A Bandeira Negra Sobre a China: a História Dos Intelectuais E Movimentos Anarquistas Na China Moderna

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A Bandeira Negra Sobre a China: a História Dos Intelectuais E Movimentos Anarquistas Na China Moderna UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL FLUMINENSE CENTRO DE ESTUDOS GERAIS INSTITUTO DE CIÊNCIAS HUMANAS E FILOSOFIA DEPARTAMENTO DE HISTÓRIA A BANDEIRA NEGRA SOBRE A CHINA: A HISTÓRIA DOS INTELECTUAIS E MOVIMENTOS ANARQUISTAS NA CHINA MODERNA RAFAEL BORGES DEMINICIS NITERÓI - RJ DEZEMBRO DE 2005 A BANDEIRA NEGRA SOBRE A CHINA: A HISTÓRIA DOS INTELECTUAIS E MOVIMENTOS ANARQUISTAS NA CHINA MODERNA RAFAEL BORGES DEMINICIS “Monografia apresentada ao Departamento de História da Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF) para obtenção do grau de Bacharel em História.” Orientador: Prof.Dr. Daniel Aarão Reis Filho NITERÓI - RJ DEZEMBRO DE 2005 2 A BANDEIRA NEGRA SOBRE A CHINA A História dos Movimentos e Intelectuais Anarquistas na China Moderna Rafael Borges Deminicis Niterói - RJ 2005 3 “Somos, pois, anarquistas, porque queremos uma sociedade sem governo, uma organização livre, indo do indivíduo ao grupo, do grupo à federação e à confederação, com desprezo das barreiras e fronteiras, sendo a associação baseada sobre o livre acordo e naturalmente determinada e regulada pelas necessidades, aptidões, idéias e sentimentos dos indivíduos.” Neno Vasco “Se quisermos ser livres, ninguém deve poder dizer- nos o que devemos pensar.” Conelius Castoriadis “O anarquismo aventurou-se a introduzir órgãos auto-controláveis e auto-dirigidos na sociedade industrial moderna: controle dos trabalhadores, sindicalismo etc.” Rudolf De Jong 4 RESUMO Esta monografia é um esforço pela recuperação da memória da história dos movimentos sociais e políticos e da atuação de intelectuais revolucionários identificados com as propostas libertárias na China na primeira metade do século 20. A partir da descrição do processo de ascensão da ideologia e prática anarquistas na China, procurar-se-á entender o confronto dos indivíduos e coletividades envolvidas com outras correntes políticas, as estratégias de eliminação da hegemonia anarquista do cenário e conseqüentemente a eliminação de suas memórias. A história oficial, os modelos historiográficos divergentes, os interesses históricos internacionais em contextos autoritários posteriores e o “esquecimento” completo na atualidade, compõem a complexidade explicativa da eliminação da memória do anarquismo na China, precursor na inserção do ideal socialista e revolucionário no país. Palavras-chave : China Moderna, China Contemporânea, Anarquistas, Anarquistas Chineses, Anarquismo, Intelectuais, Política, Poder, Revolução Social, Memória. 5 SUMÁRIO RESUMO........................................................................................................................................5 DEDICATÓRIA..............................................................................................................................8 AGRADECIMENTOS.....................................................................................................................9 CONSIDERAÇÕES INICIAIS......................................................................................................11 INTRODUÇÃO.............................................................................................................................16 1. CAPÍTULO 1 – CHINA MODERNA E CONTEMPORÂNEA: GUERRAS E LEVANTES POPULARES...............................................................................................................................19 1.1. A ERA QING: CRESCIMENTO DOS OPOSITORES E MOVIMENTOS POPULARES.......20 1.2. AS GUERRAS DO ÓPIO E A RESISTÊNCIA ANTI-QING E ANTI OCIDENTAIS...............22 1.3. O TAIPING TIENQUO (REINO CELESTIAL DA PAZ PERFEITA).......................................26 1.4. REVOLTA DOS NIAN...........................................................................................................30 1.5. LEVANTES MUÇULMANOS.................................................................................................31 1.6. A RESTAURAÇÃO E A GUERRA FRANCO-CHINESA.......................................................32 2. CAPÍTULO 2 – MODERNIZAÇÃO, INDUSTRIALIZAÇÃO E REVOLUÇÃO.........................35 2.1. REFORMISTAS E REVOLUCIONÁRIOS.............................................................................36 2.2. O MOVIMENTO YIHETUAN.................................................................................................38 2.3. FORMAÇÃO DO MOVIMENTO REVOLUCIONÁRIO..........................................................40 6 2.4. PRIMEIROS ANARQUISTAS, ESTUDANTES E MILITANTES............................................43 2.5. ATÉ A REVOLUÇÃO DE 1911.............................................................................................54 3. CAPÍTULO 3 – A REVOLUÇÃO QUE NÃO FOI E A RADICALIZAÇÃO REVOLUCIONÁRIA (1912-1919)..................................................................................................................................59 3.1. TÁTICAS TRADICIONAIS E AS MANIFESTAÇÕES MODERNAS......................................60 3.2. ASSOCIAÇÕES DE CLASSE, SOCIEDADES SECRETAS E MOVIMENTO ESTUDANTIL E OPERÁRIO: EXPRESSÕES ANARQUISTAS.............................................................................62 3.3. O QUATRO DE MAIO DE 1919............................................................................................71 3.4. ANARQUISMO, COMUNISMO E OS PARTIDOS................................................................78 3.4.1. HAVIA UMA “REVOLUÇÃO RUSSA” NO CAMINHO DOS REVOLUCIONÁRIOS CHINESES: O PCC......................................................................................................................80 3.4.2. O PROBLEMA: OS PARTIDOS.........................................................................................84 3.4.3. O ANARQUISMO REMANESCENTE NAS ASSOCIAÇÕES DE CLASSE: AS ÚLTIMAS COOPTAÇÕES............................................................................................................................89 3.5. BREVES COMENTÁRIOS: BA JIN.......................................................................................93 4. APONTAMENTOS SOBRE O APAGAMENTO E O ESQUECIMENTO DA HISTÓRIA DO ANARQUISMO............................................................................................................................99 CONSIDERAÇÕES FINAIS.......................................................................................................113 BIBLIOGRAFIA.........................................................................................................................120 ANEXOS....................................................................................................................................126 ACERVO ICONOGRÁFICO.......................................................................................................145 GLOSSÁRIO..............................................................................................................................171 7 DEDICATÓRIA Ao Centre International de Recherches sur l’Anarchisme (CIRA) 1, localizado na Suíça, que me ofereceu o ponta-pé inicial desta pesquisa, dispondo ótimo banco de dados bibliográficos na internet: http://www.anarca-bolo.ch/cira/ . À memória de Li Feigan (o famoso Ba Jin), nascido em 25 de novembro de 1904, um dos grandes anarquistas chineses. Já bastante doente, com mal de Parkinson e câncer, Ba Jin faleceu a 17 de outubro de 2005. Morte que, coincidentemente, se deu na mesma época que eu, a cada momento que lia sua biografia para escrever este trabalho, enchia-me de vontades ilusórias de um dia ainda conhecê-lo. Ir em busca de Ba Jin seria uma justificativa para apressar minha viagem à China (se um órgão de pesquisa qualquer assim financiasse, claro!), agora refreada. Este famoso novelista, poeta e militante político radical que presenciou e participou ativamente todas as revoluções contemporâneas da China, ano passado pode ainda presenciar eventos comemorativos aos seus 100 anos de idade realizados em diversos lugares do país. Como a organizada pelo Museu Nacional de Literatura Moderna iniciada desde novembro de 2003. A máxima chinesa de desejar vida longa às pessoas queridas realmente funcionou para Ba Jin. Resta-nos neste momento, durante dois meses seguidos, recitar os mantras que o confortem neste momento difícil de transição, e desejando uma boa trajetória iluminada. OM TARE TAM SOHA 1 Centre International de Recherches sur l'Anarchisme (CIRA, Avenue de Beaumont 24, 1012 Lausanne, Suisse bus 5 depuis la gare, arrêt Hôpital/CHUV, tél. et fax (+41) 21 652 48 19, e-mail: [email protected] ). 8 AGRADECIMENTOS Agradeço a meu pai Agostinho, mãe Maia Lúcia (Batatinha) e irmão Bruno que mesmo não tendo noção exata da loucura de meu cotidiano de trabalho, faculdade e atuação no movimento social, acompanharam meu esforço para lutar por meus objetivos. Sabedores, por vezes, de vistas grossas, de minha autonomia ou anarquia, deram-me confiança, sem nunca duvidarem de que sempre estive certo de tudo que quero fazer na vida. Sempre me consideraram suficientemente responsável, apesar de todos os conflitos, para seguir meu próprio caminho. À parentada de Piedade, Quintino, Vila Isabel, Grajaú e Jacarepaguá, mas em especial a Simone, Soraya, Alcidéia, Mário, Aparecida, William e Ana Paula. Aos amigos, pela descontração e pelas trocas de afetividade e companheirismo, público de minhas presepadas e ouvintes de meus trocadilhos infames. Tantos amigos de caminhada desde os anos de escola, pré-vestibular, graduação e labuta: Mônica Aoki, Alex Pimenta, Marco Túlio, Nério e Névio Capistrano, Renato Nascimento, Taise, Aliene, Vitor Hugo e Marcelo Abraão, Glauber, Leonel, Francisco
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