District Survey Report for Sand Mining/River Bed Mining

DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT FOR SAND MINING/RIVER BED MINING

(Prepared as per Gazette Notification S.O.3611 (E) Dt: 25.07.2018 of Ministry Environment, Forest & Climate Change)

Prepared By:

District Level Task Force, East Khasi Hills District

(Constituted Vide.Government Notification Dt. 9th July, 2019)

2018-19

CONTENTS :

Chapters Content Page No.

1 Introduction 1-2 2 Overview of mining activity in the district 3-4 3 List of Mining Leases in the district with 5-12 location, area and period of validity 4 Details of Royalty or revenue received in the 13 last 3 (three) years 5 Detail of production of sand or bajri or minor 13 mineral in the last 3 (three) years 6 Process of deposition of sediments in the rivers 14-20 of the district 7 General profile of the district 21 8 Land utilisation pattern in the district 22 9 Physiography of the district 22-23 10 Rainfall : Month Wise 24 11 Geology and mineral wealth 25-27 12 District wise detail of river or stream and other 28 sand source 13 District wise availability of sand orgravel or 29-34 aggregate resources 14 District wise detail of existing mining leases of 34 sand and aggregates 15 Map Showing Location of River Sand/Boulder 35 Deposits In The District.

1. INTRODUCTION

East Khasi HillsDistrict is one of the 11(eleven) districts in the state of Meghalaya with Shillong being it’s headquarter. The District forms a central part of Meghalaya and covers a total geographical area of 2,748 Sq. Kms. lying approximately between 25°07” & 25°41” N Latitude and 91°21” & 92°09” E Longitude . Bounded by the plain of Ri-Bhoi District to the North and gradually rising to the rolling grasslands of the Shillong plateau interspersed with river valleys, then falls sharply in the Southern portion forming a deep gorges and ravines in Mawsynram and Shella- Bholaganj, community and rural development block, bordering Bangladesh. To the East itis bounded by Jaintia Hills District and the West Khasi Hills District to the West. The district comprises of ten Community and Rural Development blocks at present viz., KhadarshnongLaitkroh, Mawkynrew, Mawphlang, Mawryngkneng, Mawsynram, Mylliem, ShellaBholaganj, Sohiong, Mawlai and Mawpat and two civil sub-divisions i.e., Sohra and Pynursla. The population of the district as per Census 2011 is 8, 24,059 with a density of 292 per Sq. Kms covering a total of 1, 60,832 households (Excluding Institutional Households) and the literacy rate is 84.70%. The Principal language is Khasi, Jaintia&Garo with English as an official language. The main occupation of the population in the district is agriculture.

Shillong is well connected by road with other places in the district as well as with the rest of the Meghalaya and Assam. Shillong is connected by road with all major north eastern states. Two major National Highways pass through East Khasi Hills District National Highway 40 connects Shillong to Jorabat, Assam in the north and extends southwards to Dawki, at Bangladesh border and National Highway 44 connects Shillong to states of Tripura and Mizoram.

Mining of sand, gravel, stones and boulders from riverbeds and riverbanks has seen an unprecedented rise in the district as the demand is high in various construction works. With the soaring in demandthis has led to the unregulated and large-scale mining of sand, gravel and stones from riverbeds and riverbanks led to various environmental and social impacts. Riverbed mining causes erosion and often leaves the river-plains much more vulnerable to flooding because it allows loose landmass to be washed downstream, especially during monsoons. This type of mining can also cause salinity intrusion into the rivers, damaging riverine ecosystems,it also causes several alterations to the physical characteristics of both the river and riverbed. These can severely impact the ecological equilibrium of a river and damage plants, animals and riparian habitats.

Although sand is a naturally occurring material as a result of weathering process but now it has reached a level of threatening the environment and the ecosystem.In 2013, the NGT Principal

Bench, New Delhi OA No. 171 of 2013issued direction to ‘restrain any person, company, authority to carry out any mining activity or removal of sand, from river beds anywhere in the country without obtaining environmental Clearance from MoEF/SEIAA and license from the competent authorities. Similarly, the Supreme Court of India in the case of Deepak Kumar Vs. State of Haryana clearly stated that sand mining on either side of the rivers, upstream and in-stream, is one of the causes for environmental degradation and also a threat to the biodiversity. It had also ordered that mining activity even in less than 5 ha is to obtain Environment Clearance for MoEF /SEIAA.The Government of India therefore in 2016 come up with the Sustainable Sand Mining Management Guidelines to ensure environmentally sustainable mining under supervision of the district authorities.

To facilitate systematic, scientific and planned utilization of mineral resources and to streamline mineral based development of the State, keeping in view, protection of environment, health and safety of the people in and around the mining areas and in exercise of the powers conferred by Section 15 of the Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation )Act,1957 the Government of Meghalaya has therefore come up with the Meghalaya Minor Minerals Concession Rules, 2016to regulate the grant of mining leases and quarry permits in respect of the mining of minor minerals in the State and according to the Ministry of Forests, Environment and Climate Change EIA Notification dt.25th July, 2018 District Survey Report is to be prepared for every district in order to identify the areas of aggradations or depositions where mining can be allowed, identification of areas of erosion and proximity to infrastructural structures and installations where mining should be prohibited and calculation of annual rate of replenishment and allowing time for replenishment after mining in that area. Therefore, the District Task Force Committee, East Khasi Hills District has made every effort to cover sand mining locations, areas and overview of Mining activity in the district with all its relevant features pertaining to geology and mineral wealth in replenishable and non-replenishable areas of rivers, stream and other sand sources in the district to be incorporated in the report.This reportwill bea model and guiding document which is a compendium of available mineral resources, geographical set up, environmental and ecological set up of the district and is based on field survey, dataprovided by various departments, published reports, journals and websites. It will form the basis for evaluation of the application for environmental clearance, preparation of reports and appraisal of projects related to mining activity in the district. The Report will be updated once every five years.

2. OVERVIEW OF MINING ACTIVITY IN THE DISTRICT

Meghalaya is endowed with sizeable deposits of a number of valuable minerals. Coal, limestone, uranium, granite, kaolin, clay and glass sand are the principal minerals. A brief account of mineral resources is as follows:

Sl Minerals Reserves in the Grade Major places of occurrence no. State 1 Coal 576 Million Sub-bituminous, Meghalaya coal, which is tertiary tonnes high calorific coal, is generally sub-bituminous in value and high composition. The prominent sulphur content coalfields of the State are West Darrangiri, Siju, Pendengru- Balpakram in the South Garo Hills district; Borsora Langrin and Shallang in the West Khasi Hills district; East Darrangiri partly in West Khasi Hills and partly in East Garo Hills; Mawlong-Shella and Sohra-Cherrapunjee in the East Khasi Hills district and Bapung- Sutnga in the Jaintia Hills district. 2 Limestone 9304 million Cement An extensive bed of limestone tones metallurgical and occurs in the Southern part of the chemical State from Jaintia Hills in the East and Garo Hills in the West. The main deposits are found around Cherrapunjee, Mawlong, Ichamati, Shella, Komorrah in the East Khasi Hills district; Borsora and Bagli in the West Khasi Hills district; Lakadong, Lumshnong and Nongkhlieh in the Jaintia Hills district; and Darrang Era-aning, Siju, Chokpot in the South Garo Hills district. 3 Uranium Uranium - Significant occurrence of uranium deposit is found in and around Domiasiat and Porkut- Nongjri around Wahkynshi area in the West Khasi Hills District. 4 Granite 50 million cubic Table top, wall Deposits of multi-coloured granite meter cladding etc. have been located around Nongpoh in the Ri-Bhoi District; Mylliem in the East Khasi Hills District; Mawkyrwat and Nongstoin in the West Khasi Hills District; and Mendipathar and Songsak in the East Garo Hills District. 5 Clay 97 million tones White ware Sedimentary white clay is found

earthen ware around Cherrapunjee and Mahadek furnace lining in the East Khasi Hills; Nangalbibra curing soap etc. in the South Garo Hills and Rongrengre in the East Garo Hills District. 6 Kaoline 5.24 million White ware Good quality Kaolin (China Clay) tonnes occurs around Mawphlang, Smit and Laitlyngkot in the East Khasi Hills District; Thandlaskein, Shangpung, Mulieh and Mynsngat in the Jaintia Hills District; and Darugiri in the East Garo Hills District. 7 Iron ore - Low grade West khasi hills and East Garo Hills 8 Glass sand 3.00 million Oridanary glass Glass Sand - Glass sand is found to tones ware occur at Laitryngew, Umstew and Kreit in the East Khasi Hills and Tura in the West Garo Hills. 9 Quartz 0.5 million tones Industrial grade Quartz occurs almost in all districts in the Northern part of the State. 10 Feldspar Ceramic grade Feldspar and iron ore are reported in the Ri-Bhoi and West Khasi Hills Districts; 11 Sillimanite 50 million tones High temperature Sillimanite is found in some parts of furnace lining Mawthengkut Block at Sonapahar of the West Khasi Hills District. 12 Bauxite 1.45 million Low grade Jaintia hills tones 13 Rock Low grade Jaintia hills phosphate

3. LIST OF MINING LEASES IN THE DISTRICT WITH LOCATION AREA AND PERIOD OF VALIDITY

Table 2 (a) & (b) shows the details of mining leases in the district for limestone & boulderstone respectively. Table 2 (a) Limestone: Sl. Name of The Name of the Lessee Address & Contact No. of Mining Lease Grant Area of the Period of Mining Period of Mining No Mineral Lessee Order No. and date mining lease Lease (initial) Lease (1st/2nd (ha) ….renewal) From to From to 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1. Limestone Shri. Philossopher Iawphiaw Sohbar, East Khasi Hills No.KH/8/PI/133/888, 28050 sqmt 2017 2037 District dt. 28.09.2017 2. Limestone Smti. Nondini Syiemlieh Tharia, Sohbar Village, No.KH/8/NS/165/1083 3.3750 ha 2018 2048 East Khasi Hills District 7-A, dt. 06.02.2018 3. Limestone Smti. Kuntimai Tangdhara Ri- Kaleng, Sohbar Village, No.KH/8/KT/163/1084 2.3125 ha 2018 2048 East Khasi Hills District. 9-A, dt. 06.02.2019 4. Limestone Shri. Tamdor Sing Nadon Wahlong , East Khasi Hills No.KH/8/TN/159/1045 2.38 ha 2018 2028 District 9, dt. 19.01.2018 5. Limestone Shri. Tamdor Sing Nadon Tyngwaibah, Sohbar, East No.KH/8/TN/160/1044 1.90 ha 2018 2028 Khasi Hills District 5, dt. 19.01.2018 6. Limestone Shri. Tilokho Diengdoh Muiong, Shella, East Khasi No.KH/8/TD/164/1086 2.26 ha 2018 2038 Hills District 3-B, dt. 08.02.2018 7. Limestone Smti. Rimiful Shylla Wahlong , East Khasi Hills No.KH/8/RS/183/341, 3.781 ha 2018 2048 District dt. 19.04.2018 8. Limestone M/S Dhar Mining Co.Pvt. Ltd. Ri-Laiseng, Sohbar, East No.KH/8/RD/134/493, 4.90 ha 2018 2038 Khasi Hills dt.27.04.2018 9. Limestone M/s Youroin Enterprise Tem-Maw, Wahlong, No.KH/8/SRY/187/118 4.94 ha 2018 2028 East Khasi Hills 0, dt. 24.05.2018 10. Limestone Smti. Arena Hynniewta Urtutai, Mawkisyiem, No.KH/8/AH/201/469 1.57 ha 2018 2028 Sohra, East Khasi Hills 5, dt. 15.10.2018 11. Limestone Smti. Paris Kharbamon Pommuriang, Wahlong No.KH/8/PK/204, dt. 1.3011 ha 2018 2028 Sirdarship. East Khasi Hills 22.10.2018

12. Limestone Shri. Reader Force Sarubai Muiong, Shella, East Khasi No.KH/8/RFS/198/480 2.09 ha 2018 2042 Hills District 4, dt. 22.10.2018 13. Limestone Shri. Jrop Sing Nongkhlaw Temkya (Byrong) No.KH/8/JSN/203/494 3.7 ha 2018 2048 Wahlong 2, dt. 29.10.2018 14. Limestone Shri. Hamarless Roy Dum Dum (Byrong) NO.KH/8/HRT/202/49 4.1 ha 2018 2048 Thabah Wahlong 28, dt. 29.10.2018 15. Limestone Shri. Stodar Dkhar Phonglaishret, NO.KH/8/SD/200/513 4.18 ha 2018 2048 Ichamati, East Khasi 2, dt. 08.11.2018 Hills District 16. Limestone Shri. Suren Chyne Muiong, Shella, East No.KH/8/SC/207/6303 1.15 ha 2019 2044 Khasi Hills District , dt. 15.01.2019 17. Limestone Shri. Marbat Dohkrut Ri- Kaleng Sohbar, East No.KH/8/MD/206/645 3.50 ha 2019 2029 Khasi hills District 6, dt. 23.01.2019 18. Limestone Shri. Bhuteshwar Lyngdoh Mawlong, Sohpieng, No.KH/8/BL/210/6980 1.00 Ha 2019 2029 East Khasi Hills District , dt. 19.02.2019

Date of Status Captive/ Non- Obtained Location of the Mining Lease (Latitude & Longitude) Method of Mining commencemen (Working/non Captive Environmental (Opencast/undergro t of Mining Working/Tem Clearance (Yes/No), if und) Operation p. Working for yes letter No with date dispatch etc.) of grant of EC 11 12 13 14 15 16 03.10.2017 Working Non-Captive No.SEIAA/Project- 250 11’ 1.554”N, 91044’56.680”E, 250 11’ 1.433”N, Mechanised 5/9/2016/296, dt. 91044’59.150”E 250 10’ 57.994”N, 91045’3.067”E, opencast method 14.09.2017 250 11’ 0.768”N, 91045’0.149”E 250 10’ 58.970”N, 91045’2.411”E, 250 11’ 0.825”N, 91044’59.193”E 250 11’ 0.422”N, 91044’59.673”E, 250 10’ 53.757”N, 91045’0.721”E 250 10’ 56.562”N, 91045’2.750”E, 250 10’ 54.867”N, 91045’1.487”E 250 10’ 58.474”N, 91044’56.019”E 250 10’ 56.140”N, 91044’58.337”E 08.02.2018 Working Non-Captive No.EKJ.20/17/2017/11/ 250 10’ 58.8”N, 91044’53.9”E, 250 10’ 58.6”N, Opencast method 46/1001, dt. 05.01.2018 91044’53.6”E 250 10’ 59.7”N, 91044’52.6”E, with semi- 250 11’ 00.1”N, 91044’52.0”E 250 11’ 00.8”N, mechanised 91044’52.0”E, 250 11’ 01.3”N, 91044’51.9”E 250 11’ 01.5”N, 91044’52.2”E, 250 11’ 02.2”N, 91044’52.5”E 250 11’ 04.2”N, 91044’53.1”E, 250 11’ 08.3”N, 91044’53.7”E 250 11’ 05.6”N, 91044’57.3”E, 250 11’ 02.2”N, 91044’58.2”E 250 11’ 00.2”N, 91044’58.5”E, 250 10’ 58.8”N, 91044’56.3”E 08.02.2018 Working Non-Captive No.EKJ.20/17/2017/10/ 25011’06.02”N, 91044’57.02”E, 25011’04.63”N, Open cast with semi 47/1002, dt. 05.01.2018 91045’3.24”E 25011’00.63”N, 91045’2.41”E, mechanised method 25011’01.97”N, 91044’56.00”E.

22.01.2018 Working Non-Captive No.EKJ.20/17/2017/6/1 25011’34.65”N, 91042’16.90”E, 25011’36.33”N, Open cast Semi- 54/998, dt. 05.01.2018 91042’19.18”E 25011’34.60”N, 91042’20.73”E, mechanised 25011’28.66”N, 91042’20.40”E 25011’28.27”N, 91042’17.79”E 22.01.2018 Working Non-Captive No.EKJ.20/17/2017/6/1 25010’37.24”N, 91043’34.00”E, 25010’47.35”N, Opencast semi- 53/997, dt. 05.01.2018 91043’33.75”E 25010’47.32”N, 91043’32.79”E, mechanised mining 25010’44.92”N, 91043’32.77”E 25010’44.84”N, 91043’31.96”E, 25010’37.27”N, 91043’31.35”E 10.02.2018 Working Non-Captive No.EKJ.20/17/2017/13/ 25011’11.9”N, 91037’59.2”E, 25011’11.9”N, Open cast 22/1, dt. 08.01.2018 91038’04.7”E 25011’05.6”N, 91038’04.3”E, mechanised mining 25011’05.6”N, 910 38”01.3”E 23.04.2018 Working Non-Captive No.EKJ.20/17/2017/8/7 25011’34.64”N, 91042’14.64”E, 25011’41.53”N, Open cast method 9/996, dt. 05.01.2018 91042’14.48”E 25011’40.72”N, 91042’18.90”E, with semi- 25011’40.70”N, 910 42”21.38”E 25011’34.69”N, mechanised. 910 42”21.49”E 30.04.2018 Working Non-Captive No.EKJ.20/17/2017/1/3 25010’48.960”N, 91040’10.163”E, 25010’46.574”N, Open Cast 4, dt. 13.11.2017 91040’16.211”E 25010’45.787”N, 91040’22.614”E, mechanised mining 25010’49.473”N, 91040’23.335”E 25010’50.679”N, 91040’13.630”E, 25010’50.888”N, 91040’11.521”E 25010’50.927”N, 91040’08.710”E, 25010’50.074”N, 91040’06.973”E. 26.05.2018 Working Non-Captive No.EKJ.20/17/2017/19/ 25010’35”N, to 25010’45”N, Open cast method 21/1003, dt. 05.01.2018 91042’45”E to 91042’55”E 22.10.2018 Working Non-Captive No.EKJ.20/17/2017/14/ 26015’35.63”N, 91043’34.21”E, 26015’39.14”N, Open cast method 78/539, dt. 08.08.2018 91043’28.64”E 26015’35.16”N, 91043’28.07”E, with semi- 25015’33.62”N, 91043’37.8”E mechanised

22.10.2018 Working Non-Captive No.EKJ.20/17/2017/18/ 25011’06.31”N, 91042’30.45”E, 25011’08.16”N, Open cast mining 159/440, dt. 05.07.2018 91042’31.61”E 25011’07.30”N, 91042’35.80”E, with semi- 25011’02.20”N, 91042’33.10”E mechanised

25.10.2018 Working Non-Captive No.EKJ.20/1/2018/3/41 25011’09.7”N, 91037’52.9”E, 25011’03.9”N, Open cast method /542, dt. 08.08.2018 91037’53.2”E 01.11.2018 Working Non-Captive No.EKJ.20/1/2018/5/27 25010’43.6”N, 91042’38.9”E, 25010’49.3”N, Open cast method /540, dt. 08.08.2018 91042’46.6”E 01.11.2018 Working Non-Captive No.EkJ.20/1/2018/6/27/ 25010’43.6”N, 91042’27.4”E, 25010’49.3”N, Open cast 541, dt. 08.08.2018 91042’37.1”E 03.12.2018 Working Non-Captive No.EKJ.20/17/2017/4/4 25010’42.72”N, 91041’20.27”E, 25010’42.50”N, Opencast method of 21/441, dt. 05.07.2018 91041’20.98”E 25010’40.45”N, 91041’28.26”E, mining with semi- 25010’44.81”N, 91041’28.67”E 25010’43.57”N, mechanization 91041’21.47”E, 25010’47.00”N, 91041’22.76”E 25010’48.22”N, 91041’21.10”E, 25010’44.77”N, 91041’12.81”E. 18.01.2018 Working Non-Captive No.EKJ.20/1/2018/4/53 25011’09.9”N, 91037’50.4”E, 25011’14.5”N, Open cast method /544, dt. 09.08.2018 91037’47.2”E 28.01.2019 Working Non-Captive NO.EKJ.20/1/2018/2/16 25011’02.97”N, 91044’58.57”E, 25011’09.63”N, Open cast method of 7/802, dt. 26.11.2018 91044’48.34”E 25011’14.00”N, 91044’52.21”E, mining with semi- 25011’08.38”N, 91045’01.08”E 25011’06.55”N, mechanization 91045’01.50”E 21.02.2019 Working Non-Captive No.EKJ.20/1/2018/7/39 25011’33.00”N, 91041’40.00”E, 25011’30.64”N, Open cast method of /803, dt. 26.11.2018 91041’41.10”E, 25011’29.42”N, 91041’37.26”E, mining with semi- 25011’32.01”N, 91041’36.20”E, 25011’33.00”N, mechanization. 91041’40.00”E

Table 2 (b) Boulderstone: Sl. Name of The Name of the Lessee Address & Contact Mining Lease Grant Area of Period of Mining Period of Mining No Mineral No. of Lessee Order No. and date the Lease (initial) Lease (1st/2nd mining ….renewal) lease (ha) From to From to 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1. Boulderstone Shri. Edingson Nongjri, No.KH/9/EK/139/4735, 1.6992 2017 2027 Khongnohbeh Laitlyngngai, dt. 21.09.2017 ha Pynursla, East Khasi Hills District 2. Boulderstone Smti. Plenty K Pyngrope Thlangkti, Wahkseh, NO.KH/8/PP/162/11380 3.00 ha 2018 2033 Laitmarwoh, , dt. 13.03.2018 Laitlyngkot, East Khasi Hills District 3. Boulderstone Shri. Bankyrshan Kshiar Mitlor, Swer, Sohra No.KH/8/BK/186/4742, 4.00 ha 2018 2028 Syiemship, East Khasi dt. 17.10.2018 Hills District. 4. Boulderstone Smti. Lamonlang Massar Dymmiew Jathit, East No.KH/8/LM/215/7661, 3.00 ha 2019 2029 Khasi Hills District. dt. 22.03.2019 5. Boulderstone Shri. Khrikshon Lyngkhoi Laitkynsew, Raid No.KH/8/KL/213/7715, 1.279 ha 2019 2049 Mawlieh, East Khasi dt. 23.03.2019 Hills District 6. Boulderstone Smti. Donsinora Massar Lum Jathit, No.KH/8/DM/214/64, 2.50 ha 2019 2029 Dymmiew, East dt. 04.04.2019 Khasi Hills 7. Boulderstone Shri. Edarstar Lyngdoh Laitdiengwah, Raid No.KH/8/ELN/221/1540, 3.00 ha 2019 2029 Nongbri Nongbri, Khyrim dt. 25.06.2019 Syiemship, East Khasi Hills District

Date of Status Captive/ Obtained Environmental Location of the Mining Lease (Latitude & Longitude) Method of Mining commencement (Working/non Non-Captive Clearance (Yes/No), if (Opencast/underg of Mining Working/Temp. yes letter No with date round) Operation Working for of grant of EC dispatch etc.) 11 12 13 14 15 16 26.09.2017 Working Non-Captive NO.EKJ.20/17/2017/1/38 25010’4.680” 91046’35.760” 25010’7.344” Semi-mechanised /926, dt. 22.11.2017 91046’33.533” 25010’10.080” 91046’36.720” open cast 25010’7.980” 91046’40.440” 25010’4.694” 91046’34.846” 25010’9.473” 91046’35.879” 25010’8.351” 91046’39.981” 20.03.2018 Working Non-Captive No.EKJ.20/17/2017/5/22 25024’19.987”N,91049’49.781”E 26024’20.950”N, Open cast //999, dt. 05.01.2018 mechanised 91049’50.311”E 25024’23.419”N, 91049’51.957”E mining. 26024’23.632”N, 91049’54.579”E 25024’23.491”N, 91049’56.002”E 26024’23.340”N, 91049’56.761”E 25024’19.987”N, 91049’49.781”E 26024’21.451”N, 91049’59.546”E 25024’19.603”N, 91049’59.010”E 26024’19.160”N, 91049’58.670”E 25024’18.301”N, 91049’56.835”E 26024’19.260”N, 91049’55.592”E 25024’18.301”N, 91049’56.835”E 26024’19.393”N, 91049’52.560”E 22.10.2018 Working Non-Captive No.EKJ.20/17/2017/12/1 25023’38.15”N 91048’3.24”E 25023’37.16”N, Semi-mechanised 8/1000, dt. 05.01.2018 Open cast mining. 91048’9.00”E 25023’36.76”N, 91048’9.00”E 25023’35.47”N, 91048’7.94”E 25023’33.16”N, 91048’8.87”E 25023’31.12”N, 91048’8.89”E 25023’31.58”N, 91048’1.20”E 25.03.2019 Working Non-Captive No.EKJ.20/1/2018/1/141 25022’12.35”N, 91052’36.03”E 25022’11.48”N, Open Cast method /801, dt. 26.11.2018 with semi-

91052’39.58”E 25022’15.12”N, 91052’39.51”E mechanised 25022’15.99”N, 91052’35.58”E 10.04.2019 Working Non-Captive No.EKJ.20/17/2017/16/5 25025’20.28”N, 91051’57.38”E 25025’18.80”N, Open cast mining 1,/799 dt. 22.11.2018 with semi 91051’55.76”E 25025’15.60”N, 91051’55.71”E mechanised 25025’19.056”N, 91052’2.1”E 10.04.2019 Working Non-Captive No.EKJ.20/17/2017/15/9 25022’22.40”N, 91052’39.19”E 25022’18.99”N, Open cast mining 0/800/26.11.2018 with semi 91052’40.30”E 25022’22.00”N, 91052’43.54”E mechanised 25022’22.68”N, 91052’43.76”E 28.06.2019 Working Non-Captive No.EKJ.20/1/2018/9/21/ 25030’45.11”N, 91055’04.21”E, 25030’44.96”N, Open Cast method 804, dt. 26.11.2018 of Mining with 91055’01.32.”E 25030’45.46”N, 91055’01.17.”E, semi-mechanised. 25030’47.34”N, 91054’58.76.”E 25030’48.34”N, 91054’58.79.” E, 25030’49.63”N, 91055’00.42.”E 25030’50.37”N, 91055’01.93.”E, 25030’52.11”N, 91055’03.69.”E 25030’52.49”N, 91055’05.53.”E, 25030’55.67”N, 91055’05.33.”E 25030’55.41”N, 91055’06.69.”E, 25030’51.81”N, 91055’06.87.”E 25030’50.01”N, 91055’05.82.”E, 25030’49.70”N, 91055’06.58.”E 25030’48.89”N, 91055’05.53.”E, 25030’47.87”N, 91055’04.94.”E 25030’46.24”N, 91055’05.08.”E, 25030’45.52”N, 91055’04.45.”E

4. DETAILS OF ROYALTY OR REVENUE RECEIVED IN LAST THREE YEARS Table 3: Year Minor Mineral Revenue in lakh 2016-2017 Limestone 798.9256 Boulder Stone 571.80579 Sand NIL 2017-2018 Limestone 188.67268 Boulder Stone 66.1176 Sand NIL 2018-2019 Limestone 947.40994

Boulder Stone 372.9456

Sand NIL

5. DETAILS OF PRODUCTION OF SAND OR BAJRI OR MINOR MINERAL IN THE LAST THREE YEARS Table 4: Year Minor Mineral Quantity 2016-2017 Limestone 9,98,657 Boulder Stone 2,38,252 Sand NIL 2017-2018 Limestone 2,35,841 Boulder Stone 27,549 Sand NIL 2018-2019 Limestone 11,61,895 Boulder Stone 1,55,394 Sand NIL

6. PROCESS OF DEPOSITION OF SEDIMENTS IN THE RIVERS OF THE DISTRICT

River Development Cycle

The three stages in a river or stream's development are youthful, mature and old. Geologists classify streams along with rivers and view their development as a flowing body of water progressing along the same three stages. Rivers and streams erode and change the landscape around them in their various stages of development and, by doing so, also affect their own course.

A river in its youthful stage follows a relatively straight course. Its gradient is steep and it will usually be found flowing through a V-shaped valley. There may only be a slight or a complete absence of a floodplain, which is the flattened area to the side of the river that is subject to flooding. The flow velocity of a river in its youthful stage is high and there are sometimes rapids along its course.

A mature river does not flow as quickly as a youthful one because it has eroded its river bed down to a lower depth and there is a greater area to accommodate a much larger volume of water to move through it. There are more tributaries feeding a mature river, its floodplains have increased and its channels have eroded to a wider distance. The extent of the channel widening will be greater than the extent of its depth.

Old rivers flow slowest and their rate of erosion is counteracted by the degree of sediment they deposit. Their course is no longer straight and widened floodplains are a common characteristic. An old river rests in an almost flat valley as a result of the many years of erosion that have taken place.

Stream Erosion and Deposition

Flowing water is a very important mechanism for both erosion and deposition. Water flow in a stream is primarily related to the stream’s gradient, but it is also controlled by the geometry of the stream channel. As shown in Figure-1, water flow velocity is decreased by friction along the stream bed, so it is slowest at the bottom and edges and fastest near the surface and in the middle. In fact, the velocity just below the surface is typically a little higher than right at the surface because of friction between the water and the air. On a curved section of a stream, flow is fastest on the outside and slowest on the inside.

Figure-1 Figure-1. The relative velocity of stream flow depending on whether the stream channel is straight or curved (left), and with respect to the water depth (right). Other factors that affect stream-water velocity are the size of sediments on the stream bed — because large particles tend to slow the flow more than small ones — and the discharge, or volume of water passing a point in a unit of time (e.g., m3/second). During a flood, the water level always rises, so there is more cross-sectional area for the water to flow in; however, as long as a river remains confined to its channel, the velocity of the water flow also increases.

Figure-2 shows the nature of sediment transportation in a stream. Large particles rest on the bottom — bedload — and may only be moved during rapid flows under flood conditions. They can be moved by saltation (bouncing) and by traction (being pushed along by the force of the flow).

Smaller particles may rest on the bottom some of the time, where they can be moved by saltation and traction, but they can also be held in suspension in the flowing water, especially at higher velocities. As you know from intuition and from experience, streams that flow fast tend to be turbulent (flow paths are chaotic and the water surface appears rough) and the water may be muddy, while those that flow more slowly tend to have laminar flow (straight-line flow and a smooth water surface) and clear water. Turbulent flow is more effective than laminar flow at keeping sediments in suspension.

Stream water also has a dissolved load, which represents (on average) about 15% of the mass of material transported, and includes ions such as calcium (Ca+2) and chloride (Cl-) in solution. The solubility of these ions is not affected by flow velocity.

Figure-2 Modes of transportation of sediments and dissolved ions (represented by red dots with + and – signs) in a stream.

The faster the water is flowing, the larger the particles that can be kept in suspension and transported within the flowing water. However, a Swedish geographer FilipHjulström discovered in the 1940s, the relationship between grain size and the likelihood of a grain being eroded, transported, or deposited is not as simple as one might imagine (Figure-3). Consider, for example, a 1 mm grain of sand. If it is resting on the bottom, it will remain there until the velocity is high enough to erode it, around 20 cm/s. But once it is in suspension, that same 1 mm particle will remain in suspension as long as the velocity doesn’t drop below 10 cm/s. For a 10 mm gravel grain, the velocity is 105 cm/s to be eroded from the bed but only 80 cm/s to remain in suspension.

Figure-3 The Hjulström-Sundborg diagram showing the relationships between particle size and the tendency to be eroded, transported, or deposited at different current velocities. On the other hand, a 0.01 mm silt particle only needs a velocity of 0.1 cm/s to remain in suspension, but requires 60 cm/s to be eroded. In other words, a tiny silt grain requires a greater

16 velocity to be eroded than a grain of sand that is 100 times larger! For clay-sized particles, the discrepancy is even greater. In a stream, the most easily eroded particles are small sand grains between 0.2 mm and 0.5 mm. Anything smaller or larger requires a higher water velocity to be eroded and entrained in the flow. The main reason for this is that small particles, and especially the tiny grains of clay, have a strong tendency to stick together, and so are difficult to erode from the stream bed.

It is important to be aware that a stream can both erode and deposit sediments at the same time. At 100 cm/s, for example, silt, sand, and medium gravel will be eroded from the stream bed and transported in suspension, coarse gravel will be held in suspension, pebbles will be both transported and deposited, and cobbles and boulders will remain stationary on the stream bed.

A stream typically reaches its greatest velocity when it is close to flooding over its banks. This is known as the bank-full stage, as shown in Figure-4. As soon as the flooding stream overtops its banks and occupies the wide area of its flood plain, the water has a much larger area to flow through and the velocity drops significantly. At this point, sediment that was being carried by the high-velocity water is deposited near the edge of the channel, forming a natural bank or levée.

Figure-4. The development of natural levées during flooding of a stream. The sediments of the levée become increasingly fine away from the stream channel, and even finer sediments — clay, silt, and fine sand — are deposited across most of the flood plain.

Flood Plain – is a broad strip of land built up by sedimentation on either side of a stream channel. During floods, flood plains may be covered with water carrying suspended silt and clay.

When the flood water recedes, these fine-grained sediments are left behind as a horizontal deposit. The sudden decrease in velocity of water leaving the channel causes the river to deposit most of its sediment near the main channel. Progressively less sediment is deposited away from the channel. A series of floods may build up natural levees low ridges of flood-deposited sediment that form on either side of a stream channel.

MAPS OF RIVER BASIN

7. GENERAL PROFILE OF THE DISTRICT

Table 5: General profile of the district Name of the District East Khasi Hills District

Headquarter Shillong

Area 2,748 Sq. Kms

Latitude /Longitude 25°07” & 25°41” N Lat. and 91°21” & 92°09” E Long.

Ri-bhoi district in the North, West Jaintia Hills on the Bounded by East, Bangladesh on the South and West Khasi Hills & South West Khasi Hills on the West C& RD Blocks Khadarshnong Laitkroh, Mawkynrew, Mawphlang, Mawryngkneng, Mawsynram, Mylliem, Shella Bholaganj, Mawlai, Sohiong and Mawpat. Civil Sub- Divisions Sohra and Pynursla

Population (Census 2011) 8,24,059

HouseHolds (Census 2011) 1,60,832 (Excluding Institutional Households)

Density (Census 2011) 292 Per Sq. Kms

Literacy Rate (Census 2011) Total Literacy* 84.70 % Climate 4 Seasons

Principal Languages Khasi, Jaintia&Garo.

Official Languages English

Nearest Airport Umroi Airport

Nearest Railway Guwahati Railway Station

8. LAND UTILIZATION PATTERN IN THE DISTRICT The following table 6 shows the Land Utilisation Pattern in the District

Particulars 2016-2017 2017-2018 Reporting area for Land 272598 272598 Utilization Statistics Forest 103855 104230 Not available for cultivation 54309.5 56440.26 Other Uncultivated land 71742.5 69700.74 excluding Fallow Land Fallow land 10322 9836 Net Area Sown 32369 32391 Area sown more than once 10145 12777 Total cropped area 42514 45168 Source: District Agricultural Officer, East Khasi Hills, Shillong

9. PHYSIOGRAPHY OF THE DISTRICT East Khasi Hills has an undulating topography. It comprises of denudational high and low hills with deep gorges. The district represents a remnant of ancient plateau of Indian Peninsular Shield which is deeply dissected suggesting several geotectonic and structural deformities that the plateau has undergone. The northern portion of the district is a dissected Shillong plateau gradually rising southwards to the rolling grasslands with gentle river valleys, then falls sharply in the Southern portion forming deep gorges and ravines in Mawsynram and Shella-Bholaganj, bordering Bangladesh. In the southern border areas, there are fringes of alluvial plains that are localized in nature. The district maybe roughly divided into three Physiographic units. a) The Southern slopes: The narrow belt stretching across the southern margin of the district is known as War country (Ri-War). It consists of deep gorges and abrupt slopes marked by water- falls that rush down steep slopes and cut deep valleys through 34 which swift-flowing rivers descend to the plains. The region is characterized by extensive structural platform made of gently dipping sandstones whose surface has been deeply eroded by heavy rainfall in the region. The deeply cut valleys divide the platform

into three parts – the Cherrapunjee Platform, the Mawsynram Platform, and the Lyngkyrdem Platform. b) The Central upland: North of the southern slopes is the extensive Khasi upland, has an average height of 1,000 metres and reaches the highest altitudes above 1,700 metres. This part of the plateau mostly consists of rolling uplands intersected by rivers and dotted with rounded hills made of softer rocks. The Shillong Peak with an elevation of 1961 metres is the highest point. c) The northern undulating hills: With elevation ranging from 170 to 820 m the northern part of East Khasi hills is characaterized by an undulating topography marked by series of hills rising to almost the same height. It slopes gradually towards the north merging with the Bhoi country or Ri-Bhoi. Generally above the height of 490 metres, most of the hills are flat-topped in appearance.

10. RAINFALL MONTH WISE

Yearly Meteorological Data Recorded at Vegetable Reasearch Station, Fruit Garden, Shillong for the year 2018 is as shown in the table 7 below

Sl. Month Rainfall in Temperature Humidity Remarks No. (mm) Maximum Minimum in % in C0 C0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 January, 2018 8.4 mm 16.8 C0 4.8 C0 51.8% 2 February, 2018 1.3 mm 22.5 C0 8.0 C0 48.3% 3 March, 2018 47.1 mm 24.4 C0 13.4 C0 54.0% 4 April, 2018 114.0 mm 24.6 C0 13.0 C0 59.7% 5 May, 2018 176.8 mm 25.8 C0 15.0 C0 62.5% 6 June, 2018 244.0 mm 26.8 C0 16.7 C0 64.7% 7 July, 2018 197.9 mm 26.8 C0 19.0 C0 62.7% 8 August, 2018 251.7 mm 27.0 C0 19.0 C0 16.3% 9 September, 2018 218.1 mm 26.6 C0 17.7 C0 60.8% 10 October, 2018 40.2 mm 25.2 C0 13.0 C0 60.3% 11 November, 2018 7.2 mm 22.2 C0 9.7 C0 52.2% 12 December, 2018 22.1 mm 18.06 C0 6.6 C0 53.6% Grand Total:- 1328.8 286.76 C0 155.9 C0 646.9% Average Total :- 110.73 mm 23.89 C0 12.99 C0 53.90%

Reporting for the year 2018 1. Total Rainfall received for the year Average - 110.73 mm

2. Average Maximum Temperature for the year - 23.89 C0

3. Average Minimum Temperature for the year - 12.99 C0

4. Average Relative Humidity for the year - 53.90%

11. GEOLOGY AND MINERAL WEALTH

The Geology of East Khasi Hills is characterized by the presence of wide range of rock types that originated in various epochs of the earth's evolution. The oldest rocks of Archean to Proterzoic age belong to Assam Meghalaya Gneissic Complex (AMGC) of is a combination of classified and unclassified metamorphic rocks comprising amphibolites, migmatites, augen-gneiss, biotite gneiss, sillimanite-biotite-cordiearite gneisses, granulites (charnockites), granitoid gneiss, megacryst gneiss and mafic-ultramafic rocks. The AMGC is unconformablyoverlained by Shillong Group of rocks of Proterozoic age comprising of meta-volcanosedimentary sequence of quartzite, phylitic quartzite, phyllite (meta-tuff), meta rhyolites, schist in varying proportions and intruded by basic to ultrabasic intrusive rocks known as Khasi Greenstones. At few places contact between AMGC and Shillong Group of rocks is tectonic. Pink-grey porphyritic granitic bodies of Neo-proterozoicto lower Paleozoic agehas intruded within the AMGC and Shillong Group of rocks are mapped as South Khasi batholith and Mylliem/ Nongpoh granite in different parts of East Khasi Hills district. The basic or alkali basaltic lava flows of Sylhet Traps occur in a narrow E-W strip along the southern border of Khasi Hills of Jurassic to Cretaceous in age.

The sedimentary rocks of Tertiary age form isolated patches and unconformably overlie the AMGC and Shillong Group. The deposition of Cretaceous-Tertiary rocks commenced with pebbles bed and glauconitic sandstone of Khasi Group of Mahadek Formation. Sung Valley Alkaline Ultramafic Complex has intruded within the Shillong Group of rocks. The ultramafic complex located around Puriang village which is situated about 39km East of Shillong. It is an oval shaped body comprising carbonatite, pyroxenite, nepheline syenite etc., emplaced within the quartzite of Shillong Group. Tertiary rocks of Jaintia Group consist of Langpar, Shella, Tura and Kopili formations these comprise of limestone, sandstone, shale (having phosphatic nodules) and clay. The Jaintia Group is overlain by Garo Group of rocks comprising sand, clay, silt, marl, etc.

Coal bearing horizon belonging to Shella and Tura formations has been observed in Cherrapunji, Laitryngew, Mawkma, Pynursla, Mawlong, Um Rilang, Mawsynram, Shella-Mowlong, Sohrarim area. The occurrence of huge deposit of fossiliferous limestone between Lamgaon westward through Therriaghat, Shella and Mawshinram to Charghat is noticed.The only reported occurrence of titanium bauxite at Lumkynthan popularly known as Mawiong in East Khasi Hills District, Meghalaya. Itanium bauxite at Lumkynthan occurs in form of two small isolated capping and has

25 developed over coarse granite pyroxenite, which is a component of the Sung valley alkaline ultramafic carbonate complex, Bauxite contains low alumina, low silica and high tatana. Limestone (Mawsmai Cave) reported one-mile south of Cherrapunji, at Mawsmai village which is suitable for iron and steel metallurgy, fertilizers and chemical industries, besides its present use in cement industry. Occurrence of sulphide mineralization of lead, zinc, copper, has been reported in white quartzite of Shillong Group in Mawmaram area. Towards NNW of Mawkontep, occurrence of gold, copper, lead has been reported by GSI and towards SW of Lyngiong village; a mineralized zone of mainly pyrhotite and chalcopyrite was reported. Glass sand and good quality clays have been reported from 2.4 Km west and 25 Km from Shillong on Cherrapunji road. The detail of mineral reserves in the district along with their major places of occurences is as shown in table 1 above.

12. DETAIL OF RIVER OR STREAM AND OTHER SAND SOURCE

The following tables 8 & 9 shows the details of the rivers or streams alongwith the area drain and their salient features like total length, place of origin, etc. in the district.

Table 8: Sl.No Name of river Area drained (sq km) % area drained in the District 1 UmiamKhwan (Brahmaputra Basin) 182.310 6.6% 2 Umkhen 305.00 11% 3 UmiamUmiew (Barak Basin) 375.500 14% 4 Umngot 187 7 % 5 Tharia 308 11 % 6 WahKhasimara 7.48 0.3 % 7 Umngi 260.00 9.45 % 8 WahKhuri 20.87 0.76 % 9 WahRymben 4.32 0.16 % 10 WahUmlew 31.46 1.14 % 11 Bhowal 37.5 1.36 %

Salient Features of Important Rivers and Streams

Table 9: Sl.No Name of river / Total length in the Place of Origin Altitude at origin streams district (km) 1 UmiamKhwan 61.330 Km SohiongNongthliew Village 5712 m (Brahmaputra Basin) 2 Umkhen 63.300 Km Ishyrwat- 5032 m MawpatPhudumbang Village 3 UmiamUmiew (Barak 123.820 Km MylliemPomlakrai Village 6104 m Basin) 4 Umngot 42 Km Near Mawkynrew 1100 m Near Laitlyngkot 1700 m 5 Tharia 61.270 Km MadanLyngkhiNongthymmai 5941 m Village 6 WahKhasimara 8.7 Km Asimpara A&B 34 m 7 Umngi 72.17 Km Near Mawsadang 1580 m (Wahnongkseh) 8 WahKhuri 15.42 Km Pynursla (Rangthylliang) 1265 m 9 WahRymben 7.69 Km Nongtyngur 565 m 10 WahUmlew 17.73 Km Mawpat 1600 m 11 Bhowal 28 Km Near mawpen 715 m

13. AVAILABILITY OF SAND OR GRAVEL OR AGGREGATE RESOURCES IN THE DISTRICT i) Umiam-Umiew Barak Basin

Portion of the River or Length of Average Width Area Mineable Remarks Stream Recommended the Area of area Recommende mineral for Mineral Concession. recommend recommended d for mineral potential ed for for mineral concession (60% of the mineral Concession (in Sqm) estimated Concession (in Mts) Total volume (in KM) in MT) Site 1: Umtyngar

Start 91°49’43.5” E & 25°27’49.7”N

End 91°49’35.6” E & 0.6 25 15,000 20,250 25°27’56.4”N

Site 2:Thwei Sain

Start 91°49’38.8” E & 25°27’29.9”N 0.2 14 2800 3780 End 91°49’37.2” E & 25°27’35.5.”N

Site 3: 13th Mile Umlympung

Start 91°49’13.3” E & 25°27’52.4”N 0.4 27 10,800 14,580

End 91°49’59.2” E & 25°27’48.1”N

Site 4: Mylliem kyndong (Slai-u-lor)

Start 91°49’13.6” E & 25°29’31.8”N 0.2 8 1600 2160

End 91°49’8.8” E & 25°29’29.8”N

Site 5: Umiew-Pomlakrai 1.0 10 10,000 13,500 Start 91°52’57.5” E & 25°31’39.6”N

End 91°52’39.4” E & 25°31’17.6”N

Mineral Potential

Boulder (MT) Bajari (MT) Sand (MT) Total Mineable Mineral Potential (MT)

nil nil 54270 MT 54270 MT

ii) Laisdah -Lyngkhoi

Portion of the River or Length of Average Width of Area Mineable Remarks Stream Recommended the Area area Recommende mineral for Mineral Concession. recommen recommended for d for mineral potential ded for mineral concession (60% of the mineral Concession (in Sqm) estimated Concession (in Mts) Total volume (in KM) in MT)

Laisdah -Lyngkhoi

Start 91°37’26.9.” E & 25°29’47.2”N 1.0 10 10,000 13500 End 91°37’32.1” E & 25°29’23.2”N

Mineral Potential

Boulder (MT) Bajari (MT) Sand (MT) Total Mineable Mineral Potential (MT)

nil nil 13,500 MT 13,500 MT

iii) Umngi-Laitmawsiang

Start 91°37’16.8.” E & 25°25’10.6”N

End 91°36’34.7” E & 3.0 28 84,000 1,13,400 25°24’26.7”N

Mineral Potential

Boulder (MT) Bajari (MT) Sand (MT) Total Mineable Mineral Potential (MT)

nil nil 1,13,400 MT 1,13,00 MT

iv) Mawsadang

Start 91°38’31.6.” E & 25°25’29.5”N 2.8 36 1,00,800 1,36,080

End 91°37’41.2” E & 25°25’19.8”N

Mineral Potential

Boulder (MT) Bajari (MT) Sand (MT) Total Mineable Mineral Potential (MT)

nil nil 1,36,080 MT 1,36,080 MT

v) Umlangmar

Start 91°38’12.6.” E & 25°22’18.9”N 0.7 19 13,300 17,955 End 91°38’16.5” E & 25°22’1.0”N

Mineral Potential

Boulder (MT) Bajari (MT) Sand (MT) Total Mineable Mineral Potential (MT)

nil nil 17,955 MT 17,955MT

vi) Umiam Shella

Start 91°37’52.0” E & 25°11’58.5”N 6 48 2,88,000 3,88,800 End 91°39’2.9” E & 25°8’18.9”N

Mineral Potential

Boulder (MT) Bajari (MT) Sand (MT) Total Mineable Mineral Potential (MT) (40% assumed) 155520 nil 2,33,280 MT 3 88,800 MT

vii) Tharia sohbar

Start 91°45’52.1” E & 25°11’15.6”N Bordering 2.4 78 1,87,200 2,52,720 Bangladesh End 91°45’21.0” E & 25°10’12.5”N

Mineral Potential

Boulder (MT) 60% Bajari (MT) Sand (MT) Total Mineable Mineral Potential (MT) assumed 1,51,632 nil 1,01,088 MT 2,52,720 MT

viii) Umiam Balat

Start 91°21’20.3” E & 25°13’10.2”N 5.0 32 1,60,000 2,16,000 Bordering End 91°23’1.1” E & West Khasi 25°10’20.3”N Hills Mineral Potential

Boulder (MT) Bajari (MT) Sand (MT) Total Mineable Mineral Potential (MT) (20% assumed) 43,200 nil 172800 MT 2,16,000 MT

ix) Umngi-umpung

Start 91°23’13.5” E & Bordering 25°14’48.4”N West Khasi Hills End 91°21’24.5” E & 4.5 38 1,71,000 2,30,850 25°14’9.2”N

Mineral Potential

Boulder (MT) Bajari (MT) Sand (MT) Total Mineable Mineral Potential (MT)

NIL nil 2,30,850 MT 2,30,850MT

NB- Mineable Mineral potential was calculated taking 2.25 as the average Specific gravity and mineral depth of 1m)

14. DETAIL OF EXISTING MINING LEASES OF SAND AND AGGREGATES IN THE DISTRICT

There is no existing mining leases of sand and aggregates in the district.

15. MAP SHOWING LOCATION OF RIVER SAND/BOULDER DEPOSITS IN THE DISTRICT.