River mechanism of anthropogenically induced Basin: Insight into the pollution aspects. Journal of chem components with the natural entities Indian Association of Sedimentologists, v. 34, p. 121- within the sediment fraction together with 125. the sources of Zn and Pb contamination.

73 34th Convention, Indian Association of Sedimentologists SantGadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati; 19-21, December, 2017; Extended Abstracts’ Volume

Preliminary sedimentological and geotechnical investigations of sediments of Karewa basin of Kashmir valley: Implication for seismic hazard assessment

Mir, S. A.1, Chandra, R.1, Romshoo, S. A.1, Dar, J. A.1, Rashid, I.1 and Parvez, I. A2.

1Department of Earth Sciences, University of Kashmir, Hazratbal, Srinagar-190006, Jammu & Kashmir [email protected] 2CSIR Fourth Paradigm Institute, Bangalore - 560017, Karnataka

Introduction: The intermontane Karewa Detailed subsurface 2-D profile and Basin of Kashmir Valley represents one of preliminary sedimentological data for the seismically active basins in the NW particle size distribution suggests the Himalayan belt (Dubey et al., 2017). The dominance of silty clays to coarse sands valley has its historic and instrumental horizons spreading throughout the valley seismic record corresponds to its bounding with variable thickness and depth of tectonic elements. Besides these, the valley groundwater table (Fig. 2). The subsurface has its unique lithological dissimilarities sandy layers of the axial part of the valley with sediments of fluvial, lacustrine and have least compressive strength with glacial types preserved on the existing relief higher flow indices and shallow (Fig. 1). Preliminary sedimentological and groundwater conditions which would make geotechnical studies were carried out from these sediments to flow easily during an the subsurface borehole drilling data from earthquake resulting in the liquefaction of various parts of the Kashmir Valley. the area.

Figure 1: Geological map of Kashmir Valley (modified after Thakur and Rawat, 1992 and Bhatt, 1982).

74 34th Convention, Indian Association of Sedimentologists SantGadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati; 19-21, December, 2017; Extended Abstracts’ Volume

medium plasticity and lower liquid limits values. The unconfined compressive strength of dry silt and clay-rich units were found to have strength estimates up to two orders of magnitude greater than the sand- rich units.

Discussion: From the study of sedimentological and geotechnical properties of Karewa Sediments it was found that the sandy layers of the Figure 2: Subsurface 2D log, showing vertical facies subsurface axial part of the valley have change in the lithology of the area. least compressive strength with higher flow indices and shallow groundwater table Geology of the area: The Kashmir valley, an which would tend allow these sediments to intermontane basin located in the north flow easily during an earthquake resulting western Himalayas has developed in the in liquefaction of the area. late Cenozoic era by the bifurcation of Great Himalayan Range whose southern Conclusion: Based on the preliminary arm is the Pir Panjal Range and the sedimentological and geotechnical northern arm is the main Himalayan Range. observations, the seismic hazard The upliftment of the Pir Panjal Range has assessment of Kashmir Valley would be led to the formation of wide lake, which carried out by considering the other was filled by 1300m thick sediments of cumulative socio-economic factors such as Karewa Formations (Kotlia, 1985). These geotechnical strength of the existing infra- sediments were exposed because of the structures and demography of the valley. subsequent upliftment and incision by rivers crossing the Karewas. Acknowledgements The authors are highly thankful to Ministry of Earth Sciences (MoES), Govt. of India, for providing the financial support for carrying out this work. Sedimentological and geotechnical studies: Preliminary sedimentological and References geotechnical studies were carried out from Dubey, R.K., Dar, J.A. and Kothyari, G.C., 2017, the subsurface borehole drilling data from Evaluation of relative tectonic perturbations of various parts of the Kashmir Valley. Kashmir Basin, Northwest Himalaya, India: A Sedimentological data for particle size integrated morphological Approach. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, v. 148, p. 153-172. distribution suggests the dominance of silty Kotlia, B.S., 1985, Vertebrate fossils and clays to coarse sands horizons spreading Paleoenvironment of the Karewa Intermontane throughout the valley with variable Basin, Kashmir, North Western India. Current thickness and depth of groundwater table. Science, v. 54, p. 24. The PSD (Particle Size Distribution) curves Thakur, V.C. and Rawat, B.S., 1992, Geological map of the Western Himalaya. Published under the show the uniformly graded distribution Authority of the Surveyor General of India. Printing patterns of the sediments with typical Group of Survey of India, v. 101 (HLO). patterns of fluvial and lacustrine nature. Bhatt, D.K., 1982, A review of the stratigraphy of the Furthermore, the consistency limits of Karewa Group (Pliocene/Quaternary), Kashmir. Man these examined units indicate low to and Environment v. 6, p. 46-55.

75 34th Convention, Indian Association of Sedimentologists SantGadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati; 19-21, December, 2017; Extended Abstracts’ Volume

Geochemistry of Cauvery river sediments: implication to provenance and weathering process

Krishnan, N. G., Nagendra, R. and Elango, L.

Department of Geology, Anna University, Chennai-600025, Tamil Nadu. [email protected]

Introduction: The REE and clay deducing the provenance, composition of mineralsderived from weathering of lower source rock and intensity of weathering of crustal rocks is increasing weathering Cauvery river sediments during Southwest intensity and sediment production in and Northeast monsoon. Cauvery River basin (Sharma and Rajamani, 2001; Rajamani et al., 2009). The sediment Methodology: A totally 15 sediment transportation, and chemistrywas samples were investigated from the middle controlled by the distribution of trace and lower region of Cauvery river to its elements (Vaithiyanathan et al., 1992). This geochemical constituents byusing XRF study focused on thespatial and temporal analysis (Fig. 1). variations of major and trace elements in

Figure 1: Sediment sampling locations on the Cauvery river Basin.

Discussion: High concentration of Si, Al and the elevated concentration of Fe2O3 (avg. K in sediments with respect to other 3.9%), indicates, that the sediments are oxidesattributes the weathering, transport derived by the process of oxidation, and depositional processes. Comparatively leaching and hydration during weathering

76 34th Convention, Indian Association of Sedimentologists SantGadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati; 19-21, December, 2017; Extended Abstracts’ Volume

(Mikkel and Henderson, 1983). The 3. TiO2 v/s. Ni and Al2O3 v/s. SiO2 positively correlated Al2O3% with other relationship indicates that the source oxides attributes the distribution of clay rocks of Cauvery River sediments are minerals in the Cauvery River sediments. derived from granite and granodiorite. The negative correlation between Al2O3% 4. The chemical weathering is controlled and SiO2%, infers that the enrichment of by the monsoon season. The intensity quartz (Adel et al., 2011). of weathering; NE>post-monsoon>SW. 5. The CIA values of Cauvery River (60.95) The positive correlation between K2O (%) are below the world average rivers and and Rb (ppm) in Southwest and Northeast close to the Indus River. monsoon sediments deduces the presence of illite minerals in the Cauvery River Acknowledgements sediments (Cox and Lowe, 1995b). The authors are thankful to NRSC-Hyderabad for the financial grant and to UGC –DRS for facilities in the Department of Geology to carry out this work. Provenance: The bivariate plots of Al2O3v/s.TiO2 infer that the sediments are References derived from the granite and granodiorite Adel, I.M., Akarish and Amr, M. El-Gohary., 2011, rocks. These rocks contribute to the Provenance and source area weathering-derived from the geochemistry of Pre-Cenomanian weathering process in the upper and sandstones, East Sinai, Egypt. Journal of Applied middle regions of the Cauvery river. Science, v. 11(7), p. 3070-3088. Cox, R., and Lowe, D.R., 1995b, Compositional Weathering: The degree of weathering is evolution of coarse clastic sediments in the south quantified by CIA% (Nesbitt and Young, western United States from 1.8 to 2.3GA and implications for relationships between the 1982) by using the alumina and alkali development of crustal blocks and their sedimentary minerals, change in the proportions of cover. Journal Sedimentary Research, v. A65, p. 477- feldspar and clay minerals during 494. weathering. The CIA of Cauvery River Mikkel, S. and Henderson, J.B., 1983, Archean sediments variation in Southwest and chemical weathering at three localities on the Canadian shield. Precambrian Research., v. 20, p. Northeast monsoon sediments (SW; 55.58- 189-224. 61.32%, NE; 60.54-72.58% and post- Rajamani, V.J.K, Tripathi and Malviya, V.P., 2009, Monsoon; 44.47-72.73%) indicates weak to Weathering of lower crustal rocks in the Kaveri river intermediate weathering intensity. The catchment, southern India: Implications to sediment average CIA infers that, the rapid geochemistry. Chemical Geology, v. 265(3-4), p. 410- 419. weathering intensity during the NE Sharma, A. and Rajamani, V. 2001. Weathering of monsoon and post-monsoon. charnockites and sediments production in the catchment area of the Cauvery River, southern India. Conclusions: Sedimentary Geology, v. 143, p. 169-184. 1. The elevated concentration of Si, Al, K Vaithiyanathan, P., Ramanathan, A.L. and Subramanian, V., 1992, Transport and distribution of and Fe2O3attributed the sediments heavy metals in Cauvery River. Water, Air, and Soil derived by oxidation, leaching, and Pollution, v. 71, p. 13-18. hydration processes of weathering.

2. The relationship between the Al2O3 v/s. major oxides and K O v/s. Rbinfers the Floyd, P.A., Winchester, J.A., and Park, R.G., 1989, Geochemistry and tectonic setting of Lewisian clastic metasediments from the early Proterozoic Loch Maree Group of Gairloch. Precam. Res., v. 45, p. 203-214. 2 Sharma, A., and Rajamani, V., 2001,Weathering of charnockites and sediments production in the catchment area of the Cauvery River, southern India. Sed. Geol., v. 143, p. 169-184. presence of illite minerals.

77 34th Convention, Indian Association of Sedimentologists SantGadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati; 19-21, December, 2017; Extended Abstracts’ Volume

Study on the textural characteristics of lower part of the Kollidam river sediments, Nagapattinam District, Tamil Nadu

Patra, P. K., Singarasubramanian, S. R. and Rajmohan, S.

Department of Earth Sciences, Annamalai University, Annamalai-608002, Tamil Nadu. [email protected]

Introduction: This study was carried out to individual samples the coarse fraction was understand characteristics of grain size separated from the mud fraction by wet- distribution and the physiochemical sieving through a 4-ф mesh sieve (0.06525 parameters of the sediments of Kollidam mm, U.S. standard sieve #230). Sand River. Textural characteristics of estuarine fraction (i.e., particles > 0.0625 mm) was sediments are strongly influenced by dried and sieved. Mud fraction (i.e., several factors, including source area sediment passing through #230 sieve) was composition of adjacent lands, climate, analysed using a particle size analyser to length and energy of sediment transport, determine the proportion of silt and clay. redox conditions in the depositional environments (Bhatia and Cook, 1986; Result and Discussion: From all these Fralick and Kronberg, 1997). analysis it was found that the pH ranged from 6.7 to 7.9, with an average of 7.04 Study area: The study area lies in the whereas the salinity value ranged from 13 , Kollidam River (11°20 19” N and 79°42´36” ppt. to 29 ppt. Considering particle size E) (11°25´01” N and 79°49´50” E) in analysis percentage of sand, silt and clay Nagapattinam district along the east coast were evaluated in which sand percentage of Tamil Nadu. Its northern boundary is ranged from 0 to 9.56%, silt percentage about 60km southwards from the Head ranged from 0.921 to 88.474% and clay Quarters of the Cuddalore district. from 11.01 to 99.076%. Thanjavur district and Tiruvarur district flank it on the west and on the south and Acknowledgement east it is bordered by the Bay of Bengal. I express my sincere and heart full thanks to Dr.S.Rajmohan, Assistant Professor and Dr. S.R. Study area forms part of Cauvery Delta. The Singarasubramanian, Associate Professor, sediments are marine, fluvial and fluvio- Department of earth science, Annamalai University marine origin. Major part of the area is for their help. covered by deltaic alluvial plains, shore zone contain marine dominated sediments. Reference Bhatia, M.R. and Cook, K.A.W., 1986, Trace elements characteristics of graywackes and tectonic setting Methodology: A total of 10 surface samples discrimination of sedimentary basins. Contribution were collected for the purpose of lab of Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 92, p. 181-193. analysis. Physico-chemical parameters Fralick, P.W. and Kronberg, B.I., 1997, Geochemical which included rainfall, salinity, water discrimination of clastic sedimentary rock sources. Sedimentary Geology, v. 113, p. 111-124. temperature and sediment pH were analysed. For grain size analysis of

78 34th Convention, Indian Association of Sedimentologists SantGadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati; 19-21, December, 2017; Extended Abstracts’ Volume

Study on textural behavier of Kodiyampalayam beach sediments, Nagapattinam District, Tamil Nada

Samal, P., Rajmohan, S. and Singarasubramanian, S. R.

Department of Earth Sciences, Annamalai University, Annamalai-608002, Tamil Nadu. [email protected]

Introduction: The coastal zone plays an subjected to sieve analysis after removal of important role in chemical buffering, water organic matter by acid treatment. quality maintenance and storage of genetic materials (Saenger et al, 1983) besides Result and Discussion: The entire grain size contributing considerable amount of distribution is believed to be considered of organic matter (Prakas et al., 1973) thereby several log normal subpopulations increasing the productivity of the coastal representing the sediments transported by waters. Grain size distribution has been the process of rolling, suspension and used to understand the sedimentary saltation (Inman, 1949). From the environment with the help of log- Granulometric studies, the statistical probability studies. Textural attributes of parameters Mean (Mz), Standard deviation sediments and sedimentary rocks viz. Mean (σI), Skewness (SkI) and Kurtosis (KG) were (Mz), Standard deviation (σI), Skewness (SkI) calculated (Folk and Ward, 1957). Mean is and Kurtosis (KG) are widely used to the average size of the sediments. The reconstruct the depositional environments Mean size ranges from 2.833Φ to 2.217Φ of sediments and sedimentary rock. with an average 2.474Φ. The predominance of fine sand indicates a moderately low Study area: The study area energy condition in the depositional basin Kodiyampalayam lies in Nagapattinam or by the underwater turbulence of self district, Tamilnadu and Survey of India sediments carried under suspension to the Toposheet 58M/14. The district forms part basin of deposition. The Standard Deviation of the Cauvery river basin and delta. values vary between 0.537Φ to 0.363Φ Geological formations are ranging in age with an average of 0.450Φ. Skewness is from the oldest Archean to recent Alluvium. used to determine the symmetry of the The sedimentary section contains a number central part of the distribution. The of transgressive and regressive episodes. Skewness values ranges from 0.760Φ to - The region is a monotonous peneplain with 0.756Φ with an average 0.095Φ indicates elevation not more than five meters above dominance of near symmetrical nature due mean sea level at any point. Aeolian action to mixing of bimodal sources. Kurtosis is the is evident in the coastal tract in the form of measure of peakedness. The Kurtsis values sand dunes and mounds. vary between 1.586Φ to 0.820Φ with an average of 1.151Φ indicates predominance Materials and Methodology: One core of Leptokurtic nature followed by sample of 80cm length was collected from Mesokurtic and platykurtic. Sahu (1964) Kodiyampalayam beach area, introduced the Linear Discriminant Nagapattinam district, Tamilnadu; which Functions (LDF) for environmental further divided into 16 sub samples of 5cm interpretation and the method was the interval. 100gm of homogenous samples combination of all the grain size parameters taken from each subsamples were into a single linear equation. The LDF values

79 34th Convention, Indian Association of Sedimentologists SantGadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati; 19-21, December, 2017; Extended Abstracts’ Volume indicate the sediments were deposited by shows all the samples were deposited Aeolian process under Shallow Agitating under Beach process. The CM pattern of environment. The energy process diagram the sediments shows that most of the as suggested by Stewart (1958) was drawn samples fall in between suspension and with mean values in the horizontal axis and rolling condition with a few in graded standard deviation values along vertical suspension and no rolling conditions. axis. All the samples were deposited under Beach process. Passega (1957) established Acknowledgements the relation between texture of sediments Authors want to thank Department of Earth Sciences, Annamalai University for providing lab facilities for and process of deposition using C- the the research work. coarsest 1 percentile grain size and M- the median. The CM pattern of the sediments References shows that maximum samples fall in Saenger, P., Hegerl, E.J. and Davie, J.D.S., (Eds.), between suspension and rolling condition. 1983, Global Status of Mangrove Ecosystems. The Environmentalist 3 (Supplement), p. 1-88. Prakash A., Rashid M. A., Jensen A. and Subba Rao D. Conclusion: The dominant of fine grain V., 1973, Influence of humic substances on the nature of sedimets indicates the growth of marine phytoplankton: diatoms. moderately low energy condition in the Limnology Oceanography, v. 18, p. 516-5 basin of deposition. In the study area, Inman D.L., 1949, Sorting of sediments in the light of fluid mechanics. Journal Sedimentary Petrology, v. dominating well sorted character of 19, p. 10-30. sediments indicates a sudden winnowing or Folk R.L. and Ward W.C., 1995, Brazos river bar: A back and forth motion by the depositing study in the significance of grain size parameters, agent. The predominance of near Journal Sedimentary Petrology, v. 27, p. 3-27. symmetrical nature is due to mixing of Sahu, B.K., 1964, Depositional mechanism from the size analysis of classic sediments. Journal bimodal sources. The mesokurtic and Sedimentary Petrology, v. 36, p. 73-83. leptokurtic nature of sediments is due to Stewart, H.B., 1958, Sedimentary reflection on mixing of predominant population with depositional environment, in San Mignellagoon, Baju minor amount of coarser and fine California, Mexico AAPG. Bulletin, v. 42, p. 2567- materials. The LDF study revealed the 2618 Passega, R., 1957, Texture as a characteristic of sediments were deposited by aeolian clastic deposition. American Association Petrology process under shallow agitating Geology, v. 41, p. 1952-1984. environment. The energy process diagram Mikkel, S., and Henderson, J.B., 1983, Archean chemical weathering at three localities on the Canadian shield. Precam. Res., v. 20, p. 189-224. Singh, P., Rajamani, V., 2001a, Geochemistry of the Kaveri flood-plain sediments, Southern India. Journal of Sedimentary Research, v. 71 (1), p. 50-60.

80 34th Convention, Indian Association of Sedimentologists SantGadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati; 19-21, December, 2017; Extended Abstracts’ Volume

Validation of hyper spectral signatures with geochemical data of Eastern ghat bauxite in the part of Kollimalai, Namakkal District, Tamil Nadu

Santha, K.K., Bharathiraja, S., Aravindan, S. and Vijayaprabhu, S.

Deptment of Earth Sciences, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar-608 002, Tamil Nadu. [email protected]

Introduction: Bauxite is a rock consisting Petrography: From the Kollimalai seven mainly of aluminum hydroxide minerals; it samples were collected from various is the major source of alumina (A12O3) from exposed out crops of bauxite, 4 thin which aluminum metal is smelted by sections were prepared and studied. The electrolytic process. Bauxite occurs in Kolli fresh samples were selected for hill along the Eastern Ghat range of Tamil preparation of micro sections for mineral Nadu. identification studies. Under thin section, these are shown as gibbsite, diaspore, Study area: The Bauxite forms a part of the cliachite, goethite and feldspar mineral Namakkal district of Tamil Nadu and is assemblages. bounded by latitudes 11 °10’ to 11° 25’N and longitudes 78 °15’ to 78 °25’E Covered XRF study: Seven samples of bauxite from by Survey of India (SOI) Topographic sheets Kollimalai in Namakkal district were 58 I/7 & I/8. Study area Kollimalai is collected. Major oxides compositions were situated north of Namakkal town and forms analyzed for 3 samples using X-ray a part of the southern extension of the fluorescence spectrometry (XRF) studies. It Eastern Ghats. is characterized by offset of spectral plot of laterite with 72 % absorption at 2.21 micro Geology of the study area: The study area meters wavelength as laterite from Kollimalai forms a part of the Archean Sellurnadu of Kolli hill and very high Fe2O3 peninsular complex having intensive high constitute of 83% by weight, low Al2O3 of grade regional metamorphism with folding, 14 % & 0.36 % of TiO2 portrays it as Iron faulting and shearing structures. The major rich laterite at Sellurnadu. It is also rock types includes garnetiferous acid characterized by spectral signature of charnockite, epidote-hornblende gneiss bauxite with 80 % absorption at 2.27 micro with lenticular bands of magnetite quatzite, meters wavelength in village Ariyurnadu pyroxenite and pyroxene granulites with medium Al2O3 of 39.67 %, medium trending in NE to ENE-WSW directions high Fe2O3 concentration of 55.32 % & 1.61 which in turn are cut by long NE-SW % of TiO2 by weight conveys it as low grade trending dolerite dykes extending to more bauxite (aluminous laterite) in the above than 10 km in the strike length. The laterite location. 86 % absorption confirms its which occurs as capping over acid association with Fe2O3 Iron ore at 0.91 μ m, charnockite is dark brown in colour and is Low Al2O3 % of 25.73, high Fe2O3 seen as streaks and pockets (Krishnaswami, concentration of 71.58 % & 0.23 % of TiO2 1958; Sridhar and Muthukumar, 2013). weight indicates it could be classified as lateritic bauxite at Thinnanur. Above Methodology: Objectives are to study ore geochemistry reveals about the site specific petrography of bauxite and XRF study to ore percentage of bauxite within study area arrive weight percentage of oxide ores. Kollimalai.

81 34th Convention, Indian Association of Sedimentologists SantGadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati; 19-21, December, 2017; Extended Abstracts’ Volume

Discussion: Aluminous laterite occurs as 86 % absorption confirms its association capping over the charnockite rock at high with Fe2O3 Iron ore at 0.91 μ m, Low Al2O3 altitude between 1148m to 1386m above % of 25.73, high Fe2O3 concentration of Mean Sea Level (MSL). In the field 71.58 % & 0.23 % of TiO2 weight indicates it observation, a sharp contact between could be classified as lateritic bauxite at brownish red laterite at the top followed by Thinnanur. Above geochemistry reveals pinkish white gibbsite as Bauxite ore at the about the site specific ore percentage of bottom and further underlined by bauxite within study area Kollimalai. lithiomorphs occur due to basement weathering. Microscopic study also shows Acknowledgements the brownish yellow colour, oolitic Authors are deeply indebted to DST (Big Data Initiatives Division), Govt. of India for providing structure and weak pleochroism for fund through Network project on BDA-HSRS project Diaspore ore, deep brown colour and with file No. BDID/01/23/2014-HSRS. Authors are opaque luster without any structure can be thankfull to Dr. Rama Rao, Assoc. Prof. in Earth & Space Sciences, IIST, Tiruvanandhapuram for identified as pisolitic cliachite. sparding ASD Fiedl spec. to aquire the Lab spectra and Dr. M. SundarRajan, Scientist, Mineral Division, Conclusion: It is characterized by offset of Nat. Insti. for Intersicipli. Sci. & Tech. (CSIR), spectral plot of laterite with 72 % Trivandram for helping to do analysis in XRF. Authors are thankful to the authorities of Annamalai absorption at 2.21 micro meter wavelength University for granting permission to operated the as laterite from Selurnadu of Kolli hill, very project and carry out the above work. high Fe2O3 constitute of 83% by weight, low Al2O3 of 14 % & 0.36 % of TiO2 portrays it as Re References Iron rich laterite at Selurnadu. It is also Arindam Guhu, and Vivek Kr. Singh, 2013, Analysis characterized by spectral signature of Krishnaswamy, S., 1958, Bauxite occurrences in the Shevaroy Hills, Salem District, Madras. Unpublished bauxite with 80 % absorption with medium Geological Survey India. P.R. for the F.S. 1956-57. Al2O3 of 39.67 %, medium high Fe2O3 Sridhar. M. and Muthukumar. M., 2013, Spectral concentration of 55.32 % & 1.61 % of TiO2 Library for Various Rocks and Minerals of Salem District: A Comparative Study and Validation with by weight conveys it as low grade bauxite , (aluminous laterite) in location Ariyurnadu. ASTER Data. On a Sustainable Future of the Earth s Natural Resources.

82 34th Convention, Indian Association of Sedimentologists Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati; 19-21, December, 2017; Extended Abstracts’ Volume

Mineralogic-geochemical study and elemental variation in the weathering profile (soil) developed on the Bundelkhand granite, Peninsular India

Kanhaiya, S., Singh, B. P., Singh, S., Srivastava, V. K. and Patra, A.

CAS in Geology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221005, Uttar Pradesh. [email protected]

Introduction: This study concerns with Results: The minerals identified based on elemental variation and weathering XRD analysis are quartz, albite and environments of the soil profile developed microcline in the parent rock and on granitic terrain of the Bundelkhand weathered granite, and kaolinite in the Craton, Peninsular India. For the above regolith horizon. Table 1 shows the major purpose, the weathering profile (1.3 meter) elements concentrations of the individual developed in Pahrapurwa village of samples. Chhatarpur District, M. P. has been studied regarding its mineralogy and major element geochemistry (Fig. 1).

Table 1: The major element concentrations (in wt %) of the studied samples of Pahrapurwa section.

Discussion and Conclusions: The dominant minerals are quartz, albite and microcline in the parent rock and weathered granite, and kaolinite peaks are additionally observed in regolith zone. This suggests the wethered Figure 1: Map showing the studied profile section and disseminated outcrops of the Bundelkhand granite (parent material) has retained the granite in the study area original mineralogy of the parent rock. Also, the occurrence of the kaolinite in the Sampling and Analytical techniques: The regolith zone suggests the alteration of samples were collected from all horizons of feldspars in to kaolinite. The SiO2 is the the weathering profile individually. For dominant oxide followed by Al2O3, K2O, minerological investigation, the samples Fe2O3, Na2O, TiO2, CaO, MgO, MnO and were subjected for XRD analysis. The pellets P2O5. The SiO2 and Na2O show decreasing were prepared and analyzed for major and trend, while the other Oxides show minor elements using Wavelength increasing trend throughout the profile. dispersive XRF technique at Wadia Institute The decreasing trend of SiO2 is correlated of Himalayan Geology, Dehradun, India. with alkaline environment (pH > 7) which Details of the pellet preparation method also supports the enrichment of CaO in the are available in Stork et al. (1987) and Saini upper horizons of the soil profile. Drastic et al. (2000). The accuracy of the change in K2O from saprolith to regolith measurement is better than 2–5% and may be due to addition of K- rich minerals i precision <2% (see Purohit et al., 2010 for e. Illite. This is attributed to the residual details). accumulation of K2O relative to high labile elements like Na2O and their depletion

83 34th Convention, Indian Association of Sedimentologists Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati; 19-21, December, 2017; Extended Abstracts’ Volume during progressive weathering and and K dissolution during the advancement development of secondary minerals of weathering. The depletion of Na and successively. The zigzag behaviour of some enrichment of Al leads to higher values of of the elements may be due to repeated PIA during the progressive stage of depletion and accumulation of elements in weathering. Furthermore, these results are different horizons owing to chemical compared with the already published data alteration. The low to moderate rainfall of the granodioritic soil profile developed in conditions (~110 cm/yr) is responsible for Anini village of Arunachal Pradesh, NE the intermediate weathering conditions in Himalaya developed in a humid climatic the area with the CIA values up to 77.83 condition. (Fig. 2). Acknowledgements The authors are thankful to the Head CAS in Geology, Banaras Hindu University for providing working facilities. The Director Wadia Institute of Himalayan Geology, Dehradun and Chairman Central Instrument Facility IIT (BHU), Varanasi are gratefully acknowledged for analytical support during the work. SK shows gratitude towards DST, New Delhi for financial assistance in the form of Senior Research Fellowship.

References Nesbitt, H.W. and Young, G.M., 1984, Prediction of some weathering trends of plutonic and volcanic rocks based on thermodynamic and kinetic Figure 2: A-CN-K ternary plot (after Nesbitt and considerations. Geochimica et cosmochimica acta, v. Young, 1984) for Pahrapurwa weathering profile 54, p. 1523–1534. section. The major elements composition of the Saini, N.K., Mukherjee, P.K., Rathi, M. S. and Khanna, samples plotted as molar proportions. Arrow P.P., 2000, Evaluation of energy dispersive X-ray indicates the weathering trend. Scale shows fluorescence spectrometry in the analysis of silicate chemical index of alteration (CIA) at the right side. rocks using pressed powder pellets. X-Ray Spectrom, v. 29, p. 166–172.

Stork, A.L., Smith, D.K. and Gill, J.B., 1987, Evaluation CIA, CIW and PIA of all the samples show of geochemical reference standards by X-ray identical behaviour up to saprolith, latter fluorescence analysis. Geostanderd Newsletters, v. the advancement of weathering leads to 11, p. 107–113. Purohit, K.K., Saini, N.K. and Khanna P.P., 2010, leaching of K2O. The higher CIW value than the CIA indicates the complete mobilization Geochimical dispersion pattern of heavy metal abundances in the intermontane Pinjaur Dun, Sub- of Ca and Na during the chemical alteration Himalaya. Himalayan Geology, v. 31(1), p. 29– 34.

84 34th Convention, Indian Association of Sedimentologists Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati; 19-21, December, 2017; Extended Abstracts’ Volume

Impact of diagenesis on reservoir quality the Proterozoic Upper Kaimur group sandstones, Son Valley, Central India

Quasim, M. A. and Ahmad, A. H. M.

Department of Geology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh-202002, Uttar Pradesh. [email protected]

Introduction: Vindhyan Basin of India offer overgrowths, calcareous cement and favorable structural geometry for authigenic clays (dominantly kaolinite, hydrocarbon generation and accumulation mixed illite-smectite and minor illite). Based viz., significant sediment thickness, on the overall relationships of the different biological life, large open anticlines, buried cements a paragenetic sequence has been domal structures, inversion structures, developed (Fig. 1). The major diagenetic cross folds which are typical of giant oil events observed are i) compaction, ii) fields (Jokhan Ram, 2003). The purpose of precipitation of iron oxide cements, iii) this work is to study the lithological and precipitation of calcite cement, iv) grain diagenetic characteristics of the Upper Kaimur Group sandstones. In addition, due emphasis has also been laid on the reservoir quality by relating the porosity and permeability variability and the nature and distribution of diagenetic stages.

Geological background: The present study focused on the gently dipping ~400m thick Upper Kaimur Group of sandstones and shales. In the study area, the Upper Kaimur Group (Dhandraul Sandstone, Scarp Sandstone and Bijaigarh Shale) is exposed and Lower Kaimur Group is dislocated by the Markundi-Jamwal Fault (Prakash and Dalela, 1982). Thus, Bijaigarh Formation Figure 1: Paragenetic sequence of the Upper Kaimur directly rests over the Semri Group. Group sandstones as established in this study.

Samples and Methodology: The study is dissolution, v) quartz overgrowths, vi) based on a total of 46 samples representing formation of kaolinite, vii) formation of illite different levels of the measured litho- and viii) silicification (Quasim et al., 2017). sections along the Markundi Ghat and The relationship between the intergranular Churk Markundi Road. The analytical volumes (IGV) versus cement volume techniques applied are thin-section indicates that compaction played a petrography, SEM and X-ray diffractometry. significant role than cementation in Quantification is based on the counting of destroying the primary porosity (Fig. 2). 200 grains per thin section. However, cementation also played a major role in drastically reducing porosity and Discussion: The principal diagenetic permeability in sandstones with minerals/cements are iron oxide, quartz poikilotopic, pore-filling blocky cements

85 34th Convention, Indian Association of Sedimentologists Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati; 19-21, December, 2017; Extended Abstracts’ Volume

dissolution of mineral cements and detrital grains. The cement types include iron oxide, calcite, silica and clays. Calcareous cement develops as poikilitopic cement and the intergranular pore spaces are completely blocked. Clay minerals viz., kaolinite, illite and minor amounts of mixed illite-smectite Figure 2: Ehrenberg (1989) diagram showing the relationship between intergranular volume and total occur both as pore-filling and pore-lining cement for the Upper Kaimur Group sandstones, cements and considered as the major correlating the primary porosity reduction with causes of porosity loss. As indicated by the cementation and/or compaction. presence of partially degraded feldspars and mica, kaolinite and illite have been formed in early to intermediate and deep derived by the diagenetic alteration of burial areas. Quartz overgrowth is a major feldspar in the presence of acidic fluid cause of porosity loss. Calcareous produced during the deeper depth of the cementation played a key role in the source rock. porosity evolution of sandstones. At the early stage of burial, the early calcareous Acknowledgements cement occupied most of the pore spaces The authors gratefully thank the Chairman, Department of Geology, Aligarh Muslim University, resulting in significant reduction of Aligarh for providing the necessary research porosity. In addition to poikilotopic calcite, facilities. several different cements including kaolinite, mixed illite–smectite and minor References illite occur as pore-filling and pore-lining Ehrenberg, S.N., 1989. Assessing the relative cements drastically reduce porosity. importance of compaction processes and cementation to reduction of porosity in sandstones: Secondary porosity occurred due to discussion; compaction and porosity evolution of dissolution of early calcite cements and Pliocene sandstones, Ventura Basin, California: feldspar grains. discussion. American Association of Petroleum . Geologists Bullettin, v. 73(10), pp. 1274-1276. Conclusions Jokhan, R., 2003, Frontier Basins: A major thrust 1. The measured average thin section area in Indian energy scenario, “New Challenges in Hydrocarbon Research and Exploration” CSIR porosity is 18% mostly primary in origin. Diamond Jubilee Workshop III, NGRI, Hyderabad. A range of diagenetic stages has been Prakash, R. and Dalela, I.K., 1982. Stratigraphy of the estimated such as compaction, Vindhyan in Uttar Pradesh: A brief review. U. P. alterations, cements and clay mineral State Mineral Development Corporation, Lucknow. authigenesis. Quartz overgrowth and Quasim, M. A., Ghosh, S. K. and Ahmad, A.H.M., 2017, Petrography and diagenetic evolution of the carbonate, clays) greatly influenced the Proterozoic Kaimur Group Sandstones, Son Valley, porosity reduction. India: implication towards reservoir quality, in 2. The studied lithounit experienced Mondal, M. E. A. and Tripathi, S. C. (eds) Geological diagenetic modification during their Evolution of Precambrian Indian Shield. Springer burial history through compaction, International Publishing (Society of Earth Scientists Series). precipitation of authigenic cements, and

86 34th Convention, Indian Association of Sedimentologists Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati; 19-21, December, 2017; Extended Abstracts’ Volume

Diagenetic evolution of ridge sandstone of Jumara Dome, Kachhchh, western India and its implications for reservoir quality

Khan, Z1., Ahmad, A. H. M.1 and Sachan, H. K.2

1Department of Geology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh-202002, Uttar pradesh. [email protected], [email protected] 2Department of Geology, Wadia Institute of Himalayan Geology, Dehradun-248001, Uttarakhand.

Introduction: The intent of the sandstone are analysed using thin section under diagenesis study is to envisage the reservoir petrographical microscope. Scanning quality of sandstone. Diagenesis in clastic electron microscopy (SEM) is used for rocks is influence by factors like texture, identification of authigenic mineral cement. detrital composition, environment of X-ray diffraction analysis of sandstone was deposition and associated lithology (Burley carried out to identify clay minerals. et al., 1985; Morad et al., 2000). The present work provides the result of various Discussion: Various diagenetic components diagenetic aspects that affect the Ridge were studied in ridge sandstone i.e., Sandstone reservoir quality. compaction, cementation, precipitation of authigenic clays, dissolution of unstable Geology of the area: The Kachchh basin is a grains and cement, grain replacement and pericratonic basin in the west of Indian generation of secondary porosity. The peninsula (Biswas, 1987). In the Kachchh mechanical compaction results in mainland at Jumara dome mixed carbonate development of various grain contacts, siliciclastic succession is represented by the ductile deformation of mica grain and grain Jhurio and Patcham Formation and fracturing. The cementation in studied siliciclastic dominating Chari Formation sandstone occur at early stage by silica, (Bathonian to Oxfordian) are exposed. carbonate, iron and authigenic clays resulting in lost of significant amount of primary porosity and also prevents mechanical compaction. The relationship between the intergranular volume (IGV) versus cement volume indicates that cementation played a more significant role than compaction in destroying the primary porosity (Fig. 1). The porosity loss due to compaction and cementation in the ridge sandstone on an average is 19.70% and 27.99% therefore indicating that compaction was not significant factor in Figure 1: Intergranular volume versus cement plot by primary porosity reduction. The authigenic (Houseknecht, 1988; modified by Ehrenberg, 1989) clay minerals occur as pore filling and pore suggest cementation played a dominant role in primary porosity reduction of ridge sandstone. lining cements and blocking pore throats thus deteriorates the porosity and Methodology: Samples were collected from permeability of sandstone. Kaolinite occurs the measured lithostratigraphic section at as booklet and vermicular form and Jumara dome. The diagenetic constituents resulting in porosity and permeability

87 34th Convention, Indian Association of Sedimentologists Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati; 19-21, December, 2017; Extended Abstracts’ Volume reduction by occluding pore spaces of the to help better understanding and ridge sandstone reservoir. Illite, mixed layer exploitation of this reservoir. The illite-smectite, smectite and chlorite occur paragenetic sequence is interpreted based as pore filling and pore lining and reduce on thin section study and SEM data (Table the porosity and permeability of Ridge 1). Sandstone. Illite, which largely occurs as hair-like rims around the grains and bridges Conclusions: The early cementation by on the pore throats, caused a substantial silica, carbonate, iron and authigenic clays deterioration to permeability of the results in deterioration of primary porosity reservoir. While the pore-filling illite and and also prevents mechanical compaction chlorite resulted in a considerable loss of of ridge sandstone reservoir. The authigenic porosity, the pore-lining chlorite may have clay minerals occur as pore filling and pore helped in retaining the porosity by lining and reduce the porosity as well as preventing the precipitation of syntaxial permeability of ridge sandstone reservoir. quartz overgrowths. The unstable clastic Pore lining chlorite helps to retain primary grains like feldspar and mica suffered porosity by retarding the development of considerable alteration to clay minerals. quartz overgrowth. But the dissolution of feldspar and cement results in development of secondary porosity which enhance the ridge sandstone reservoir quality.

Acknowledgements The authors gratefully thanks to the Chairman of Department of Geology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh for providing the necessary research facilities.

References Biswas, S.K., 1987, Regional tectonic framework, structure and evolution of the western marginal basins of India. Tectonophysics, v. 135, p. 307-327. Burley, S.D., Kentorowicz, J.D. and Waugh, B., 1985, Clastic diagenesis.In: Brenchley, P.J and Williams, Table 1: Paragenetic Sequence of diagenetic B.P.J (Eds.). Sedimentology, Recent developments components of Ridge Sandstone. and applied aspects, Blackwell, Oxford, v. 18, p. 189- 226. Secondary porosity development occurred Ehrenberg, S.N., 1989, Assessing the relative due to partial to complete dissolution of importance of compaction processes and cementation to reduction of porosity in: sandstones feldspar and cement and this contributes to discussion: compaction and porosity evolution of enhance the porosity of the reservoir. Pliocene sandstones, Ventura Basin, California: Porosity exhibits good inverse correlation discussion. American Association of Petroleum with cement. Thus, reservoir quality is Geologists Bulletein, v. 73, p. 1274-1276. controlled by pore occluding cement. Morad, S., Ketzer, J.M. and De Ros, L.F., 2000, Spatial and temporal distribution of diagenetic alterations Diagenetic history of ridge sandstone as in siliciclastic rocks: implications for mass transfer in established here is expected Sedimentary Basins. Sedimentology, v. 47, p. 95-120

88 34th Convention, Indian Association of Sedimentologists Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati; 19-21, December, 2017; Extended Abstracts’ Volume

Petrography and heavy mineral studies of the Lameta sediments exposed at Pandhari area, Districts Amravati, Maharashtra and Betul, Madhya Pradesh

Kandwal, N. K.

Department of Geology, SGB Amravati University, Amravati-444602, Maharashtra. [email protected]

Introduction: The Lameta Formation comes under newly proposed Salbardi- occupies about 5,000 km2 area covering Belkher inland basin, attaining the thickness partially Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh and Gujarat states. Mohabey (1996) proposed five inland basin namely, i) Nand- Dongargaon, ii) Jabalpur, iii) Sagar, iv) Ambikapur-Amarkantak, and v) Balasionor- Jhabua, which is further added by Salbardi- Belkher as proposed by Mankar and Srivastava (2015). Traditionally, Lameta Figure 1: Geological map of the study area sediments are considered to be of fluvio- lacustrine in origin (Singh and Tandon, of about 37 m, represented mostly by 2004; Srivastava and Mankar, 2013; argillaceous, arenaceous and calcareous Srivastava and Kandwal, 2016), however, on the other hand, the shallow marine environment of deposition had also been proposed by many workers (Singh, 1981; Shukla and Srivastava, 2008; Saha et. al., 2010). In the present study, an attempt has been made for petrological and heavy mineral studies of arenaceous and calcareous sediments.

Geology and Stratigraphy: The Pandhari area (lat. 21022’71”N: long. 77033’13”E) lies at boarder of Amravati district of Maharashtra and Betul district of Madhya Pradesh. It is covered by Survey of India toposheet no. 55G/11. In regional setup, the basement rock is Quartz-feldspathic gneiss of Archean age followed by Gondwana sediments of Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous age with unconformable base. The Lameta Formation of Maastrichtian age rests disconformably over the Gondwanas followed by Deccan

Trap and further alluvium at the top (Fig. 1). Figure 2: Litholog of the Lameta sediment exposed The Lameta sediments of the study area at the study area

89 34th Convention, Indian Association of Sedimentologists Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati; 19-21, December, 2017; Extended Abstracts’ Volume lithounits. Argillaceous sediments with occasional presence of quartz grains. constitute about 9m thick lower part Recrystallization and chertification of represented by grayish-greenish-yellowish- groundmass are also observed. Chertified brownish coloured clayswith minor limestone is mostly represented by silicified limestone. Overlying 19m thick column in microcrystalline calcite. Locally, the micritic the middle is dominantly arenaceous in ground mass shows replacement by sprite nature followed by calcareous sediments and silica (Fig. 3 C, D). constituting about 9m thick lithocolumn in upper part (Fig. 2). Heavy minerals: The heavy minerals identified include zircon, tourmaline, rutile, Petrography: Sandstones of the study area epidote, garnet, sillimanite, chlorite, are mostly friable to indurated, light gray to hornblende, and opaques in high brownish gray and medium to fine grained percentage. in nature. Framework grains includes sub- angular to sub-rounded quarts, feldspar, minor minerals and rock fragments. Quartz is dominated by monocrystalline type, however, polycrystalline grains are also present. Sheared or stretched quartz are also observed. Plagioclase, microcline and orthoclase feldspar constitute minor quantity. Rock fragments include fine to coarse grained sandstone and chert clasts. Matrix is quartz feldspathic, fine grained arenaceous to argillaceousin nature. Cementing material is ferruginous and Figure 4: Microphotographs of heavy minerals identified i.e., Zircon (1-5), Tourmaline (6-9), Rutile calcareous at places (Fig. 3 A, B). (10-12), Epidote (13-14), Garnet (15-18), Sillimanite (19), Chlorite (20), Hornblende (21), and Opaque (22- 28)

Zircons, with high relief, are colourless, red to pink, euhedral to subhedral, elongated, oval, and rounded to sub-rounded in shape (Fig.4. 1-5). Tourmalines are light to dark brown and green coloured prismatic grains marked by high pleochlorism (Fig.4. 6-9). Rutile grains are elongated, sub-rounded to rounded with dark red and light yellow colours (Fig.4. 10-12). Epidotes are green in Figure 3: Microphotographs showing A) moderately colour with high relief, prismatic habit, very sorted, medium to fine grain sandstone, B) medium grained, poorly sorted sandstone, C) sandstone weak pleochroism and moderate showing high percentage of matrix, and D) birefringence (Fig.4. 13-14). Garnet occurs recrystallization of micritic groundmass. as euhedral, irregular, rounded to sub- rounded grains, mostly colourless, high Carbonate is dominantly represented by relief with pitted or spotted surface (Fig.4. certified and nodular limestones. The 15-18). Sillimanites are mostly colourless previous is dominantly micrite in nature or, pale brown colour in case of fibrous

90 34th Convention, Indian Association of Sedimentologists Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati; 19-21, December, 2017; Extended Abstracts’ Volume variety, with high relief, brilliant second to site of deposition. Low index of ZTR third order interference colours and value also indicates immature nature of parallel extinction (Fig.4. 19). Chlorite flakes the sandstones and short transportation. aregreenish, pleochroic and irregular in shape (Fig.4. 20). Brownish green to brown References coloured hornblende shows prismatic habit Hubert, J. F., 1962, A zircon-tourmaline-rutile and high relief along with strong maturity index and the interdependence of the composition of heavy mineral assemblage with the pleochroism and perfect amphibole gross composition and texture of sandstone. Journal cleavage (Fig.4. 21). Opaque grains are high of Sedimentary Petrology, v. 32, p. 440-450. in percentage and represented mostly by Mankar, R. S. and Srivastava, A. K., 2015, Salbardi– magnetite and hematite (Fig.4. 22-28). Belkher inland basin: a new site of Lameta sedimentation at the border of districts Amravati, Maharashtra and Betul, Madhya Pradesh, Central ZTR index, a measure of mineralogical India. Current Science, v. 109(7), p. 1337-1344. maturity, varies from 69.92 to 74.40% with Mohabey, D. M., 1996, Depositional environment of an average of 72.06%. Its low value in the Lameta Formation (Late Cretaceous) of Nand- present study indicates immature nature of Dongargaon Inland Basin, Maharashtra: the fossil sediments which may be due to short and lithological evidences. Memoir Geological Society of India, v. 37, p. 363–386. transportation (Hubert, 1962). Saha, O., Shukla, U. K. and Rani, R., 2010, Trace fossils from the Late Cretaceous Lameta Formation, Conclusions: The Lameta succession at Jabalpur area, Madhya Pradesh: study area is 37 m thick column palaeoenvironmental implications. Journal of the represented by argillaceous, arenaceous Geological Society of India, v. 76(6), p. 607–620. Singh, V. and Tandon, S.K., 2004, Facies associations and calcareous lithounits. Based on and sedimentary petrological characteristics of petrography and heavy mineral study of Lameta sequences of the Dongargaon area, Central arenaceous and calcareous rocks, following India. Journal Geological Society of India, v. 63, p. conclusions have been drawn; 39-50. 1. Sandstones reveal dominance of sub- Shukla, U. K. and Srivastava, R., 2008, Lizard eggs from Upper Cretaceous Lameta Formation of angular to sub-rounded monocrystalline, Jabalpur, Central India, with interpretation of undulatory quartz along with feldspar depositional environments of the nest-bearing and sedimentary rock fragments. horizon. Cretaceous Research, v. 29(4), p. 674–686. Rounded to sub rounded quartz grains Srivastava, A.K. and Kandwal, N.K., 2016, Lithological show little transport. setting and granulometry of the Lameta sediments from New Locality Exposed at Pandhari Village, 2. Calcareous rocks represented by District Betul, Madhya Pradesh. Journal of Indian chertified limestone and nodular Association ofSedimentologists,v. 33(1&2), p. 1-11. limestone are dominantly micritic in Srivastava, A. K. and Mankar, R. S., 2013, A nature. Chertification is a secondary dinosaurian ulna from a new locality of Lameta process due to replacement of succession, Salbardi area, districts Amravati, Maharashtra and Betul, Madhya Pradesh. Current carbonate by silica. Science, v. 105(7), p. 900-901. 3. Heavy mineral assemblage shows Tandon, S. K., Andrews, J. E., Sood, A. and Mittal, S., metamorphic terrain as the provenance. 1998, Shrinkage and sediments supply of multiple The grains are sub-angular to sub- calcrete profile development: a case study from the rounded in shape and depict that the Maastrichtian of Central India. Sedimentary Geology, v. 119, p. 25-45. source area was not far away from the

91 34th Convention, Indian Association of Sedimentologists Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati; 19-21, December, 2017; Extended Abstracts’ Volume

A study on textural characteristics of the Palar River sediments, Vayilur to Mamandur, Kanchipuram district, Tamil Nadu

Annamalai, C. D. and Ramasamy, S.

Department of Geology, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai-600025, Tamil Nadu [email protected]

Introduction: The present study on textural ASTM test sieves, at ½ Ø intervals Ro-tap characteristics is to understand the source sieve shaker. The sifted substances were of evolution for sediments under river collected and weighed. Statistical environment. The work carried out is to parameters such as central tendency, characterise its textural properties of river standard deviation, skewness and kurtosis debris and how its wave energy interact were calculated. GRADISTAT and G-Stat with grain size transportation. software are used for the same (Table 1) following Folk and Ward (1957). Study area: The study area is settled in Kancheepuram District, Tamil Nadu, India Result and Discussion: The Mean value and is placed 75 km south of Chennai city ranges from -0.58 to 1.78, with an average (Fig. 1). The eastern side of this area is of 0.45. It shows the influence of coarse bounded by the Bay of Bengal. This area is sand size sediments and suggests more or less splited into two halves by the deposition under moderate to high Palar river which is a seasonal river and energy. The standard deviation values ranged between 0.52 to 1.45 φ with an average of 0.89φ. About 10% of the samples fall in moderately well sorted nature, 72.5% moderately sorted, and remaining samples exhibits 17.5% poorly sorted nature. The moderately well sorted character of sediments illustrates the movements of stronger energy conditions of the depositing promoters or prevalence of strong energy conditions in the basin.

Figure 1: Location Map of the study area Skewness value ranges amongst -0.27 to 0.29 with an average of -0.06. The values flows during the months of November, indicate fine skewed 10%, coarse skewed December and January. The Kancheepuram 42.5% and Symmetrical 47.5% category, district is principally made up of hard rock positive skewness illustrates the and sedimentary formations overlain by deposition in sheltered low intensity, alluvium. whereas negative skewness of debris illustrate deposition at high intensity Materials and Methods: Around forty environments. Graphic kurtosis ranges surface sediment samples were poised from 0.84 Ø to 1.86 Ø, with an average of from Palar River. The prepared samples 1.11 Ø. The samples fall down mesokurtic free of carbonate and organic matter (30%), leptokurtic (55%) and of platykurtic samples were manipulated to sift with nature (15%)

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S. Mean Sorting Skewness Kurtosis No 1 0.23 0.75 -0.11 1.15 2 1.222 0.979 0.02 0.875 3 1.778 0.688 0.018 1.026 4 1.117 0.981 0.032 0.952 5 1.086 0.515 -0.167 1.193 6 0.614 0.808 -0.092 1.147 7 -0.311 0.757 -0.174 0.853 8 -0.199 1.091 -0.115 0.835 9 0.756 0.72 -0.03 1.038 Figure 2. Standard deviation vs skewness plot 10 1.34 0.934 -0.017 0.887

11 1.214 0.686 -0.083 0.991 The energy processes of Palar river 12 0.456 1.076 0.161 1.2 13 1.287 0.9 0.083 1.139 samples falls in both river processes and 14 0.661 0.944 -0.095 1.171 inner shelf processes. The bivariate plot of 15 -0.174 0.83 -0.144 1.193 mean vs. standard deviation (Fig. 3) shows 16 0.694 0.836 -0.273 1.197 that the sediments are moderately well 17 0.332 1.45 0.29 1.02 sorted and fluvial environment of 18 0.829 0.752 -0.124 1.23 deposition (Folk and Ward, 1957; 19 0.43 0.814 -0.18 1.11 Friedman, 1961). 20 0.442 0.779 -0.237 1.86 21 -0.038 0.885 -0.182 1.049 22 0.715 0.836 0.17 1.267 23 0.327 0.946 -0.099 1.059 24 0.429 0.816 -0.129 1.129 25 0.67 1.12 0 1.142 26 0.455 0.997 0.011 1.221 27 0.573 0.555 -0.082 1.031 28 0.415 0.769 -0.128 1.133 29 -0.163 0.992 -0.086 1.202 30 -0.075 0.891 -0.177 1.119 31 -0.584 0.81 -0.226 0.858 32 0.496 0.821 -0.127 1.206 33 0.726 1.011 0.167 1.115 Figure 3: Mean vs. Standard deviation 34 0.071 0.967 -0.016 1.14 35 0.187 1.154 0.035 0.973 This plot clearly indicates that these 36 0.331 0.975 -0.027 1.051 sediments are of fluvial environment 37 -0.281 0.779 -0.098 1.008 because the river input is more than the 38 0.107 1.169 -0.126 1.184 littoral current. CM pattern shows a 39 -0.256 0.831 -0.095 0.843 complete model of tractive current 40 -0.054 0.871 -0.129 1.156 Table 1: Grain size parameters of Palar river estuary (depositional process) as shown by Passega sediment samples (1957, 1964) which consists of several segments such as NO, OP, PO, OR and RS This strongly recommends a fluvial or tidal showing different modes of sediment environment, confirming that the sands transport. Most of the studied samples fall are river deposited as per Friedman (1961). in NO region. Few samples show rolling The scatter plot of standard deviation vs. mode of transport while rest of the skewness (Fig. 2) shows the influence of sediments decline in graded suspension. fluvial and beach environments (Folk and (Fig. 4). Ward, 1957; Friedman, 1961).

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angular 16.94%, very angular 11.07%, rounded 7.89 % and well-rounded grains are 2.52 %.

Conclusion: The nature of sediments, bimodal and unimodal frequency distribution illustrates both single and multi origins for the sediments. Textural studies indicate that the sediments belong to the very coarse to medium grained sand fraction, recommending that the sediments were deposited under high Figure 4: CM pattern of the sediments Polar river. energy condition. The sediments being Roundness illustrates the degree of poorly sorted to moderately well sorted, abrasion of clastic fragments. It may show texturally immature to sub-mature provide indication of time or distance of sediments of a fluvial environment. The transport. The grain is angular when it is sediments are dominantly near- freshly introduced (unless recycled) and symmetrical to coarse-skewed in nature. becomes progressively rounded due to Kurtosis (KG) samples fall in leptokurtic, transportation. Roundness is entirely a mesokurtic and platykurtic nature of different factor when correlated to distributions. The CM pattern diagram sphericity, shape and size. In order to illustrate that the Palar river debris maintain an improved accuracy, a scan of sustained the wheeling and bottom 300 individual grains in each fraction has suspension downward tractive current. been studied. The roundness is found to Majority of the grains shows low to have been influenced by the composition, medium sphericity and is sun-angular to cleavage, fracture, size, shape, the medium sub-rounded in shape. of transportation and the energy with which the transportation was carried out. References Folk and ward. 1957, Brasos River bar, a study in The percentage of different group of grains the significance of grain size parameters. Journal of with differences in roundness sedimentary petrology, v.27, p.3-26. substantiates the role of multi-source in Friedman, G.M. 1961, Distinction between dune, view of appreciable percentage of angular, beach and river sands from their textural sub-angular sub-rounded, rounded and characteristics. Journal Sedimentary Petrology, v.27, p.3-2. well-rounded grains in the same fraction. Passega, R. 1957, Texture as a characteristics of clastics deposition. Bulletin America Association The average of roundness values in the Petrology Geology, v.14, p.1952-1984. study area indicates a predominance of Passega, R. 1964, Grain size representation by CM sub-rounded class grains representing to a pattern as geological tool. Journal sedimentary level of 33.03 %, sub-angular 28.65 %, and Petrology, v.34, p.830-847.

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Biomarker characterization of Paleogene coal-bearing sediments of the Assam Basin Rudra, A. and Dutta, S.

Department of Earth Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai-400076, Maharashtra. [email protected], [email protected]

Introduction: This study compares the the relatively higher thermal maturity biomarker signatures of coal-bearing attained by the Oligocene coals. This could sediments from the early-Eocene Sylhet be due to the effect of thrusting along the Formation and late-Oligocene Barail Group Indo-Myanmar thrust belt in the eastern of Assam Basin, India. The early Eocene part of the basin where the Oligocene coals belong to the coal-fields of Garo, outcrops belong. On the other hand Khasi and Jaintia Hills, Meghalaya whereas Eocene coals occur along the periphery of Oligocene coals belong to the Makum coal- the Shillong Plateau which are relatively fields, Assam, north-eastern India. unaffected by thrusting.

Results and Discussions: Rock-Eval pyrolysis of the sediments suggests that they are oil and gas prone with late diagenetic to early catagenetic stage of thermal maturity. Overall biomarkers (studied from GC-MS) are characterized by n-alkanes, isoprenoids, sesquiterpenoids, triterpenoids, hopanoids, fernanes and steroids. Major organic sources are derived from higher plants and microbial precursors. The organic rich sediments are Figure 1: Selected ion chromatogram (m/z 123) from the saturate fraction of Eocene and Oligocene coals. non-biodegraded and waxy in nature. Diterpenoid biomarkers are exclusively Conclusions: The presence oleanane and present in the Eocene coal bearing bicadinane biomarkers in early Paleogene sediments suggesting the contribution indicate the emergence of tropical rainforest from conifers, possibly Podocarpaceae and elements. Oligocene vegetation reveals a Araucariaceae. They are absent from change in source and organo facies of Oligocene sediments (Fig. 1). All the deposition. Oligocene coals are samples contain angiosperm biomarkers diagenetically more matured than Eocene such oleanane and related triterpanes coals. along with bicadinane, a biomarker specific for the Dipterocarpaceae family of Acknowledgements angiosperms (Rudra et al., 2017). Higher We thank Oil India Limited, Duliajan and NECL Margherita for providing samples. IIT Bombay is abundance of aromatized triterpenoids is acknowledged for providing the infrastructure for recorded in the samples. Oligocene coals research. contain higher tetra- and pentacyclic aromatic triterpenoids. Eocene coals have References unsaturated triterpanes which are absent Rudra, A., Dutta, S. and Raju, S.V., 2017, The in Oligocene coals. This difference in Paleogene vegetation and petroleum system in the tropics: A biomarker approach. Marine and triterpenoid signatures are attributed to Petroleum Geology, v. 86, p. 38-51

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Turritellid species from Miocene of Kutch, Gujarat and its palaeobiogeographic implications

Hazra, S., Pradhan, A. and Roy, P.

Department of Geology, Durgapur Government College, Durgapur-713214, West Bengal, [email protected]

Introduction: The Tertiary deposit of the species namely T. narica, T. Kutch basin is rich in macro fauna such as pseudobandongensis are showing variation molluscs (particularly pelecypods and in their size ratio. Both are wider at similar gastropods), echinoids and cnidaria fossils. shale length in case of Chhasra section as Primary work on fossils molluscs, occurring compaired to Bhadra dam section. Besides, in the Tertiary sediment of Kutch is both of the above species from Chhasra provided by Sowerby (1839). The present section are having wider aperture than work concerns systematic description of the Bhadra dam section. Faunal correlation species belonging to the family between turritellid species of Kutch with Turritellidae, and its regional biogeographic that of other basins of the world based on correlation. Work also extends to relate the data available from the work of different sections of the Chhasra different authors (Vredenburg, 1921; Formation, namely Chhasra section and Kulkarni et al., 2010; Tiwari and Kachhara, Bhadra dam section. The possible 2003; Kassab et al., 1995; King, 1954; Beets, morphological variations or similarity have 1947; Crame, 1984; Mukherjee, 1939; been enumerated between the Turritellidae Eames, 1950; Cox, 1936; Azzaroli, 1958) species of these two sections. Both the have been carried out and it depicts that sections belongs to lower Miocene epoch there is very little variation in faunal (Burdigalian). The Chhasra section being elements between N-W Pakistan (Sindh and relatively younger than the Bhadra dam Baluchistan) and Kutch with respect to section. Morphological variations as well as Turritellid species. On the other hand, variation in faunal occurrences have been Indian fauna during Miocene show very studied. A relation between similar species little similarity with the other basins as of Turritellidae family from different basin depicted in Table 1. On the basis of data of the world as well as faunal correlation at acquired from Table 1, an attempt has been the species level among different basins of made to establish faunal correlation at the the Indian peninsula to that of the Kutch species level among different region of the basin is also presented here. world by using Jaccard coefficient (Table 2). The low Jaccardian coefficient suggests the Discussion: Six species of Turritellidae persistence of endemism among the region namely Turritella narica Vredenburg, during early and middle Miocene. (1920), zaria angulate (Sowerby, 1840), T. pseudobandongensis Vredenburg, (1928), T. Conclusion: The present study is the further pseudotethis Vredenburg, (1928), T. elaboration of previous classics of assimilis Sowerby (1940), T. bhagothorensis Vredenburg, (1928). The intra-basinal Vredenburg (1928) have been studied. correlation based on Turritellid species Among this Z. angulata occur throughout clearly indicates increase in size of T. narica the Chhasra section but not encountered in and T. Pseudoban-dongenasis from older Bhadra dam section. Apart from this Bhadra dam section to younger Chhasra variation in faunal element; Turritelline section (Lower to Middle Miocene).

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Table 2: Jaccard similarity coefficients of Miocene turritellidae species between area pairs in different region of the world

The low Jaccardian correlation co-efficient Marine Geology and Oceanography of Arabian sea suggests that each region has its own and coastal Pakistan, p. 45-61. Eames, F.E., 1950, On the age of certain Upper endemic species and relative endemism Tertiary beds of Peninsula India and Ceylon. varies from place to place. Among the six Geological Magazine v. 87, p. 223-252. Turritellid species; T. narica and Z. angulata Kassab, A., Kenawy, A. and Zakhiira, M., 1995, are cosmopolitan in nature, however, T. Biostratigraphy of some upper Cretaceous /Lower narica is strongly endemic to the Indian Tertiary outcrops from the Egyptian Western Desert. Jajrbuch fuel Geologie and Palaeontologie – subcontinent. The high endemism of the Abhandlungen, v. 196(3), p. 309-326. early paleogene Turritella species of the King, L.K., 1954, A Miocene marine fauna from Kutch basin in general might have resulted Zululand. V. Transactions of the Geological Society of from low dispersal potentials of majority of South Africa. the species. This may also happen due to Kulkarni, K.G., Bhattacharjee and Borkar V.D. 2010, Molluscan fauna from the Miocene sediments of restricted faunal mixing. Kachchh, Gujarat, India -part3. Gastropods. Journal

of Earth System Science, v. 119, p. 307-341. Acknowledgement Mukherjee, P. N., 1939, Fossil fauna from The Authors are thankful to the authority of Durgapur Government College, for providing infrastructural Tertiary of Garo Hills, Assam, Palaeontologia Indica facility for carrying out the research work. v. 28(1), p. 1-101. Sowerby, Jde C., 1840, Explanations of the plates References and wood-cut. Plate XX to XXVI , to illustrate Capt. Grant’s Memoir on Cutch. Transactions of the Azzaroli, A., 1958, L’Oligocene e il Miocene delta Geological society of London, v. 25, p. 1-289. Somalia. Stratigrafia, Tettonica, Paleontologia Tiwari, R.P. and Kachhara, R.P., 2003, Molluscan (Macroforaminiferi, Coralli, Molluschi). Biostratigraphy of the Tertiary sediments of PalaeontolographiaItalica, v. 52, p. 1-142. Mizoram, India. Journal of the Palaeontological Beets, C., 1947, On probably Pliocene fossils from Society of India, v. 48, p. 65-88. Mahakkam Delta region, East Borneo, and from Vredenburg, E.W., 1921, Comparative diagnosis of Dessah Garoeng (Lamongan), Java.Geologieen Pleurotomidae from the Tertiary Formation of Mijnbouw, v. 9(10), p. 200-203. Burma. Records of Geological society of India, v. 53, Cox, L.R., 1936, Fossil mollusca from Southern p. 83-129. Persia (Iran) and Bahrein Island. Memoirs of the Vredenburg, E.W., 1928, Descriptions of mollusca Geological Survey of India, Palaeontologia Indica from the Post -Eocene Tertiary Formation of north (N.S.), v. 22, p. 1-69. Western India: Gastropoda (In part) and Crame, J.A., 1984, Neogene and Quaternary Lamellibranchiata. Memoir Geological survey of Mollusca from the Makran Coast, Pakistan. V. India. v. 50, p. 1-350.

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Palynology and biomarker signatures of Siju Formation of Meghalaya, India

Singh, Y. R1., Rudra, A2., Singh, P1. and Dutta, S2.

1Department of Earth Sciences, Manipur University, Imphal-795003, Manipur. [email protected] 2Department of Earth Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai-400076, Mumbai. Maharashtra.

Introduction: The Shillong Plateau is a composed of alternation fossiliferous remnant of the north-easterly extension of limestones and marls (Fig.1). the Indian Peninsula and undergoes multiple phases of deformation. The Garo Hills is a part of the Shillong Hills where is lying on the westernmost part of Meghalaya and locate the south of the Tura Ranges which is bounded to the south by the Dapsi fault (Fox, 1937). The current study focuses on the organic geochemistry (biomarkers), palynology, megafossils and foraminifers of the Siju Formation to provide maturity of source rock and depositional environment.

Geology of study area: The Garo Hills consists of Precambrian basement complex, Lower Gondwana sediments and Tertiary sediments. The sedimentary succession unconformably rests above the Precambrian basement complex and ranging in age from Paleocene to Recent, occupies the southernmost part of the Garo Hills. The basal sedimentary succession in the Garo Hills is represented by the Tura Figure 1: Sampled outcrop of the study area Formation, consists of clastic sediments, In total fourteen samples of limestones and dominantly sandstones and shales with coal marls were studied. Out of these, seven bearing units (Biwas, 1962). The Tura marl samples were proved palynologically Formation is overlain conformably by the productive as well as megafossils. Out of Siju Formation. The highly fossiliferous Siju seven marl samples, two samples were Formation consists of hard, yellow, processed for organic geochemistry. Larger arenaceous and fossiliferous limestone with benthic foraminifers recovered from these shale and marl. This succession is followed limestones samples. by the predominantly argillaceous Rewak and younger successions. Discussion: The assemblage is dominated

by dinoflagellate cysts. Palynotaxa is Method and Materials: The present represented by Operculodinium samples collect from the Siju Formation centrocarpum, O. major, Homotryblium, which is well exposed in an around Chokpot floripes, Homotryblium palladium, C. of West Garo Hills, Meghalaya and is brevispinosum, Cleistosphaeridium sijuensis

98 34th Convention, Indian Association of Sedimentologists Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati; 19-21, December, 2017; Extended Abstracts’ Volume etc. Besides, a number of marine bivalves samples. PAH are indicators burning of and gastropods also recovered from this terrestrial biomass that was transported succession. The occurrences of benthic into the depositional site. The occurrence foraminifera such as Nummulites spp., in of charcoal fragments validates their the limestone horizons of this succession presence. indicate middle to late Eocene age. The dinoflagellate cysts are also supported the Conclusions: On the basis of cysts are same age. In addition, a number of deposited in the near shore shallow marine biomarkers also documented here is the environment in condition. The recorded first such attempt from marl beds of this benthic foraminifera also are supporting a succession. Overall biomarkers are shallow marine environment in condition. dominated by hopanoids, n-alkanes, Acknowledgements steroids, fernenes and sesquiterpenoids in YRS would like to acknowledge the Science and the saturated fraction. Unsaturated Research Board, Government of India (Grant No. hopanes and steranes indicate the EEQ/2016/000062) for financial support. The authors diagenetic immaturity of the organic are grateful to Mr. Sumit, Miss Aranuradha, Research Scholars of IIT, Mumbai for their valuable matter. Dominance of hopanes suggests support during organic geochemical analysis. We sufficient bacterial decay. Occurrence of also are thanks to Shri N. Reshma Devi and Dr. S. diasteranes (C27-C29) and 4-methyl- Ranjeet Devi for help during sample analysis. diasteranes (C28-C30) indicates the diagenetic transformation of marine and References terrestrial organic matter in a clay rich Biwas, B., 1962, Stratigraphy of the Mahadeo, Langpar, Cherra and Tura Formations, Assam. environment (Brassel et al., 1984). n- Bulletin of the Geological, Mining and Metallurgical Alkanes are bimodal (C10-C34) with Society of India, v. 25, p. 1-48. dominant C14-C18 even and C25-C31 odd Brassell, S. C., McEvoy, J., Hoffmann, C. F., Lamb, N. number carbons, derived from marine and A., Peakman, T. M. and Maxwell, J. R., 1984, terrigenous organic matter, respectively. Isomerisation, rearrangement and aromatisation of steroids in distinguishing early stages of diagenesis. The aromatic fraction is dominated Organic Geochemistry, v. 6, p. 11 - 23. by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons Fox, C.S., 1937, Hidden coal fields of the Garo Hills, (PAH), phenanthrenes, naphthalenes and Assam, Director’s General report. Record of cadalene. Salinity markers like Methylated Geological Survey of India, v. 72 (1), p. 40-41. chromans (MTTCs) are also present in the

99 34th Convention, Indian Association of Sedimentologists Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati; 19-21, December, 2017; Extended Abstracts’ Volume

Ichnotaxonomy and its palaeoenvironmental significance of part of Jumara Formation of Habo Dome, Kachchh, western India

Shah, P. and Solanki, P. M.

Geology Department, M.G. Science Institute, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad-380009, Gujarat. [email protected], [email protected]

Introduction: Kachchh area is bounded by sandstones, shales, siltstones with 24°30’ to 22°0’ N lati and 68°0’ to 70°0’ E intraformational conglomerate and few long, is situated on western most flank of marlite and gypseous bands. Dhosa oolite India. Comprising rocks of Mesozoic and bands – a marker horizon for entire Cenozoic, Kachchh is a mixture of large Kachchh district is the topmost band of plains and highlands. Habo Dome is one of Jumara Formation. Trace fossils are the biggest domes in Kachchh, mainly made preserved in all the members of Jumara up of rocks of Mesozoic sediments divided Formation. in Jhurio, Jumara, Jhuran and Bhuj Formation in ascending order (Biswas, Ichnological aspects with ethology and 1993). palaeoenvironment: Among the assemblage Palaeophycus, Rhizocorallium, Chondrites, Thalassinoides and Ophiomorpha are the dominant trace fossils. Figure 2: Palaeophycus in sandstone of M-II of Jumara Formation.

Figure 1: Geological map of the study area (after Biswas and Deshpande, 1970)

Stratigraphy of study area: Jhurio Figure 3: Rhizocorallium in sandstone of M-II of Jumara Formation. Formation comprises total seven members out of which the youngest member (M-G) is exposed in the central part of dome. Topmost Bhuj Formation is mainly composed of coarse grained cross-stratified sandstones overlying Jhuran Formation, which comprises of ferruginous partings.

Jumara Formation covers the greater part of Habo Dome area and it is divided in Member-I (M-I) to Member-IV (M-IV) in ascending order. It comprises of

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contributing 40% of the total trace fossils as per ethological classification (Hantzschel, 1975). All the trace fossils are horizontal traces belongs to Cruzianaichno facies, which indicates lower foreshore to offshore environment of deposition (Pemberton et al, 1992). Rhizocorallium and Thalassinoides normally found from lower foreshore to shoreface region. Similarly Figure 4: Chondrites in sandstone of M-II of Jumara Palaeophycus indicates shoreface to Formation. transitional zone (Solanki, 2011). Ophiomorpha normally occurs from near shore to shoreface settings while Chondrites indicates shoreface to transitional environment.

Conclusion: Major part of study area covered by sandstones of M-II of Jumara Formation which is famous as Ridge Sandstone. Most of the trace fossils found from M-II. Overall sediment characters and trace fossils reveals the environment Figure 5: Thalassinoides in sandstone of M-II of fluctuated from shoreface to transitional Jumara Formation. during the deposition of M-II of Jumara Formation.

References Biswas, S. K., 1993, Geology of Kutch. K. D. Malaviya Institute of Petroleum Exploration, Dehradun, p. 1- 62. Hantzschel, W., 1975, Trace fossils and problematica, p. 1-269. In I. C. Teichert (ed.), Tretise on invertebrate palaeontology, part W, Miscellanea, Suppl.I. Geological Society of America and University of Kansas Press, Lawrence. Pemberton, S.G., Ranger, M.J. and McEachem, J.A., 1992, The conceptual framework of ichnology. In: Pemberton, S.G. (Ed.), Application of Ichnology to Figure 6: Ohiomorpha in sandstone of M-II of Petroleum Exploration. A Core Workshop. SEPM Jumara Formation. Core Workshop Notes 17, p. 1-32. Solanki, P. M., 2011, Ichnological – Sedimentological Majority of trace fossils belong to Events and their Stratigraphic Significance of fodinichnia - feeding traces contributing Jurassic – Cretaceous Sequence in Southwest of 60% and domichnia - dwelling traces Bhuj, Kachchh, Gujarat, (Unpublished Ph. D. thesis), M.G. Science Institute, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India.

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Stratigraphical review of the Alif Member in the Sab’atayn Basin, Yemen: Implication from well logs and top formation

Albaroot, M., Ahmad, A.H.M., Aldharab, H., Quasim, M.A., Khan, Z., Amjad, A. and Sinha, A.

Department of Geology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh-202002, Uttar Pradesh. [email protected]

Introduction: The purpose of this research Sab’atayn Formation, primarily in Sab’atayn paper is third fold: 1) to recapitulate the Basin stratigraphy and in Yemen history of the stratigraphic nomenclature of stratigraphy in general scene (Fig. 1). the Alif Member; Sab’atayn Formation, 2) Beydoun (1997) and Beydoun et al. (1996) to present subsurface sections in the study provided a comprehensive discussion of the area of the maximum and minimum Alif Member in Sab’atayn Basin as well as a thickness of Alif Member, 3) to summarize brief stratigraphic distribution of the Alif the lateral distribution of Alif Member Member in entire Yemen. This work including facies changes in the view of provides additional details on many aspects vertical distribution, and to revise the of the Alif Member. The Sab’atayn stratigraphical nomenclature. Formation comprises the middle part of the Amran group in the Sab’atayn Basin. In the Nomenclature development: The rank of study area of Sab’atayn Basin, the formation has been given to Alif Sab’atayn Formation is divided into the stratigraphy depending on subsurface cross Safir Member, the Alif Member and the Yah section by Yemen Hunt Oil Company Member (Brannan, 1999). (YHOC). The focus of the article is on

Figure 1: Isopach map of Alif Member in the study area.

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stratigraphic nomenclatures because it occupies only the central part of the study area in subsurface. Further distribution of wells in the study area has been terminated by pinching or disappearing of the Alif Member

Conclusions: This work gives a new boundary for the Alif Member in Sab’atayn Table 1: Tops of Alif Member for selected wells in the study area. Basin, and as a consequences confusion regarding member rank is evident. Materials and Methodology: Review of the Therefore, the member rank maybe Yemen’s geology shows that no one has dropped and lens or sand body may be described the exact surface outcrops of this tentatively assigned suitable for Alif strata member in Yemen, and Sab’atayn Basin in nomenclature. particular. In this paper gamma ray signature as well as tops formation have Acknowledgements: The authors thank the Ministry of Oil and Minerals been utilized to explore the extension and and Petroleum Exploration and Production Authority distribution of Alif Member in the basin. (PEPA), Yemen for supplying the raw and approval and permission to use the material for studied area. The authors are more grateful to the Department of Discussion: The depocenter of the Alif Geology, Aligarh Muslim University, India for Member is well established in the central provide facilities to complete this research. The part of study area. It pinches out in authors also would like to sincerely thank the editors northwest and southeast until completely and all of the anonymous reviewers for their careful and useful comments that improved the revised disappear. In addition, it is completely manuscript. disappears in east and west directions. Stratigraphic cross sections made from well References logs show that the Alif Member is pinched Beydoun, Z.R., 1997. Introduction to the revised out along the axis of the basin (Table 1). Mesozoic stratigraphy and nomenclature for Yemen: The occurrence of the Alif Member is Marine and Petroleum Geology, v. 14(6), p. 617-629. restricted to subsurface of Marib-Shabwa Beydoun, Z.R., Al-Saruri, M., Baraba, R.S., 1996. Sedimentary basins of the Republic of Yemen: their basin. Its type section is no longer reported structural evolution and geological characteristics. in Yemen. In spite of densely packed wells Revue de l’Institut Français du Pétrole, v. 51, p. 763– used for this study, the authors have been 775. unable to locate any extension of this Brannan, J., G. Sahota, K.D., Gerdes and. Berry, member in the subsurface. The rank J.A.L., 1999, Geological evolution of the central Marib-Shabwa Basin, Yemen. GeoArabia, v. 4(1), p. member for Alif strata violates the rules of 9-34.

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Microbially Induced sedimentary structures (MISS): their biostratigraphic and palaeoclimatic implications in Marwar Supergroup, Rajasthan, India.

Srivastava, P.

Centre of Advanced Study in Geology, Lucknow University, Lucknow-226007, Uttar Pradesh. [email protected]

Introduction: Influence of cyanobacterial nowcategorized among primary films and mats, well developed in Jodhpur sedimentary structures, as bedding Sandstone of the Marwar Supergroup; on modified by microbial mats and biofilms erosion, deposition and deformation of (Pettijohn and Potter, 1964; Nora et al., sediments has been discussed. Exposures 2001). of Jodhpur Sandstone were examined in Sur Sagar area of the Jodhpur district, western Conclusion: The filaments of cyanobacterial Rajasthan (Fig.1). Fossil bearing beds have mats particularly trap and bind the been mapped using GPS Garmin make (N suspended particles. Such biotic- physical 26°19’53.5” E 72°59’45.3” and adjoining interactions are reflected in syn- areas). depositionally formed microbial mat structures or MISS. Features like wrinkle structures, microbial mat chips, multidirectional ripple marks and erosional remnants are also noticed on bedding surfaces of the sandstone in area.

Figure 1: A) Geological map of study area, B) lithostratigraphy of the Marwar Supergroup, Rajasthan.

Discussion: Microbially Induced Sedimentary Structure (MISS) are amazingly and exceptionally well preserved macro- algal morphologies exhibiting peculiar features suggesting a step towards terrestrialization. Hold fast like structures, Figure 2: A&B) Microbial mat, (C&E) Stolon like Stolons like objects running parallel to the structures, (D) morphology comparable with ground and at places morphologies Cooksonia. strikingly resembling Cooksonia; a primitive land plant of Devonian age (Fig.2). Such References Nora, N., Gerdes, G., Klenke, T. and Krumbein, W.E., evidences support initiation of terrestrial- 2001, Microbially Induced Sedimentary Structures- A isation at the time of sedimentation of the new category within the classification of primary Jodhpur Sandstone (undoubtedly of sedimentary Structures. Journal of Sedimentary Ediacaran age). The microbial mats stablise Research, v. 71(5), p. 649-656. the depositional surfaces against the Pettijohn, F.J. and Potter, P.E., 1964, Atlas and Glossary of Primary Sedimentary Structures: Berlin, erosion and degassing. The MISS are Springer-Verlag, p. 370.

104 34th Convention, Indian Association of Sedimentologists Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati; 19-21, December, 2017; Extended Abstracts’ Volume

Biomarker signatures of Permian Glossopteris flora of Gondwanaland

Tewari, A1., D’Rozario, A2., Bera, S3., Barua, A3. and Dutta, S1.

1Department of Earth Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai-400076, Maharashtra. [email protected] 2Narasinha Dutt College, Howrah-711101, West Bengal. 3University of Calcutta, Kolkata-700019, West Bengal.

Introduction: Glossopteris flora, which is an Analysis: extinct group of seed ferns GC-MS: The samples were extracted and (Pteridospermatophyta), was the primary separated in to aliphatic and aromatic plant group of the southern supercontinent fractions. Then both the fractions were Gondwanaland during the Permian period analyzed using a gas chromatograph and (Tewari et al., 2015). The flora acquired its mass spectrometer. name after the dominant and best known genus Glossopteris of the order Py-GC-MS: Tetramethylammonium Glossopteridales (Sarbadhikari, 1974). First hydroxide (TMAH) was added to the discovered in India, Glossopteris flora has samples prior to analysis. The samples were been recognized in all the southern pyrolyzed at 610°C for 0.2 min in a continents and corroborates Wegener's Pyrolyzer, which is coupled to a GC-MS. continental drift hypothesis. Although numerous studies have been dedicated on Py-GC×GC-TOFMS: TMAH was added to the different aspects of Glossopteris flora, samples prior to analysis. The samples were hitherto biomarker signatures of this flora inserted into a TDU pyrolyzer. The TDU has not been reported. Here we have temperature was increased to 300°C and attempted to explore the botanical affinity then the coil probe was flash heated to of Glossopteris flora by analyzing the 610°C. The produced pyrolysis products molecular fossils present in its fossilized (pyrolysates) were transferred in the leaves and woods. This study presents a Cooled Injection System (CIS), where the detailed documentation of biomarkers of analytes got cryo-focused. From CIS the fossilized Glossopteris leaves and wood pyrolysates were transferred in the GC-MS. collected from Permian Lower Gondwana sediments of Damodar Valley Basin, eastern Results and Discussion: The biomarkers India. present in the Glossopteris leaf extract, are dominated by a series of n-alkanes ranging Geologic context of the samples: The from C15 to C34. The other biomarkers fossilized leaf and wood samples belonging present in the saturate fraction include to the Glossopteris flora were collected hopanes and steranes. Steranes are from Lower Gondwana sediments of dominated by C29 regular steranes, Khottadih colliery, an open-cast mine of the followed by C29 rearranged steranes. The Pandaveshwar area of Burdwan, Damodar hopanes include C27 to C30 hopanes and C31 Basin, eastern India. The leaf sample was homohopanes with both S and R epimers. collected from Lower Permian, Upper The aromatic fraction of the extract is Barakar Formation, and the permineralised mainly characterized by polycyclic aromatic silicified wood specimen was collected from hydrocarbons (PAHs). Aromatic diterpanes Raniganj Formation, Upper Permian. like bisnorsimonellite, simonellite, retene and tetrahydroretene with its two other

105 34th Convention, Indian Association of Sedimentologists Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati; 19-21, December, 2017; Extended Abstracts’ Volume isomers are detected. A similar diterpane had evolved in the Permian Glossopteris distribution has been reported in the flora. Permian coals from the same formation of the Damodar Valley Basin (Tewari et al., The thermochemolysis data reveal 2017). Diterpenoid biomarkers are widely preserved lignin structures in the fossilized accepted as marker compounds of modern Glossopteris leaf and wood samples. This as well as extinct conifers. Abietic acid, study suggests that lignin biosynthesis had which is a major component of extant evolved in the Glossopteris flora. Lignin is conifer resins, may produce the identified known to provide rigidity, strength and diterpanes during its diagenetic alteration. protection to the plants hence, the ability to synthesize modern plant equivalent The major compounds identified in the lignin could have assisted the proliferation pyrolysis products are a homologous series and dominance of the Glossopteris flora in of n-alkane/alkene pairs, a homologous Gondwanaland during Permian. series of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME), phenol and its alkyl derivatives, butanedioic Acknowledgements acid, dimethyl ester, butanedioic acid, The Indian Institute of Technology Bombay is acknowledged for providing Ph.D. fellowship to methyl-, dimethyl ester, benzoic acid, Anuradha Tewari. Central facility, IIT Bombay is methyl ester and lignin derived compounds acknowledged for providing access to the GC×GC- like methoxybenzene, 1-methoxy-2- TOFMS facility. methylbenzene, 1-methoxy-3- References methylbenzene, 1,2-dimethoxybenzene, Sarbadhikari, T.R., 1974, The limits of stratigraphic 1,3-dimethoxybenzene. The monomethoxy- distribution of Glossopteris in India. Review of and dimethoxybenzene derivatives Palaeobotany and Palynology, v. 18, p. 291-307. originated from methylation of the p- Tewari, A., Dutta, S. and Sarkar, T., 2017, Biomarker hydroxyphenyl and guaiacyl units of lignin signatures of Permian Gondwana coals from India and their palaeobotanical significance. polymer, respectively. These compounds Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, are characteristic markers of gymnosperm Palaeoecology, v. 468, p. 414-426. lignin. Tewari , R., Chatterjee, S., Agnihotri, D. and Pandita, S.K., 2015, Glossopteris flora in the Permian Conclusions: The present study illustrates Weller Formation of Allan Hills, South Victoria Land, Antarctica: Implications for paleogeography, that the metabolic pathways to produce paleoclimatology, and biostratigraphic correlation. abietic acid and related plant terpenoids Gondwana Research, v. 28, p. 905-932.

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Megaloolithus nesting sites form Lameta Formation of Salbardi area, Amravati district, Maharashtra, India

Mankar, R. S. and Srivastava, A. K.

1Department of Geology, Arts, Science and Commerce College, Chikhaldara, Amravati–444807, Maharashtra. [email protected] 2Departments of Geology, SGB Amravati University, Amravati-444602, Maharashtra. [email protected]

Introduction: The Late Cretaceous Lameta basement rock of quartz-feldspathic gneiss successions exposed at central and of Archaean age. Basalt of Deccan trap western India are well known for the overlies the Lameta sediments with a sharp dinosaurian remains including eggs, eggs contact. The topmost layer is alluvium or, nests and bones from the last three dark coloured soil derived from weathering decades. The maiden discovery of the eggs of the basalt. The Lameta succession is ca. and nests is from limestone quarry of the 35m thick and represented by arenaceous, Lameta sediments from Baliadeo village, argillaceous and calcareous lithounits. The near Balasinor, Kheda District, Gujarat arenaceous unit shows the presences of (Mohabey, 1983). The Parataxonomic dinosaurian remains including bones and classification of dinosaurian eggs has been eggs. made by Khosla and Sahni 1995; Mohabey 1998. Recently, the revised Parataxonomic classification has been proposed by Ferna´ndez and Khosla (2015).

In present study, a preliminary study of nesting sites has been made along with morphological detailing and classification of dinosaurian eggs discovered form study Figure 1: Geological map of the study area area. Nesting site: Nesting site lies towards the

north of Salbardi village at a distance of Geology and Stratigraphy of the area: The about 1.5km on pedestal track to Lameta formation together with overly the Ghorpend village, precisely, at the spot Gondwana sediments with disconformable having GPS coordinates of lat. 21025'827'' contact is exposed at Salbardi area (lat. 0 0 0 N: long.78 00'320'' E which falls in Betul 21 25'15'' N: long.78 00'00'' E) at the district, Madhya Pradesh. Fourteen nests boundary of districts Amravati, are spotted having more than fifty Maharashtra and Betul, Madhya Pradesh incomplete semicircular to circular (Fig.1). The Lameta sediments are mainly outlines of eggs. These are well preserved represented by calc-marl overlying the in one meter thick, grayish yellow, Gondwana sediments making an medium to coarse grained calcretized disconfirmable boundary and underlie by sandstone (Fig.2) exposed in an area of the hard and compact basaltic trap. The about 1km2.

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Figure 2: Lithology of the study area

Eggshells Systematic complete eggshell of circular outline and two broken, nearly half circular, exhibiting Oofamily MEGALOOLITHIDAE Zhao, 1979 irregular pattern of egg nest (Fig.3A). Oogenus MEGALOOLITHUS Vianey-Liaud et al., 1994 Diagnosis: Spherical eggs with diameter 120-145mm; shell thickness 2 to 2.3mm; Diagnosis: Dinosauroid-spherulithic shell units are cylindrical, H/W ratio = 4.2. basic type; tubospherulithic morphotype; tubocanaliculate pore system; oospecies Megaloolithus jabalpurensis compactituberculate ornamentation. Spherical to sub-spherical eggs in diameter Material: Incomplete eggs (Field specimen range from 120mm to 200mm having of preserved in the rock; thin sections (SDE eggshell thickness of 1.5-3.0mm. 2(1)- 2(2) ) and chips of eggs shell (SDE-2). oospecies Megaloolithus cylindricus Occurrence: A clutch having three incomplete eggs of which two almost Material: Incomplete eggs (Field specimen complete eggshell of circular outline and preserved in the rock; thin sections (SDE one broken, nearly half circular exhibiting 7(1)- 7(2) ) and chips of eggs shell (SDE-7)). irregular pattern of egg nest (Fig.3B).

Occurrence: A clutch comprises of total Diagnosis: spherical eggs with diameter seven incomplete eggs of which five almost 130-145mm; shell thickness 1 to 2mm;

108 34th Convention, Indian Association of Sedimentologists Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati; 19-21, December, 2017; Extended Abstracts’ Volume shell units are short cylindrical dome, H/W Sahni (1995); Mohabey (1998) and ratio = 3.9. Ferna´ndez and Khosla, (2015) the present eggs are classified as M. cylindricus and M. jabalpurensis of Oofamily Megaloolithidae.

References Mohabey, D.M., 1998, Systematics of Indian Upper Cretaceous dinosaur and chelonian eggshells. Journal of Vertebrate Palaeontology, v. 18 (2), p. 348-362. Khosla, A. and Sahni, A., 1995, Parataxonomic classification of Late Cretaceous dinosaur eggshells from India. Journal of the Paleontological Society of India, v. 40, p. 87-102. Mohabey, D.M., 1983, Note on occurrence of dinosaurian fossil eggs from infratrappean limestone in Kheda District, Gujarat. Current Science, v. 52(24), p. 1194. Vianey-Liaud, M., Mallan, P., Buscail, O. and Montgelard. C., 1994, Review of French dinosaur eggshells: morphology, structure, mineral, and organic composition. In: K. Carpenter, K. F. Hirsch, and J. R. Horner (eds.), Dinosaur Eggs and Babies, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, p. 151- 183 Figure 3: Nests showing: A) seven incomplete half Zhao, Z., 1979, Discovery of the dinosaurian eggs eggs and, B) three incomplete circular to and footprints from Neixiang county, Hehan semicircular outline of eggs Province. Vert. Pal. Asiat., v. 17(4), p. 304--309. Ferna´ndez, M. S. and Khosla, A., 2015, Parataxonomic review of the Upper Cretaceous Conclusion: on the basis of various dinosaur eggshells belonging to the oofamily parameters of parataxanomial Megaloolithidae from India and Argentina. classification proposed by Khosla and Historical Biology, v. 27(2), p. 158–180

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Paleontological studies in the sedimentary rocks around Katrambakkam, Villupuram District, Tamil Nadu: insight for paleo-depositional Condition

Sivaraj, K., Abdul Basith, E. M. and Deepak, C. G.

Department of Geology, Anna University, Anna-600025, Chennai. [email protected]

Introduction: Marine Cretaceous rocks are paradoxicum present in the sandstone exposed in the Trichinopoly and south indicate the shoal-slope and slope Arcot Districts of Tamil Nadu and the UT of environment. All the ichnofossils are found Pondicherry, along the eastern coast of in a single lithounit reflecting the mixed south India. Govindan (1972) proposed that lagoon and slope environment. the Pondicherry area marks the northern limit of Late Cretaceous rocks in south India. Rajagopalan (1965) ranked these Paleocene sediments as Pondicherry Formation. The purpose of the present paper is to give a systematic account of the Upper Cretaceous sediments along with inchnofossils, mega and micro fossil content to infer the sediment deposition model for the study area.

Study area: The study area is about 10km away from Pondicherry city. The area consists of the Vanur Sandstone, the Ottai Claystone and the Turuvai Limestone. Rock samples, fossils and trace fossils were collected from all the three locations and taken for megascopic Figure 1: A) Mammillichnis aggeris, B) Planolites montanus and C) Thalassonoids paradoxicum and micro faunal studies.

Megafossil studies: Inoceramus bulbus, Field observations: Field work includes Limopsis sp., Aucellina sp., Expgyra sp. are data and sample collection with an the common bivalves. Majority of bivalve emphasis on primary depositional fossils belong to single species in the structures, i.e., flame structure, graded Katrambakkam Sandstone and shows the bedding, load cast structure, massive position of umbo towards base of the bedding and laminated bedding. sediment stratum indicating their dispersal nature of distribution. Bivalves in full forms Discussion: and in fragments are infrequent in the Vanur Formations. Species diversity is Ichnofossil studies: Three ichnofossils, viz., extremely poor. Mammillichnis aggeris, Planolites montanus and Thalassonoids paradoxicum have been Microfossil studies: Twelve foraminiferal identified (Fig.1). M. aggeris is generally species including 4 benthic and 8 planktonic found in the gentle slope environment. P. were identified i.e., Globotruncanita sp., montanus indicates both gentle slope and Cassidulina sp., Loftusia sp., Fusulina sp., mixed lagoon and slope environment. T. Cyclogyra sp., Cribrononion sp., Cibicides

110 34th Convention, Indian Association of Sedimentologists Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati; 19-21, December, 2017; Extended Abstracts’ Volume sp., Whiteinella archaeocretacea and Raised sea level formed a thick water Marginotruncana sp.. column over the basin floor and provided a calm environment for a considerable Sedimentation models: Based on the field period. This provided a slow setting of clay data and macro and micrfaunal analysis, particles and planktonic foraminifera sedimentary models have been prepared to resulting the formation of claystone over understand the deposition and basin filling the sandstone. history including formation of sandstone, clay stone and limestone in this basin Stage 3- Limestone formation model (Fig.2). After accumulation and formation of the clastic rocks, the excess carbonate salts in the water precipitated and resulted in the formation of limestone.

Environment of deposition and sediment accumulation: Presence of foraminiferal tests point towards fluctuating shallow innershelf conditions within a photic zone.

Figure 3: Comprehensive model showing depositional setup and sediment accuulation

The of algae, molluscs and echinoderm Figure 2: Model showing formation of sandstone, plates in the Katrambakkam Formation claystone and limestone point its deposition on an open platform or Stage 1- Sandstone formation model shallow marine shelf with variation in A basin was formed adjacent to the open energy condition within the basin (Fig.3). ocean (at marginal marine setup) and Acknowledgement received medium to coarser size sediments The author(s) wish to thank the Professor and Head from the continent. Simultaneously, sea for the permission to carry out field work and to use level was increased and it made impact on the lab facilities for the present work. the basinal setup. Marine sediments along with bivalve, echinoderm, gastropod shells References were accumulated. Alternately, continental Govindan, 1972, Upper Cretaceous planktonic foraminifera from the Pondicherry area, south India. and marginal sedimentation were The Micropaleontology Project., Inc. continued during the First stage. This could Rajagopalan, N., 1965, Late cretaceous and early be mature during the sandstone formation. tertiary stratigraphy of Pondicherry South India. Journal Geological society of India, v. 6. p. 108- Stage 2- Claystone formation model 121.

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Lateral lithofacies variation within Lokapur Subgroup, Kaladgi basin

Verlekar, P. and Kotha, M.

Department of Earth Science, Goa University, Taleigao Plateau-403206, Goa. [email protected]

Introduction: Indian subcontinent Kaladgi Basin. Study area is display preserves vast sedimentary basins formed generally a flat topography with scattered during the Proterozoic. These Sediments hills and highlands at places. Vegetation are mildly to strongly deform and houses varies from high plants to bushes as moved sedimentation in Quartzite-Shale- towards east. Density of vegetation also Carbonate cycle (Jayaprakash, et al., 1987; decreases in the same direction. Dey, et al., 2008). Basins have evolved under extensional regimes and sediments Field work: Traverses were taken in the mainly point towards shallower conditions Kaladgi basin from basin marginal regions of deposition. Present paper deals with to its interior. As we enter to the basin sedimentological studies taken at two interior from east i.e., along Belgavi- transects over Proterozoic Kaladgi basin. Raichur highway, the sediments exposed Kaladgi Basin is located in the northern are coarse clastic facies comprising of Karnataka over basement of Dharwar immature coarse sandstones to polymict craton fringing the Deccan volcanic conglomerates (Fig.1). province towards North. Stratigrphically Basin is classified under Kaladgi Supergroup of which lower unit is deformed Bagalkot Group separated unconformably form upper undeformed Badami Group.

The present study reports field observation and studies made along traverses taken from peripheral region to the central part of the Kaladgi basin confined mainly to the lower sequences. i.e., Lokapur Subgroup.

Various lithounits were studied Figure 1: Field photograph of polymict conglomerate megascopically, and microscopically. A identified at Yaragatti, Karnataka transition from coarse clastic to fine clastic facies with intermediate carbonate Moving further a transition from coarse succession was identified. Clastic rocks facies to fine clastics along with occurrence dominant mostly by quartz with occasional of non-clastic carbonate sequences were feldspars present in the basin marginal identified at Lokapur town and its sediments. Individual outcrop studies at surroundings. The non-clastic carbonate Lokapur revealed diagenetic changes and facies varies from crystalline limestones to characters of non clastic rocks that make up dolomitic varieties. Taking a traverse this succession. towards south of Lokapur the sequence seen to be grading into clastics. At Hooli Study area: The study area around Lokapur village, on the peripheral regions of the (Bagalkote district) – Ramdurg (Belagavi basin, sequence lies on unconformable district) towns lies within the extent of contact of Precambrian basement.

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Observation: Thin section studies of samples collected was made to determine diagenetic changes and textural attributes of the rocks. Field observations matched the microscopic analysis. On examining the samples from marginal areas it was known that most of the sandstones grains are subrounded depicting very less transport and closer to provenance (Fig.2).

Figure 3: Photomicrograph of sandstone from Lokapur indicating partial metamorphism.

Contact between Salgundi Conglomerate and Saundatti Quartzites is gradational. Presence of Banded Hematite Jasper and Felspathic grains in these units indicate a provenance from Ancient Dharwar Craton. Lithological variations were prominent in the interior with uniform lithology at the

Figure 2: Photomicrograph of sub rounded quarts peripheral region. Silicic matrix prominent grains of sample from Sundatti area. in most of the region however ferruginous matrix also identified in some samples at Further presence of feldspathic grains peripheral portion of the basin.Changes in points to a nearby igneous source for these Environmental conditions were sporadic rocks. Contrary to this observation basin during deposition. interior the clastics samples showed rounded grains and increased maturity References owing to longer transport. Change in non- Dey, S., Gajapathy Rao, and Veerbhaskar, D., 2008, clastic facies was also prominent as Geochemistry of Shales from intracratonic Kaladgi- Bhima Basins, Karnataka, Southern India as an crystalline limestone occurring in between indicator of Palaeoweathering and evolution of clastic sequences at Lokapur town. Dharwar craton. Journal Geological Society of India, Development of intergranular coarsening v. 71, p. 483. along grain boundary indicates slight Jayaprakash, A. and others (1987), Geology of amount of metamorphism of the rocks at Kaladgi-Badami basin, Karnataka; Purana Basins of India, Journal Geological Society of India, Memoir, v. central region of the basin (Fig.3). 6. P. 201 Kale, V.S. and Phansalkar, V.G., 1991, Purana basins Conclusion: On the basis of field of peninsular India: a review, Basin research observations and thin section study the Patil Pillai S. and Kale V.S., 2011, Seismites in the following interpretation can be made. Lokapur Subgroup of the Proterozoic Kaladgi Basin, South India. Sedimentary Geology.

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Detrital modes and clay mineralogy of Lower Gondwana rocks in parts of West Kameng district, Arunachal Pradesh; implications for provenance and tectonic setting

Gogoi, M. and Sarmah, R. K.

Department of Applied Geology, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh-786004, West Bengal. [email protected]

Introduction: Permian lower Gondwana Himalayan low grade metamorphic rocks rocks of West Kameng district of Arunachal are placed over the Gondwana sequence by Pradesh shows significant difference in its Bomdila Thrust (Goswami, et al., 2013). tectonic setting than other parts of Arunachal Himalayas. Results of Geologic context of the samples: The petrography and clay mineralogy are Bhareli formation occurs as a linear belt in presented in this paper. the study area and it consists of medium to fine grain feldspathic sandstone, Interbedded with grey to dark grey shale thinly laminated siltstone and coaly lenses and coal seams (Acharya, et al., 1975). According to Anand, et al., (1988), these sediments are often folded in nature due to affected by Himalayan tectonism. Representative samples of sandstone and shale are collected from road sections and stream sections.

Petrography and Clay mineralogy: Figure 1: Field photograph of the Bhareli Formation of Lower Gondwana succession Representative samples of these rocks are collected and studied for petrography and Regional geology and Tectonic setting: clay mineralogy. To carry out XRD analysis Stratigraphically, the Gondwana succession of clay fractions of the rocks, samples were of the study area has been divided into two prepared by disintegration and crushing formations, viz., the Bichom Formation and followed by removing silt fraction through the Bhareli Formation (Fig.1) (Kesari, et al. sieving. 2010). Sarma, et al., (2014), says that both Bichom and Bhareli sequences are weakly Results and Discussion: The detrital modes metamorphosed and deformed, also of the sandstones indicate dominance of Bichom is marine influenced but bhareli is monocrystalline quartz with subordinate continental. In the study area, the Bhareli amounts of polycrystalline quartz (Fig.2). Formations of Lower Gondwana is well The quartz grains are sub-angular to sub- exposed between Pinjoli and Sessa stretch rounded with variable shape and size. Rock on the Balipara-Charduar-Tawang (BCT) fragments are mostly metamorphic and road under West Kameng district. The sedimentary in nature with cherts. Both Gondwana succession is bounded between detrital and diagenetic mica and minor the Bomdila thrust and MBT. Lesser feldspar grains are observed. Texturally, the

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34th Convention, Indian Association of Sedimentologists Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati; 19-21, December, 2017; Extended Abstracts’ Volume sandstones are poorly to sub mature in metamorphic source in quartoze recycle character. XRD analysis of clays and clayey with affinity more towards craton interior. The sandstones are classified as quartz wacke to lithic greywacke.

Acknowledgements Authors sincere gratitude to Dibrugarh University authority for providing qualitative XRD data analysis. Under DRS SAP II partial financial assistance received for carrying out field work is duly acknowledged by authors. Authors are also highly thankful to Prof. T. K. Goswami, Head of the Department of Applied Geology, Dibrugarh University for allow to carry out the research with all the laboratory facilities. Figure 2: Photomicrograph showing predominantly microcrystalline quartz along with polycrystalline References quartz and detrital mica flakes. Acharya, S.K., Ghosh, S.C., Ghosh, R.N. and Shah, S.C., 1975, The continental Gondwana Group and matrix of sandstones shows variable associated marine sequence of Arunachal Pradesh (NEFA) Eastern. Himalayan Geology, v. 5, p. 60-82. proportion of illite, smectite, mix layer mica Anand-Prakash, Singh, T., Srivastava, S.C., 1988, along with non-clay minerals like goethite, Occurrence of faunal coal balls in Gondwana quartz, gypsum (Fig.3). sediments (Permian) of Arunachal Himalaya, India. International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 9, p. 305- 314. Goswami, T.K. and Bezbaruah, D., 2013, Siwalik foreland fold and thrust belt along Kameng River section, Arunachal Pradesh: a field guide. South East Asian journal of Sedimentary Basin Research, v. 1, p. 100-112. Kesari, G.K., Dasgupta, G., Prakash, H.S. M., Mohanti, B.K., Lahiri, S., Ray, J.N., 2010, Geology and mineral resources of Arunachal Pradesh. Geological Survey of India, Misc. Publication, No. 30 Part IV Vol I(i) Arunachal Pradesh, p. 54. Sarma, K.P., Bhattacharjee, S., Nandy, S., Konwar, P., and Mazumdar, N., 2014, Structure, stratigraphy and Figure 3: X-ray diffractogram of clay sample (3.a) magnetic susceptibility of Bomdila Gneiss, Western of the study area. Arunachal Himalaya, India. Journal Geological

Society of India, v. 84, p. 544-554. Conclusion: Tectonic discrimination diagram reveal that the sediments are

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Depositional environment and provenance characterization of Palaeo- Mesoproterozoic Tadpatri Formation, Cuddapah Basin, India

Mitra, R1., Chakrabarti, G2. and Shome, D1.

1Department of Geological Sciences, Jadvapur University, Kolkata-700032, West Bengal. [email protected], [email protected] 2Education Directorate, Government of West Bengal, Kolkata-700091, West Bengal. [email protected]

Introduction: Proterozoic Cuddapah Basin Materials and Methods: Field is featured by various clastic and carbonate investigations have been made for detailed facies which are mainly formed due to the Sedimentological studies. Total eleven combined process of tidal and storm events samples of shale have been collected and with fluctuating sea level conditions. The analyzed for geochemistry. main objective the work is to highlight the sedimentary evolution of the Tadpatri Sedimentation: Total ten facies have been Formation in order to better understand identified on the basis of lithological the development of Cuddapah Basin during characteristics, viz., (a) shale with Palaeo-Mesoproterozoic time. interbedded sandstone facies, (b) massive shale facies, (c) laminated shale facies, (d) Geological settings: The Tadpatri calcareous shale facies, (e) ferruginous Formation of Cuddapah Basin is mainly shale facies, (f) quartzite facies, (g) massive exposed in the western part of the basin dolomite facies, (h) fine laminated dolomite and overlies the Pulivendla Formation with facies, (i) domal stromatolite facies and (j) a gradational contact (Fig.1). It is columnar stromatolite facies. dominantly composed of mixed clastic- carbonate group of rocks with intruded sill Geochemistry: Table 1, represents the bodies. A large variety of shale (like major oxides data of the Tadpatri shale siliciclastic, calcareous, ferruginous) is samples (n=11). Correlation matrix of major dominantly present in this formation. The oxides of the Tadpatri Shales exhibit SiO2 limestone units are thinly laminated to domal and columnar stromatolite bearing. Oxides Min. Max. Avg. SiO2 52.83 80.32 62.25 TiO2 0.17 0.65 0.51 Al2O3 2.50 21.87 16.20 Fe2O3 3.53 15.32 6.94 MnO 0.01 0.16 0.05 MgO 0.01 4.73 3.02 CaO 0.15 16.34 1.73 Na2O 0.01 3.47 1.31 K2O 0.16 8.10 3.25 P2O5 0.02 0.16 0.08 LOI 0.50 10.52 4.19 CIA 68.10 92.38 74.39 K2O/ Al2O3 0.06 0.39 0.18

Figure 1: North-western part of Cuddapah Basin Al2O3/ TiO2 14.71 38.49 30.78 showing location of the measured section Table 1: Range of major oxides data of Tadpatri investigated in this study (modified after Survey of shales (n=11) India Quadrangle map number 57E, 1981; 1:250000 scale)

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has a negative correlation with TiO2, Al2O3, diagram (Fig.2b) reflect that most of the MgO, CaO, Na2O and K2O whereas it has a Tadpatri shales are derived from the felsic positive correlation with Fe2O3, MnO and source rocks (granite to granodiorite). P2O5. However, TiO2, MgO, Na2O and K2O display positive correlation with Al2O3. This implies that the distribution of Na2O, K2O, TiO2 and MgO within the rock is possibly controlled by Al2O3. As K2O/ Al2O3 ratio in some shale samples are near to the upper limit of clay mineral (0.30), therefore illite is considered as the most dominant clay Figure 2 a: Molecular proportions of A-CN-K diagram for Tadpatri shales b: Al2O3 versus TiO2 diagram for mineral for Tadpatri shales (Chakrabarti, et source rock identification al. 2009). Conclusion: Clastic sediments of the Discussion: Shale with interbedded Tadpatri Formation are derived from felsic sandstone and laminated shale facies source rocks (possibly from Eastern indicate alternating conditions from periods Dharwar craton) which suffered intense of fair weather to storm events in subtidal weathering during Palaeo-Mesoproterozoic regime. Massive, calcareous and time. The overall depositional milieu of the ferruginous shale facies deposited in a low Tadpatri Formation is shallow marine energy condition of intertidal environment. shelfal set-up (subtidal-intertidal regime). The quartzite facies is associated with sigmoidal cross bedding and ripple marks, Acknowledgements suggest deposition in an intertidal The authors are grateful to DST for financial support environment. Based on stromatolite vide PURSE (Phase-II) program. All the samples are analyzed in NCESS, Thrivananthapuram. associations, tepee structures and micrite dominancy it is inferred that all the References dolomite facies deposited within upper to Chakrabarti, G., Shome, D., Bauluz, B. and Sinha, S., 2009, lower intertidal regime (Chakrabarti, et al. Provenance and Weathering History of Mesoproterozoic Clastic Sedimentary Rocks from the Basal Gulcheru 2015; Jadoon, et al. 2017). Formation, Cuddapah Basin, India. Journal Geological Society of India, v. 74, p. 119-130. CIA value computed for Tadpatri shales are Chakrabarti, G., Eriksson, P.G., Shome, D., 2015, Sedimentation in the Papaghni Group of rocks in the relatively high and suggest intense Papaghni sub-basin of the Proterozoic Cuddapah Basin, weathering of the source rocks (Table 1). In India. Precambrian Basins of India: Stratigraphic and A-CN-K diagram (Fig.2a) some of the shale Tectonic Context. Geological Society of London, Memoris, v. 43, p. 255-267. samples plotted near to the Al2O3-K2O line, Jadoon, Q.K., Roberts, E.M., Henderson, B., Blenkinsop, also indicates intense weathering of the T.G., Wust, R.A.J. and Mtelela, C., 2017, Lithological and source rocks. facies analysis of the Roseneath and Murteree shales, Cooper Basin, Australia. Journal of Natural Gas Science and Engineering, v. 37, p. 138-168. Al2O3/TiO2 ratio and the plotting of the shale samples in the Al2O3 versus TiO2

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Facies association and diagenetic features as Paleodepth indicator in Neo- Proterozoic Narji Limestone, Cuddapah Basin, India

Roy, A1., Chakrabarti, G2. and Shome, D1.

1Department of Geological Sciences, Jadvapur University, Kolkata-700032, West Bengal. [email protected], [email protected] 2Education Directorate, Government of West Bengal, Kolkata-700091, West Bengal. [email protected]

Introduction: The Narji Formation belongs metasomatism (Fig.1). The pore spaces to the Kurnool Group of Proterozoic produced during dissolution are plugged by Cuddapah Basin and gradationally overlies calcite cement during later stage of the Banganapalli Quartzite. It is dominated diagenesis. by limestone with relatively less amount of ferruginous sandstone and shale.The main objective of this extended abstract is to highlight the sedimentation, diagenetic variations of rock bodies within Narji Formation. Detailed sediment- logical investigation was carried out in and around Patapadu-Yaganti hills at the backdrop of the famous Sri Yaganti Uma Maheswara Temple in Kurnool District of Andhra Pradesh.

Figure 1: Cross-cutting neomorphic cement spar Sedimentation: Based on sedimentological, within micrite. mineralogical and petrographical analyses six lithofacies are identified, i.e., 1) intra- formational conglomerate facies, 2) massive limestone facies, 3) laminated limestone facies, 4) flaggy limestone facies, 5) calcareous shale facies and 6) heterolithic facies.

Diagenetic features: The diagenetic feature includes physical and mechanical compaction showing dewatering of grains, grain orientation and deformation whereas Figure 2: Intraformational conglomerate with haphazardly oriented tabular clast. chemical compaction led to reduction in porosity (Ali and Mohamed, 2013). The Discussion: Based on calcareous muddy grain to grain contact becomes more matrix and poorly sorted tabular shaped complex with an increase in degree of micritic clasts (Fig.2) is inferred that intra- diagenesis. Recrystallisation is observed in formational conglomerate deposited in an the form of aggrading neomorphism extended subtidal environment (high (micrite to microspar). Cross cutting mosaic energy storm events). Massive limestone of neomorphic spar fabric is common, facies is associated with pyrite and shows reflects various degree of alteration and later stage of diagenesis in the form of

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34th Convention, Indian Association of Sedimentologists Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati; 19-21, December, 2017; Extended Abstracts’ Volume dolomitiztion (Fig.3), inferred deposited in glauconitic and ferruginous quartzite veins subtidal environment. indicates deposition is in nearshore (intertidal) environment (Chakrabarti, et al., 2015).

The limestones have undergone numerous diagenetic changes including compaction, cementation, micritization, neomorphism and secondary porosity through different diagenetic zones starting from shallow to deep burial.

Conclusion: The carbonates of the Narji Formation are influenced by multiple Figure 3: Dolomitization towards fenestral porosity episodes of diagenesis. The overall within massive carbonate facies. depositional milieu of the carbonate Laminated limestone is dominated by platform of Narji formation is intertidal - carbonate mud, micrite and occurred in an subtidal regime. association with hummocky cross- stratification and glauconite, indicates Acknowledgements The authors are grateful to DST for financial support deposition in a shallow marine condition, vide PURSE (Phase-II) program. Sincere thanks are possibly intertidal environment. The matrix also being accorded to Jadavpur University, Kolkata of the flaggy limestone is structureless and for providing infrastructural support. composed of massive micrite and chert nodules, suggest deposition in a restricted References shallow subtidal environment. Crudely Chakrabarti, G., Eriksson, P.G. and Shome, D., 2015, Sedimentation in the Papaghni Group of rocks in the laminated calcareous shale facies mainly Papaghni sub-basin of the Proterozoic Cuddapah composed of carbonate mud, reflects their Basin, India. Precambrian Basins of India: deposition in a calm, low energy condition Stratigraphic and Tectonic Context. Geological in near shore setting. Heterolithic facies is Society of London, Memoris, v. 43, p. 255-267. essentially interbedded with carbonate and Ali, C.A. and Mohamed, K.R., 2013, Microfacies and diagenesis in the Setul Limestone on Langkawi and mud layer and found in association with Perlis, Bulletin of the Geological Society of Malaysia, v. 59, p.59-66.

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Facies association as evident from stromatolite morphology inferring palaeo- ramp evolution during Vempalle Formation, Cuddapah Basin, Andhra Pradesh, India

Bose, S1., Chakrabarti, G2. and Shome, D1.

1Department of Geological Sciences, Jadavpur University, Kolkata-700032, West Bengal. [email protected], [email protected] 2Education Directorate, Government of West Bengal, Kolkata-700091, West Bengal. [email protected]

Introduction: Cuddapah Basin is a starts with quartzite and ends with polyhistoric intracratonic Proterozoic basin, dolomite or shale /phyllite (Nagarajarao, et and second largest among the Purana al., 1987). (Proterozoic) basins (Kale, 1991). The Vempalle Formation of Cuddapah Stromatolite morphology: mainly four Supergroup is dominated by carbonate basic shapes of stromatolites were found. sedimentation and stromatolites. The facies i.e., (a) flat laminated, (b) domal, (c) associations, in an around Rayalcheru circle columnar and (d) conical. (Fig.2, 3) area (Fig.1) and the vast morphological varieties of stromatolite growth gives the clue of continuous gradual rise of sea level with little or no terrestrial influx during the deposition and evolution of open coast

ramp of Vempalle Formation. Figure 2: Different stromatolite morphologies.

Figure 3: (a) flat laminated stromatolite, (b) domal stromatolite, (c) columnar stromatolite, (d) conical stromatolite.

Figure 1: Detail of the northern Papaghni sub-basin Facies variation: Eleven (11) depositional showing location of the measured sections facies have been delineated on the basis of investigated in the study. lithology and sedimentary structures i.e., (i) columnar stromatolite facies., (ii) domal Lithology: The Cuddapah Supergroup is stromatolite facies., (iii) conical predominantly argillaceous and arenaceous stromatolite facies., (iv) corrugated sequence with subordinate calcareous stromatolite facies., (v) massive dolomite sediments. Characteristically each group

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34th Convention, Indian Association of Sedimentologists Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati; 19-21, December, 2017; Extended Abstracts’ Volume facies., (vi) dolomite with interbedded sand dolomite with interbedded sand and mud and mud facies., (vii) laminate facies., (viii) facies. Conical stromatolite facies represent heterolithic facies., (ix) intraclastic deeper subtidal deposition. Broad conglomerate facies., (x) oolitic grainstone development and distribution of facies., (xi) cherty dolomite facies. stromatolites are distinctly related to the partitioning of water depth and water Facies association: Four genetically related energy across the ramp. facies associations i.e., (a) intertidal, (b) subtidal, (c) supratidal, (d) peritidal have Conclusions: During entire period of been identified to aid palaeo depositional Vempalle sedimentation, sea level was environment interpretation. This grouping never static. Facies associations and is based on observed vertical facies stromatolite morphology shows that the succession, lateral facies transition, nature Vempalle Formation is deposited in an and geometry of bedding contact and open coast tidal flat depositional sedimentary structures. environment.

Discussion: The field observations and Acknowledgements petrographic analysis have elucidated the The authors are thankful to the UGC vide grant no. 5-44/2007(BSR) for the financial support. Sincere broad nature of the depositional thanks are also being accorded to Jadavpur environment. The facies association along University, Kolkata for providing infrastructural with stromatolite morphology clearly support. demonstrates that the Vempalle Formation is deposited in a tidal flat depositional References setting (Chakrabarti, et al., 2014). The Kale, V., 1991, Constraints on the evolution of the Purana basins of peninsular India. Journal of the present study has revealed that the Geological Society of India, v. 38, p. 231–252. shallowest of these facies association Nagaraja Rao, B.K., Rajurkar, S.T., Ramalingaswamy, (supratidal to upper intertidal) consists of G., and Ravindra Babu, B., 1987, Stratigraphy, the laminites and heterolithic facies, which structure and evolution of the Cuddapah basin. are then replaced in the intertidal to Memoir, Journal Geological Society of India, v. 6, p. 33–86. subtidal zone by columnar stromatolite Chakrabarti G., Shome D., Kumar S., Stephens, G.M. facies, oolitic grainstone facies, domal III and Kah, L.C., 2014, Carbonate platform stromatolite facies, massive dolomite development in a Palaeoproterozoic extensional facies, corrugated stromatolite facies, basin, Vempalle Formation, Cuddapah Basin, India. intraclastic conglomerate facies, and Journal Asian Earth Science, v. 91, p. 263–279.

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Transgressive-regressive cycles in Early Permian coal-bearing Barakar Formation, Raniganj Coalfield, India; implications on paleogeography

Bhattacharya, B.

Department of Earth Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee-247667, Uttrakhand. [email protected], [email protected]

Introduction: The present study focuses on systems tract, attesting start of marine the Permian coal-bearing Barakar encroachment into the fluvial system. Formation, which bears signatures of base Further onlapping of marine tide-wave level fluctuations in the form of multiple influenced depositional systems produced a transgressive-regressive (T-R) cycles. tide-influenced early transgressive to wave- influenced late transgressive systems tracts Facies architecture: Permian Barakar (TST-1 and TST-2, respectively), leading to succession in the Raniganj Coalfield reveals significant landward shift of the marine twelve facies types distributed in four facies depositional systems under a condition of associations (Bhattacharya, et al., 2012), rising base level and net accommodation attesting deposition in four distinct sub- creation. environments, namely – a) basal braided fluvial channel system, b) meandering Conclusion: Shift from regressive to fluvial channels leading to bay head delta transgressive estuarine system is attributed system, c) central estuary basin system with to change in accommodation space caused fluvial-tidal interactions and d) an estuary by mutual interactions of, i) base level mouth coastal system with wave-tide fluctuations in response to climatic interactions. Overall progradational to amelioration and ii) basinal tectonisms retrogradational facies successions from (exhumation/ sagging) (Bhattacharya, et al., bottom to top reveal systematic change in 2016) related to post-glacial isostatic base level and net accommodation. adjustments in the riftogenic Gondwana basins. T-R Cycles: Complete Barakar succession show two distinct 3rd order T-R cycles, Acknowledgements recording one dominant base level Financial support from DST-SERB in the form of FASTTRACK Research Project and from IIT fluctuation from falling condition to the Roorkee. next rise. References Discussion: Formation of a falling stage Bhattacharya, B., Bandyopadhyay, S., Mahapatra, S. systems tract (FSST) and fluvial-influenced and Banerjee, S., 2012, Record of tide wave low stand systems tract (LSTf) near the influence on coal bearing Permian Barakar Formation, Raniganj Basin, India. Sedimentary lower part of the succession indicates Geology, v. 267-268, p. 25-35. lowering of base level with predominant Bhattacharya, B., Bhattacharjee, J., Banerjee, S., fluvial sedimentation. Sustained marine Bandyopadhyay, S. and Das, R., 2016, Seismites in influences under rising base level led to a Permian Barakar Formation, Raniganj Basin, India: tide-influenced bay-head delta, comprising implications on Lower Gondwana basin evolution. Arabian Journal of Geosciences, v. 9, p. 1-13. the next part of progradational to aggradational, tidally-influenced lowstand

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Lithofacies and petrographic studies of Sawa Formation, Lower Vindhyan, Southeastern Rajasthan, India

Khan, A.

Department of Geology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh-202002, Uttar Pradesh. [email protected]

Introduction: The Meso-Neoproterozoic Discussion: The matrix supported Vindhyan basin located in the central part conglomerate and interbedded sandstone of India is considered as one of the largest attributed point source alluvial fan and and thickest Proterozoic basins of India braided streams gravelly –sandy bars on (Ray, 2006). The Vindhyan succession coastal plain and/or estuaries. The clast mainly comprises of conglomerate, supported conglomerate comprising sandstone shale and limestone. The rounded to well-rounded packed quartzose succession is predominantly pebbles. The conglomerate and enclosed unmetamorphosed and mildly deformed. pebbly sandstone show planar, undulating The entire succession has been broadly to gently scoured base, implying deposition divided into two lithostratigraphic units. largely in high energy shallow water The Lower Vindhyan or the Semri Group shoreline environment. and the Upper Vindhyan comprising of the Kaimur, Rewa, and Bhander Groups, each The Sawa Sandstones are mostly medium separated by conglomerate units. The Sawa to coarse, sub-angular to sub-rounded, Formation (ca. 60 m thick) which belongs to moderately to moderately well sorted and Lower Vindhyan consists of white, brown texturally sub-mature to immature. Both sandstone (Sawa sandstone), overlies floating and interlocking grains are present. Bhagwanpura Limestone Formation with Interlocking grains show point contact, long sharp non-depositional contact Prasad contact, concavo-convex and suture (1984). The formation crops out as narrow contact (Fig.1). discontinuous linear ridges trending north- south parallel to regional strike dipping towards east.

Geological context of the samples: Total four lithofacies were recognized on the basis of primary sedimentary structures and clasts size namely: 1) Matrix supported conglomerate; 2) Clast supported conglomerate; 3) Pebbly cross-bedded sandstone and 4) shale facies. Total 20 representative sandstones samples were analyzed for their petofacies and textural attributes. For petrofacies analysis detrital Figure 1: Photomicrographs showing A) long mode were recalculated to 100 percent by contact, B) long and point contacts, C) sutured summing up of Qt, Qm, F, L and Lt following contact, D) Floating grains, E) Muscovite, F) the Dickinson’s (1985) method. Kaolinite, G) Silica Overgrowth, H) Zircon and I) Microcline grains

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The sandstones are mainly quartzarenite, high grade metamorphic rocks. Probable subarkose and litharenite in characters. Qt- provenance of these sandstones is eroded F-L plot indicate a continental block and weathered parts of mainly Banded provenance and clustering around Qt apex Gneissic Complex and Aravalli Mobile Belts. suggests a stable continental craton source Qt-F-L plot indicate a continental block and more specially a craton interior provenance and clustering around Qt apex provenance. Qm-F-Lt diagram shows that further suggests a stable continental craton most of the samples also fall in stable source and more specially a craton interior craton of the continental block provenance provenance. Qm-F-Lt diagram shows that field and few in recycled orogen most of the samples also fall in stable provenance field. craton of the continental block provenance field and few in recycled orogen Conclusions: The associated facies including provenance field. Overall, the petrofacies shale show current, wave and storm study reveals that these sediments were dominated bedding types and sedimentary derived mainly from craton interior and structures of upper shoreface, lagoonal continental block orogen provenance. subenvironments, respectively. Paleocurrents show cross-bedding foreset Acknowledgements I am thankful to the Chairman, Department of orientation as bimodal to trimodal and Geology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh for locally unimodal. providing necessary research facilities. I am indebted to Prof. S. M. Casshyap and Prof. M. Raza for their The occurrence of several ridges of constant help and encouragement at every stage of this work. sandstone, facies association and paleocurrent reveal that the sediments References were deposited under point sourced alluvial Dickinson, W. R., 1985, Interpreting provenance fan leading to shoreline/shelf type fan relations from detrital mode of sandstone, In: G. G. deltaic environments. Zuffa (Ed.), Provenance of Arenites, D. Reidel, Dordrecht, p. 331-361. Detrital mineralogy consists of several Prasad, B., 1984, Geology, sedimentation and paleogeography of Vindhyan supergroup, SE, varieties of quartz, feldspar, rock fragments Rajasthan. Memoir. Journal Geological Survey of and mica derived mainly from varying India, v. 16, p. 1-107. source lithology including plutonic Ray, J. S., 2006, Age of Vindhyan Supergroup: A basement to meta sedimentary rocks which review of recent findings. Journal Earth System represent granite, quartzite gneiss, low and Science, v. 115 (1), p. 149-160.

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Sedimentological attributes of the Dewar Lake and its depositional history

Bisht, K. and Kotlia, B. S.

Department of Geology (CAS), Kumaun University, Nainital-263001, Uttarakhand. [email protected], [email protected]

Introduction: The sedimentation model of The grain size analysis was carried out in the Dewar Lake has been established by the Malvern Mastersizer 2000. To the sedimentological studies. The determine various grain size parameters, tectonically formed lake has Quaternary GRADISTAT software (Blott and Pye, 2001) deposits and is estimated to be of was used. Values for average grain size, Holocene age. It is located in Gopeshwar kurtosis, skewness and standard deviation (N30°25’31.5”, E79°20’50”), Chamoli were attained. On the basis of textural district (Fig.1). The terrain is dominantly and physical characteristics of the quartzite and limestone. sediment, the lake core is divided into different lithofacies.

Discussion: The Dewar Lake shows dominantly three major lithofacies namely sandy silt (8 to 17 cm), silty sand (40-80 cm) thick and silty clay (12-21 cm). These lithofacies vary in their thickness and grain size parameters reflecting different modes of their deposition.

Sandy silt horizons are 8 to 17 cm thick.

Figure 1: Location of Dewar lake The sediments here are very poorly sorted, finely skewed and meso to Geologic context of the samples: The 3.6 leptokurtic in nature. These reflect m core extracted from the Dewar lake, deposition under unstable energy dominantly comprises of silt, sand and clay conditions. The low water level conditions represented by dark grey to light grey of the lake prevailed during this kind of coloured laminated sediments (Fig.2) with deposition (Henriksen, et al., 2008). peat, organic matter, ostracodes and plant The silty sand is the dominant lithofacies remains and is divisible into three major (40-80 cm). These occur both as laminated lithofacies which show cyclic repetition and non-laminated sediments. They are throughout the core. Each cycle shows very poorly sorted, finely to symmetrically overall coarsening upward. skewed showing variability in the kurtosis ranging from meso to lepto to platykurtic Grain size analysis: On the basis of the in nature. These reflect deposition in low lithological variation, a total of 60 samples energy conditions and maximum water (each 1-2 gm) were selected from the lake level (Henriksen, et al., 2008). core for grain size analysis. The samples were treated with H2O2 solution for 12 Silty clay horizons occur towards the top hours and thoroughly rinsed with distilled of the lake core. 12 to 21 cm in thickness, water to avoid contamination. these are enriched in peat. These are

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Figure 2: Litholog of Dewar lake with grain size (%) temporal

poorly sorted, finely to symmetrical to basin system which was affected by coarsely skewed and mesokurtic to fluctuating water and energy conditions. leptokurtic to platykurtic in nature. These horizons represent high water content and Acknowledgements Authors are thankful to the lake coring team (Drs. incomplete aeration (Huat, 2004). Anoop Kumar Singh, Bernd Wünnemann, Vinod Nautiyal and his associates as well as Dada Yan) The sandy silt and silty sand shows cyclic for lake coring and to the Director, Wadia Institute of Himalayan Geology, Dehradun for providing the repetition in the lower 220 cm of the lake lab facilities for granulometric analysis. core. Whereas in the upper 140 cm, the silty sand and silty clay show alteration. References These suggests rapid water level Blott, S.J. and Pye, K., 2001, Gradistat: a grain size fluctuations in the lower extreme while in distribution and statistics package for the analysis the upper 140 cm, the fluctuation seems of unconsolidated sediments. Earth Surface less and the water level was sufficient to Processes and Landforms, v. 26, p. 1237–1248. Henriksen, M., Mangerud, J., Matiouchkov, A., deposit silty sand and silty clay. Towards Murray, A. S., Paus, A. and Svendsen, J. I., 2008, the top the energy was low favouring life Intriguing climatic shifts in a 90 kyr old lake record to prevail. from northern Russia. Boreas, v. 37, p. 20–37. 10.1111/j. 1502-3885.2007.00007.x. ISSN 0300- Conclusions: The sedimentological 9483. Huat, B.B.K., 2004, Organic and Peat Soils attributes reveal that the sediments of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia Press, Dewar Lake deposited in a shallow, closed Serdang Malaysia.

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Depositional trends of Middle Jurassic condense sequence of Chorar Island, eastern Kachchh basin, Patan district, Gujarat, western India

Darngawn, J. L., Patel, S. J., Joseph, J. K. and Shitole, A. D.

Department of Geology, The M.S. University of Baroda, Vadodara-390002, Gujarat. [email protected]

Introduction: Chorar Island is situated on and upper Gadhada Formations (Fig.2). the fringe of eastern Kachchh Basin and Previous is exposed in a small elliptical exposes Middle Jurassic (Bajocian to dome, south west and north of Avaal village Callovian) sediments. An attempt has been (Fig.1), while later at the periphery of the made for the first time to analyse this basin dome. margin condensed sequence using sedimentological and ichnological data to Sedimentology: Chorar Island comprises of deduce the depositional trends. shales, friable & ferruginous sandstones; with mixed siliciclastic-carbonate sediments. It is divided into nine lithofacies viz., ferruginous sandstone, friable sandstone, shale, micritic sandstone, allochemic sandstone, sandy micrite, sandy allochemic limestone, coralline limestone and mudstone. Except shale facies, the sequence is characterized by physical and biogenic structures and body fossils of molluscs, coral and echinoids.

Ichnology: Total 16 ichnogenera were identified viz., Didymaulichnus, Arenicolites, Diplocraterion, Asterosoma, Palaeophycus, Protovirgularia, Curvolithus, Gyrochorte, Lockeia, Halopoa, Hillichnus, Megagrapton, Planolites, Rhizocorallium, Thalassinoides & Skolithos revealing five ichnoassemblages (Gyrochorte, Skolithos, Hillichnus, Rhizocorallium & Thalassinoides) which indicate sets of environmental conditions representing Skolithos and Cruziana Figure 1: Location and Geological map of the study Ichnofacies. area (Modified after Biswas 2016). Sequence stratigraphy: Chorar Island Geological setting: Chorar Island situated in displayed condensed sequence of Bajocian Patan district formed the eastern most part to Callovian which represent III order T-R of the island belt of Kachchh basin (Fig.1). It cycles. Sedimentological & ichnological is a peri-cratonic East-West trending rift evidences are used to analyse the T-R basin (Biswas, 2005). Chorar Island sequence which shows maximum flooding comprises of 109m thick Middle Jurassic surfaces as its boundaries (Embry, 2002). sequence which is divided into lower Khadir The sequence displays two T-R cycle (Fig.2)

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34th Convention, Indian Association of Sedimentologists Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati; 19-21, December, 2017; Extended Abstracts’ Volume consisting of one transgression (TST - II) and RST-II) is formed during the Late Bathonian- two regressions (RST-I and RST-II). Callovian time where the top of TST-II marks the MFS. TST-II is developed in Hadibhadang Sandstone Member during the Late Bathonian time. It mainly consists of thick bedded bioturbated sandy allochemic limestone overlain by coralline limestone and thinly bedded mudstone. Trace fossils (Arenicolites, Palaeophycus, Skolithos, Gyrochorte, Megagrapton and Thalassinoides) represent Cruziana Ichnofacies and body fossil (coral) indicating deepening of sea from middle shoreface to offshore due to global rise in sea level (Haq, et al., 1987) RST-II is developed in Ratanpur Sandstone Member during the Callovian time. It mainly consists of thick bedded friable sandstone and ferruginous sandstone facies. These facies are bioturbated and represents to Skolithos Ichnofacies (Skolithos, Planolites, Arenicolites and Rhizocorallium) which

Figure 2: Composite log of Chorar Island indicate the moderate wave energy condition in middle shoreface. The First T-R Cycle shows numbers of small scale coarsening upward sequences in RST-I Conclusion: Rift basin margin displayed during the Bajocian-Early Bathonian time, condensed sequence which shows two T-R whereas TST-I is unexposed. RST-I is a shale Cycles developed in shoreface-offshore dominated sequence of Hadibhadang Shale environments. The TST-II of TRC-II grades to Member which is deposited in lower offshore environment due to rise in the shoreface environment. The upper part of global sea level. RST-I is dominated by mix siliciclastic- carbonate facies (SAL, SM, MS) which are References highly bioturbated (Biformites, Lockeia, Biswas, S.K., 2005, A review of structure and tectonics of Kutch basin with special reference to Hillichnus, Rhizocorallium, Arenicolite, earthquakes. Current Science, v. 88(10), p. 1592- Asterosoma, Curvolithus, Thalassinoides, 1600. Palaeophycus, Halopoa, and Embry, A., 2002, Transgressive-Regressive (T-R) Didymaulichnus) and represent Cruziana Sequence Stratigraphy, In: Armentrout, J and Rosen, Ichnofacies. The sedimentological and N., (eds.), Sequence stratigraphic models for exploration and production: Gulf Coast SEPM ichnological evidences indicate Middle Conference Proceedings, Houston, p. 151-172. shoreface environment. The top of the first Haq, B.U., Hardenbol, J. and Vail, P.R., 1987, T-R Cycle is marked by sequence boundary Chronology of fluctuating sea levels since the MRS at the base of thick sandy allochemic Triassic. Science, v. 235, p. 1156–1166. limestone. The second T-R Cycle (TST-II and

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Lithofacies and ichnofacies analysis of genetically related sequences of the Bagh Group (Late Cretaceous), Narmada District, Gujarat

Shitole, A. D., Patel, S. J., Joseph, J. K. and Darngawn, J. L.

Department of Geology, The M. S. University of Baroda, Vadodara-390002, Gujarat. [email protected]

Introduction: The Bagh Group sediment is Sedimentology: On the basis field exposed in isolated patches in the Lower characteristic and laboratory studies, eight Narmada Valley of Gujarat. It is well sedimentary facies have been identified exposed in the Men river and its tributaries namely, quartz arenite, shale, ferruginous and presently studied at four localities sandstone, micritic sandstone, sandy includes Uchad, Sultanpura, Bhekhadiya micrite, muddy micrite, sandy allochemic and Devaliya villages of Narmada district limestone and mudstone (Fig.2). (Fig.1). This sequence is analysed for sedimentological & ichnological aspects to understand the sequence stratigraphy.

Figure 1: Location and geological map of the study area (after Desai and Brahmbhatt, 1966)

Geology: The Bagh sediments are resting unconformably over quartzites, phyllites and granites of Precambrian and is capped Figure 2: Composite litholog of Men river section displaying facies, trace fossils and genetic sequence. by Deccan traps and Alluvium (Biswas, 1992). It ranges from Cenomanian to Ichnology: Total 15 ichnogenera have been Conician in age and divided into two identified viz. Conichnus, Conostichus, formations, Lower Songir (Mohanfort & Planolites, Archaeonassa, Rhizocorallium, Raisingpur members) and Upper Uchad Palaeophycus, Asterosoma, Oniscoidichnus, (Bilthana & Galesar members) (Ray, 1981). Skolithos, Arenicolites, Lockeia, Taenidium, Lower part mainly comprises of clastic Hartsellea, Curvolithus, and Thalassinoides. sediments while proportion of nonclastic These trace fossils represent dwelling, materials increases towards upward (Fig.2). feeding crawling and resting diverse behavioral patterns.

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Sedimentary cycles and depositional shows presence of Rhizocorallium, trends: The Genetic sequence model Archaeonassa, Arenicolites, Thalassinoides, (Galloway, 1989) displays two phases of Planolites, Palaeophycus, Skolithos and regression (HST-I and HST-II) and two Asterosoma, which indicate the deepest, phases of transgression (TST-I and TST-II); offshore environment. The top of TST-I is top of the TST-I is marked by drowning marked by deposition of mudstone. TST-I is unconformity (DU-I). Genetic sequence-I dominated by micritic sandstone and its top consists of HST-I and TST-I separated by marks the drowning unconformity (DU-I). regressive surface (RS-I) and Genetic HST-II comprises of sandy micrite, micritic sequence-II comprises of HST-II and TST-II sandstone, quartz arenite and ferruginous separated by regressive surface (RS-II). HST- sandstone of shoreface environment. HST-II I comprises of regressive cycles of fourth is overlained by TST-II which comprises of order dominated by presence of trough muddy micrite and mudstone and its top is cross stratified micritic sandstone marked by flooding surface-I. intercalated with shale of foreshore environment. The regressive cycles are Conclusion: Men river section displays two devoid of trace fossils. HST-I is overlained genetic sequences separated by DU-I. by TST-I which comprises of fourth order Genetic sequence - I shows deposits of transgressive cycles and is characterized by forshore, shoreface, offshore transition and thinly and thickly bedded micritic offshore environment. Genetic sequence - sandstone of shoreface at its base and II shows deposits of Lower shoreface & sandy allochemic limestone and mudstone offshore environment. deposits of offshore-transition and offshore zone respectively, at its top. Thinly bedded Acknowledgement The author ADS is indebted to DST for providing the micritic sandstone at the base of TST- I financial support to carry out the present work comprise of sinuous and lunguoid ripples (DST/INSPIRE Fellowship/ 2016/160074). and shows presence of trace fossils like Archaeonassa and Taenidium. References Biswas, S.K., 1982, Rift basins in western margin of Above this lies the thickly bedded micritic India and their hydrocarbon prospects with special sandstone having sinuous ripples and it reference to Kutch basin. AAPG Bulletin, v. 66(10), p. 1497-1513. gradually changes to thinly bedded and Dessai, S.D. and Brahmbhatt, D.T., 1966, A note on indicates deposition in Lower shoreface the occurrence and nature of deposition of Bagh environment. Top of thinly bedded micritic Beds in Gujarat. Journal of M. S. University of sandstone shows presence of Baroda, v. 15, p. 43-45. Thalassinoides, Lockeia, Planolites, Galloway, W.E., 1989, Genetic stratigraphic sequences in basin analysis I: architecture and Palaeophycus, Hartsellea, Conichnus, genesis of flooding-surface bounded depositional Conostichus and Oniscoidichnus which units. American Association of Petroleum Geologists indicate the deepening of sea to lower Bulletin, v. 73, p. 125 – 142. energy environment of offshore-transition Ray, D., 1981, Stratigraphy and sedimentation of the zone. This is succeeded by intercalated Bagh Beds of Lower Narmada valley, Gujarat. Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, The M.S. University of sequence of moderately bioturbated sandy Baroda, Vadodara. allochemic limestone and shale which

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Palaeocurrent and palaeoslope pattern of Permian Barakar and Motur formations in South-Western part of Satpura Basin, Betul District, Madhya Pradesh

Raut, B. H. and Pophare, A. M.

P.G. Department of Geology, RTM Nagpur University, Nagpur-440001, Maharashtra. [email protected]

Introduction: The Gondwana successions of siliciclastic sediments from Permian to of peninsular India accumulated in a Cretaceous (Crookshank, 1936). The number of discrete basins during Permo- Satpura basin is an extensional basin, Triassic period. The essential requisites of relatively long in the ENE-WSW direction Gondwana stratigraphic units are a glacial being marked by the ENE-WSW trending boulder bed to start within most of basin, Son-Narmada south fault in north and Tapti followed by sandstone, shale and coal in north fault in south. ascending sequence in the lower part deposited largely in fluvio-lacustrine This basin is a pull a part basin with left environment. stepping strike-slip zones and the presence of intrabasinal faults (Chakraborty and Fluvial signatures are well preserved in Ghosh, 2005). The basin fed by both Gondwana lithounits and have been widely transverse and axial sediments dispersal used in palaeocurrent analysis. The paleo- pattern. Transverse sediments transport ice transport and palaeocurrent studies pattern are confined to Talchir, Barakar and carried out in different Gondwana basin of Motur strata and axial sediments transport Penninsular India yielded northerly and pattern along with transverse transport north-westerly palaeoslope during early sediments began to take place from Bijori phase of Gondwana sedimentation strata and continue up to Jabalpur strata comprising mostly lower Gondwana facies (Chakraborty and Ghosh, 2005). (Casshyap, 1979; Tewari, 1999). Long live north-westerly palaeoslope was Methodology: The large scale stratification completely reverse during late phase of and small scale cross stratification as Gondwana sedimentation in late directional measure is confined to Barakar Jurassic/Early Cretaceous owing to tectonic and Motur formations that have been used event resulted in widespread faulting and for palaeocurrent analysis. Large scale cross uplift of Permo-Triassic Gondwana stratification constitute one of the most sediments and basement rock (Casshyap, commonly used source of palaeocurrent et al., 1993; Veever and Tewari, 1995; information of clastic sediments. Tewari and Casshyap, 1996). The basic assumption made using cross The present paper aims to describe stratification for palaeocurrent studies is regional palaeocurrent, palaeoslope and that the current flow in the direction of palaeoflow pattern of Permian Barakar and maximum fore-set inclination. Talchir shale Motur sediments of Satpura Basin. having poor exposure and devoid of prominent structural feature in the study Geology of the area: The Satpura basin is area is not considered significant for westernmost Gondwana basin exposed in palaeocurrent interpretation. the Peninsular region encompassing range

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Results and Conclusion: Palaeocurrent References analysis deduced from 1700 cross Casshyap, S.M., 1979, Pattern of Gondwana stratification from Barakar and Motur sedimentation in Gondwana basins. IV International Gondwana Symposium, Calcutta, India. Hindustan Formation in Satpura Basin yielded Publishing, Delhi, v. 2, p. 525-551. northerly and north-westerly palaeocurrent Casshyap, S.M., Tewari, R.C. and Srivastava, V.K., direction and palaeoslope. 1993, Origin and evolution of intracratonic Gondwana basins and their depositional limits in Rose diagrams of palaeocurrent data for relation to Son-Narmada lineament. In: Casshyap et. al. (Eds.) Rifted basins and Aulacogens: Geological Barakar and Motur Formation show strong and Geophysical Approach. Gyanodaya Prakashan, unimodal pattern and moderate to high Nainital, p. 200-215. variability response to deltaic environment Chakraborty, C and Ghosh, S., 2005, Pull-apart origin and braided river in Barakar and braided, of the Satpura Gondwana basin, Central India. low sinuous river for Motur sedimentation. Journal of Earth System Science, v. 114(3), p. 259- 273. The mean palaeocurrent for Barakar Guha, P.K.S., Sengupta, S., Ayyasami, K. and Ghosh, Formation is 320.33° and 297° for Motur R.N. (Eds.), Ninth International Gondwana sandstone. Modest change in mean Symposium, Hyderabad, Geological Survey of India. direction between Barakar and Motur, Oxford and IBH Publishing Co., New Delhi-Calcutta, suggest product of post tectonic stable p. 865-880. Tewari, R.C., 1999, Sedimentary –tectonic status of phase of sedimentation. Deviation in Permian Triassic boundary (250 Ma) in Gondwana statistical parameter between Barakar and stratigraphy of peninsular India. Gondwana Motur may result due to channel flow Research, v. 2(2), p. 185-189. variability, climatic variability, syn- Tewari, R.C. and Casshyap, S.M., 1996, Mesozoic depositional subsidence or shift in tectonic event including rifting in Peninsular India and their bearing on Gondwana sedimentation. In: depositional axis of basin due to tectonic Veevers, J.J. and Tewari, R.C., 1995, Gondwana activity. master basin of peninsular India between Tethys and the interior of Gondwana province of Pangea. Memoirs, Geological Society of America, v. 187, p. 1- 73.

132 34th Convention, Indian Association of Sedimentologists SantGadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati; 19-21, December, 2017; Extended Abstracts’ Volume

Deciphering provenance characteristics of Dhosa Sandstone Member (Chari Formation) at Ler, Kachchh basin, western India.

Ghaznavi A. A1., Ahmad A. H. M1. and Alam M. M2.

1Department of Geology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh-202002, Uttar Pradesh. [email protected], [email protected] 2Department of Civil Engineering, ZH College of Engineering and Technology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh-20200, Uttar Pradesh. [email protected]

Introduction: Reconstructing the parent- rock assemblages of sediments and their climatic physiographic condition is the main aim of provenance analysis studies. Different tectonic settings include their own rock type which on erosion produces sandstones with a particular compositional range. By using framework mineralogy, heavy mineral study and palaeocurrent analysis, a detailed study of the provenance characteristics of the Dhosa Sandstones Member (DSM) at Ler Dome, Kachchh, was carried out.

Geological context of samples: During Figure 1: Tectono- provenance discrimination fragmentation of Gondwanaland, rifting diagrams for Dhosa Sandstone. between India and Africa lead to the formation of the Kachchh Basin in the Late The presence of plagioclase and general Triassic. The sediments range from Bajocian absence of volcanic lithics suggest the to Albian lay unconformably on the granitic source of plagioclase rather than Precambrian basement (Biswas, 1977). The volcanic. The Qnu, Qu, Qp2-3, QP>3 study area of Ler represented mainly by rhombic plot showed a plutonic, medium to Chari and Katrol formations. This member is high grade metamorphic origin and a sandwiched between Gypsiferous Shale granitic source rock. The samples show Member and Dhosa Oolite Member. DSM almost an equal distribution in Qp2-3 and consists of mainly argillaceous coarse silt to Qp>3 apex and data tend to approach the fine-grained sandstones. Qnu vertex. Ratios of non-undulatory quartz to the total monocrystalline quartz Results: The plots of sandstones on Qt-F-L (Qnu/Qm) and polycrystalline to the total (Fig. 1A) and Qm-F-Lt (Fig.1B) suggest that quartz (Qp/Qt) was plotted to know the the detritus of the sandstones were compositional variability throughout the sequestered from the granite-gneisses section (Basu, et al., 1975). The Qnu/Qm exhumed in the craton interior and low to index shows some of the intervening high-grade metamorphosed rocks present samples showing a dip in values with an as supra crustals approaching recycled overall increasing pattern across the orogen provenance collage. section. The Qp/Qt shows a decreasing trend. Heavy mineral percentages were calculated that include zircon, tourmaline,

133 34th Convention, Indian Association of Sedimentologists SantGadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati; 19-21, December, 2017; Extended Abstracts’ Volume rutile, epidote, biotite, muscovite, chlorite, moderate relief. The detritus was derived hornblende, sillimanite, and staurolite in from a mixed tectonoprovenance decreasing order of abundance. comprising deep continental interior block and recycled orogen provenance (Pera, et Discussions: The study shows that these al., 2001). The bipolar palaeocurrent sandstones were derived from a mix pattern indicating a NNE and NNW tectono-provenance comprising deep direction on corroborating with the heavy continental interior block and recycled mineral assemblage shows a mix source orogen provenance. The provenance is comprising both medium to high grade composed of a collage of granitic-gneissic metamorphic as well as granitic rocks that and meta-sedimentary supracrustals. Felsic suggest Aravalli situated in the east and (plutonic) to high grade metamorphic northeast and Nagar Parkar massif on north source rocks for these sandstones has been and northwest of the basin as the source of confirmed by plotting monocrystalline and these sandstones. polycrystalline quartz percentages in the diamond diagram. Compositional variability Acknowledgements: The authors are grateful to the was observed in the litho-section, the lower Chairman, Dept. of Geology, A.M.U.) for providing the necessary facilities during the study. AAG is also units had slightly greater contribution from thankful to the University Grants Commission the metamorphic source than the upper (U.G.C), New Delhi for the award of Senior ones that were derived from a more Research Fellowship. granitic and gneissic source rocks. However, some of the petrographic ratios show that References: Basu, A., Young, S.W. Suttner, L.J., James, W.C. and lower part of section was dominant in Mack, G.H., 1975, Re-evaluation of the use of plutonic source and intermediate ones undulatory extinction and polycrystalanity in detrital were from low rank metamorphic source. quartz for provenance interpretation. Journal of High ZTR index (zircon, tourmaline and Sedimentary Petrology, v. 45, p. 873-882. rutile) showed that favorable geochemical Biswas, S.K., 1977, Mesozoic rock stratigraphy of Kutch. Quarternary Journal of Geological Society of conditions were present for attainment of India, v. 49, p. 1–52. mineralogical maturity (Dickinson, 1985; Dickinson, W.R., 1985, Interpreting relations from Weltje and Eynatten, 2004). The detrital modes of sandstone. In: G.G. Zuffa (Ed.), palaeocurrent trend had a NNW and NNE Provenance of Arenites. Reidel, Dordrecht-Boston- bipolar pattern suggesting Nagarparkar Lancaster, p. 333-361. Pera, E. L, Arribas, J., Critelli, S. and Tortosa, A., complex and the Aravalli Supergroup of 2001, The effects of source rocks and chemical rocks as the possible source of the Dhosa weathering on the petrogenesis of siliciclastic sand Sandstone Member. from Neto River (Calabria, Italy): implications for provenancestudies. Sedimentology, v. 48, p. 357- Conclusions: The sandstone petrofacies 378. DOI:10.1046/j.1365- 3091.2001.00368.x. Weltje, G.J, Eynatten H.V., 2004, Quantitative suggest the source rocks to be granite- provenance analysis of sediments: review and gneiss with some metasedimentary supra outlook. Sedimentary Geology, v. 171, p. 1–11. crustals exposed in topographic edificies of

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Sedimentology of Gangotri Glacier landforms, Garhwal Himalaya, India and its implication for the palaeoclimate

Singh, D. S., Dubey, C. A., Kumar, D. and Vishwakarma, B.

1Centre of Advanced Study in Geology, University of Lucknow, Lucknow-226007, Uttar Pradesh. [email protected]

Introduction: Gangotri Glacier located in sedimentary facies are important tool to Uttarkashi district of Kumaun and Garhwal differentiate between various types of Himalaya is one of the most important and landforms, however, less documented well-studied glaciers (Fig.1). However, there (Lukas, et al., 2012). is no unanimous view for its pattern of retreat, glacial events and palaeoclimate. It The present study explains the sedimentary is believed that this diversity in the opinion facies that describes the physical is because of the complexity in the characteristics of the sediments and identification of landforms and depositional environments of the glacial modification of landscape. and paraglacial landforms in the Gangotri Glacier region.

Discussion: The present study describes that the glacial events has resulted in the evolution of lateral moraine (LM), and recessional moraine (RM), and outwash plain (OWP), while the paraglacial processes are responsible for the formation of debris cone (DC), pillar structures (PS), fluvial deposits (FD), lacustrine deposits (LD) and the flash flood deposits (FFD). The sedimentary facies and geomorphic analysis revealed that LM, RM, DC, PS and FFD

Figure 1: Location map of the Gangotri Glacier area consists of unconsolidated, unstratified, massive, coarse grained, matrix supported It has been observed that the glacial to clast supported boulders which are landforms and landscapes are modified by devoid of any sedimentary structures, the paraglacial processes which evolve as whereas OWP, FD and LD are semi- soon as the glacier vacates its valley (Singh consolidated, stratified, fine grained, layers and Mishra, 2001; Singh, 2004; Singh, of sand, silt, and clay with or without matrix 2013a, 2013b; Singh, 2014; Singh, 2015, supported boulders and sedimentary Singh and Agnihotri, 2016). The paraglacial structures. The sediments are angular, processes, though secondary in origin in a immature and poorly sorted in LM (Singh glaciated terrain are very active and have and Ravindra, 2011a, 2011b), RM, and PS; controlled the landscape evolution of a sub-rounded, immature and poorly sorted glaciated region (Singh and Mishra, 2002a, in DC and FFD; sub-rounded, immature to 2002b; Singh, et al., 2017). The paraglacial mature and moderately sorted in OWP and processes modify the landforms and so DC and rounded and well sorted in FD and create problems in their identification. The LD. The boulders are oriented in OWP, FFD,

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and FD in the direction of flow, whereas, Environmental Dynamics and Impact Events. Nova un-oriented in other geomorphic units. Science Publishers, USA, p. 157-164. Singh, D.S., 2013b, Causes of Kedarnath tragedy and human responsibilities. Journal Geological Society of Conclusions: The results indicate that the India, v. 82(3), p. 303-304. Gangotri Glacier region exhibits complex Singh, D.S., 2014, Surface Processes during flash and varied geomorphic features evolved by floods in the glaciated terrain of Kedarnath, Garhwal glacial and paraglacial sedimentary Himalaya and their role in the modification of landforms. Current Science, v. 106(4), p. 594-597. environments. The glacial and paraglacial Singh, D.S. (2015) Climate Change: Past Present and sedimentary environments are Future. J. Geol. Soc. India., 85:634-635. characterised by a distinctive set of Singh, D.S. and Agnihotri, R., 2016, Climate change in processes and sedimentary facies. It has the Indian perspective and its societal impacts. been concluded that apart from glacial the Current Science, v. 110(6), p. 964. Singh, D.S. and Mishra, A., 2001, Gangotri glacier lacustine, mass movement, fluvial and flash characteristics, retreat and processes of flood processes are very active and sedimentation in the Bhagirathi valley. Geological important sedimentary environments in a Survey of India, v. 65(3), p. 17-20 (Special glaciated region. Publication). Singh, D.S. and Mishra, A., 2002a, Role of Tributary Acknowledgements: The Department of Science and glaciers on landscape modification in the Gangotri Technology (SERB), Government of India is highly Glacier area, Garhwal Himalaya, India. Current acknowledged for financial assistance (SB/DGH- Science, v. 82(5), p. 101-105. 68/2013). We are thankful to the Head, Centre of Singh, D.S. and Mishra, A., 2002b, Gangotri Glacier Advanced Study in Geology, University of Lucknow, system: An analysis using GIS technique. In: Pant CC, Lucknow for providing the working facilities. Sharma AK (eds.), Aspects of Geology and Environment of the Himalaya. Gyanoday Prakashan, Nainital, p. 349-358. References Singh, D.S. and Ravindra, R., 2011a, Control of glacial Lukas, S., Graf, A., Coray, S. and Schluchter, C., 2012, and fluvial environments in the Ny-Alesund region, Genesis, stability and preservation potential of large Arctic. Mausam, v. 62(4), p. 641-646. lateral moraines of Alpine valley glaciers-towards a Singh, D.S. and Ravindra, R., 2011b, Geomorphology unifying theory based on Findelengletscher, of the Midre Loven Glacier, NyAlesund, Svalbard, Switzerland. Quaternary Science Review, p. 38:27- Arctic. In: Singh DS, Chhabra NL (eds.), Geological 48. Processes and Climate Change. Macmillan Publishers Singh, D.S., 2004, Late Quaternary morpho- India Limited, p. 269-281. sedimentary processes in the Gangotri Glacier area, Singh, D.S., Tangri, A.K., Kumar, D., Dubey, C.A. and Garhwal Himalaya, India. Geological Survey of India Bali, R., 2017, Pattern of retreat and related v. 80, p. 97-103 (Special Publication). morphological zones of Gangotri Glacier, Garhwal Singh, D.S., 2013a, Snow melt ephemeral streams in Himalaya, India. Quaternary International, v. 444, p. the Gangotri Glacier area, Garhwal Himalaya, India. 172-181. In: Kotlia BS (eds.), Holocene: Perspectives,

136 34th Convention, Indian Association of Sedimentologists SantGadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati; 19-21, December, 2017; Extended Abstracts’ Volume

Palaeoclimatic characteristics from Quaternary sediments of Godavari river in Nanded area of Maharashtra, India

Babar, Md.

Department of Geology, Dnyanopasak College, Parbhani-43140, Maharashtra. [email protected]

Introduction: The deposits of sediments in Deccan traps with an erosional the Godavari river in Nanded area unconformity, by calcareous sandy pebbles comprises rounded to sub rounded pebbles and sequence of calcareous yellowish and cobbles of basalt, chalcedony, agate, brown sandy silt. chert, zeolites and quartz set in a matrix of granular sand and silt showing cross bedding and local inverse grading. The deposits are complex in nature and might have resulted from vertical stacking and amalgamation of low sinuosity (non- meandering) channels. Comparison of the present channel deposits and older sediments of Upper Pleistocene reveals that the former are sandy pebbly in nature and thus are coarser than the later ones. This fact indicates that the rivers during the closing phase of Pleistocene had relatively low competence. The climatic control is quite evident in the area. The phases of erosion are linked to warm and wet periods while the episodes of deposition are associated with cold and dry phases. Several factors such as sediment supply, nature of transporting sediments, tectonic stability etc also plays an important role in the formation of pedofacies.

Geology: Geologically, the entire study area belongs the Deccan volcanic province of late Cretaceous to early Eocene age. The basalt along Godavari river is covered by the veneer of Quaternary sediments of late Figure 1: Quaternary sediments along Godavari river Pleistocene to Holocene (Babar et al., at Tugaon near Nanded, (a) grey sandy silt layers 2010). Left bank of the Godavari valley at alternating with fine clay, (b) sandy gravel showing Tugaon near Nanded consists of the current bedding structure, (c) greyish black fine ferricreted gravel sediment (1.2 m thick) at clayey palaeosol, (d) grey brown silty clay with calcareous clay layers, (e) grey brown sandy silt the base resting over aa type basalt flow alternating with fine clay, (f) ferricreted reddish followed by hard and tough reddish brown brown cross bedded gravel bed, (g) dark brownish palaeosol (0.1 m) (Table 1). The dark brown black ferricreted gravel bed, (h) grey brown boulder ferrecreted pebbly gravel overlies the bed and (i) compact basalt.

137 34th Convention, Indian Association of Sedimentologists Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati; 19-21, December, 2017; Extended Abstracts’ Volume

Formation Bed Lithology Soil characteristics Morphostratigraphy and (Type) Jamulbet 1. Dark grey silt Uncalcified silty sand Gray, fine silty clay T0 – Present formation and gray silty clay (Entisol) floodplain Gangakher 2. Light grey silt Light grey silty and Dark brown clayey T1 – Older floodplain formations brown to grey brown (Vertisol) calcareous silty clay Pimpalgaon 3. Brown silt Brown to dark brown Dark brown clayey T2 – Pediplain Wani formation calcareous clay (Vertisol) Thugaon 4. Ferricated gravel Dark brown Dark brown clay and T2 – Pediment formation ferricreted gravel ferricreted gravel (Oxisol) Table 1: Lithostratigraphy of Quaternary formations of Godavari basin

Discussion: The ferricreted pebbly gravel is Pimpalgaon Wani and Dhangar Takli. The a hard, erosion-resistant layer of material oldest Ferricated gravel and sand formation that consists of near surface oldest found at Dhangar Takli is correlated with sediments (early Pleistocene) cemented by the Pillikarar formation older than lower iron oxide and grade into a duricrust. They Pleistocene. represent monogenetic events, for example climatic events, such as climatic conditions Acknowledgements The author gratefully acknowledge the financial (Stephan, 1971 and Twidale, 1983) and assistance by UGC New Delhi for the Major research mature stages in landscape development. project file No. F-32-323/2006 (SR), dated 02.03.2007. I would like to thank the Principal, D.S.M. College, Parbhani, for encouragement and Conclusions: The Quaternary deposits of constant support during the current work. the Godavari river are studied with reference to the soil stratigraphy, References morphostratigraphy and lithostratigraphy. Babar, M.D., Ghute, B.B. and Chunchekar, R.V., In the Godavari valley at Dhangar Takli, 2010, Quaternary morphostratigraphy and three terraces have been identified with litostratigraphy of Godavari river sediments in the decrease in order of elevation from T2, Parbhani District Maharashtra. Gondwana Geological Magazine, Special v. 12, p. 271-274. T1 to T0. Terraces T2 and T0 are of Stephan, C.G., 1971, Laterite and silcrete in depositional type while T1 is of erosional Australia. Geoderma, v. 5, pp. 5-52. type. Four lithostratigraphic formations are Twidale, C.R., 1983, Revue de Geologieet de studied viz; Jamulbet, Gangakher, Geographie Physique, v. 24, pp. 35-45.

138 34th Convention, Indian Association of Sedimentologists Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati; 19-21, December, 2017; Extended Abstracts’ Volume

Clay mineralogical studies on the Quaternary sediments of Lower Narmada river basin

Sharma, N.

Department of Geology, Faculty of Science, M.S. University of Baroda, Vadodara-390002, Gujarat. [email protected]

Introduction: Lower Narmada valley hosts Age Formation Lithology part of the Gujarat Quaternary deposits (Fig.1). These deposits are referred as Holocene Younger Alluvium Residual soils, alluvium younger alluvium dominated by the sand coastal beach dune sands estuarine mud flats and silt fractions; however, at places one can see gravel bands. The deposition has ------Unconformity ------taken place over the basement of Tertiary Lt Pleistocene Older Alluvium Alluvium sands rocks and late Deccan flows. These depositional basins are rift system Eocene Deccan Traps Basalt flows controlled basins (Biswas, 1987). The nature and style of these depositions have Table 1: Generalised stratigraphy of the aera imprints of climate-tectonic controls; some of the important contributions on the nature of Quaternary sedimentation and climate-tectonic controls during and post deposition of these sequences are documented by; Blandford, 1868, Merh, 1993 and Maurya, et al., 1995. Present investigation focuses on the application of clay mineralogy to understand the provenance of the sediments and also to gauge the post depositional changes in the clay mineralogy owing to the climate and Figure 1: Area and extent of Narmada basin hydrogeological changes with time. studies. The powder x-ray data using Cu Generalised stratigraphy of the study area: target was provided by NBSS LUP, Nagpur. Fig.1 and Table 1 show generalised Each sample was subjected to three runs; stratigraphy and study area map of the firstly, XRD was obtained for clay fraction Lower Narmada region as proposed by from the samples followed by running the same sample again at 25○C after carrying Agrawal, (1984). out the K- saturation of the clay minerals in order to decipher the charge density of the Clay mineralogical study: The clay fraction clay minerals in the sediments and finally in these sediments is not very significant; the process was repeated after heating the ○ however, characterization of the clay K – saturated sample at 550 C. This three fraction from the samples collected from stage process of XRD for each sample clay fraction was useful in detecting the different locations was carried out to provenance for the sediment flux. The post realize the utility of clay mineralogical

139 34th Convention, Indian Association of Sedimentologists Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati; 19-21, December, 2017; Extended Abstracts’ Volume depositional alterations as picked up by the arid which is similar to the present day K- saturation run at 550○C has been useful climate of the region. This has been in relating the clay mineralogy with post corroborated by the stable isotope data depositional climate and hydrogeology. obtained for the organic matter and matrix carbonate associated with the Quaternary The XRD data for the samples reveal that sediments / “palaeosol” reported from the bulk of the clay fraction comprises of Lower Narmada Quaternary younger smectite clay; accounting for 70-90 % of the Alluvium (Laskar et al., 2010) from the total clay fraction in each sample. The same sampling locations. remaining clay fraction is of kaolin but there is little or no chloritisation of the Observations: smectite in any of the samples. In all the 1. The clay fraction in the soils is dominated  cases, the K saturation at 25 C run showed by the smectite type.   a significant peak around 11A to 12A 2. The clay fraction is of transported nature suggesting that the clays have low charge and has not suffered any post deposition density. These K saturated samples when alteration to chlorite and subsequently to run again after heating at 550C the peak  kaolin. shifts towards 10A implying, that there is 3. The low degree of alteration of the clay very little or no inter-layer chloritization of fraction suggests that the climate since the the clays in the soils since the deposition of deposition of the clays has remained semi- alluvium. The little or no alteration status of arid rather than humid. the smectite in the sediments clearly suggests that these clays are derived from References the weathering of the Deccan basalts which Agarwal, G.C., 1984, Further studies on Tertiary and is the provenance for the Narmada Quaternary sequence of South Gujarat with alluvium and is very much part of the reference to their structural style and geomorphic sediment flux. The least chloritized state of expressions. Unpublished Ph. D. Thesis, M. S. University of Baroda, Vadodara, p. 177. the smectite further suggests that the Blanford, W.T., 1869, Geology of the Taptee and climate prevailing subsequent to the Lower Narmada valleys and some adjoining districts. alluvium deposition in the Lower Narmada Memoir Geological Survey of India, v. 6, p. 3. valley; was more or less semi-arid to arid Biswas, S.K., 1987, Regional tectonic framework, type. Significant chloritisation in these clays structure and evolution of the western marginal basins of India. Tectonophysics, v. 135, p. 307 – 327. could have hinted for humid phase in the Laskar, A.H., Sharma, N., Ramesh, R., Jani, R.A. and climate in the region, this is not likely to Yadava, M.G., 2010, Palaeoclimate and have taken place post deposition of the palaeovegetation of Lower Narmada Basin, Gujarat, younger alluvium. western India, inferred from stable carbon and oxygen isotopes. Quaternary International, v. 227(2), p. 183-189. The study has helped in deciphering the Merh, S. S., 1993, Neogene – Quaternary sequence source/ provenance of the Quaternary in Gujarat: A review. Journal of Geological Society of sediments including the clay fraction. India, v. 41, p. 259 – 276. Another significant inference emerging Maurya, D.M., Chamyal, L.S., Merh, S.S., 1995, from the data is on the climate during post Tectonic evolution of the Central Gujarat plain, Western India. Current Science, v. 69, p. 610 – 613. alluvium depositional phase as semi- arid to

140 34th Convention, Indian Association of Sedimentologists Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati; 19-21, December, 2017; Extended Abstracts’ Volume

Quaternary fluvial sedimentary motif in North Bengal, India

Sur, S., Samaddar, S. and Mandal, S.

Department of Geological Sciences, Jadavpur University, Kolkata-700 03, West Bengal. [email protected]

Introduction: Tectonism creates and zone at the base of Mountain Front scarp surficial processes modify earth’s surface having little cover of Quaternary and recent relief. The vertical component of plate- sediment and it strives to be more related movement is antecedent to comprehensive including landform, topography, while erosion-deposition drainage and sedimentation within its remoulds it. Exogenous sedimentary ambit. processes thus tend to obliterate topographic signature of tectonism. The Classical sedimentology was the mainstay extent of obliteration depends on the for the study of the Quaternaries. Since the climate-related rate of erosion and how sections were short, far from complete, frequently tectonism interrupts the drift. recourse was taken to distil out a Drainage and sedimentation are cogently generalized picture from a large number of affected. The compression has engendered good sections spread all over the study successive thrusts, all dipping northward area. The emphasis was on reconstruction (Gansser, 1964; Valdiya, 1992) and have the of sedimentation dynamics and potential to be reactivated. The latest palaeogeography of deposition. A among them, the Main Frontal Thrust (MFT; comprehensive state-of-the-art facies Gansser, 1964, 1981; Nakata, 1989) or the analysis armed with numerous vertical Himalayan Frontal Fault (HFF; Nakata, 1972, facies logs was conducted to achieve these 1989) still rises. A study across the precipice goals. Inferior quality of exposures raised by the Himalayan Main Frontal notwithstanding, the present study Thrust or Himalayan Frontal Fault recognizes a large number of distinctive separating the rugged mountain range and facies. While the facies relate the the piedmont on its south is most apt for sedimentation dynamics and association testing this percept. MFT being the relate palaeogeography. To overcome youngest among all the major thrusts in the limited extent of the sections facies logs Himalayan region, any transect across it is have been erected in eleven locations. likely to highlight the changing balance Moreover the determination of between tectonism and exogenous palaeocurrent patterns and directions has processes most explicitly. The signature of boost up the present study. Besides the neotectonism is, however, expected to be variation in clast size and composition more readily obliterated in the chosen area through the successive beds belonging to because of wet climate. the individual rivers also manifest evolution of the basin, a clear insight about the active The goal of the present contemplation is to neotectonism over climatic effects for understand the mode of evolution of the building up of the present topography in Quaternary fluvial system in the context of the study area has been created. palaeogeography in the Darjeeling- Jalpaiguri Sub-Himalaya. The study Discussions: The Quaternary period concentrates on the two rivers namely, witnessed numerous changes in the Tista and Gish rivers mostly in the Piedmont drainage in dynamic settings due to

141 34th Convention, Indian Association of Sedimentologists Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati; 19-21, December, 2017; Extended Abstracts’ Volume neotectonism. Several attributes derived conditions accompanied by continuous from the landform regarding the river valley under-thrusting of the Indian plate beneath configuration have been justified. They are the Eurasian plate. As a result, throughout the high values obtaining hypsometric the Quaternary, due to upliftment of the index i.e. youthfulness of the river valley Himalaya, the river systems underwent topography, topographic coarse grained repeated adjustments. Varied, interlinked textural ratio variations, overall low landform, drainage and sedimentation- sinuosity ratio of the MFT of the region, low related attributes of the Sub-Himalayan valley floor width to height ratio and varied region and adjacent foot-hills in the study kind of sizes and more elongated shape of area proclaim neotectonism during watershed basins. Quaternary.

Four mass flow types out of eighteen Acknowledgements sedimentary facies, present in good The authors are thankful to the university authority for providing laboratory as well as basic frequency are consistent with intermittent infrastructural facilities for carrying out the research tectonic disturbances. The gradual upward work. increase in clast size and share of distal crystalline rocks in clast composition within References the quaternary sediment pile is consistent Gansser, A., 1964, Geology of the Himalayas. Inter with progressive migration of the adjacent Science, New York, 289 p. Ganseer, A., 1981, The geodynamic history of the thrust (MFT) is also pronounced evidence of Himalaya, In: Gupta , H.K , and Delany , F.M , eds , neotectonism. Zagros-Hindu-Kush- Himalaya geodynamic evolution: American geophysical Union Geodynamics Series, v. Conclusions: The Himalayan orogenesis, 3 , p. 111-121. onset of monsoon climate over the Nakata, T., 1972, Geomorphic history and crustal movements of foothills of the Himalaya .Sendai, subcontinent, differential uplift and the Institute of Geography, Tohuku, University, 77p. glacial-interglacial cycles of the Quaternary Nakata, T., 1989, Active faults of the Himalaya of have primarily shaped the mega scale India and Nepal. Geological Society of America architecture and scenery of the southern Special Paper, v. 232, p. 243-264. Himalayan landmass. The Quaternary of the Valdiya, K.S., Rana, R.S., Sharma, P.K., Dey, P., 1992, Active Himalayan frontal fault, Main boundary thrust Himalayan belt is known for moderate to and Ramgarh thrust in southern Kumaoun. Journal extreme fluctuations in the climatic of Geological Society of India, v. 40, p. 509-528.

142 34th Convention, Indian Association of Sedimentologists Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati; 19-21, December, 2017; Extended Abstracts’ Volume

Calcrete profiling in Quaternary sediments of Purna alluvial basin, Maharashtra

Bansod, M. N. and Srivastava, A. K.

Department of Geology, SGB Amravati University, Amravati-444602, Maharashtra. [email protected]; [email protected]

Introduction: Calcretes, normally light Lithosections studied: Quaternary coloured carbonate deposits, are defined successions exposed along the main channel as the sediments formed at near surface of Purna river at Wishroli (19m), Asegaon due to the precipitation and accumulation (21m), Gandhigram (22m) and Yerli (13m) of calcium carbonate in the forms of have been studied for their detailed nodule, powder, root, vein and hardpan lithological set-up with an emphasis on (Wright et al., 1995). In the present study, various calcrete morphotypes and their calcretes from the Purna alluvial basin have associations (Fig.2). The litho column at been studied for their morphological Wishroli is represented by poorly bedded, details and lithological associations. matrix supported cobbles and boulders, Attempt has also been made for their conglomerates with sand-silt-clay matrix lateral profiling in the basin area. having laminar calcretes. The sand-silt dominated succession at Asegaon shows Geological setting & Stratigraphy: The good development of cross bedded, Purna alluvial basin extending from 20041' calcretized gravel and nodular calcretes at to 21015' N lat. and 75015' to 77045' E long. the base. The litho columns at Gandhigram in the district of Amravati, Akola and and Yerli localities are dominated by Buldhana of Maharashtra covers an area of alternate beds of laminated silty clay and 6,522 km2 (Kale, 2010). The basin area is cross to parallel bedded sand along with mostly covered with the basalt and alluvial cylindrical root calcretes and calcrete sediments (Fig.1). The alluvial sediments, nodules. This succession also shows consisting of boulders, sand, silt and clay laminated pockets of yellowish white ash. along with minor calcretes and are assigned to be Lower Pleistocene to recent in age (Tiwari et. al., 2010).

Figure 2: Lithologs covering sedimentological and lithological details of river cut- sections.

Calcretes morphology: On the basis of Figure 1: Map of Purna alluvial basin showing major morphological characteristics and their geological features and sampling sites.

143 34th Convention, Indian Association of Sedimentologists Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati; 19-21, December, 2017; Extended Abstracts’ Volume lithological occurrences, the calcretes are 15-20cm. It is developed mostly in the classified into six morphotypes i.e., clayey and silty units of Wishroli (Fig.3C).

Nodular calcrete: It is the most dominantly Root calcrete: These are mostly light gray to occurring morphotype and represented by light yellow, smooth to rough, soft to hard, light gray to yellowish brown, spherical, vertical to inclined, pipe-like structures of 5- rounded to sub rounded, ellipsoidal to 20 cm length (Fig.3D). Occasionally, cylindrical, irregular, concretionary bodies branching can also be noticed. These are with smooth to rough surfaces in the preserved in clay, silty to sandy clay units. diameter range of 5-10 cm as in (Fig.3A). Vein calcrete: These are light yellow to light Hardpan calcrete: These are grayish to light gray, fine grained, irregular bodies of brittle yellowish coloured, horizontally bedded, nature. It occurs as cavity or void fill tens of centimetres to more than a meter precipitations in silty clay units. The thick bodies that are preserved mostly in succession exposed at Takli shows good clayey units. The crust is rough to smooth, preservation of vein calcretes (Fig.3E). hard to compact, cemented sheet like bodies (Fig.3B). This morpho type is well Rhizolith ball: Unusually big calcareous developed in the succession exposed at nodules, ranging from 10-30 cm in Asegaon. diameters have also been recorded in entire river cut-sections (Fig.3F). These balls occur mostly in the lower part of the successions i.e., clay and silty clay lithounits or palaeosol.

Genesis of various types of calcrete: On the basis of shape, size, lithological association and textural details, the calcretes of the basin area can be categorised into two types; i) pedogenic, and ii) non-pedogenic. Alonso-Zarza (2003) and (Wright and Tucker, 1991) considered that the formation of pedogenic calcrete takes place due to erosion of soil profile coupled with various sedimentary processes like precipitation, cementation, replacement and displacement of the host

Figure 3: A) Calcrete nodules in light gray, silty clay material above the groundwater table. It is unit at Asegaon, B) light yellow hardpan calcrete at strongly asymmetric with regards to the Asegaon, C) laminar calcretes from Wishroli, D) vertical concentration of carbonate, cylindrical pipe-like root calcretes at Yerli, E) vein however, exhibit maximum carbonate calcretes in light gray silty clay unit at Takli, F) large, and rounded rhizolith ball at Gandhigram. content in the upper part of the profile (Wright and Tucker, 1991). Non-pedogenic Laminar calcrete: These are indurated, carbonates are important component of discontinuous carbonate sheets of 0.5- present-day arid alluvial basins formed by 15cm thickness, brownish to yellowish the replacement/ displacement or brown, planer bodies having the length of precipitation of calcrete at or below the

144 34th Convention, Indian Association of Sedimentologists Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati; 19-21, December, 2017; Extended Abstracts’ Volume groundwater table (Wright and Tucker, 4. Hardpan calcretes, in or above the clayey 1991). Its formation is initiated by carbon units, in a few litho sections of the basin dioxide degassing, evaporation/ area show final stage of calcretization. evapotranspiration and the common ion 5. The rhizolith balls are restricted in the effect (Wright and Tucker, 1991). lowermost clayey units of Purna basin and According to Alonso-Zarza (2003), the plant exhibit specific event of vegetational roots, biological activities, microbial activity. It may be considered as marker decomposition and older calcareous horizon. material of the country rock are the prime source of carbonate. The formation of References nodular calcrete depends on the changes in Achyutan, H., Quade, J., Roe, L., Placzek, C., 2007, Stable isotopic composition of pedogenic carbonates pH, evaporation and partial pressure of from the eastern margin of the Thar desert, CO2 in the sediments (Achyutan et al., Rajasthan, India. Quaternary International, v. 162- 2007). Geyh and Eitel (1998) considered 163, p. 50-60. that the cemented calcareous nodule Alonso-Zarza, A.M., 2003, Palaeo environmental undergoes erosion, exposure and converts significance of palustrine carbonates, calcretes in the geological record. Journal Earth Science Reviews, v. into hard, compact layer of hardpan. 60, p. 261-298. Weathering and pedogenic process Genise, F.J., Melchor, R.N., Bellosi, E.S., Verde, M., discharge the carbonates in the cavities of 2010, Invertebrate and vertebrate trace fossils from dead and decayed roots and forms root continental carbonates; In: Alonso-Zarza, A.M., calcrete (Wright, 1994); and, activity of Tanner, L.H., (eds.), Carbonates in continental settings: Facies, environments and processes: microorganism like fungi contributes on Development in Sedimentology, v. 61, p. 319-369. formation of rhizolith balls (Genise et al., Geyh, M.A. and Eitel, B., 1998, Radiometric dating of 2010). Vein calcretes is formed due to the young and old calcretes; Proceeding of 16th high percentage of evapotranspiration and International 14C Conference. Mook, W. G., and precipitation of CaCO in fractures and Vander Plich, J., (eds.), Radiocarbon, v. 40 (2), p. 795- 3 802. cracks at alternate seasons (Wang et al., Kale, V.M., 2010, Sedimentological Studies of Purna 1994). basin with special reference to Environment of Deposition. Unpublished Ph. D. Thesis, SGB Amravati Conclusions: The main conclusions drawn University, India. are as follows; Tiwari, M.P., Bhai, H.Y. and Varade, A.M., 2010, Stratigraphy and tephra beds of Purna Quaternary basin, Maharashtra, India. Gondwana Geological 1. Six morphotypes of the calcrete viz., Magzine, Special Publication, v. 12, p. 283-292. nodular, laminar, root, rhizolith balls, Wang, Y., Nahon, D. and Merino, E., 1994, Dynamic hardpan and vein calcretes have been model of the genesis of calcretes replacing silicate identified from the Quaternary alluvial rocks in semi-arid regions. Geochimica, Cosmochimica Acta, v. 58 (231), p. 5131-5145. sediments of Purna alluvial basin, of which, Wright, V.P., 1994, Palaeosol in shallow marine the first four are pedogenic whereas, carbonate sequences. Earth Science Review, v. 35, p. remaining two are non-pedogenic in 367-395 nature. Wright, V.P., Platt, N.H., Marriot, S.B. and Beck, V.H., 2. Nodular calcretes are the most dominant 1995, A classification of rhizogenic (root-formed) calcretes with examples from Upper Jurassic-Lower morphotype and are preserved in clayey Carboniferous of Spain and Upper Cretaceous of and silty clayey litho units. They represent southern France. Sedimentary Geology, v. 100, p. the early stage of calcretization. 143-158. 3. Root calcretes show predominance of Wright, V.P. and Tucker, M.E. 1991, Calcretes: an vegetational activity in localized area. introduction. In Calcretes (Eds.), V.P., Wright & Tucker, M.E., International Association of Sedimentologists Reprint Series, v. 2, p. 1-22.

145 34th Convention, Indian Association of Sedimentologists Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati; 19-21, December, 2017; Extended Abstracts’ Volume

Chemistry of petroleum and its fraction

Selukar, N. B.

Department of Chemical Technology, SGB Amravati University, Amravati-444602, Maharashtra [email protected] quantity of petroleum product (Purdy, Introduction: Petroleum means rock oil, 1957 and Spight, 1991). found in sedimentary rocks. Petroleum is often called liquid gold. The fortune of nation in peace and war are linked with possession or lack of petroleum.

Scientifically, petroleum is a mixture of hydrocarbons obtained from earth crust (Garg and Handward, 1984). It mainly consists of following types of hydrocarbons:

Paraffins (saturated hydrocarbons), Naphthenes (saturated ring structure), Aromatic (unsaturated ring structure), Olefin (unsaturated straight chain)

Olefins are present in traces. Along with this, some non-hydrocarbons are also present as an impurities. These are sulphur compounds, nitrogen compounds, oxygen compounds, asphaltenes and resins

(Bhaskar Rao, 2003). Figure 1: Fractional distillation of crude oil (Garg and Handward, 1984) Crude oil is subjected to refining to obtain various fractions/product. These includes Chemistry of petroleum product: The gases, gasoline, kerosene, diesel, ATF, chemistry of the petroleum is review on the lubricating oils and asphalt. All having their basis of Speight (1991, 2002) and Bhaskar individual characteristics (Speight, 2002). Rao (2003).

Discussion: The processing of crude oil is Gases: The petroleum gases mainly consists divided into three stages as pre-treatment, of methane in large quantity. LPG is primary refining and secondary refining. manufactured petroleum gas. In India, it Pre-treatment is related to impurity mainly consists of propane and butane removal process. Primary refining includes distillation units to obtain various fractions. Gasoline: It is a fraction having B.P. range 0 Secondary refining includes various from IBP to 215 C (IBP is nearly at room 0 thermal and catalytical processes carried in temperature, 30 C) and hydrocarbon with refinery to improve the quality and range C4 to C10. Among these paraffins mainly iso-paraffins and aromatic hydrocarbons are preferable as it gives

146 34th Convention, Indian Association of Sedimentologists Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati; 19-21, December, 2017; Extended Abstracts’ Volume good octane number, which is the main Lubricating oil: This is a fraction with property of gasoline. Olefinic, i.e. hydrocarbon range C20 to C40. It mainly unsaturated hydrocarbon are not consists of naphthenic type of preferable as it leads to form gum which hydrocarbons. Lubricating oil should consist create problems during storage handling of hydrocarbons which have high viscosity and transportation. index (i.e. variation of viscosity with respect Kerosene: This is a fraction with B.P. range to temperature should be low). Hence IBP to 3000C. IBP is more than 1000C and lubricating oil consists of naphthenic type of hydrocarbons with range C10 to C14. This hydrocarbons which have this characteristic. mainly consists of naphthenic type of hydrocarbons as it mainly used for stove Asphalt/bitumen: It mainly consists of oil. Aromatic hydrocarbons gives smoke asphaltene, resin, high molecular weight and saturated hydrocarbons restrict the phenols, carboxylic acid, etc. capillary action due to wax formation and deposition, hence aromatic and saturated Conclusions: The quality control of hydrocarbons are less preferable in petroleum products is mainly based upon kerosene. type of hydrocarbon associated with that product. The usefulness and satisfactory Aviation Turbine Fuel (ATF): This is a performance of any petroleum product is fraction with B.P. range 150 to 2700C and it related to the desire type of hydrocarbon mainly consists of paraffinic and present in it. naphthenic type of hydrocarbons. There are various grades of aviation turbine fuels References based upon its utility. Composition of ATF Bhaskar Rao B.K., 2003, Modern Petroleum Refining varies with different grades. Processes, Oxford, IBH. Gary J.H., Handwert G., 1984, Petroleum Refining Technology and Economics, Marcel-Dekker Inc. Diesel: This is a fraction with B.P. range IBP Purdy G.A., 1957, Petroleum Prehistoric to 0 0 to 400 C (IBP is nearly at 150 C) and Petrochemical, McGraw Hill Book Company. hydrocarbons with range C14 to C20. It Sokolov V. 1972, Petroleum, Mir Publishers, Moscow. mainly consists of saturated hydrocarbons Speight J.G., 1991, The Chemistry and Technology of Petroleum, Marcel-Dekker Inc. of that range. As diesel is used in IC Speight J.G., 2002, Handbook of Petroleum Product compression ignition engine, it should Analysis, Wiley Interscience publications. consists of hydrocarbons which have lower self ignition temperature as that of paraffinic hydrocarbons. Aromatic hydrocarbons having high self ignition temperature.

147 34th Convention, Indian Association of Sedimentologists Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati; 19-21, December, 2017; Extended Abstracts’ Volume

An appraisal of uranium mineralisation in Jhabua Phosphorite and associated rocks of Aravalli metasediments, District Jhabua, Madhya Pradesh

Samanta, S1., Dandele, P. S1., Panda, A1., Srinivasan, S1. and Yadav, O. P2.

1DAE, AMDER, CR, Nagpur-44001, Maharashtra. [email protected], [email protected], 2DAE, AMDER, HQ, Hyderabad-500016, Telangana.

Introduction: Jhabua Phosphorite belt, the southern extension of Jamarkhotra phosphorite deposit, is a single linear phosphatic dolomitic limestone body, associated with Aravalli metasediments which comprises of phyllites, feldspathic Figure 1: Colophane (phosphatic matter) in and muscovite quartzite & gneisses. It is phosphatic dolomitic limestone at A) Kelkua, XN, and B&C) Dhenpura and associated alpha tract, 10X. intermittently exposed over 15 km strike length from Amlaimal to Rambhapur, Discussion: Geochemical study indicates trending N-S to NNW-SSE. Jhabua that carbonate phosphorite contains high phosphorite starts with lower horizon as CaO (31.00-32.21%) with variable MgO carbonate phosphorite and upper horizon (<0.01-19.32%, P2O5 (2.58-35.54%) and low as cherty phosphorite. Both the SiO2 (5.24-10.52%), cherty phosphorite is phosphoritic units bear algal stromatolitic low in CaO (9.23-16.08%) variable MgO colonies consisting of columnar, domical (<0.01-12.83%), P2O5 (0.38-14.81%) and and laminated structures. The upper high SiO2 (37.70 - 68.30%) in later litho unit phosphatic horizon is capped by irregular corroborating presence of silica bands and shaped, discontinuous mounds of brown cherts. Higher concentration of SiO2 (73.38- chert / silcrete bodies, known as hard pan 73.72%), Na2O (5.04-5.58%) and K2O (2.85 - (Banerjee, et al., 1980; Munshi, et al., 3.75%) indicate presence of sodic and 1974). potassic feldspars in the quartzite at Piploda. Methodology: Radiometric studies in Jhabua Phosphorite belt led to Conclusion: The studies brought out identification of uranium mineralisation in presence of uranium mineralisation in dolomitic limestone (0.0017-0.017%U3O8) phosphorite bearing dolomitic limestone along Kachhaldhara-Kelkua-Dhenpura tract and feldspathic quartzite of Jhabua and feldspathic quartzite (<0.010-0.040 Phosphorite belt of Aravalli Supergroup %U3O8) at Piploda area. Mixed radioactive (Palaeo Proterozoic) in Jhabua district, M.P. anomaly is recorded in feldspathic gneisses (upto 0.012%U3O8) at Nawapara area, References located in proximity of the phosphorite Banerjee, D.M., Basu, P.C. and Srivastava, N. (1980). belt. Uranium is in adsorbed state onto the Petrology, mineralogy, geochemistry, and origin of colophane in phosphatic dolomitic the Precambrian Aravallian phosphorite deposits of limestone (Fig.1) whereas in feldspathic Udaipur and JHabua, India, Econ. Geol., v 75(8), p quartzite uranium is mostly associated with 1181-99. Munshi, R.L. and Khan, H.H. and Ghosh, D.B. (1974). sericite. The algal structure and phosphorite in the Aravalli rocks of Jhabua district, M.P. Current Sci. (India), v. 43(14), p. 446-7.

148 34th Convention, Indian Association of Sedimentologists Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati; 19-21, December, 2017; Extended Abstracts’ Volume

Resource potential study of the Permian Barren Measures Formation Shale, Damodar Basin, East India

Waquar, A1., Bhat, G. M1., McLennan, J2.

1Institute of Energy Research and Training (IERT) and Department of Geology, University of Jammu-180006, Jammu & Kashmir. [email protected], [email protected]. 2Energy and Geoscience Institute (EGI), University of Utah, USA. [email protected].

Introduction: The world petroleum the Raniganj sub-basin is comprised of the reserves are depleting and the current early Permian glaciogenic Talchir Formation decline in conventional resources have which unconformably overlies the Pre- resulted in a global shift towards Cambrian metamorphic basement. The unconventional resources, particularly the major coal seams are found in the Barakar shale gas. Shale is the most abundant and Raniganj Formations overlying the sedimentary rock on the earth and with the Talchir deposits. discovery of unconventional gas from these tight reservoirs, interest in evaluating shale for unconventional reserves has risen globally. India is in initial stages for shale gas exploitation however work has started in two basins viz. Cambay Basin in Gujarat state and Damodar Valley Basin in Jharkhand state. ONGC in association with Schlumberger drilled pilot exploratory wells in Permian Barren Measures Formation

Shales in the Raniganj sub-basin of Figure 1: Geological map of Raniganj sub-basin Damodar Basin and had gas shows (EIA, (After Ghosh, 2002). 2013). This study evaluates source rock potential by assessing the Total Organic Content, mineral fabric and porosity of the Barren Measures Formation shale.

Geologic context of the samples: The Damodar Basin is E-W trending, rift originated Gondwana basin (Chakraborty et al., 2003; Biswas, 1999) and is comprised of a series of sub-basins (from west to east): the Hutar, Daltonganj, Auranga, Karanpura, Figure 2: Generalised stratigraphy of the Damodar Ramgarh, Bokaro, Jharia and Raniganj sub- valley sub-basins. basins. The present study is undertaken in the eastern most, Raniganj sub-basin. The The Barakar Formation is characterised by Raniganj sub-basin is a semi-elliptical, light grey, gritty to pebbly, cross bedded elongated basin located between Damodar sandstone, interbedded with grey/black and Ajoy rivers (Ghosh, 2002). It is shale and coal, arenaceous shale. The demarcated by lat. 23˚03’ and 23˚51’ N: Raniganj Formation is represented by fining long. 86˚42’ and 87˚28’E (Fig.1). The base of upward sequences of coarse to medium

149 34th Convention, Indian Association of Sedimentologists Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati; 19-21, December, 2017; Extended Abstracts’ Volume sandstone, inter-bedded fine average value of 0.28. The He-porosimetry sandstone/shale and coal. The Barren indicated low porosity, ranging from 0.04% Measures Formation, sandwiched between to 0.97%. Raniganj and Barakar formations, consists of thick sequences of monotonous grey to Conclusion: The resource potential of the black micaceous and often carbonaceous Barren Measures Formation is promising shale, with thin sand intercalations for shale gas exploration. However, the (Casshyap and Tewari, 1987; Boruah and application of the latest knowledge and Ganapathi, 2015). technology, particularly the US experiences are indispensable to herald the shale gas Source potential study: To evaluate source exploration era in the Indian sub-continent. potential of the Permian Barren Measure Formation Shale, analytical tests like Rock Acknowledgements: Eval pyrolysis, XRD and He-porosimetry The author thanks Director, EGI, University of Utah, USA for giving the opportunity to avail the were performed. Rock-Eval pyrolysis laboratory facilities. The geomechanical laboratory at measurements on 29 core samples were the Central institute for Mining and Fuel Research done. Seventeen samples belong to (CIMFR) is highly acknowledged for providing the samples for this study. The author is a Senior borehole A (depth range: 90 m to 370 m), 7 Research Fellow and receives fellowship from from borehole C (depth: 657-958m), 3 from Council of Scientific and Industrial Research under borehole D (depth: 263.6-264.1m) and 2 the CSIR/UGC NET JRF scheme. from borehole B (depth: 87-124m). XRD was done on 10 powdered samples for References: Boruah, A., Ganapathi, S., 2015. Organic richness borehole A (depth: 24-250m) at an interval and gas generation potential of Barren Measures of of 50m. The He-porosity was measured in 2 Raniganj field, West Bengal. Journal of Earth System samples form borehole A and one sample Science, v. 124 p. 5. each from B and D. The borehole A, B and D Biswas, S.K., 1999, A Review on the Evolution of Rift belong to the Sitarampur block and the basin in India during Gondwana with Special Reference to Western Indian basins and Their borehole C belongs to the Kulti block in the Hydrocarbon Prospects. PINSA, v. 65, A, No. 3. Raniganj sub-basin. Limited availability of Casshyap, S.M. and Tewari, R.C., 1987, Depositional samples hindered to broaden the scope of Model and Tectonic Evolution of Gondwana basins. study further. The Palaeobotanists, v. 36, p. 59-66. Chakraborty, C., Mandal, N., and Ghosh, S.K., 2003, Kinematics of Gondwana Basins of Peninsular India. Results: The samples have yielded high TOC Tectonophysics, v. 377, p. 299-324. content (2.09 to 8.89 wt. %), with fair to EIA, 2013, Technically Recoverable Shale Oil and excellent source quality from dominantly Shale Gas Resources: An Assessment of 137 Shale type III gas prone kerogen. The calculated Formations in 41 Countries outside the United reflectance (Ro) ranges from 0.78 to 1.41%, States. Retrieved from http://www.eia.gov/analysis/studies/worldshalegas suggesting wet gas generation stage. The /pdf/fullreport.pdf XRD examinations of these shales show Ghosh, S.C., 2002, The Raniganj Coal Basin: An abundance of clay minerals (avg. 57.2%) example of an Indian Gondwana rift. Sedimentary and silica (avg. 27.7%). This implies low Geology, v. 147, p. 155–176. mineralogical Brittleness Index with an

150 34th Convention, Indian Association of Sedimentologists Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati; 19-21, December, 2017; Extended Abstracts’ Volume

Source, processes and productivity in the recent past through spatial distribution of the surface sediments from Kongsfjord to Krossfjord system, Svalbard

Choudhary, S1., Nayak, G. N1. and Khare, N2.

1Department of Marine Sciences, Goa University, Goa-403 206, Maharashtra [email protected]; [email protected] 2Ministry of Earth Sciences, Govt. of India, New Delhi-110003

Introduction: In recent years, many high Study area: Kongsfjorden and Krossfjorden latitude glaciers have retreated due to system is located between 78⁰50'-79⁰30'N global warming. Fjord systems in the Polar and 11⁰-13⁰E (Fig.1). The Kongsfjorden- Regions have been studied to understand Krossfjorden system is situated close to a the sea floor modification, sediment supply major tectonic boundary separating the to the marginal environment and features Cenozoic fold and thrust belt of western related to glacier movement (Howe et al., Spitsbergen to the southwest and the 2003). The Krossfjorden and Kongsfjorden Northwestern Basement province to the systems are suitable sites for studying the northeast (Svendsen et al., 2002). The glacial history and palaeoclimate. This fjord northern side of the fault zone is comprised system is situated adjacent to the Arctic of pre-Devonian metasediments and and Atlantic water mass and largely related igneous rocks, whereas towards influenced by west Spitsbergen (Svalbard) south Late Paleozoic sedimentary strata, current and freshwater from glacier runoff. such as carbonates, conglomerates and calcareous sand-stones are found. Glacial processes like active glacial, hydro-glacial, periglacial and coastal processes have extremely modified the landforms of this area.

Methodology: Thirteen surface sediment grab samples were collected at various water depths from Kongsfjorden and Krossfjorden during August 2016. The samples were analyzed for grain size using pipette method (Folk, 1968). Clay minerals

Figure 1: Map showing the study area (modified were analyzed using method proposed by after Svendsen et al., 2002) Rao and Rao (1995). Total Carbon (TC) and Total Nitrogen (TN) was estimated using In this study, an attempt has been made to elemental analyser. Total Inorganic carbon understand the spatial distribution of grain (TIC) was measured by using UIC carbon size, clay minerals, organic carbon, coulometer. Total organic carbon (TOC) was nitrogen, phosphorus and calcium calculated by subtracting TIC from TC. carbonate of surface sediments along the Calcium Carbonate (CaCO3) was computed Kongsfjorden-Krossfjorden system with using the values of TIC. The phosphorus depths ranging from 41 m to 332 m was determined following the procedure situated at the west coast of Svalbard. given by Murphy and Riley (1962).

151 34th Convention, Indian Association of Sedimentologists Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati; 19-21, December, 2017; Extended Abstracts’ Volume

Result and Discussion: Sediment grain size Greenland and from Svalbard into the showed the dominance of fine grained Arctic Ocean. Kaolinite is also present, it sediment (silt and clay) in both the fjords. may have been produced either in an Coarser grained sediment fraction interval of warmer and colder conditions increased from mouth i.e., outer fjord resulting in chemical weathering of towards the head i.e., inner part of the quartzites or it is of detrital origin, derived fjord indicating that the coarser grains are from a distant source, probably situated deposited close to the glacier front, while beneath the ice. the finer fractions are transported by the surface waters to the central and outer part of the fjord (Fig.2). The sediment seems to have deposited under physical glacial weathering.

Figure 3: Variation in clay minerals along Krossfjord (Kr) and Kongsfjord (Ko).

Further, the organic carbon content in the surface sediment showed an increasing Figure 2: Variation in sediment components along Krossfjord (Kr) and Kongsfjord (Ko). trend from approximately 0.20% at the fjord head to nearly 1.74% at the mouth of In all the samples studied along the the Kongsfjord while 0.04 to 1.70% towards Krossfjord and Kongsfjord, the illite was the the mouth of the Krossfjord . The total dominant clay mineral followed by nitrogen concentration in surface kaolinite, smectite and chlorite, illite sediments follows a similar trend with a showed an increasing trend from the head minimum of 0.03% at the kongsfjord head towards the mouth in both the fjords. The and a maximum of 0.17 % in the outer part bedrock north of Kongsfjorden consists of while 0.04% at the head of the Krossfjord mid-Proterozoic metamorphic rocks, mainly and maximum of 0.17% at the outer part of mica-schists and phyllites which must be the fjord. TOC and TN in surface sediments the major source for illite. Further, high of both the fjords show a clear spatial illite concentration in the study area gradient with lower values in the glacier supports its major supply from northern dominated inner fjord and higher values

152 34th Convention, Indian Association of Sedimentologists Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati; 19-21, December, 2017; Extended Abstracts’ Volume towards the outer fjord due to the high concentration increases with increasing turbidity towards the fjord head, which give distance from the glaciers. C/N ratio rise to a shallow photic zone, and grain size suggests that the inner fjord region is sorting may have played a role in their dominated by terrestrial source while distribution. A strong correlation between marine source becomes dominant away TOC and TN exist in the surface sediments from the glaciers. High concentration of of Kongsfjord (r2=0.75) and Krossfjord nutrients C, N and P towards mouth of the (r2=0.66). Along Krossfjord the C/N ratio in fjord away from the glacier suggested the sediments varied from 1.01 to 26.37 and influence of Atlantic water mass in western along the Krossfjord the C/N ratio varied Spitsbergen. from 6.67-17.00 suggesting mixed source of organic matter derived from terrestrial and Acknowledgements The authors place on record thanks to the Director, marine source with increasing marine National Centre for Antarctic and ocean Research influence towards the fjord mouth. Both (NCAOR), Goa, for providing the opportunity to the fjords showed higher C/N values in participate to one of the authors (SC) in Indian Arctic programme and Ministry of Earth Sciences shallower regions. However, N/P ratios (MOES) for providing the logistic support required were lower than the Redfield ratio (<16) for the collection of samples. indicating significant limitation of N in the fjords. C/P molar ratios lower than the References Redfield ratio (106:1) indicated organic Folk, R.L., 1968, Petrology of Sedimentary rocks. carbon degradation before it gets buried in Austin, Texas: Hemphillis, p. 177. the sediments. Calcium carbonate Howe, J.A., Moreton, S.G., Morri, C. and Morris, P., 2003, Multibeam bathymetry and the depositional concentration was associated with coarse environments of Kongsfjorden and Krossfjorden, grain size where with increasing sand western Spitsbergen, Svalbard. Polar Research, v. fraction towards the head of the fjord 22(2), p. 301-316. calcium carbonate increased. However, in Murphy, J.A.M.E.S. and Riley, J.P., 1962, A modified general calcium carbonate in this region single solution method for the determination of phosphate in natural waters. Analytica Chimica was low due to increased clay loads which Acta, v. 27, p. 31–36. caused dilution of carbonates. Rao, V.P. and Rao, B.R., 1995, Provenance and distribution of clay minerals in the sediments of the Conclusions: Multi-proxy record from the western continental shelf and slope of India. surface sediments of Krossfjorden- Continental Shelf Research, v. 15(14), p. 1757-1771. Svendsen, H., Beszczynska-Moller, A., Hagen, J.O., Kongsfjorden system showed a spatial Lefauconnier, B., Tverberg, V., Gerland, S., Orbek, gradient in sedimentological and J.B., Bischof, K., Papucci, C., Winther, J.G. and geochemical parameters, driven largely by Dallman W., 2002, The physical environment of the glacial-marine contrast. The sediment Kongsfjorden–Krossfjorden, an Arctic fjord system in size decreased with increasing distance Svalbard. Polar Research, v. 21(1), p. 133-16. from the glacier fronts. Organic matter

153 34th Convention, Indian Association of Sedimentologists Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati; 19-21, December, 2017; Extended Abstracts’ Volume

Textural and geochemical study of surface sediments in Arasalar River, Tamilnadu and Pondicherry Union Territory, India

Senkatesan, S1., Singarasubramanian, S.R1., Sundarrajan, M2., Padhi, D1. and Suganraj, K1.

1Department of Earth Sciences, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar-608002, Tamil Nadu. ([email protected]) 2National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram-695019, Kerla ([email protected]

Introduction: Rivers are largely responsible Sieve analysis: Samples for sieve analysis for shaping the earth’s continental were prepared by standard method. Sieving landscapes (Twidale, 2004). River was carried out in ASTM standard mesh sediments originate due to erosion of sieves of ¼ Φ interval using Ro-tap sieve exposed surface and affected by streams shaker continuously for about 20 minutes. only when altered in the surface (Joshua The sieved materials were collected and Oyebanjo, 2010). Grain size properties separately for weighing and tabulated for of sediment particles, affecting their further granulometric studies. The environment, transport and deposition, calculated statistical values were therefore it provides important clues to the interpreted as proposed by Sahu’s (1964); sediment provenance, transport history and linear discriminant function to find out the depositional environment (Folk, 1957; variations in energy and the fluidity factors Friedman, 1979). Present investigation was which seem to have excellent correlation carried out in the estuary of Arasalar River with different processes and mode of to understand the sediment textural deposition. C-M plot used to evaluate the characteristics, depositional condition and hydrodynamic condition during the geochemical characteristics. transportation of sediments to the basin as suggested by Passega (1964). Material and Methods: Geochemical studies: A range of major and Study area: Textural and geochemical trace elements were determined by determinations were carried out in Arasalar quadruple ICP-MS using a VG Elemental River, Tamil Nadu and Pondicherry union (UK) model PQ3 instrument equipped Territory, India. Sediments from the river simultaneous detector system and Plasma were collected to understand the sediment Lab ICP-MS Software Suite. dynamics (texture, dispersal pattern, depositional environment, etc.) and Result and Discussions: geochemical characteristics. The study area Texture: The mean value varies from (0.667 Arasalar river is the major tributary of Φ to 2.367 Φ), indicating that the size of Cauvery river in the central part of Tamil the river sand is medium to fine grained Nadu. It forms part of Karaikal, nature. The standard deviation (sorting) Nagapattinam and Thanjavur district and indicates moderately well sorted to falls between the lat. 100 50′ to 110 10′ N moderately sorted with a range of 0.478 Φ and long. 79020′ to 79050′ E forms and a to 1.042 Φ, while the skewness values of part of Survey of Indian topographic maps the sediment samples ranges from -0.581 Φ no. 58 N/13, 58 N/9 and 58 N/5. to 0.389 Φ. The kurtosis varies between 0.679 Φ to 1.437 Φ, indicating mesokurtic

154 34th Convention, Indian Association of Sedimentologists Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati; 19-21, December, 2017; Extended Abstracts’ Volume to leptokurtic nature. Linear discriminant nature of sediments refers to the values indicate that the sediments were continuous addition of finer or coarser mostly deposited as aeolian process under materials after the winnowing action and turbidity environment. C-M plot shows retention of their original characters during rolling as a mode of transportation. deposition. Linear discriminate functions of the sediments indicate that sediments were Geochemistry: The concentrations of trace deposited predominantly as aeolian and elements such as Cr, Ni, Cu, and Zn are beach process under shallow marine observed higher than average UCC values. environment and carried by turbidity The enhanced preservation of organic action. CM- plots indicates the sediments carbon in fine-grained sediments has led to were dominantly transported under rolling contamination of trace metals due to the process. The concentrations of trace preferential adsorption of metal scavenging elements such as Cr, Ni, Cu, and Zn are phases like Fe/Mn hydrolysates in view of observed higher than average UCC values. the larger grain surface areas provided by Overall trend in trace element distribution the fine sediments. Overall trend in trace indicates lithogenic origin. The elemental element distribution indicates lithogenic ratios Cu/Zn, suggests reducing conditions origin. The elemental ratios Cu/Zn, suggests of the environment. Enrichment Factor and reducing conditions of the environment. Contamination factor implies low enrichment and low contamination Both enrichment factor (EF) and respectively. contamination factor (CF) values are of Cr, Ni, Cu, and Zn in the sediments are low. References Geo-accumulation and pollution load index Folk, R.L. and Ward, W.C., 1957, Brazos river bar: a reveals out unpolluted category. study in the significance of grain size parameters. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, v. 27, p. 3-26. Friedman, G.M., 1979, Differences in size Conclusions: The present work was carried distributions of populations of particles among out to study the sediment textural sands of various origins. Sedimentology, v. 26, p. 3- characteristics, depositional condition and 32. geochemical characteristics in the study Joshua, E.O. and Oyebanjo, O.A., 2010, Grain-size and heavy mineral analysis of river Osun sediments. area. The mean size indicates that the fine Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, v. sands were deposited at a moderately low 4(3), p. 498-501. energy conditions. Moderately well sorted Passega, R., 1964, Grain size representation by CM character of sediments indicating the patterns as a geological tool. Journal of Sedimentary influence of stronger energy conditions in Petrology, v. 34, p. 830- 847. Sahu, B.K., 1964, Depositional mechanisms from the the basin. Near symmetrical sediments size analysis of classic sediments. Journal of indicates the due to the mixing of bimodal Sedimentary Petrology, v. 34, p. 73-83. sources. The mesokurtic to leptokurtic Twidale, C.R., 2004, River patterns and their meaning. Earth-Science Reviews, v. 67, p. 159–218.

155 34th Convention, Indian Association of Sedimentologists Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati; 19-21, December, 2017; Extended Abstracts’ Volume

Trace metal pollution and ecological risk assessment in the surface sediments on a river estuary shelf mixing zone, Southwest coast of India

Arun, T. J1, Srinivas, R1., Prasad K. R1., Aneesh, T. D1., Sreeraj, M. K1, Silpa, B. L1. and Sajan, K2.

1Coastal Processes Group, National Centre for Earth Science Studies, Thiruvananthapuram-695 011, Kerala. [email protected], [email protected] 2 Department of Marine Geology and Geophysics, School of Marine Sciences, Cochin University of Science and Technology (CUSAT), Cochin-682016, Kerala. [email protected]

Introduction: Metal concentration in rivers drain through the city and debouch aquatic environment has been plagued by a sediments via estuary into the Arabian sea. combination of natural and anthropogenic sources (Gurumoorthi et al., 2016). The presence of heavy metals in sediments is of major concern, because of their bioaccumulation, persistence and biomagnification nature which are hazardous to the ecosystem and the food chain. Parameters such as enrichment factor (EF), contamination factor (CF), ecological risk index (RI) and Nemerow integrated pollution index (NIPI) have been widely used by researchers to determine the metal pollution status in sediments. Figure 1: Location map of the study area showing These parameters were used in this study sampling sites. to determine pollution status and its associated ecological risk of selected Sediment sampling and analysis: Surface riverine, estuarine and near shore sediment samples were collected from 24 sediments from Cochin region. selected locations and from adjoining near shore continental shelf on the south west Study area: The study area includes the coast of India (Fig.1). The samples were part of river-estuarine and adjoining near treated and sand, silt, and clay fractions shore continental shelf regions of Cochin, were resolved. Heavy metals were analyzed which is situated on the central part of the using XRF. south west coast of India (Fig.1). Result and Discussions: The mean contents The hinterland region comprises low lands of sand, silt, and clay in the sediments of or coastal plains, mid lands or the lateritic study area were 33.9 %, 38.7 %, and 27.2 %, plateaus and gneissic highlands. The area is respectively (Table 1). TOC varied between characterized by four major rock units 0.48% and 6.15%, with an average of 2.3%. namely Precambrian crystalline, Tertiary The higher values of organic carbon noticed sedimentary, Pleistocene lateritic, and where the mud content dominates that recent to sub recent sedimentary units. indicates its size dependent scavenging. Chalakudi, Periyar, Meenachil, Manimala, Achankovil, Pamba and Muvattupuzha

156 34th Convention, Indian Association of Sedimentologists Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati; 19-21, December, 2017; Extended Abstracts’ Volume

Table 1: Sand, silt, clay, trace metal concentrations and total organic carbon (TOC) in the surface sediments.

The concentrations of trace metals in influence factor to cause the risk and its surface sediments are given in Table 1. The value was up to 89.56. distribution pattern of metals indicates that the sediment texture is one of the major Conclusions: The present study affirms that controlling factors of metal concentration. the sediments were contaminated by The Cr, Ni, Pb, and Zn concentrations metals to a certain extent. Trace metals reported in this study shows higher than enrichment in the regions, where the mud those in the average shale value. Al and Fe dominates distinctly elucidated the are having good correlation with TOC, Clay scavenging nature of grain size and organic and trace elements. Cr and Ni are having matter for heavy metals. The organic strong correlation with mud and TOC carbon content in the present study shows whereas Cu and Zn show good correlation elevated degree of contamination. The with TOC. Pb shows negative or no higher content of heavy metal in the study correlation. area indicates influence of anthropogenic activities and industrial effluence. Nemerow integrated pollution Index (NIPI) shows low level of pollution to Cu and Pb, Acknowledgements: The authors are thankful to the Director, National moderate level of pollution to Cr and Ni Centre for Earth Science Studies (NCESS), where as high level for Zn. Enrichment Thiruvananthapuram, for his encouragement and factor for Zn was 2.04 which is marginally providing facilities to conduct the study. enriched (2 < EF ≤5) and deficiency to minimal enrichment (EF < 2) for elements References like Fe, Cr, Ni, Cu and Pb. Low grade of Gurumoorthi, K. and Venkatachalapathy, R., 2016, Spatial and Seasonal Trend of Trace Metals and Potential Ecological Risk (RI < 150) was Ecological Risk Assessment along Kanyakumari reported for the study area and was in the Coastal Sediments, Southern India, Pollution, v. 2(3), order of Cu>Cr>Zn>Pb. Cu was the key p. 269-287.

157 34th Convention, Indian Association of Sedimentologists Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati; 19-21, December, 2017; Extended Abstracts’ Volume

Study of channel dynamics of Ghaghara river from Bahraich to Faizabad districts of central Ganga Plain, Uttar Pradesh using geospatial techniques

Singh, A. P. and Arya A. K.

Department of Geology, University of Lucknow, Lucknow-226007, Uttar Pradesh. [email protected]

Introduction: Active flood plains have a key Uttar Pradesh lying between long. 800 - 820 role in fluvial dynamics. Their association to E and lat. 260-290 N (Fig.1). valley width, channel width, river sinuosity, escarpments and channel migration helps in understanding the physical processes and neo-tectonics in a low dipping monotonous fluvial deposits. The Ghaghara river is one of the most affected river by flooding every year and giving a large disastrous picture for its impact on land, life, health, human settlements, naturally and anthropogenically. Alterations in inputs are either natural or anthropogenic resulting changes in the planform/channel Figure 1: The study area map showing Ghaghara river flowing through various districts. pattern, sinuosity, and braiding index (Knighton, 1984). Their discharge (amount Methodology: The work is performed on and variability), sediment load (amount and GIS platform using remote sensing data for grain size), width, depth, velocity, slope, year 1990, 2017 and survey of India bed roughness and bank vegetation density toposheet (1:50000 scale), year 1974 (as (Leopold and Wolman, 1957; Schumm, base layer). River migration, channel width 1963) express to oversee the course of and valley width is measured using channels. Each of the components is measuring tool in ARC GIS 10.40 with affected by climate and geological variables ground truth verification. such as rainfall seasonal temperature variation and seasonal slope. Result and Discussions: In the study it is observed that the present stretch of The present study deals with geomorphic Ghaghara river can be divided into three characteristics drawn from different major zones i.e., Zone I – where the river is temporal and spatial satellite imageries of structurally controlled and changing its Ghaghara River extending from Bahraich to direction from S to SSE-NNW near Bardia to Faizabad districts. The study incorporates Parthia Gurhi (Bahraich District); Zone II- the analysis of channel width and valley the river shows a linear trend and channel width using remote sensing and GIS straightening in NW-SE direction and techniques. The study area including an lowering of sinuosity rate between Semra aerial extent of ~314 km in length. (Bahraich district) to Para (Gonda district), and Zone III- having channel direction in Study area: The present investigation lies in NNW-SSE direction between Para (Gonda) Lakhimpur-Khiri, Bahraich, Sitapur, to Rampur (Faizabad district) with high Barabanki, Gonda and Faizabad districts of meandering channel flow (Fig.2).

158 34th Convention, Indian Association of Sedimentologists Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati; 19-21, December, 2017; Extended Abstracts’ Volume

I) Shifting of Ghaghara River (Change Detection):

1974-1990: The channel migration observed on Landsat MSS data (1990) compared with 1974 toposheet shows that minimum migration of Ghaghara river is 0.2 km SSW-NNE direction near Katra in Gonda district and the maximum migration was analysed about 5.13 km in East direction near Khajuria in Gonda district.

1990-2017: The channel migration from year 1990 to 2017 showed that the minimum migration of Ghaghara river is 0.4 km NW-SE direction near Khajuria in Gonda District and the maximum migration observed about 5.17 km in NW-SE direction near Bishnunath in Bahraich district.

II) Channel Width and Valley Width correlation: The channel width, valley width Figure 2: shows the shifting and migration of Ghaghara river for the last 53 years with respect to and entrenchment ratio of the river in the three different year dataset of year 1974-1990-2017 study area was calculated to observe the anthropogenic and neo-tectonic impact on Acknowledgements the valley characteristics. The Authors are extremely thankful to Prof. Rameshwar Bali, Head, Department of Geology, University of Lucknow for providing infrastructural Conclusions: Ghaghara river is most facility. The funding agency UGC New Delhi is also affected river by flood and shows acknowledged for providing me scholarship under differential shifting from NE to SW followed the Rajeev Gandhi National Fellowship to carry out by NNW to SSE and then turning finally into this work.

NW to SE. The channel shows high References entrenchment (< 1.4) in Bahraich and Meybeck M., 1976, Total annual dissolved transport Gonda districts while near Faizabad the by world major rivers. Hydrology Science Bulletin, v. channel becomes low entrenched (> 2.2). 30, p. 265–289 The variation in the entrenchment ratios Leopold, L.B. and Wolman. 1957, River channel indicates structural as well as natural patterns- braided, meandering and straight, USGS Prof. Pap. 282B. control in the upper and lower flow regime Schumm, S.A., 1963, Sinuosity of alluvial rivers in the of the Ghaghara river channel. The channel Great Plains, Geological society of America Bulletin, migration and its variability points towards p. 1089-1100. the socio-economic situation in the study Knighton, D., 1984, Fluvial forms and processes: A area and reflects the flooding situation and new perspective. Arnold, London, 383 p. changing morphology of the river channel.

.

159 34th Convention, Indian Association of Sedimentologists Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati; 19-21, December, 2017; Extended Abstracts’ Volume

Geomorphological investigations of Arna river basin Amravati District, Maharashtra using Remote Sensing and GIS techniques

Kose, S. S. and Borgawkar, A. R.

Geotech GIS training Institute, Aurangabad-431001, Maharashtr. [email protected]

Introduction: Morphometric analysis and lat. 21020’00” to 21040’00” N with an requires measurement of linear features, area of about 261.3541 km. It is covered in aerial aspects and gradient of channel the Survey of India topo sheet numbers network of the drainage basin. It provides a 55G/7, 55G/10 and 55G/11 on 1:50,000 quantitative description of the drainage scale. In the present study, stream number, system, which is important for stream order, frequency, drainage density characterization of watersheds (Strahler, and bifurcation ratio are derived and 1964). In the present study, detailed tabulated on the basis of areal and linear morphometric parameters of the Arna river properties of drainage channels. basin has been carried out. Identification of drainage networks within basins or sub Conclusions: The study area shows various basins can be achieved using traditional geographic features like hills, plateau, methods such as field observations and pediments, denuded slope and valleys. The topographic maps or alternatively with drainage pattern is dendritic to sub- advanced methods using remote sensing dendritic. This study would help the local and GIS. The present report is compiled and people to utilize the ground water prepared based on geomorphologic resources for sustainable development of mapping done by using remote sensing and the basin area. limited ground truth. Acknowledgements Study area: The present work deals with The authors are very much thankful to the staff training Institute for their help and cooperation. the assessment of groundwater potential zones of Shirajgoan Kasba region of References Amravati district. It is based on GIS Strahler, A.N., 1964, Quantitative geomorphology of approach, in which, the Arc GIS 10.3 is drainage basin and channel network, Handbook of used. The study area of Arana River basin, Applied Hydrology, p. 39-7 between long. 77022’30” to 77048’30” E

160 34th Convention, Indian Association of Sedimentologists Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati; 19-21, December, 2017; Extended Abstracts’ Volume

Urbanization using GIS: A case study on Jammu city

Deshpande, A. V.

Civil Engineering Department, Sanjivani College of Engineering, Kopargaon, Ahmednagar-423603, Maharashtra. [email protected]

Introduction: The urban areas in the GIS, its application areas are many and developing world are under constant varied. The modern technology of remote pressure of a growing population. Indian sensing which includes both aerial as well cities are experiencing an accelerated pace as satellite based systems, allow us to of growth since independence. Efficient collect lot of physical data rather easily, urban information system is a vital pre- with speed and on repetitive basis, and requisite for planned development. The together with GIS helps us to analyze the increasing demands in urban planning and data spatially, offering possibilities of management sectors call for co-ordinate generating various options (modeling), application of Remote Sensing and thereby optimizing the whole planning Geographic Information System (GIS) for process. These information systems also sustainable development of urban areas offer interpretation of physical (spatial) (Fasona and Omojola, 2006). There is an data with other socio-economic data, and urgent need to adopt Geographic thereby providing an important linkage in Information System approach in urban the total planning process and making it development and monitoring process for more effective and meaningful. Recent implementing pragmatic plan of urban technological advances made in domain of development. The plan must incorporate an spatial technology cause considerable integrated approach of spatial modeling impact in planning activities. This domain of using Remote Sensing Data, GIS database planning is of prime importance for a and GPS solutions. The availability of high country like India with varied geographic resolution data from satellites has patterns, cultural activities etc. The purpose revolutionized the process of thematic of using GIS is that, maps provide an added mapping and spatial data base creation, dimension to data analysis which brings us specially, in the context of urban and one step closer to visualizing the complex regional planning. This paper aims at patterns and relationships that characterize solving the problems being faced due to real-world planning and policy problems. urbanization with proper, planned, systematic land usage plans to be Discussion: undertaken for development with a sustainable rate that is favorable to both Population changes in the study area: The the nature and human needs. study of demographic pattern plays a major role in the preparation of sustainable urban Role of GIS in urbanization: GIS is a development plan. It gives the idea about powerful tool which helps planners to view living conditions of the people and their different scenarios and their outcome so immediate needs of basic amenities which that an optimal strategy may be chosen for planner should attend while preparing planning and development. GIS is basically development plan. Therefore, the analysis a map processing technique. Once the of demographic factors in relation to spatial and attribute data is generated in various urban functions facilitate the

161 34th Convention, Indian Association of Sedimentologists Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati; 19-21, December, 2017; Extended Abstracts’ Volume requirement or need for housing, industry, commerce, amenities and recreation. Greater Jammu is accommodating a population of 10.68 lakh with urban sprawl over an area of 170 km2. Population projections reveal that Jammu would be required to accommodate 19.29 lakh populations by 2021.

Urban sprawl: The history of spatial Figure 2: Projection for built-up area in 2016 & 2024 expansion (physical growth) of a city could be explained in terms of waves of urban Conclusions: GIS and satellite images have growth. The physical growth of Jammu city been used in the study to provide spatial from the year 1992 to 2008 has been inputs and test the statistical model studied with the help of multidate remote describing growth. The main change sensing data viz. IRS -1D and LANDSAT data observed for the time period of 1972-2011 employing both visual and digital was that the built-up area inside the techniques and with limited field checks. municipal boundary of Jammu city in 1972 2 Urban sprawl map of Jammu city was was 14.90 km with a decadal increase of 2 2 prepared using Survey of India 20.38 km in 1980, 33.08 km in 1992 and 2 topographical maps and multi-date remote 65.49 km in 2011. Thus, from 1972 to 2 sensing data. This map depicts details on 2011, settlements increased to 50.59 km physical growth of the city and direction of (59%), respectively. New urban region growth. The area under urban built-up land developments are growing largely all in 1992, 2000 and 2008 was 5064.57 ha, directions of city. While in the Lu/Lc 7282.6 ha and 8825.04 ha respectively. mapping agriculture land has been Spatial distribution of urban sprawl and witnessed as the prime victim of this land projections for build-up area in 2000 and transformation during the study period. 2 2008 are shown in Fig. 1&2. Agriculture land reduced to 7.92 km (9%) 2 in 2011 from 44.51 km in 1972.

References Fasona, M.J., Omojola A.S., 2006, GIS and Remote Sensing For Urban Planning: A Case of Festac Town, Lagos, Nigeria. Berry, B. J. L., 1990, Urbanization. In: (B. L. Turner II, W. ed.) The Earth as Transformed by Human Action.

Figure 1: Urban sprawl map for 1992, 2000 & 2008

162 34th Convention, Indian Association of Sedimentologists Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati; 19-21, December, 2017; Extended Abstracts’ Volume

Possibility of artificial ground water recharges structures in Aurangabad District using Remote Sensing and GIS techniques

Khade, B. V. and Borgawkar, A. R.

Geotech GIS Training Institute, Aurangabad-431001, Maharashtra. [email protected]

Introduction: Groundwater is a form of Study area: The study area of Aurangabad water occupying all the voids within a district located between 190 and 200 N long. geological stratum. High relief and steep and 740 and 760 E lat. and include in Survey slopes impart higher runoff, while of India toposheet no. 46 L, 46 P, 47 I, 47 topographical depressions increase M. It is covers an area of 10,100 km2 out of infiltration. Water bearing formations of which 141.1 km2 is urban area and 9,958.9 the earth’s crust act as conduits for km2 is rural. transmission and as reservoirs for storing water. The groundwater occurrence in a Methodology: It includes detailed study of geological formation and the scope for its image of the area for various groundwater exploitation primarily depends on the zones, their spread along with other formation of porosity. Over the years the attributes. Limited field checks have also growing importance of groundwater based been made. on an increasing need has led to unscientific exploitation of groundwater Discussion and Conclusion: Now a days, the creating a water stress condition. This groundwater pumping is exceeding the alarming situation calls for a cost and time recharge due to increased dependency effective technique for proper evaluation of on groundwater to cater the needs of groundwater resources and management the growing population. Therefore, the planning. Hence, identification and assessment of groundwater potential and quantization of recharge features are scope for artificial recharge in the important for generating a groundwater overdeveloped watersheds is very crucial potential model and the same has been and the same has been under study at done using remote sensing and GIS initial stage. This study will be highly following Thomas et al., (2008) and Anji beneficial to find out the possibility of Reddy (2012). artificial recharge sites considering the existing water harvesting structures. Geology: The study area comprises of volcanic rock with alternating layers of Acknowledgements compact massive basalts and vesicular The authors are very much thankful to the staff training Institute for their help and cooperation. amygdaloidal basalts. Most of the region is covered with soil with an average thickness References of 3 m. Hence, very few rock exposures are Thomas, M. Lilles and Ralph, W. Kiefer, 2008, found and these are predominantly at road “Remote Sensing and Image Interpretation” John cuttings and along river banks. The typical Wiley & Sons Publication, p. 324. Anji Reddy M, 2012, ‘Textbook of Remote soil type observed is the medium-black Sensing & Geographical Information Systems’ by cotton type. B S Publication, p. 124-131

163 34th Convention, Indian Association of Sedimentologists Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati; 19-21, December, 2017; Extended Abstracts’ Volume

Mapping of active fault related morphotectoinc features along the western segment of south Wagad fault, Kachchh, Western India

Thakkar, M. G., Lakhote, A. and Chauhan, G. D.

Department of Earth and Environmental Science, KSKV Kachchh University, Bhuj-Kachchh-370001, Gujarat. [email protected]

Introduction: Kachchh intra-plate, paleo- in the south and by the Kanthkot and rift basin generated during Gondwana Chitrod faults in the north. They form the rifting resulted half-grabens facilitated south facing scarps against the piedmont Mesozoic sediments. Post Indo-Eurasia zones made up of south sloping Tertiary collision has evolved once subsided cratonic and Quaternary sediments (Fig.1). The blocks to the recent uplifted blocks along rivers coming out from the domes and the master faults like Island Belt Fault, anticlines dominated south Wagad flexure Kachchh Mainland Fault and south Wagad zone behave abnormally and die out at fault. In such cases, transverse faults have many places creating anastomosing to been generated due to the lateral stress deranged patterns on the piedmont zones. fields developed in the Indian plate, as a The abnormal pooling and stream result in the post Tertiary period the similar abandonment are common in the area. forces have continued as strike slip Scarps are reported in the hinterlands and tectonics largely along the KMF and SWF. It at places very close to the SWF exposures. is the major reason of continued seismicity The Mesozoics rocks in the flexure zone are in the region and active nature of all the involved in complex shearing and flexuring master and secondary faults. In the present while the Tertiary rocks peep out in the study, we identified the traces of such Samakhiyali plain as warped zones south of active faults in the piedmont zones south of the SWF. Very thin layers of Quaternary the SWF using the satellite data and field sediment cover the Tertiaries in the plain examination. Warping, anastomosing, but their warps affect the south flowing abandonment of rivers, knick points, Adhoi, Khara Vokra rivers and many other stream deflections, deranged streams etc. first order short lived streams originating features on the ground are identified and from the south Wagad scarp. mapped for this fault.

Methodology: Mapping of the active fault related features are identified using topographic maps (SOI), satellite images as well as the GIS software like Global mappers CARTOSAT data. The identified young geomorphic features are then checked in the field and mapped using the

GPS locations. Figure 1: Geological, tectonic and location map of the study area in Kachchh basin (After Biswas, 2005). Geomorphology, Geology and Tectonics of the area: The SWF zone consists of two Morphotectonic features: Warping, tilting semi-concentric marginal faults which are of the Quaternary surfaces is found to the bounded by the Adhoi and Khanpur faults south of Halra, Vamka and Mae domes.

164 34th Convention, Indian Association of Sedimentologists Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati; 19-21, December, 2017; Extended Abstracts’ Volume

Numerous abandoned drainages are Since the concentration of the active fault reported to the south of SWF with offsets related features in the western segment of and anastomosing at many places in the SWF between Chobari to Adhoi, the area is Samakhiyali plain (fig.2&3). Anticlines, considered as seismically active. The 2001 synclines, domes and dykes are reported in Bhuj earthquake epicenter also falls in the the Mesozoic rocks in the SW flexure zone western tip of the SWF. while numerous knick points along the first and second order streams are reported in the hilly terrains as the indications of the active nature of the SWF (Kothiyari et al., 2016). The morphotectonic features in the Samakhiyali plains are designated features related to the active faults. Apart from these fluvial terraces and deep incisions in Quaternary surfaces with the scour and fill structures in Holocene sediments are also indicating activeness of the respective faults.

Figure 3: Block diagram showing recent position of the young geomorphic features with the subsurface tectonic elements in the south Wagadarea (After Goyal et al, 2015).

Acknowledgements MGT is grateful to the MoES, New Delhi (project no. MoES/PO (Seismo)/1(270)/AFM/2015) for the financial assistance.

References Figure 2: Morphotectonic map of the south Wagad Biswas, S.K. 2005, A review of structure and and Samakhiyali plain showing major rivers, broad tectonics of Kuth basin, western India with special geology and erosional surfaces (After Goyal et al, reference to earthquakes. Current Science, v. 2015) 88(10), p. 1592-600. Kothiyari, G.C., Dumka, R.K., Singh, A.P., Chauhan, Conclusions: The abnormal behavior of the G., Thakkar, M.G. and Biswas, S.K. 2016, Tectonic short lived streams, anastomosing, evolution and stress pattern of South Wagad Fault deranged, aligned, abandoned and offset at the Kachchh Rift Basin in western India, Geological Magazine, doi: streams in the hard rocks as well as in the 10.1017/S0016756816000509, p1-13. alluvial plains or in the slopy piedmont Goyal, B., Thakkar, M.G. and Bhandari, S., 2015 zones are the indications of the activeness Quaternary tectonic deformations and geomorphic of the terrain and the respective faults. The setup of Samakhiyali alluvial plain, Eastern Kachchh, warps and tilts of the ground are young Western India. Journal of the Geological Society of India, v. 86(4), p. 399-411. geomorphic units associated with the SWF.

165 34th Convention, Indian Association of Sedimentologists Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati; 19-21, December, 2017; Extended Abstracts’ Volume

Identification of various lithofacies in Purna alluvial basin, Maharashtra through Remote Sensing and GIS technique

Kale, V. M.

Maharashtra Remote Sensing Application Center, VNIT campus, Nagpur–440011, Maharashtra. [email protected]

Introduction: Lithofacies is the body of isolated patches of Gondwana, underlain by sediments/rock distinguishes by specified Lameta are exposed in the close vicinity on combination of uniform characteristics features like composition, texture and sedimentary structures related to specific set of physical, biological and chemical processes. The term ‘facies’ in the present context is limited to horizontal dimension of a lithounit represented surfacially by similar characteristics. Satellite imageries proved to be a very useful tool to identify and quantify the spatial distributions of lithofacies of any terrain, owing to the fact, that the image characters show good Figure 1: Geological setting and spatial distribution relationship with the physical properties of of various lithofacies in alluvial part of the basin. that lithounit. Such applications become more significant particularly, when the the northern flank of the alluvium basin. study area is of large dimension, hence, the The alluvial formation also show the same is applied here in the Purna basin for prevalence of low to high level ground delineation of lithofacies. Correlation of the water salinity (Adyalkar, 1966) same has also been made with the prevailing ground water salinity in the area. Methodology: The unconsolidated alluvial sediments in the basin area show textural Geology and Stratigraphy: The Purna river variations in lateral profile. These variations basin is delineated on the basis of distal are well attributed with nature and type of ends of first order streams as the boundary sediments, lithology, relief, slope of the (Fig.1). The basin area shows that, the basin and clearly represent different tonal basalt of the Deccan Trap and alluvium are characteristics on the image. The study has the two major lithologies. Basalt is mostly been performed with the help of World exposed in peripheral area, whereas, Imagery (60 cm spatial resolution) data alluvium covers the central part and is using remote sensing technique and GIS. referred collectively as Purna alluvial basin The lithofacies boundaries are refine using having a spread of 2900 km2 (Kale, 2010). ground validations with limited check The alluvium is represented by a thick pile points. Table 1 show the types and extents of Quaternary sediments on the basement of various lithofacies identified. of Deccan basalt and restricted by faults on the northern side, which broadly satisfy the Characteristics of lithofacies: The BPF criteria of intracratonic sedimentary basin lithofacies is identifiable because of its as classified by Reading (1986). A few small brighter tone on the satellite imagery. It

166 34th Convention, Indian Association of Sedimentologists Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati; 19-21, December, 2017; Extended Abstracts’ Volume occupies the northern stretch of the basin facies also corresponds to the lithological (Fig.1). The SGF lies adjacent to the categorization of the alluvium as proposed southern margin of boulder-pebbly facies, by Tiwari et al., (1996, 2004) viz., the in the form of isolated patches, consist boulder bed formation, the light gray silt mainly of fine to medium sand-size formation, the brown silt formation and the sediments. Sandy-clay facies (SCF) extends red silt formation. in a vast track on either sides of the river Purna and composed of mainly fine to Conclusions: Total five lithofacies have medium grained sands and clays and been identified on the basis of tonal identifiable because of its smooth tone and characteristics. The spatial distributions of texture. Silty facies (SF) is characterized by the lithofacies show a decreasing trend in its little brighter tone on panchromatic the size of sediments from Satpuda foothill image with a smooth texture and spread in region in the north towards the Purna river the form of a narrow belt. Clayey facies (CF) in south. These lithofacies also show a is indicated by its darker tone on image and relationship with the nature and extent of covers a narrow elongated belt, all along groundwater salinity and acts as controlling the Purna river course. factor.

Sr. No. Lithofacies description Area (km2) Acknowledgements 1 Boulder-pebbly facies (BPF) 341.26 The author is thankful to Dr. Subrata N. Das, 2 Sandy gravel facies (SGF) 443.45 Director, MRSAC, Nagpur for providing the 3 Sandy clay facies (SCF) 3,634.78 Geospatial facilities. 4 Silty facies (SF) 1,375.18 5 Clay facies (CF) 1,266.32 References 6 Deccan Trap (DT) 11,453.87 Adyalkar, P.G., 1996, Paleogeography, framework of Total 18,514.87 sedimentation, origin of salinity and proposal for its Table 1: Various lithofacies and their extents in phased amelioration in the Purna Upland Alluvial Purna basin. Valley of India. Symposium ‘Integrated Approach to Management of Water and Soil of Purna River Basin Discussions: The spatial distributions of the with special reference to Salinity Characteristics’, lithofacies in lateral profile of the basin Nagpur, p. 30-38. Kale, V.M., 2010, Sedimentological studies of Purna show a decreasing trend in the size of basin with special reference to environment of sediments i.e., from Satpuras foothill region deposition. Unpublished Ph. D. thesis, Sant Gadge in the north towards the Purna river in Baba Amravati University, India, 256p. south. The boulder-pebbly facies, confined Reading, H.G., 1986, Sedimentary Environments and to foothill region in the north grades to Facies, 2nd Ed, Blackwell Scientific Publication, Oxford, 615p. sandy-gravel facies towards the south. The Tiwari, M.P., Bhai, H.Y., Padhi, R.N. Bandopadhyay., sandy-gravel further grades to sandy-clay K.P., 1996, Geomorphology and geology of the facies and onwards to silty and clayey Purna Valley. Symposium ‘Integrated Approach to alluvium in south, up to the course of Purna Management of Water and Soil of Purna River Basin river. with special reference to Salinity Characteristics’, p. 11-18. Tiwari, M.P. 2004, Quaternary geology of Central In a broader frame work, the spatial India. Special Publication, Geological Survey of India, distribution of presently identified litho- v. 64, p. 625-635.

167 34th Convention, Indian Association of Sedimentologists Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati; 19-21, December, 2017; Extended Abstracts’ Volume

Groundwater modeling using Geographical Information System and Remote Sensing techniques in Aurangabad District, Maharashtra

Gaikwad, N. V., 1 Borgawkar, A. R2. and Deshpande, S. M3.

1Geotech GIS Training Institute, Aurangabad-431001, Maharashtra. 2Department of Geology, Institute of Science, Aurangabad-431001, Maharashtra. 3Department of Higher Education, Sholapur Region, Sholapur-411001, Maharashtra. [email protected]

Introduction: Consumption of water has surface water, there is still an acute been increased in the recent decades the shortage of water in summer. Hence, demands in the field of agricultural and there is a need to identify regions where industrial development. The land, water, site-specific artificial-recharge methods can minerals and biomass resources are be adopted to augment water supply. currently under tremendous pressure in the context of highly competing and often Conclusions: There are number of positive conflicting demands of an ever expanding developments in remote sensing and GIS population. Groundwater is a dynamic technology. World over Remote sensing and natural resource, but in hard rock and GIS applications has now become the terrains availability of groundwater is of common place for the utilities, land limited extent. Occurrence of groundwater information and planning. Remote sensing in such rocks is essentially confined to and GIS can be effective tools in the design fractured and weathered horizons and monitoring of groundwater potential (Deshpande, 1998). and its development as well as uses. Remote sensing and GIS has found a role in Study area: The study area is bounded by the analysis and management of all such long. 74055’00”E to 75010’00”E and lat. areas where ‘variations in local and micro 19045’00”N to 20000’00”N. The annual elements influences the patterns’. A precipitation in this region is about 600 mm systematic integration of remote sensing and availability of water is sufficient in and GIS data with hydrogeological post-monsoon. The top soil covers together investigations provides rapid and cost with the underlying weathered rock and effective identification of groundwater upper unconfined aquifer in the area. The potential zones. The integration of various rain water accumulates in the unconfined thematic maps describing favorable aquifers with gentle to moderately sloping groundwater zones was brought out as a grounds, and then flows to downstream. single groundwater potential zone map The available water is sufficient during with the application of GIS. the early part of the winter season (till December); later, the water table Acknowledgements declines, and by March, many of the The authors are very much thankful to the staff training Institute for their help and cooperation. shallow wells tapping the upper unconfined aquifers either become dry or Reference adequately won’t meet the requirement. Deshpande, G.G., 1998, Geology of Maharashtra. Thus, although there is an abundance of Geological Society of India, Bangalore, p. 17-163.

168 34th Convention, Indian Association of Sedimentologists Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati; 19-21, December, 2017; Extended Abstracts’ Volume

Hydrogeological investigations of the Chandrabhaga river basin using Geographical Information System and Remote Sensing techniques in Daryapur and Achalpur Taluka, Amravati District, Maharashtra

Dhawale, S. D. and Borgawkar, A. R.

Geotech GIS Training Institute, Aurangaba -431001, Maharashtra. [email protected]

Introduction: Water being an indispensable Study area: The study area falls in Daryapur constituent for all life supporting processes, of Amravati district and situated in N-W its assessment, conservation, development part of the Amravati city, nearly 55 Km and management is of great concern for all away. The area lying between long. 77025’ to manage, facilitate and utilize. Issues to 77030’ E and lat. is 21000’ to 21025’ N related to water resources development which is included in Survey of India and management is not in isolation but is toposheet no. 55 G/8 and 55H/5. The area inter-related with other human activities lies on the way of Daryapur- Paratwada in (Sheshagiri, 2000). The issues involved the bank of Chandrabhaga river. range from those of basic human well-being (food, security and health), economic Discussions: The 389 km2 saline tract along development (industry and energy) and the northern bank of the Purna river preservation of natural ecosystems on indicates that faulting and tilting of tectonic which ultimate all exist and sustain. blocks resulted in huge thickness of fine compact sediments, restricting active Geology: The hilly area and forest is mostly recharge of aquifer. Groundwater of covered in study area. Daryapur is a city Chandrabhaga river watershed show high and which comes under Amravati district. It salinity. The EC ranges between 0.32-16.61, is also situated on the bank of whereas, Ca varies from 1 to 65.50 mg/l. Chandrabhaga river. Purna river covers alluvium consist of silt, clay, sand of Conclusions: GIS based approach facilitates Satpuras range covers part of Anjangaon analysis of different morphometric Surji. parameters and its relationship between landforms, soil, sand and eroded lands. The Age Formation variation in stream length ratio is noticed Recent Alluvium due to change in slope and topography. The Upper Cretaceous- Basalt (Deccan trap) bifurcation ratio in the watershed indicates Lower Eocene normal watershed category and moderate Turonian Lameta beds drainage density suggesting moderate Upper Carboniferous Gondwana Achaean Metamorphic (Gneisses/ permeable sub-soil, and coarse drainage Granites) texture. Table 1. Generalised stratigraphy of the area Acknowledgements Achalpur and Chandur Bazar consist of clay, The authors are very much thankful to the staff of training Institute for their help and cooperation. boulders and pebbles. The total coverage of this area is 25%. While other 75% area is Reference Deccan trap mostly jointed, vesicular basalt Seshagiri Rao, K.V., 2000, Watersheds type (Table 1). Comprehensive Development, B.S. Publication, Hyderabad.

169 34th Convention, Indian Association of Sedimentologists Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati; 19-21, December, 2017; Extended Abstracts’ Volume

A fuzzy logic approach to assess wetland quality-A case study of Ashtamudi Ramsar wetland system, Southwest coast of India.

Krishnakumar, A1., Anju, K1., Aditya, S. K1., Anoop Krishnan, K1. and Dharan, D. T 2.

1Crustal Processes Group, National Centre for Earth Science Studies Ministry of Earth Sciences, Govt. of India, Akkulam, Thiruvananthapuram-695011, Kerala. [email protected] 2Scientific Response to Environmental Developmental and Human Arenas (SREDHA), Palayam, Thiruvananthapuram-695033, Kerala.

Introduction: Wetlands are considered to AWS is divided into four sub environments the most productive ecosystem on Earth viz; Ashtamudi Main kayal, Chavara kayal, (Ghermandi et al., 2008), where water plays Kureepuzha – Kandachira kayals and an important role in controlling the Kumbalathu – Kanjirakottu Kayals. environmental functions and associated plant and animal life. However, they are also ecologically sensitive and adaptive ecosystem (Turner et al., 2000). Various anthropogenic activities such as overfishing, tourism, pesticide and fertilizer discharges from agriculture, toxic pollutants from industrial waste, construction activities etc. ruin the great economic, cultural, scientific and recreational values of wetlands. Therefore, it is vital to conserve our precious wetland resources. Hence, an attempt has been made to analyze the quality of Ashtamudi Wetland System (AWS), by combining Water Figure 1: Location map of Ashtamudi wetland Pollution Index (WPI) and Comprehensive system Pollution Index (CPI). A fuzzy logic model on MATLAB platform was simulated using Materials and Methods: Sampling has membership functions and fuzzy rules to been carried out in the AWS during prove and illustrate the quality of AWS monsoon and non-monsoon seasons. The based on the quantitative variations of physico-chemical parameters for evaluating hydro chemical parameters. the water quality were performed using standard methods. Study area: Ashtamudi Estuarine Wetland System is located between lat. 8054’-9002’ N Water Pollution Index (WPI): The WPI was and long. 76031’-76041’ E in Kollam district calculated employing the method of Kerala State (Fig.1). It is the second developed by Ujjania and Dubey (2015). largest backwater system in the state and is WPI was computed considering TDS, BOD, designated as a wetland of international DO, pH, NO3 and SO4. importance (RAMSAR site). The wetland system is a palm shaped water body with WPI = ∑(Ci/SFQs)x (1/n) an area of 32 km2, with many creeks and Where, Ci represents the average monthly branches; eight of which are prominent. concentration of the parameter, SFQS

170 34th Convention, Indian Association of Sedimentologists Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati; 19-21, December, 2017; Extended Abstracts’ Volume represents the standard values of the water Parameters Avg. Qty. Std (Ci/sfqs)*(1/n) quality and n indicates the number of pH 6.92 6.5-8.5 0.101 analysis. BOD 2.905 3 0.121 DO 5.84 4 0.182 TDS 762.84 1500 0.06 Comprehensive Pollution Index (CPI): The NO 3.14 50 0.007 CPI was calculated using the equation (Yan 3 SO4 360.16 400 0.112 et al., 2015) WPI = ∑(Ci/SFQs)x (1/n)= 0.583 Table 1: WPI of Ashtamudi wetland system CPI= 1/n ∑ Ci/Si Where, Ci is the measured concentration of Parameters Avg. Qty.Std (1/n) *(Ci/Si) i units of pollutant, Si is the standard values NO2 0.176 10 0.315 of pollutants and n is the number of NH4 2.37 5 0.474 pollutants. CPI was computed considering TP 0.53 5 0.106 TN 1.67 100 0.016 NO2, NH4, TP, TN, BOD and TSS. BOD 2.90 30 0.485 TSS 53.97 100 0.30 Model Development: Fuzzy logic introduced CPI= 1/n ∑ Ci/Si = 0.30 by Zadeh (1965) is used for modeling Table 2: CPI of Ashtamudi wetland system complex systems in uncertain and imprecise environment (Ross, 2004). The fuzzy output ranges obtained by the Twelve quality parameters were included in integrated results of WPI and CPI on fuzzy the model development. Six kinds of inference system were classified into five membership functions were defined for classes as excellent (<1), good (1-3), slightly WPI and CPI and each parameter was polluted (3-5), moderately polluted (5-7) defined to one of the twelve fuzzy sets in and severely polluted (>7). The overall terms of membership functions and fuzzy wetland quality assessed from the model set rules. was 2, belonging to good category (Fig.2), indicating the estuarine water is safe for Result: The fuzzy logic model developed in propagation of wildlife and fisheries and this research by integrating WPI and CPI outdoor bathing as per the CPCB standards. indicated the general quality of Ashtamudi Wetland System. In the present study, the WPI values were classified into six classes namely Very pure (WPI<0.3), Pure (0.3-1.0), moderately polluted (1.0-2.0), Polluted (2.0-4.0), Impure (4.0-6.0) and heavily polluted (>6). According to WPI (Table 1), the water quality of AWS is 0.583 belonging to pure category. Similarly CPI values were classified into six categories viz: Cleanness (<0.2), Sub-cleanness (0.2-0.4), slightly Figure 2: Surface model of AWS polluted (0.4-0.7), moderately polluted (0.7-1.0), heavily polluted (1.0-2.0) and Studies pointed that (Sitharam, 2014; Serious pollution (>2). The CPI result Sujatha et al., 2009; Nandan, 2008) high obtained from the study indicates that the anthropogenic activities, urbanization, pollution status of the system lies in sub- coconut husk retting, fishing and tourism cleanness (0.3) category (Table 2). are observed in the wetland basin which may deteriorate the quality of AWS in the

171 34th Convention, Indian Association of Sedimentologists Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati; 19-21, December, 2017; Extended Abstracts’ Volume near future if left unattended. Therefore, quality in Ashtamudi Wetland System, India. effective management measures are to Proceedings of the Recent and Emerging Advances in Chemical Sciences (REACS- 2015) conference. taken to prevent the deterioration of AWS Nandan, B., 2008, Current status and biodiversity (Krishnakumar et al., 2015). modification in the coastal wetland ecosystems of India with objectives for its sustainable Conclusions: In the present study a fuzzy management. Proceedings of the Conserv-Vision logic model comprising twelve water conference. Ross, T.J., 2004, Fuzzy logic with engineering quality parameters were developed in applications. John Wiley and Sons, New York. order to assess the quality of Ashtamudi Sitaram, N., 2014, Impact of urbanization on water Wetland System. The results revealed that quality parameters- A case study of Ashtamudi Lake WPI and CPI of AWS are 0.583 and 0.3 Kollam. International journal of research in respectively whereas the model derived engineering and technology, v. 3(6), p. 140-147. Sujatha, C.H., Benny, N., Raveendran, R., Fanimol, quality was 2. From the study, it can be C.L and Samantha, N.K., 2009, Nutrient dynamics in concluded that the application of fuzzy logic the two lakes of Kerala, India. Indian journal of model can be used as an effective tool for marine sciences, v. 38(4), p. 541-456. understanding the quality status of Turner, R.K., van de Bergh, J.C.J.M., soderqvist, T., wetlands. Barendregt, A., van de Straaten, T., Maltby, E., van Ierland, E.C., 2000, Ecological economic analysis of wetlands: scientific integration for management and Acknowledgements policy. Ecological Economics, v. 35(1), p. 7-23. The authors are thankful to the Director, NCESS, Ujjania, N.C and Dubey, M., 2015, Water quality Thiruvananthapuram for his encouragements and support and thanks due to the Department of Port and index of estuarine environment. Current Science, v. Fisheries Government of Kerala for the financial 108(8), p. 1430-1433. assistance to undertake the study on AWS. Yan C.A., Zhang W., Zhang Z., Liu Y., Deng C and Nie N., 2015, Assessment of water quality and Reference identification of polluted risky regions based on field Ghermandi, A., van den Bergh, J.C.J.M., Brander, observations and GIS in the Honghe River L.M., de Groot, H.F.F and Nunes, P.A.L.D., 2008, The watershed, China. PloS One, v. 10(3): economic value of wetland conservation and doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0119130.e0119130. creation- A meta-analysis. Fondazione Eni Enrico Zadeh, L.A., 1965, Fuzzy sets inference control, p. Mattei, Milan, Italy. 338-353 Krishnakumar, A., Saranya, p., Anoop, K. and Vinduja V., 2015, Evaluation of seasonal fluctuation of water

172 34th Convention, Indian Association of Sedimentologists Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati; 19-21, December, 2017; Extended Abstracts’ Volume

Appraisal of groundwater potential from sedimentary provinces of Maharashtra, Central India

Murkute, Y. A.

Department of Geology, RTM Nagpur University, Nagpur-440001, [email protected]

Introduction: The sedimentary provinces in semi confined conditions. In general, the Maharashtra State essentially comprises dug wells from the Proterozoic sedimentary three major groups, viz; i) Proterozoic province range in depth between 5-12m sedimentary rocks, ii) Gondwana Super and sustain a discharge of 50 to 100 m3/ Group of rocks and iii) Quaternary Alluvium day (GSDA, 2014). tracts. The Proterozoic rocks constitute compact sedimentary units, particularly Gondwana rocks: The Gondwana represented by limestone, sandstone and sedimentary sequences are well manifested shale. In these rocks, the groundwater in Nagpur, Chandrapur, Wardha, Yavatmal occurs under phreatic and semi confined and Amravati districts occupying 4808 km2 conditions. The Gondwana sediments are area, which constitute only 4% of total composed of unstratified tilloids as well as rocks of Maharashtra. The sediments stratified sandstones, shales alternating representing the Talchir, Barakar and with coal beds. The groundwater, in these Kamthi formations are disposed in trough rocks, mainly occurs under phreatic sub- parallel to Pranhita Godavari graben conditions; however, the confined aquifers (PGG). The groundwater, in these rocks, are also not uncommon. The alluvium mainly occurs under phreatic conditions; deposits consist of different water bearing however the confined aquifers are also not horizons. uncommon. The dug wells from the Gondwana sedimentary province vary in Hydrogeology: Proterozoic sedimentary depth stuck between 10 to 20 m and rocks: The Proterozoic sedimentary uphold a discharge of 50 to 300 m3/ day sequences that unconformably overlie (GSDA, 2014). Murkute (2017) have Basement Gneissic Complex, disposed in established the relationship between Sindhudurg, Kolhapur, Chandrapur and aquifer parameters and the petrological Gadchiroli districts cover around 6,190 km2 characteristics of Kamthi sandstone, area in Maharashtra. GSI (2008) has exposed near Minjhari. According to them recognized these sediments as Meso and the high values of transmissivity and Neoproterozoic sedimentary sequences in specific yield in arenites aquifer are Vidarbha region. The Mesoproterozoic accountable for higher percentage of sedimentary sequences of Pakhal basin detrital grains, lesser amount of matrix and consisting of shales, limestones and the moderate sorting of the grains. The sandstones are exposed in Gadchiroli and values of transmissivity and specific yield Chandrapur districts. In Bhandara and for the greywacke grade from 59.82 to Yavatmal districts, the limestones with 146.43 m2/day and 11 to 16 % respectively. shales as well as chert and jasper bearing The lower percentage of detrital grains, sandstones are disposed. These rocks have higher amount of matrix and the poor or been named as Penganga group of rocks very poor sorting of the grains are (GSI, 2008). In these rocks, the responsible for low values of transmissivity groundwater occurs under phreatic and

173 34th Convention, Indian Association of Sedimentologists Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati; 19-21, December, 2017; Extended Abstracts’ Volume and specific yield in graywacke aquifer sedimentary rocks has been considered for (Murkute, 2017). present study In all there are only 77 watersheds are completely covered by Quaternary alluvial deposits: Such deposits sedimentary rocks. Out of these, 4 are generally located at the lower reaches watersheds are overexploited while, 8 of the river valleys. The distinct tract of watersheds are semi critical (Table 1). In alluvial deposits in Purna valley in Vidarbha overexploited areas, stage of groundwater covers an area of 6400 km2 in districts of development has been exceeded over Buldhana, Akola and Amravati. In addition, 100% and intense monitoring, evaluation as the minor alluvial deposits are also known well as water conservation are suggested to occur along the Wardha, Wainganga and for future groundwater development. The Penganga rivers as well as their tributaries precautious groundwater development has in Vidarbha region. The alluvial sediments been recommended in semi critical areas. generally consist of clays, silt, sand, pebbles These areas are distributed in Akola, as well as boulders. The water levels in Amravati, Bhandara and Buldhana districts. open wells vary in depth from 15 to 30 m nevertheless; at places water levels are Acknowledgements even deeper than 30 m. Most of the dug The author gratefully acknowledges the partial 3 funding by UGC SAP DRS-II to carry out field work wells yield 100 to 300 m / day, though in the study area. higher yields in a few cases are observed (GSDA, 2014). References GSDA, 2009, Dynamic Groundwater Resources of Discussion and Conclusions: In general, the Maharashtra Detailed Report (as on 2007-08). dug wells from the Proterozoic sedimentary Groundwater Surveys and Development Agency, Water Supply and Sanitation Department, province range in depth between 5 to 12 m 3 Government of Maharashtra and Central Ground and sustain a discharge of 50 to 100 m / Water Board, Central Region, Nagpur, 228 p day, while the dug wells from the GSDA, 2014, Dynamic Groundwater Resources of Gondwana sedimentary province vary in Maharashtra. Groundwater Surveys and depth stuck between 10 to 20 m and Development Agency, Water Supply and Sanitation 3 Department, Government of Maharashtra and uphold a discharge of 50 to 300 m / day. Central Ground Water Board, Central Region, The dug wells from alluvium tract penetrate Nagpur, 909 p. shallow aquifers up to 30 m and even GSI, 2008, Geology and mineral resources of deeper aquifers lower than 30 m. Most of Maharashtra. Geological Survey of India, the existing dug wells yield 100 to 300 m3/ Miscellaneous publication, v. 30(II), 120p. Murkute, Y. A., 2017, Petrographic texture of day of groundwater or even higher, in sediments vis-à-vis aquifer characteristics from occasional cases. The groundwater WGAMG’0 watershed, Chandrapur District, assessment of Maharashtra State, wherein Maharashtra. Current Science. v. 211(4), p. 849-855. entire watershed area is covered by

174 34th Convention, Indian Association of Sedimentologists Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati; 19-21, December, 2017; Extended Abstracts’ Volume

Table 1: Over exploited and semi critical watersheds from Vidarbha (after GSDA, 2009)

175 34th Convention, Indian Association of Sedimentologists Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati; 19-21, December, 2017; Extended Abstracts’ Volume

Investigation of major element characterization in the groundwater of hard rock of Archaean formation and recent sedimentary formation, Marakkanam block, Villupuram District, Tamil Nadu, India

Saravanan, P., Jeyavel Raja Kumar, T. and Vasanth Raja, S.

Department of Earth Sciences, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar-608002, Tamil Nadu. [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]

Introduction: The groundwater quality has 94.72 to 921.6 mg/l respectively. The been done for different villages in around hardness value varies from 271.14 to Marakkanam block, Villupuram district, 1002.67 mg/l. The concentrations of Ca2+, 2+ + + − − 2− - Tamil Nadu. In this study, important Mg , Na , K and Cl , HCO3 , SO4 , NO3 , physical parameters, major cations and SiO2 are noticed to be in the range of 44- anions, water quality index are carried out. 156 mg/l, 36.4-149 mg/l, 36.6 -146 mg/l, 0.2 to 47.5 mg/l and 115.21 to 868.53 mg/l, Study area: Marakkanam panchayat town 42.7 to 366 mg/l, 1.2 to 30.2 mg/L, 0 to was divided into 56 village Panchayats, 30.18 mg/l, 68 to 760mg/l respectively. covers an area of 397.57 km2. The study area lies between the long. 79°38’ to 80°1’ Conclusion: The hydrogeochemical study E and lat. 12°2’ to 12°16’ N. The study area has helped us to understand the falls in Survey of India toposheet nos. 57- groundwater quality state in the study area. P/11, 12, 15, 16 and 66-D/4. The groundwater chemistry reveals that the concentrations of various chemical Geology of area: Geologically, the region parameters are below or within the comprises of hard rock of Archaean permissible limits of WHO standard for formations and recent sediments. The drinking water in most of the locations. major rock types are Charnockites and Similarly, the groundwater is suitable for Alluvium (Jayavel, 2006). agricultural activities; however, few locations are identified unsuitable for the Materials and Methods: The purpose of same. the present work is to delineate groundwater quality assessment. Total 30 Acknowledgements groundwater samples were collected from The authors wish to express their thanks to the Department of Earth Science Annamalai University, bore wells in Pre monsoon period. The Tamil Nadu, India. present study is to assess the groundwater chemistry and suitability for domestic and References drinking purposes. Jeyavel, R. K., 2006, Hydrogeological modeling of Chittar and Uppodai watersheds of Tambiraparani river, Tirunelveli district, Tamilnadu, Unpublished Discussions: In the present study, pH, EC Ph. D thesis, Annamalai University, 243p. and TDS were measured in the field in the range of 6.2 to 8.5, 148 to 1440 µS/cm,

176 34th Convention, Indian Association of Sedimentologists Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati; 19-21, December, 2017; Extended Abstracts’ Volume

Appraisal of groundwater potential zone and shallow subsurface lithology using multi electrode resistivity scanning technique and compared with borehole lithology in Chittar sub basin of Thambaraparani river, Tamil Nadu, India

Vasanth Raja, S., Jeyavel Raja Kumar, T., Dushiyanthan, C., Thirunelakandan, B., Suresh, R., and Saravanan, P.

Department of Earth Sciences, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar-608002. Tamil Nadu [email protected]

Introduction: To explore groundwater in Discussions: Multi electrode electrical hard rock terrain is a challenging task and it resistivity scanning was conducted in four can be achieved with help of the resistivity locations namely, Ukkiramankottai, inverse relationship in rock formation. Rukkumaniammalpuram, Pallikottai and Setiyur. The interpreted resistivity Study area: The study area of Chittar sub scanning image represented maximum Basin of Thambaraparani River, originating resistivity of 4000 Ωm at Ukkiramankottai from the Western Ghats. The study area and low resistivity of 900 Ωm at lies between lat. 8˚50´ and 9˚10´ N, long. Rukkumaniammalpuram. 77˚10´ and 77˚30´ E. Conclusions: The interpreted resistivity Geology: Geologically, the area comprises layers compared with existing borehole formations of the Archaean group. The lithology to validate the study. main rock types are weathered and jointed charnokite and hornblende, biotite gneiss Acknowledgements (Balasubramanian et al., 1985). The authors wish to express their thanks to the Department of Science and Technology, India (DST-SERB) for the necessary financial support to Material and Methods: The purpose of the carry out this study. present work is to delineate groundwater potential zones and interpreting References subsurface lithology using electrical Balasubramanian, A., Sharma, K.K. and Sastri, resistivity scanning technique. A length of J.C.V., 1985, Geoelectrical and hydrogeochemical evaluation of coastal aquifers of Tambraparni 150 m was scanned using 50 electrodes by basin, Tamil Nadu, Geophysics Revise Bulletin, v. 3 m interspacing using SSR- MP-AT-ME 23 (4), p. 203-209. model resistivity meter and the data were interpreted in surfer software.

177 34th Convention, Indian Association of Sedimentologists Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati; 19-21, December, 2017; Extended Abstracts’ Volume

Hydrogeological investigations of Manglur mini watershed, Morshi Taluka, District Amravati

Mawale, Y. K.1 and Jaipurkar, R. S.2

1Department of Geology, SGB Amravati University, Amravati-444602, Maharashtra [email protected] 2 Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati-444602, Maharashtra.

Introduction: Water is a prime natural Bhilapur mini-watershed of Morshi Taluka, resource for the mankind. Groundwater is of district Amravati, and to investigate the more reliable and economically groundwater condition of that area to find affordable source for the population in the out suitable site for ground water area. Excessive use of groundwater for recharging and to protect and enhance water supply has led to a situation where water resource for the integrated socio- natural replenishment cannot match economic development of this watershed. exploitation rates, leading to falling groundwater levels (Mehta and Jain, 1994). Study area: The area falling in toposheet Extraction rate of groundwater in this mini- no. 55 G in quadrant B2 has been studied in watershed is higher as compared to details. The study area is covered between recharge under natural conditions of 77056’15”-77053’15”E lat. and long. basaltic rocks. The water table has goes 21009’45”-21008’15”N is located towards down day by day due to over exploitation north of Amravati district (Fig.1). which creates scarcity conditions during summer (Raj, 2001). Surface water is water in river, lake or fresh water wetland, which is naturally replenished by precipitation and naturally lost through discharge to the oceans, evaporations and subsurface. Although the only natural input to any surface water system is precipitation within its watershed. The total quantity of water in that system at any given time is also dependent on many other factors includes storage capacity of lakes, wet lands and Figure 1: Location map of the study area. artificial reservoirs. The permeability of the soil beneath these storage bodies the run Artificial groundwater recharge is a off characteristics of land in the watershed, technique by which the groundwater the timing of the precipitation and local reservoir is augmented at a rate exceeding evaporation rates. All these factors also the infiltration rate under natural affect the properties of water lost. Ground conditions of replenishment. This work water is fresh water located in the pore focuses on selecting artificial recharge sites spaces of soil and rocks it is also water to increase the water table in basaltic rock flowing within aquifers below the water terrain. Proper assessments of potential, table. present use and additional exploitability at optimal level of surface and groundwater The objective of the study to target ground resources have been investigated. The water zone of village Mangular and dendritic drainage pattern is developed in

178 34th Convention, Indian Association of Sedimentologists Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati; 19-21, December, 2017; Extended Abstracts’ Volume this mini-watershed area (Horton, 1945). Conclusions: On the basis of detailed study Geologically, the area is covered by of the ground water potential map, weathered, fractured, hard and compact lineament density map and ground truth basaltic flows (Khadse, 2002). information gabbian structures have been proposed along the first order streams and Methodology: The remote sensing study is a few underground cement bandhara are carried out and information collected proposed on second order streams. Also related to the study area. Detailed field surface water recharges into existing dug work has been carried out for collecting wells and boar wells showing the data and required geological, encouraging results. geomorphological, hydro geological and well inventory information. References Babhulkar, J.D., 2010, Assessment and Management of Ground Water Condition of Burhanpur Village Discussions: Different maps on geology, Taluka Morshi district Amravati, Dissertation lineament, geomorphology, drainage and submitted to Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, slope have been prepared. On the basis of Amravati. this information, ground water potential Khadse, S.P., 2002, Hydrogeological investigation in map and lineament density map have been the Kobi nala and the Dhawalgiri nala watershed with emphasis on ground water management, generated. The lineament density has been Warud Taluka, Amravati district, Maharashtra, calculated. The hydro geological study of unpublished Ph. D. thesis, SGB Amravati University, area shows that excess withdrawal of Amravati, p. 213. ground water takes place for the irrigation Mehta, M. and Jain, 1994, An approach to evaluate purpose (Mehta and Jain, 1994). Basalt is the efficiency of groundwater recharge structures in hard rock areas, Proceeding International workshop the prominent rock type in the study area on groundwater monitoring and recharge in semi- and lineament are present hence, ground arid areas, Hyderabad, India. p. 37-45. water occurs in watershed through rock Pathak, B.D., 1985, Hydrogeological surveys and features, vertical joints. Spheroidal ground water resources evaluation in hard rock weathering found in basalt which is areas of India. Proceeding International Workshop on rural hydrogeology and hydraulics in fissured responsible to recharge the groundwater basement zones. Department of Earth Sciences, and helps to increase the storability and University of Roorkee. p. 14. uplift the water table which increases Raj, P., 2001, Trend analysis of ground water ground water condition in this area fluctuations in a typical ground water year in (Babhulkar, 2010). During summer, the watershed and fractured rock aquifers in parts of Andhra Pradesh. Journal of Geological Society of study area shows shortage of water due to India, v. 58, p. 5-13. over exploitation. The aquifer found in this Horton, R.E., 1945, Erosional Development of area is unconfined and water obtained Streams and their drainage basins; Hydrophysical through bore-wells at the depth of 150 feet approach to quantitative morphology. Bulletin and dug well found dry after March Geological Society of America, v. 56, p. 275-370.

(Pathak, 1985). Therefore, study shows decline in ground water table.

179 34th Convention, Indian Association of Sedimentologists Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati; 19-21, December, 2017; Extended Abstracts’ Volume

Hydrogeomorphological assessment of the Bhatkuli Taluka, Amravati District, Maharashtra using remote sensing and GIS technique

Warghat, S. R1., Khadse, S. P2. and Meshram, S. A3.

1Department of Geology, SGB Amravati University, Amravati-444602, Maharashtra [email protected] 2Department of Geology, Shivai Science College, Nagpur-440012, Maharashtra [email protected] 3Department of Civil, College of Engineering Pune (COEP), Pune-411005, Maharashtra [email protected]

Introduction: The term 'hydro- the years 2012 and 2013 during both geomorphology’ designates the study of summer and winter seasons. landforms caused by the action of water (Scheidegge, 1973). Hydrogeomorphology describes and evaluates the environment, in which water circulates, thus providing the information to understand the situation and to make the proper decisions (Verstappen, 1983). The quantitative study of drainage basin provides the theoretical base for the hydrogeomorphic approach, suggesting that certain unvarying drainage basin characters can be correlated to the hydrologic response of a basin (Babar, 2005). The morphometric analysis has been carried out by following Horton (1945) and Figure 1: Location map of the study area showing pattern of grid. Strahaler (1964). The application of remote sensing and GIS is more effective and Result and Discussions: convenient tool for hydrogeological Geomorphological studies: Geomorpho- mapping. logically, the study area is divided into four

units i.e., older alluvial plain, younger Study area: The study area lies between alluvial plain, residual hill and upper the lat. 20048'25” to 2009’54” N and plateau (Fig.2). The younger alluvium plain longitude 77027'51” to 77043’27” E and falls covers 51.81 km2 areas along the stream in Survey of India Toposheet nos. 55H/5, channel. Older alluvial plain is widely 55H/9 and 55G/12 covering about 581.62 distributed in entire study area and covers km2 area. There are 137 villages in about 441.94 km2 areas. The alluvial deposit Bahatkuli taluka, which are well accessible consists of gravel, sand, sandy silt, silt and by tar road network (Fig.1). clay. Residual hills are predominantly

noticed in southern region covering 1.87 Methodology: The present study is based km2 of area. The Upper plateau occupies on i) geomorphological study of the area, southern and south-eastern sides of the ii) grid based morphometric analysis by area with on spread of 71.54 km2. dividing 4X4 km2 grids to analyze linear, areal and relief aspects in GIS environment, Morphometric studies: Morphometric and Iii) inventory of 66 observation wells in parameters includes linear, areal and relief aspects.

180 34th Convention, Indian Association of Sedimentologists Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati; 19-21, December, 2017; Extended Abstracts’ Volume

Linear aspect: linear aspect includes stream 266 to 352 m. The slope zone is classified order (Nu), stream number and length of into four classes i.e., 1-3 %, 3-6 %, 6-13 % overland (Lg) flow. Based on the same, it is and 13-26 %. The Hypsometric integral is interpreted that the area is covered by VIth 77.77 which indicate that the streams of order stream. The length of overland flow Bahatkuli taluka are still in youth stage. varies from 0.32 to 2.07 whereas; length of overland flow is maximum in the grid no. H- Well inventory: Groundwater scarcity map 4, and lowest in the grid no. C-1. has been prepared based seasonal water level fluctuation. Four our distinct zone Figure 2: Geomorphological map of the study area have been identified into i.e., i) poor fluctuating zone (below >1.50) covering 266.11 km2 of the area, ii) low fluctuating zone (1.50-2.50) in 219.14 km2 area iii) moderate fluctuate zone (2.50-3.50) with 63.76 km2 area, and iv) high fluctuating zone (3.50-8.10) in 32.62 km2 area.

Conclusions: Geomorphologically, the study area is categorized into older alluvial plain, younger alluvial plain, residual hill and upper plateau. The alluvial plain of Quaternary age covers about 85 % of the total area. Morphometric analysis shows that the maximum steam is of 6th in order nature with dendritic drainage pattern. Groundwater scarcity zone map shows poor, low, moderate and high fluctuate zones.

References Babar, M.D., 2005, Hydrogeomorphology: Areal aspect: The Drainage density (Dd) for fundamentals, applications and techniques. New the study area varies from 0.24 to 1.55 and Delhi: New India Publication Agency. is highest in the grid no. C-1 and lowest in Horton R.E., 1945, Erosional development of stream and their drainage basin: Hydrological approach to H-4. The Stream frequency (Fs) varies from quantitative morphology. Bulletin of Geological 0.13 to 2 which is highest in the grid no. G-1 Society of America, v. 5, p. 275-370. and lowest in F-4. The Constant of channel Scheidegge, A.E., 1973, Hydro-geomorphology. maintenance (Cm) varies from 0.65 to 4.15. Journal of Hydrology, v. 20(2), p. 193-215. Strahaler, A.N., 1964, Quantitative geomorphology of drainage basin and channel networks. In: Relief aspect: Presently absolute relief, Handbook of Applied Hydrology, p. 4.39-4.76. slope and hypsometric integral are Verstappen, H.T., 1983, Applied geomorphology: calculated. DEM (Digital elevation model) Geomorphological surveys for environmental map shows that absolute relief varies from development. Amsterdam and New York: Elsevier. P. Xi, 437. ISBN 0444421815.

181 34th Convention, Indian Association of Sedimentologists Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati; 19-21, December, 2017; Extended Abstracts’ Volume

Proposed artificial groundwater recharge structures in over-exploited area of Amravati District, Maharashtra State, India

Uke, C. K1. and Deshmukh, M. S. 2

1Groundwater Surveys and Development Agency, Government of Maharashtra, Nagpur-440001, Maharashtra. [email protected] 2P.G. Department of Geology, R.T.M. Nagpur University Nagpur-440001, Maharashtra. [email protected]

Introduction: Excessive groundwater The area represents almost flat terrain withdrawal especially for irrigating cash having 390 meter elevation with respect to crops depleted groundwater levels in many mean sea level. parts of India. Most of the part of Amravati district, Maharashtra state, India are facing Hydrogeology: The village Kekatpur similar problem of groundwater level comprises five open dug wells for drinking depletion, due to excessive withdrawal of and domestic use, out of which four wells groundwater for seasonal and perennial are seasonal and one well is perennial. The cash crops. Accordingly, most of the area of diameter of the wells ranges between 3.50- Amravati district has been declared as over- 5.50 meter, depth ranges 8-12.20 meters exploited, critical and semi-critical by (bgl) and pre-monsoon groundwater level Central Ground Water Board, Government ranges between 9-10 meters (bgl). The of India and Groundwater Surveys and drinking water requirement of the village is Development Agency, Government of 1,26,880 liters/day and availability is Maharashtra (GSDA and CGWB, 2014).To 54,000 liters/day with shortfall of 72,880 overcome this problem, groundwater liters/day. recharge projects have been proposed on pilot basis in selected villages of Amravati Discussion and conclusions: Geological district. Accordingly, village Kekatpur, survey has been carried out to suggest the included in semi-critical watershed (PTP-6), artificial groundwater recharge structures tahsil and district Amravati has been suitable for hard rock basaltic terrain. Accordingly, desalting of the existing lake, selected specially to solve the drinking construction of gabian plug, well jacketing water problem (Figure 1). around PWSS well and hydro fracturing of bore wells have been proposed to increase the groundwater levels. The groundwater levels of the village Kekatpur will be continuously monitored to evaluate the benefits of artificial recharge structures, which can be replicated in other parts of the over-exploited areas.

References G.S.D.A. and C.G.W.B., 2014, Report on the dynamic groundwater Resources of Maharashtra (2011-12), Figure 1: Location Map of the study area Groundwater Surveys and Development Agency, Goverment of Maharashtra and Central Ground Geology and physiography: Area is entirely Water Board, Government of India Publication, covered by the Deccan basalt lava flows, 907p. consisting of vesicular and compact layers.

182 34th Convention, Indian Association of Sedimentologists Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati; 19-21, December, 2017; Extended Abstracts’ Volume

Qualitative analysis of groundwater from Bhatkuli and Walgaon villages, District Amravati, Maharashtra

Karmore, J. S.

Department of Mining, Ballarpur Institute of Technology, Ballarpur-442701, Maharashtra. [email protected]

Introduction: Water quality is a term used 20 km away in the east from the district to describe the chemical, physical and headquarter (Fig.1). biological characteristic of water, in respect to its suitability of a particular use for Methodology: Methodology followed drinking and agricultural use. Bahatkuli and includes collection of data on hydrology, Walgaon village of Amravati districts are well inventory, and recharge condition, suffering from shortage of groundwater types of aquifer and depth of weathering. due to lowering of water table, excess of All these information were collected from extraction of the same for domestic and Groundwater Survey and Development agricultural purposes and localized Agency (GSDA), Amravati. The laboratory occurrences ground water salinity data include determination of physical and (Adyalkar, 1996; Siddiqui, 2004). The area is chemical parameters of 16 samples a small part of Purna river basin. The aim of covering the entire area in a uniform the work is to interpret the ground water manner. The previous includes pH and condition, water quality, and to prepare temperature whereas, later incorporates detailed hydrogeological report for acidity, alkalinity, CO2, chloride, calcium management of the groundwater resource and hardness of water (APHA, 1992). The of the area. analytical data and its graphical representation are provided in Table 1 and Fig. 2 respectively.

Conclusions: Physical and chemical parameters of the groundwater collected in the water samples for 16 dug wells. The highest pH value is 7.56 and lowest value is 7.04. The temperature of the water ranges from 25.5°C - 28.6°C. Highest value of chloride observed is 191.3 mg/L, whereas, lowest is 105.5 mg/L. Calcium varies from 8.05mg/L to 56.1 mg/L Figure 1: Map of the Amravati district showing showing very high variation. Similarly, locations of Bahatkuli and Walgaon villages. hardness ranges from 190 mg/L to 120 Location of the area: The study area mg/L indicating irregular trend because of comprising of Bhatkuli and Walgaon villages variable nature of the host sediments. in Amravati district lying between Lat. These values are exceptionally high as 20090’58’’ to 21000’77’’ N and Long. compared to the standards recommended 77059’93’’ to 77068’76’’ E and is covered in by ISI (1991) for drinking water. Because Survey of India toposheet nos. 55H/9 & of these deficiencies in the water 55H/5. Both this villages lie at about 14 to resources of these areas, the people are

183 34th Convention, Indian Association of Sedimentologists Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati; 19-21, December, 2017; Extended Abstracts’ Volume

Table 1: Well inventory data, physical and chemical parameters of the samples analyzed from the study area.

Figure 2: Histograms of various parameters determined for groundwater samples collected from the area. exposed to different type of diseases like Approach to Management of Water and Soil of blue baby syndrome, dysentery, jaundice, Purna River Basin with Special Reference to Salinity Characteristics”, Nagpur, p. 30-38. typhoid, kidney stone, etc. APHA (American Public Health Association), 1992, Standard method for the examination of water Acknowledgements and wastewater, 16th edition, American Public I am thankful to the Principal of my college for Health Association. Washington, D.C. providing infrastructure and lab facilities for this ISI, 1991, Indian Standard Institution–Indian work. Standard Specification for drinking water. IS: 10500, p. 1-5. References Siddiqui, M. A., 2004, Planning, Management and Adyalkar, P.G., 1996, Paleogeography, framework of Rational Groundwater Development of Purna sedimentation, origin of salinity and proposal for its Basin with Emphasis on Geohydrochemistry of phased amelioration in the Purna Upland Alluvial Alluvial Deposit. Unpublished Ph. D. Thesis, SGB Valley of India. Symposium on “Integrated Amravati University, Amravati, 211p.

184 34th Convention, Indian Association of Sedimentologists Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati; 19-21, December, 2017; Extended Abstracts’ Volume

Analysis of Ahar watershed for assessment of sediment erosion: Remote sensing and GIS approach

Ikbal, J., Ali, S. A. and Aldharab, H. S. N.

Department of Geology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh-202002, Uttar Pradesh. [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]

Introduction: The future of human being is computed for each sub watershed using Arc closely attached with the proper GIS 10.2. development and conservation of natural resource like soil and water; hence natural Result and Discussion: The study area has resources have prime importance total 1425 streams with highest 6th order (Panhalkar et al., 2012). A watershed is an stream. The stream length ratio of Ahar ideal unit for the management of natural watershed ranges from 0.29 to 0.86 resources like land and water and for respectively. The mean Rb value of mitigation of the impact of natural disasters remaining sub watersheds of Ahar varies for achieving sustainable development (Ali from 3.20 to 4.72 indicates less structural and Ikbal, 2015). The purpose of the disturbance and fall under normal basin present study is to locate the area category. The length of overland flow (Lg) vulnerable to sediment/soil erosion and to values of sub watersheds ranges from a mitigate the hazards caused by soil erosion lowest of 0.14 (UDSW8) to a highest of 0.39 with respect to nature and human society. (UDSW6). Lower Lg value of sub watersheds This analysis achieved measurement of indicates that the influence of structural linear and areal parameters of the disturbance, low permeability, moderate to watershed. The study area is located in steep slope and high surface run-off (Clark, Udaipur district of Rajasthan (Fig.1). 1966).

The drainage density values of sub watersheds vary between 1.29 km/km2 (UDSW6) and 3.46 km/km2 (UDSW8) with coarse to moderate texture. Stream frequency in the study area vary from 1.55 (UDSW6) to 6.77 (UDSW8). Most of the sub-watersheds are elongated to sub circular in nature. Linear and shape parameter has been used for prioritization

Figure 1: Location map of study area of sub-watersheds for soil resource management and conservation. On the Methodology: Watershed as well as sub basis of compound parameter the eleven watershed boundary and drainage network sub-watersheds have been classified into were delineated using SOI toposheet, three priority zone. The sub-watersheds ASTER DEM and satellite data (Landsat UDSW3, UDSW5, UDSW8, UDSW9 and 2008 and Google earth image) under GIS UDSW11 fall in high priority zone. UDSW1, environment. Morphometric parameters of UDSW2, UDSW4 and UDSW7 fall in medium linear, shape and relief parameter have priority zone. UDSW6 and UDSW10 in low priority zone (Table 1, Fig.2).

185 34th Convention, Indian Association of Sedimentologists Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati; 19-21, December, 2017; Extended Abstracts’ Volume

Table 1: Sub watershed classification based on compound value.

stream frequency, low form factor and low elongation ratio are fall in high priority zone with respect to sediment erodibility. Sub watershed UDSW6 and UDSW10 belongs to the eastern side of area is fall in low priority zone. Five sub-watersheds of high priority zone need to give the highest priority for land conservation from further degradation, sediment/soil erosion and rock fall prevention practice.

References Ali, S. A. and Ikbal, J., 2015, Prioritization based on geomorphic characteristics of Ahar watershed, Udaipur district, Rajasthan, India using Remote Sensing and GIS, Journal of Environmental Research and Development, v. 10 (1), p. 187-200. Figure 2: Priority zonation map Clarke, J.I., 1966, Morphometry from Maps - Essays in Geomorphology. Elsevier Publishing Company, Conclusions: GIS is very much helpful in the New York, p. 235-274. analysis of drainage basin with ease and Panhalkar, S.S., Mali S. P. and Pawar, C. T., 2012, accuracy. The sub-watersheds UDSW3, Morphometric analysis and watershed development prioritization of Hiranykeshi basin in Maharashtra, UDSW5, UDSW8, UDSW9 and UDSW11 of India, International Journal of Environmental the western part of the area consist of Science, v. 3, p. 525-534. steep slopes; high drainage density, high

186 34th Convention, Indian Association of Sedimentologists Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati; 19-21, December, 2017; Extended Abstracts’ Volume

GIS based morphometric analysis of the Pedhi river basin tributary of Purna river, Amravati and Akola Districts, Maharashtra

Tidke, P. S1., Khadse, S. P2., Warghat, S. R.1 and Daberav, I. M3.

1Department of Geology, Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati-444602, Maharashtra. [email protected], [email protected] 2 Department of Geology, Shivai Science College, Nagpur-440012 Maharashtra. [email protected] 3Ground water Survey and Development Agency, Amravati-444602, Maharashtra.

Introduction: Morphometric analysis of a Survey of India toposheet nos. 55H/5, quantitative description of the drainage 55H/9, 55H/13, 55G/11, 55 G/12, 55 G/15, system which is an important aspect of the and 55 G/16 covering major part of characterization of watersheds states Amravati and Murtizapur Taluka, Akola. (Strahler, 1952, 1964). In the present study, the morphometric analysis of the Pedhi Methodology: The linear, aerial and relief basin area has been carried out by using aspects were determined as proposed by remote sensing and GIS techniques. The Hortan, (1932, 1945), Strahler, (1954, remote sensing and GIS technique is a 1964), Muller, (1953). The area is convenient method, as the satellite images delineated from rectified mosaic survey of provide a synoptic view of a large area and India topographic maps of scale 1:50000 is very useful in the analysis of drainage with help of Arc GIS 9.3. The drainage basin morphometry. network was update with the IRS LISS IV satellite imagery; download from Bhuvan Area of study: The Pedhi river basin covers (NRSC) website. an area of about 1,714 km2 and bounded by lat. 20045’ and 21022’ N and long. 77025’ Result and Discussion and 77058’E (Fig.1). It is included in the Linear aspect: It includes calculations of stream number, stream order (Nu), stream length (Lu), Bifurcation ratio (Rb) and length of overland flow (Lg) (Table 1).

Order No. of Total Length Bifurcation Ratio Stream St 1 1923 1410.15 4.67 2ed 412 584.06 4.16 3rd 99 321.34 3.96 4th 25 191.04 4.17 5th 6 77.52 6.00 th 6 1 71.23 -- Total 2466 2655.34 (Mean) 3.22 Table 1: Salient features of linear aspects

The maximum order of stream of Pedhi basin is of VIth order. The length of overland flow of the Pedhi basin is 0.34 which show

low surface runoff of the study area. Mean Figure 1: Location and drainage map of the study Rb varies from 4.16 to 6; whereas, the area mean bifurcation ratio (Rb) is 3.22. Lower

187 34th Convention, Indian Association of Sedimentologists Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati; 19-21, December, 2017; Extended Abstracts’ Volume

Rb value are the characteristics of relief ratio (Rh) calculated is 0.002 structurally less distributed basin while indicating that the basin has gentle slope higher Rb value indicate in the region of and high infiltration capacity. The relative steeply dipping rock strata. relief (Rhp) of basin is 103 that show moderate relief nature. Arial aspect: The areal aspects included rainage density (Dd), stream frequency (Fs), Conclusions: It has found that the Pedhi drainage texture (Dt), constant of channel basin is a 6th order basin with dendritic maintenance (Cm), circularity ratio (Rc), drainage pattern.. The length of overland texture ratio (Rt), and elongation ratio (Re). flow show low surface runoff. The mean bifurcation ratio (Rb) has lower Rb The drainage density (Dd) calculated is indicating that the basin is structurally less 1.55; the low drainage density generally distributed. The study area has low results in area of resistant rock or drainage density. The drainage texture (Dt) permeable surface material, low relief and indicates very fine drainage textures. The vegetation. The drainage texture (Dt) of the circularity ratio (Rc) suggests that the basin basin is 12.09 which indicates very fine has low discharge of runoff and highly drainage textures. The stream frequency permeable. The elongation ratio (Re) (Fs) of 1.44 is high and indicative of represents elongated nature of basin. impermeable formation while the low value is indicative high permeability. The constant References of channel maintain (Cm) is 0.65. The Horton, R.E., 1932, Drainage basin characteristics. texture ratio (Rt) of 9.43 indicates Transaction, American Geophysical Union. v. 13, p. 350–361 intermediate nature of texture. The Horton, R.E., 1945, Erosional Development of circularity ratio (Rc) value is 0.517 which Stream and their Drainage basin: Hydrological shows that the basin is elongated in shape, approach to Quantitative Morphology. Bulletin of low discharge of runoff and highly Geological Society of America, v. 5, p. 275-370. permeable. The elongation ratio (Re) is of Miller, V.C., 1953, A Quantitative Geomorphic Study of drainage basin characteristics in the clinch 0.52 indicate elongated nature of basin. Mountain Area, Virginia and Tennessee, Project, NR 389-402, Tech. Report 3, Colombia University, Relief aspect: The relief aspects assessed Department of Geology. ONR. Geog. Branch, New are relief, relief ratio (Rh), relative relief York. (Rhp) beside preparation of DEM (Digital Strahaler, A.N., 1952, Dynamic Basis for Geomorphology. Bulletin of Geological Society of elevation model) map. The highest point of America. v. 63, p. 617-639. Pedhi basin is 480 m whereas lowest is 270 Strahaler, A.N., 1964, Quantitative Geomorphology m with the relief of 210 m. The value of of drainage basin and channel networks. In: Handbook of applied Hydrology, p. 4.39-4.76.

188 34th Convention, Indian Association of Sedimentologists Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati; 19-21, December, 2017; Extended Abstracts’ Volume

Morphometric analysis of the Suryaganga river basin tributary of Wardha river, Amravati District, Maharashtra, India

Warghat, S. R1., Tidke, P. S1., Meshram, S. A2., Kitukale, S. B1.

1Department of Geology, SGB Amravati University, Amravati-444602, Maharashtra [email protected] 2Department of Civil, College of Engineering Pune (COEP), Pune-444005, Maharashtra. [email protected]

Introduction: Remote sensing and GIS techniques are the proven efficient tools in the delineation, updating and morphometric analysis of drainage basin. The drainage basin analysis is important in any hydrological investigation like assessment of groundwater potential and groundwater management. In recent years, remote sensing and GIS technique are being used for evaluating morphometric parameters, landuse/ landcover planning and other aspects of the basins. In the present study, the morphometric analysis is carried out for Suryaganga river basin using both these advance techniques.

Study area: The Suryaganga river basin covers an area of 392.65 km2 which is bounded by lat. 20057’20’’- 21009’20” N and long. 77053’30” - 78008’47” E. It is Figure 1: Location and drainage map the study area covered in the Survey of India toposheet nos. 55G/16, 55H/13, 55L/1, 55K/4 on Result and Discussion: The morphometric 1:50,000 scale. The Suryaganga River is a parameters have been evaluated based on tributary of Wardha River which flow in the criteria as proposed by Horton (1932, eastern part of Amravati district (Fig.1). 1945), Miller (1953), Melton (1956) and Strahler (1952, 1964). The results the same Methodology: The morphometric analysis are shown (Tables 1 & 2). has been carried out after rectifying Survey th of India topographic maps with the help of Linear aspect: The Suryaganga river is VI ArcGIS 9.3 Software. Digitization of the order steam basin with the mean stream drainage network has been done with the length of 13.76 km. The mean bifurcation help of IRS LISS IV satellite imagery ratio (Rb) is 3.71 which indicate that the available on Bhuvan/ (NRSC) website. The basin is less affected by structural parameters studied are in the term of disturbances. The length of basin is 39.04 linear, areal and relief aspects. km and the perimeter is 85.15 km.

Areal aspect: The area of basin measured is 2 392.65 km . The drainage density (Dd) is

189 34th Convention, Indian Association of Sedimentologists Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati; 19-21, December, 2017; Extended Abstracts’ Volume

1.96 which is low and indicates that the structurally less distributed. The area has area consists of resistant rock or, low drainage density. The drainage texture permeable surface material, low relief and is very fine in nature. The circularity ratio less vegetation. The Stream frequency is signifies more or less circular shape, high to 2.20. The circularity ratio (Rc) value is 0.68, moderate relief and structurally controlled suggesting more or less circular shape, high drainage. Area reveals moderate texture. to moderate relief and structurally Elongation ratio indicates that the basin is controlled drainage. The drainage texture elongated in nature. (Dt) is 10.14 which indicates very fine drainage textures. The Elongation ratio is Parameter Result 0.57 which represents elongation in the Basin area 392.65 nature of the basin. The length of overland Drainage density (Dd) 1.96 flow (Lg) is 0.98. Texture ratio (Rt) of 7.72 indicates intermediate texture. Constant of Stream frequency (Fs) 2.20 channel maintenance (C) is 0.51. Circulatory ratio (Rc) 0.68 Drainage texture (Rt) 10.14 Relief aspect: The highest point in the basin is 380 and lowest is 270 msl. The basin Elongation ratio (Re) 0.57 relief is 210 m. The relief ratio (Rh) is 2.82 Length of over land flow (Lg) 0.98 indicating that the basin has gentle slope Texture ratio (T) 7.72 and high infiltration capacity. The relative Constant channel maintenance (C) 0.51 relief (Rhp) of basin is 129 showing its moderate relief nature. The ruggedness Table 2: Computed areal parameter features number (Rn) is 0.28 which implies that area is less prone to soil erosion. References Horton, R.E., 1932, Drainage basin characteristics. Stream No. of Bifurcation Total Transaction, American Geophysical Union, v. 13, p. Order Stream Ratio Length 350–361. (Su) (Nu) (Rb) (Lu) Horton, R.E., 1945, Erosional development of stream St and their drainage basin: Hydrological approach to 1 658 4.16 441.97 quantitative morphology. Bulletin of Geological 2ed 158 4.51 146.95 Society of America, v. 5, p. 275-370. Melton, M.A., 1956, Geometrical properties of rd 3 35 3.89 78.99 mature drainage systems and their representation in 4th 9 3.00 53.90 an E4 Phase. Journal of Geology, v. 66, p. 35-54. Miller, V.C., 1953, A Quantitative geomorphic study 5th 3 3.00 34.42 of drainage basin characteristics in the clinch Mountain Area, Virginia and Tennessee, Project, NR th 6 1 3.71 (Mean) 13.79 389-402, Tech. Report 3, Colombia University, Department of Geology, ONR, Geography Branch, Table 1: Computed linear parameter features New York. Strahaler, A.N., 1952, Dynamic basis for Conclusions: Morphometric analysis show geomorphology. Bulletin of Geological Society of that maximum steam order of Suryaganag America, v. 63, p. 617-639. th Strahaler, A.N., 1964, Quantitative geomorphology basin is of 6 order nature with dendritic of drainage basin and channel networks. In: drainage pattern. The mean bifurcation Handbook of applied Hydrology, p. 4.39-4.76. ratio (Rb) is low indicating that the basin is

190 34th Convention, Indian Association of Sedimentologists Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati; 19-21, December, 2017; Extended Abstracts’ Volume

Hydrogeochemistry of high fluoride groundwater in granulite belt aquifer in a part of Bhopalpatnam area, Bijapur District, Chhattisgarh, India

Korsa, M. and Guhey, R.

Department of Geology, Govt. N.P.G. College, Raipur-492010, Chhattisgarh. [email protected]

Introduction: Groundwater is the major Result and conclusion: The groundwater in drinking water source in the villages of the study area fluctuates in weathered, Bhopalpatnam area of Bijapur district jointed and fractured portions of Chattisgarh. Fluoride in groundwater is a charnockite, biotite gneiss, granite gneiss major problem in many parts causing and gneisses rocks. The dominant adverse effect on human beings (Carrillo- hydrogeochemical facies of groundwater in Rivera et al., 2002; Ayoob and Gupta, the area are CaHCO3, mixed CaMgCl, mixed 2006). The mean annual rainfall is recorded CaNaHCO3, CaCl and NaCl (pre-monsoon, as 745 mm, occurring generally during the 2015) and CaHCO3, mixed CaMgcl, CaCl southwest monsoon period (June– (post-monsoon, 2015). Evaporation, rock September). The present study was water interaction, ion exchange processes undertaken to assess the fluoride content and silicate weathering are the controlling in groundwater and identify the wells with factors of groundwater chemistry in the high F concentration, raise awareness in area. The F- concentration in groundwater people and study the water chemistry of ranges from 0.11 to 3.58 mg/l in pre- groundwater in Bhopalpatnam area, Bijapur monsoon and 0.29 to 3.13 mg/l in post- district. monsoon period. High fluoride concentration is related to the occurrence Study area: The study area is situated of metamorphic and granitic rocks, about 54 km west from Bijapur District and containing fluoride-bearing minerals. total 23 villages are included in the survey. Leaching of fluoride from surrounding During field survey, we observed that, rocks, evapo-transpiration, longer contact many children and adults have been time of water and the aquifer material, as - affected by dental and skeletal fluorosis. well as high pH, HCO3 are major parameters affecting fluoride concentration Methodology: A systematic sampling was in the groundwater. carried out in the pre-monsoon and post- monsoon period during May and November References 2015. Total 62 groundwater samples were Ayoob, S. and Gupta, 2006, Fluoride in drinking collected in pre-washed polythene, narrow water: a review on the status and stress effects. Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and mouth bottles from deep aquifers. Analysis Technology, v. 36, p. 433-487 of groundwater samples were done as per Carrillo-Rivera, J.J., Cardona, A., Edmunds, W.M., standard procedure at CGCOST Central 2002, Use of abstraction regime and knowledge of Laboratory, Raipur, Chhattisgarh. The hydrogeological conditions to control high-fluoride chemical parameters considered were pH, concentration in abstracted groundwater: San Luis Potosı basin, Mexico. Journal of Hydrology, v. 261, p. EC, TDS, TH and concentrations of all major 24–47. cations like Ca, Mg, Na and K and anions like Cl, HCO3, F, SO4 and NO3.

191 34th Convention, Indian Association of Sedimentologists Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati; 19-21, December, 2017; Extended Abstract’s Volume

Hypsometric analysis as indication for understanding geomorphic stages in Ataq area, Shabwah Province, Yemen

Aldharab, H. S., Ali, S. A., Albaroot, M., Ikbal, J. and Ghareb, S. A.

Department of Geology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh-202002, Uttar Pradesh. [email protected]

Introduction: The hypsometric analysis is used to distinguish between the erosional landforms at different stages during their evolution (Strahler, 1952; Schumm, 1956) it is useful for understanding the geomorphic development of a basin; hypsometric integral provides a measure of the distribution of landmasses volume remaining beneath or above a basal references plane (Sivakumar, 2011); Table 1: Hypsometric curve values and hypsometric hypsometric curve explain the temporal integral of study area changes in slope of the basin (Strahler, 1952). In this paper, we used SRTM data Study area: The study area is located in the (30m resolution) to derive and analyzed Shabwah Province, southeastern central of 0 0 hypsometric data for the Ataq area Yemen; between long. 46 47’ – 47 00’ E 0 0 Shabwah Province, Yemen; the study area and lat. 14 20’ – 14 32’ N. It covers an area 2 was divided into six sub-basins and about 729 km . Geologically, the study area hypsometric analysis was carried out for all located in the south-eastern part of Marib- of these sub-basins using digital contour Shabwah graben; which is a part of an map (Fig.1) which was generated for the extensive rift system developed across study area as well as separately for all sub- much of Yemen and Somalia during the late basins with the help of Arc GIS; also Jurassic (Beydoun, 1964), the graben is hypsometric curve was prepared for every northwest-southeast trending; and sub-basins. bounded by two major normal faults. The study area covers syntectonic granite infrastructure and the overlying Mesozoic- Cenozoic sedimentary successions.

Methodology and Data: SRTM data with 30m resolution was downloaded via internet from USGS website, and used in this study to generate slope and elevation maps; ArcGIS was used to analyze and obtained the values; Excel program has been used to determine the hypsometric Figure 1: Elevation distribution map of study area curve values (Table 1).

192 34th Convention, Indian Association of Sedimentologists Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati; 19-21, December, 2017; Extended Abstract’s Volume

Discussion: Differences in Hypsometric processes and the rate of morphological curve shape and hypsometric integral changes. With remote sensing data and GIS values are indication to the degree of software it is becomes less tedious to make disequilibrium in the balance of erosive hypsometric integrals and curves. processes and tectonic forces. Hypsometric curve was obtained by plotting the relative Acknowledgements The authors are more grateful to the Department of area along the abscissa and relative Geology, Aligarh Muslim University, India for elevation along the ordinate (Fig.2). The provide facilities to complete this research. The relative area obtained as a ratio of the area authors also would like to sincerely thank the editors and all of the anonymous reviewers for their careful above a particular contour to the total area and useful comments that improved the revised of the watershed encompassing the outlet, manuscript. while the relative elevation was obtained as the ratio of the height of a given contour References (h) from the base plane to the maximum Beydoun, Z.R., 1964, The stratigraphy and structure of the eastern Aden Protectorate. Overseas Geology basin elevation (H) up to the most remote and Mineral Resources Supplements Servey Bulletin, point of the watershed from the outlet v. 5. HMSO, London. (Sarangi et al., 2001; Reitter et al., 2002). Iskain, M.M., 1990, Explanatory note to the The result value of the hypsometric integral Geological Map of the PDRY, Scale 1:100,000. Sheet for all the sub-basins ranges between Ataq, D-39-59, Aden-Moscow. 21.9% to 51%. According to these results, Retter, D.F., Kochel, R.C. and Miller, J.R., 2002, Process Geomorphology, McGraw Hill, Boston. two stages were identified in the study area Sarangi, A., Bhattacharaya, A.K., Singh, A. and Singh, namely as mature or equilibrium and old A.K., 2001, Use of geographical Information System stages as per the classification of Strahler (GIS) in assessing the erosion status of watersheds, (1952). The overall of the study for Indian Journal of Soli Conservatives, v. 29(3), p. 190- 195. hypsometric analysis in this attempt was to Schumm, S.A., 1956, Evolution of drainage systems understand the erosional topography and and slopes in bad-lands at Perth Amboy, New Jersey, tectonic activities in the area. Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 67, p. 597- 646. Singh, Q. Sarangi, A. and Sharma, M.C., 2008, Hypsometric integral estimation methods and its relevance on erosion status of north western Lesser Himalayan watershed, Water Res. Sivakumar. V, Biju. C and Benidhar Deshmukh, 2011, Hypsometric analysis of Varattaru river basin of Harur Taluk, Dharmapuri Districts, Tamilnadu, India using Gematics Technology. International Journal of Gematics and Geosciences, v. 2(1), p. 241-247. Strahler, A.N., 1952, Hypsometric (area-altitude) analysis of erosional topography” Geological Society Figure 2: Hypsometric curve of study area of America Bulletin, v. 63, p. 1117-1141. W. L. John and M. Harlin., 2003, Theoretical travel Conclusions: This study highlights the time based on watershed hypsometry, Journal of the American Water Resources Association, p. 785 – importance of hypsometric analysis to 792. explain the complexity of denudational

193 34th Convention, Indian Association of Sedimentologists Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati; 19-21, December, 2017; Extended Abstracts’ Volume

Ionic relations and sources of major components in Purna alluvial basin, Maharashtra, India

Parimal, P. S.

G. S. Tompe Arts, Commerce & Science College, Chandur Bazar, Amravati-444602, Maharashtra. [email protected]

Introduction: In groundwater, large to 210040'30"N and long. 750056'25" to amount of dissolved salt and minerals get 770056'46"E, having a spread over of mixed up during their percolation through 18,514 km2 (Fig.1). The alluvial tract of the the soil strata. Over the past few decades, same occupies an area of 6,090 km2, of various government and non-government which, 2,726 km2 experience saline agencies and scientists have carried out groundwater (Siddiqui, 2004; Kale, 2010). detailed study on the assessment and The area is bounded in the north by the utilization of water resources in the Purna Gawailgarh hills, on the east by the Wardha river basin, to understand the relationships river basin, to the west it merges to Tapi between water and environment, and to basin and to the South by Ajanta Hill range. improve water management practices. In The area falls in subtropical climate zone the present work, attempt has been made with very hot summers and moderately to find out the relationship of various ions cold winter. in the ground water to decipher the chemistry between the ground water and Methodology: A total of 94 samples each its host rock were collected in pre- and post-monsoon periods of the years 2006, out of which, 24 belongs to dug wells and rest 70 to bore wells (Fig.1). In case of bore wells, samples have been taken after pumping of the stagnant water, whereas, sampling from the dug wells have been carried out by the wells which were in continuous use. The analysis has been carried out as per the procedure laid down by APHA (1992). The pH and EC were measured immediately at sampling site using portable meters. Alkalinity (Al), calcium (Ca), chloride (Cl) and total hardness (TH) were determined by respective volumetric titration methods.

Magnesium (Mg) is measured by Figure 1: A) Location of Purna river basin in regional subtracting calcium value from the total setup, B) spatial distribution of major lithologies, hardness. Bicarbonate (HCO3) was normal and saline groundwater zones in the basin calculated by the numerical calculation of area and, C) location of the sampling sites. pH and phenolphthalein alkalinity values.

Sodium (Na) and potassium (K) were Study area: The Purna alluvial basin is determined by using flame photometer, located in northeastern part of whereas, SO and NO by UV-VIS Maharashtra, lying between lat. 20008'31" 4 3 spectrophotometer. Total dissolved solids

194 34th Convention, Indian Association of Sedimentologists Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati; 19-21, December, 2017; Extended Abstracts’ Volume

(TDS) concentration was calculated from EC weathering of albite feldspar (Gabriel and adhering to the procedure of Hem, (1991). Donatus, 2011)

Discussions: Interrelationship plots of Na vs HCO3: The plot of Na vs HCO3 value is certain ions of groundwater are a shows that bicarbonate is more than significant tool to interpret sediment water sodium (Fig.3). It is also a measure of chemistry, geochemical setup and silicate weathering. weathering patterns. It is interpreted on the basis of scatter plot which is a graphic representation of the sample data. It depicts the dissolved species and their relations with each other which reveal the origin of solutes and the processes which are accountable for the present composition of water (Lakshmanan et al., 2003).

Figure 3: Na vs HCO3 scatter diagram showing In the present attempt, interrelationships silicate weathering. of Ca+Mg vs SO4+HCO3, Na vs Cl and Na vs HCO3 have been plotted and interpreted. Conclusions: The scatter diagrams of Ca+Mg vs HCO3+SO4, Na vs Cl and Na vs Ca+Mg vs SO4+HCO3: The plots of Ca+Mg vs HCO3 shows that the rock weathering is the SO4+HCO3 values show that the majority of dominant factor affecting the major ion the samples fall below the equiline, composition. indicating excess of HCO3+SO4 values (Fig. : 2). It indicates that the concentration of References APHA, 1992, Standard Method for the Examination HCO3+SO4 is more than Ca+Mg indicate of Water and Waste Water, 16th edn. American silicate weathering. Public Health Association. Washington, D.C. Gabriel, I.O. and Donatus, M.O. 2011, The hydrochemical characteristics and evolution of groundwater in semiarid Yola area, Northeast, Nigeria. Research Journal of Environmental and Earth Sciences, v. 3(4), p. 400-416. Kale, V.M. 2010, Sedimentological Studies of Purna Basin with Special Reference to Environment of Deposition. Unpublished Ph. D. thesis, SGB Amravati University, India.

Figure 2: (Ca+Mg) vs (SO4+HCO3) scatter diagram Lakshmanan, E., Kannan, R. and Senthil kumar, M. showing carbonate dissolution and silicate 2003, Major ion chemistry and identification of weathering and Na vs Cl scatter diagram showing hydrogeochemical processes of groundwater in a silicate weathering. part of Kancheepuram district, Tamil Nadu, India. Environment Geoscience, v. 10(4), p.157–116. Na vs Cl: The scatter diagram between Na Siddiqui, M.A. 2004, Planning, management and rational groundwater development of Purna basin vs Cl show that most off the samples falls with emphasis on geohydrochemistry of alluvial below the equiline (Fig.2). It indicates that deposit. Unpublished Ph. D. Thesis, SGB Amravati the concentration of sodium is more than University, Amravati. chloride, which is due to silicate weathering Hem, J.D., 1991, Study and interpretation of rd (Lakshmanan et al., 2003). The higher Na/Cl chemical characteristics of natural water, 3 edn. USGS Water supply paper 2254, 264p. ratios are due to Na derived from

195 34th Convention, Indian Association of Sedimentologists Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati; 19-21, December, 2017; Extended Abstracts’ Volume

Geomorphology and geological studies of basaltic hard rock region for groundwater regime using Remote Sensing and GIS

Deshmukh, S1., Suple, P2., Deshmukh, T2. and Pande, C3.

1Department of Geology, Ghulam Nabi Azad Science College, Barshitakli, Akola-444401 Maharashtra [email protected], 2Department of Groundwater Survey & Development Agency, Amravati-444602, Maharashtra 3AICRP for Dry land Agriculture, Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidya peeth Akola-444104, Maharashtra.

Introduction: The present study outlines the south-west monsoon season, i.e., June to specific features and requirements of the September. The mean minimum groundwater regime with its properties and temperature is 12.60C and means maximum aims to focus attention to the need for temperature is 45.20C. The normal annual integrated planning and development of rainfall over the district varies from about water resource in basaltic hard rock region 660 mm to 860 mm. with a special reference to saline groundwater regime development and management. Preliminary hydro-geological, geochemical and agro-meteorological investigations have been measured from geomorphology and field geology analysis using remote sensing and GIS technology at the basaltic hard area exposed in the Akola district of the Maharashtra.

Study area: The study area of Katepurna catchment is situated within the Akola district of Maharashtra covered under the Survey of India toposheet nos. and in between lat. 20025" - 20047"50’ E and long. 770 - 770 25”. The central part of district is mainly occupied by alluvium deposit which is gently sloping and it ranges between 200 to 260 m above MSL (Fig.1&2). The district is occupied by Alluvium and Deccan basalt horizontally disposed and is traversed by well-developed sets of joints. Geographically, the district area is covered by alluvium, 1,864 km2 and basalt, 3,568 km2. Most of the ground water has and would continue to pay a crucial role for food and fodder production, drinking water Figure 1: Geomorphological map of the area. supply, drought mitigation and economic development of the country. The climate of Materials and Methodology: The study the study area has been characterized by a involved a series of different stages study of hot summer and general dry ness field-work, observation and direct digitizing throughout the year except during the

196 34th Convention, Indian Association of Sedimentologists Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati; 19-21, December, 2017; Extended Abstracts’ Volume on the basis of satellite images (Landsat, LISS 3), topographic Sheet (SOI scale 1:50,000) and geological map DRM (GSI. scale: 1:2, 50,000). All primary data were imported in a Geographical Information System in the Arc GIS environment. The geomorphologic map has been prepared through Landsat sensor TM and IRS LISS 3 satellite data on 1:50,000 scale. Climatological and geomorphological interpretations are based on Melton (1957).

Result and Discussions: The study area can be divided into low lying plains towards the northern part which consisting deposition of Purna alluvium attaining the 270 m minimum elevation whereas, abrupt vertical cliffs made up of horizontal basalt flows with multiple scraps with denudation hills attaining the maximum elevation about 380 m to 410 m towards the southern part. Figure 2: Geological map of the area Geomorphologic studies have demonstrated the presence of five distinct landforms References namely shallow dissected plateau, Melton, M.A., 1957, An analysis of the relation among elements of climate, surface properties and moderately dissected plateau, highly geomorphology. Office Naval Research (U.S.), dissected plateau, undulations and valley Geography Branch, Project 389-042, Technical fills (Fig.2). Report, 11, p. 102.

197 34th Convention, Indian Association of Sedimentologists Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati; 19-21, December, 2017; Extended Abstracts’ Volume

Hydrological controlled aggradation and incision of the upper Indus valley, Ladakh Himalaya, during the late Pleistocene

Kumar, A. and Srivastava, P.

Wadia Institute of Himalayan Geology, Dehradun-248001, Uttrakhand. [email protected], [email protected]

Introduction: River systems in the Himalaya when the river has higher capacity to flush have been studied extensively to the aggraded sediment piles. understand the aggradation and incision but still the debate continues vis-à-vis climatic conditions causing enhanced sediment load driven by increased discharge during wetter climate leads to river aggradation or incision.

Study area and Methodology: In this study gravel geometric data (imbrication gravels in the Gh facies) enables to estimate the paleo-discharge of aggraded sedimentary sequences along the Indus River at several sections between Mahe to Spituk (Fig.1A, B). Discharge estimates derived from these valley fill sequences vary from 834 to 4457 m3s-1 during 47-23 ka. Syn-incision discharge estimated from SWDs at Nimu section along the Indus River is 19030- 47,954 m3s-1 between 14 and 10 ka suggests a mega flood in warm and wetter climatic Figure 1: (A) Clast supported gravels (Gh facies) showing imbrication angle (ϴ). (B) Photograph phase (Srivastava et al., 2017). showing clast data: longest (DL), intermediate (DI) and shortest (DS) diameters, imbrication angle (Ɵ) Discussion: During this mega flood, the and litho-type. discharge of the Indus was ten-fold than the aggradation discharge and suggests the Acknowledgements Director of Wadia Institute of Himalayan Geology, sediment flushing from lower order Dehradun is thanked for providing the necessary drainages, hillsides erosion, and sediment infrastructure and facilities. mantled in glacial deposits, in the glacial- interglacial transition phase (Kumar and References Srivastava, 2017). Srivastava, P., Kumar, A., Chaudhary, S., Meena, N., Sundriyal, Y.P., Rawat, S., Rana, N., Perumal, R.J., Bisht, P., Sharma, D. Agnihotri, R., 2017, Paleofloods Conclusions: Thus, the river aggrade during records in Himalaya. Geomorphology, v. 284, p. 17- transition climatic phases (from colder to 30. wetter), when the river has higher Kumar, A., Srivastava, P., 2017, The role of climate competence and carrying capacity and and tectonics in aggradation and incision of the Indus River in the Ladakh Himalaya during the late incise during the wetter climatic conditions Quaternary. Quaternary Research, v. 87(3), p. 363- 385.

198 34th Convention, Indian Association of Sedimentologists Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati; 19-21, December, 2017; Extended Abstracts’ Volume

Identification and spectral analysis of water potential areas using Remote Sensing and GIS techniques in Aligarh District, U. P.

Singh, D. S., Mishra, A., Kumar, A. and Gupta, A.

Department of Geology, University of Lucknow, Lucknow-226007, Uttar Pradesh. [email protected]

Introduction: Water is the most important Data for identification of water potential need for the livelihood in the present time areas in Aligarh District. All the maps and because water potential of any area graph have been generated by using decides about the happiness index (report ArcGIS, ERDAS Imagine (ESRI, 2007) and published by the United Mat lab Software and used for further Nations Sustainable Development interpretations following Farnsworth et al. Solutions Network). Population is (1984), Bobba et al. (1992) and Cudahy et increasing exponentially that’s why the al. (2016). demand of water supply for the crop production, municipal water supply and Discussion: The population growth rate is industrial uses, is increasing. This water increasing the ground water stress level. demand is increasing the stress on the According to the census 2011, population ground water. growth rate was 22.8% while in the census of 2001 it was 22.08% (Fig.2). But, Stress Study area: District Aligarh extends from level can be seen from census 2011 where 27° 29′ to 28° 11′ N latitude and 77° 29′ to urban population growth rate is 40.8% in 78° 38′ E longitude. River Ganga flows in this district. the east and River Yamuna on the west boundary. Bulandshahar district is situated in the north and Hatharas district in south (Fig.1).

Figure 2: Ground water dependency

In present scenario, water demand Figure 1: Location map of the study area district management and water resources Aligarh, U.P. identification are the most important task. On the basis of Satellite (ASTER) data, we Material and method: We have analyzed identified water potential areas by underground water use data of irrigation analyzing different band ratios with the for the last 20 years (Data Source: - District help of GIS techniques. Sankhyakiya Patrika) and ASTER (14 Band)

199 34th Convention, Indian Association of Sedimentologists Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati; 19-21, December, 2017; Extended Abstracts’ Volume

Figure 3: Clay-water index and water level elevation map for water potential areas in the western side of the Aligarh district U.P.

Conclusion: Water bearing capacity of the University of Lucknow, for providing the necessary facilities. soils always depends upon the litholo- facies or soil type. The litholo-facie type or References soil type can be identified on the basis of Bobba, A.G., Bukata, R.P., and Jerome, J.H., 1992, Clay-Water index (Fig.3), Silica Index and Digitally processed satellite data as a tool in Vegetation Index Calculations. These detecting ground water flow systems. Journal of Hydrology, v. 131 (1-4), p. 25-62. results are also matching with the existing Cudahy, T. et. al., 2016, Satellite-derived mineral water level data of the district. mapping and monitoring of weathering, deposition and erosion. www.nature.com/scientificreports. This technique will be very useful for the ESRI, 2007, water resources management and to http://www.esri.com/software/arcgis/extnsions/s patialanalyst/about/mapalgebra.html accessed on reduce the water stress level for the rapid 10.01.2008. urbanize areas. Farnsworth, R.K., Barret,E C. and Dhanju M.S., 1984, Application of remote sensing to hydrology Acknowledgements including ground water. Paris: UNESCO. We are thankful to the Regional Director, Northern Region, CGWB, for providing the data and also thankful to Head, Department of Geology,

200 34th Convention, Indian Association of Sedimentologists Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati; 19-21, December, 2017; Extended Abstracts’ Volume

Young Sedimentologist Award

Facies characterization and sequence stratigraphy of shoreface-tidal Delta deposits of Jurassic, Wagad Highland, Kachchh, Western India

Joseph, J. K. and J. Patel, S. J. Department of Geology, The M. S. University of Baroda, Vadodara-390 002, Gujarat [email protected]

Abstract: Washtawa dome and Adhoi anticline of Wagad Highland, eastern Kachchh, comprises of ~341 m thick sequence of Jurassic (Callovian to Kimmeridgian) sediments divided into Washtawa (Kharol & Nara Shale Members) and Wagad Sandstone (Patasar Shale, Kanthkot & Gamdau Members) Formations. It mainly consists of sandstones, shales and mixed siliciclastic-carbonates with few bands of limestone. The sedimentological analysis depicts eight sedimentary facies namely quartz arenite, subarkosic arenite, pelloidal wackestone, micritic sandstone, allochemic sandstone, sandy allochemic limestone, sandy micrite and claystone/shale. The sequence shows moderate bioturbation and ichnodiversity (15 ichnogenera) representing domichnial, fodinichnial and repichnial behavioural structures that reflect substrate consistency and dominance of infaunal/epifaunal communities. The Callovian to Middle Kimmeridgian sequence spanned ~11m.y., which suggests large scale 2nd order sequence (thickness: 341m) and the 3rd order mid-scale sequences spanning ~5 m.y. (mean thickness:171m). The T-R cycles fall within the ranges of 4th order units, with an average 0.9 m.y. duration. The environmental facies analysis and the depositional trend of the 3rd order mid-scale sequences reveal two transgressive-regressive cycles (TRC-I & TRC-II), consisting of two transgressive system tracts (TST-I & TST-II) and two regressive system tracts (RST-I & RST-II), separated by type-I sequence boundary (SB-I). The stratigraphic surfaces, namely two flooding surfaces (FS-I & FS-II) and three regressive surfaces (RS-I, RS-II, RS-III) are identified by coupling the sedimentary characteristics and trace fossils data. TRC-I represents retrogradational middle to lower shoreface deposits (TST-I) overlain by aggradational and progradational deposits (RST-I) of middle shoreface to foreshore of Callovian age (Kharol Member). TRC-II represents retrogradational deposits (TST-II) of middle to lower shoreface of Late Middle Callovian to Late Middle Oxfordian (Nara Shale Member) and offshore tide dominated coastline of Early Late Oxfordian (Patasar Shale Member). TST-II of TRC-II is directly overlain by thick progradational (RST-II) tide dominated proximal prodelta of Kanthkot Member (Late Oxfordian – Early Kimmeridgian) that is further overlain by distributary mouth bar-channel deposits of Gamdau Member (Middle Kimmeridgian). The facies characteristics and depositional trends of the 2ndorder sequence stem from the interrelated sedimentary processes and eustatic fall at the depositional-shoreline break, which exceeds the rate of basin subsidence, producing a seaward shift of base level in Wagad Highland.

201 34th Convention, Indian Association of Sedimentologists Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati; 19-21, December, 2017; Extended Abstracts’ Volume

Young Sedimentologist Award

Seasonal variations in suspended particulate matter distribution and locations of the estuarine turbidity maximum in three tropical estuaries of India Suja, S. CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula-403004, Goa. [email protected]/ [email protected]

Abstract: Mandovi, Zuari (Ma_Zu) and Kali estuary of the west coast of India were sampled for temperature, salinity and suspended particulate matter (SPM) during pre monsoon, monsoon and post monsoon season, to study variation in the SPM distribution with changes in river discharge in response to rainfall. The longitudinal profiles along the estuaries (from sea end to the river end) were plotted for temperature, salinity, SPM concentration and grain size for the three seasons. In Ma-Zu estuary, high SPM concentration is seen at the sea end stations (M0A-M3 and Z1-Z5) coinciding with high grain sized particles. In Zuari estuary high SPM (stations Z1-Z5) zone is observed below 2m water depth from the surface associated with salinity gradient. The Kali estuary was sampled during spring and neap tide, longitudinal profiles exhibit high SPM concentrations from K1 to K4 stations and is observed to be more predominant during the neap tide. These zones of high SPM are probably locations of Estuarine Turbidity Maximum (ETM) for these estuaries. During pre-monsoon season when the river flow is negligible, the temperature and salinity distribution in the Ma_Zu estuaries are seen to decrease from the sea to the river end stations and intrusion of sea water is observed upstream up to station M5 and Z5. ETM zones identified at M0A-M3 was associated with high salinity of ~32, whereas the Zuari estuary ETM at Z1-Z5 found below 2m water depth from the surface was associated with salinity gradient. In the Kali estuary, the ETM was at sea end stations of K1-K3, formed at marine –freshwater interference. Sea breeze and wind and tide induced currents are probable mechanisms responsible for re-suspension of bottom sediment into the water column resulting in high SPM concentration/ETM zone. During monsoon season with the high rainfall and increased river discharge, ETM shrinks to the bay part at M0A-M3 and Z0-Z4 and K2 stations, and this region in Ma_Zu estuaries correspond with high salinity gradient (34-5), that could have resulted in flocculation-coagulation processes leading to high SPM. During post-monsoon season, the river discharge reduced considerably compared to the monsoon season with all three estuaries exhibiting two ETM zones. One ETM is observed near the mouth and a second ETM in the upstream of the estuaries in response to salinity gradient, funneling effect, processes at meandering of the river resulting in flocculation and coagulation in the water column. Present study suggest that during the monsoon season increase in the river water discharge shifts the ETM near the mouth, during post monsoon reduced discharge shifts the ETM to the upstream and during pre-monsoon with minimum/absent discharge ETM occurs at mouth due to vertical mixing induced by winds and tides.

202 34th Convention, Indian Association of Sedimentologists Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati; 19-21, December, 2017; Extended Abstracts’ Volume

Young Sedimentologist Award

Volcanic ash from Purna Alluvial Basin, Maharashtra, Central India Singh, A. and Srivastava, A. K. Department of Geology, SGB Amravati University, Amravati-444602, Maharashtra [email protected]; [email protected]

Abstract: Youngest Toba tuff (~75 ka) is preserved in fluvio-lacustrine, areno-argillaceous Quaternary sediments of the Purna alluvial basin, Maharashtra. Presently, it is recovered from nine locations viz., Masod, Parad, Bhog Nala, Hudki, Sangwa, Sukali, Kapileshwar, Gandhigram and Andura along Purna river and its confluences. The ashes are preserved as small pockets, thin lenticles and laterally discontinued beds, mostly in the upper part of the successions. These are white to light grey, yellowish brown, powdery, 0.5-3 m thick and divisible into primary ash and reworked ash on the basis of their physical occurrences. The ashes comprise of high amount of glass shards, minor fraction of minerals and detrital sediments. Petrographically, the glass shards are colourless, angular, vesicular, unaltered and isotropic in nature. Based on morphologies of the same under petrological microscope, they have been categorized into six types as, i) uni-radiate shards with two vesicles, ii) tri-radiate shards with three vesicles connected with Y-shaped boundary, iii) flat or platy shards that are separated from long vesicles of other glasses, iv) blocky shards having multi-junctional form of vesicles, v) shards with elongated parallel vesicles having space between the vesicles and, vi) brown coloured pumice shards with elongated to rounded vesicles. The minerals identified in ash are quartz, feldspar, biotite, amphibole, olivine, pyroxene, allanite, and opaque represented by magnetite and ilmenite. Zircon has also been identified very rare. The geochemistry of the glasses has been carried out using EPMA and ICP-MS which show high percentage of SiO2, followed by Al2O3 and Na2O and, negative gravity anomaly of lanthanides that indicate rhyolitic source of magma. 40Ar/39Ar dating has been conducted on handpicked, cleaned, 0.625 µm size and pure glass shards from the Gandhigram area that show 79 ka age as proposed for YTT eruption at Toba, northern Sumatra.

203 34th Convention, Indian Association of Sedimentologists Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati; 19-21, December, 2017; Extended Abstracts’ Volume

204 ORGANIZING COMMITTEE

Chief Patron: Dr. M. G. Chandekar, Vice Chancellor Patron: Dr. R. S. Jaipurkar, Pro Vice Chancellor Steering Committee: Dr. Ajay Deshmukh, Registrar Dr. S. R. Aswale, F & AO Convener: Prof. Ashok K. Srivastava Chairman: Prof. S. F. R. Khadri, Head

Organizing Secretaries: Dr. Y. K. Mawale Sh. P. S. Tidke Dr. R. S. Mankar

Members: Prof. A. S. Aswar Prof. S. K. Omanwar Prof. P. Kundal, Nagpur Sh. P. S. Tidke (Treasurer) Dr. S. K. Humne, Nagpur Dr. R. S. Mankar Dr. P. S. Parimal Dr. P. S. Ingle Dr. S. D. Ingle Sh. Ajab Singh Ms. M. N. Bansod Ms. N. K. Kandwal Sh. M. K. Warkhede (Dy. Registrar, Development)

Advisory Committee: Prof. S. R. Manik Prof. R. Singh Dr. Y. K. Mawale Dr. S. Pachpande

Registration Committee: Ms. M. N. Bansod Ms. N. K. Kandwal Sh. Ajab Singh Ms.Sheetal Halde

Scientific Program Committee: Prof. S. K. Omanwar Prof. P. A. Wadegaonkar Dr. Y. K. Mawale Dr. S. V. Kulkarni Dr. V. M. Kale Dr. R. S. Mankar

Event organizing Material Purchase Committee: Prof. A. K. Srivastava Prof. A. S. Aswar Dr. Y. K. Mawale Dr. P. A. Gawande Sh. P. S. Tidke Assistant Registrar (Store)

Publication & Publicity Committee: Prof. S. R. Manik Dr. R. S. Mankar Sh. S. D. Pachpande Dr. S. D. Ingle Sh. Vilas Nandurkar, PRO

Accommodation & Transport Committee: Dr. Y. K. Mawale Dr. P. S. Ingle Ms. M. N. Bansod Ms. N. K. Kandwal Sh. Ajab Singh

Awards and Medals: Sri P. S. Tidke Sri Ajab Singh Dr. P. S. Parimal

Hospitality (Catering) Committee: Sh. P. S. Tidke Dr. P. S. Parimal

Cultural Committee: Sri Ajay Suryavanshi