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An Ethnographic Exploration of Oral Histories on the Atomic Bombing of Hiroshima

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An Ethnographic Exploration of Oral Histories on the Atomic Bombing of Hiroshima SEVENTY-FIVE YEARS ON: AN ETHNOGRAPHIC EXPLORATION OF ORAL HISTORIES ON THE ATOMIC BOMBING OF HIROSHIMA Olivia Shimasaki Department of Sociology and Anthropology School of Language, Social and Political Sciences University of Canterbury Christchurch, New Zealand January 2021 A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts. ii ABSTRACT This thesis explores the human experiences of the atomic bombing of Hiroshima since August 6th, 1945. Employing ethnographic approaches of participant observation, fieldwork, and narrative analysis, narrative accounts of thirteen research participants within cultural settings were examined. This exploratory research attempts to build on awareness and understandings of survivor’s experiences. Findings suggest survivors of the atomic bombing have faced trauma, silence, physical injury, and social discrimination, amongst other impacts. Over time, responses towards hibakusha [a person affected by the atomic bombing/s of Hiroshima/Nagasaki, or its radioactivity] and nuclear weapons have changed. Memory of the event is considered throughout this research, as seventy-five years has passed since the indiscriminate atomic bombings by the United States against Japan. Research findings reveal the different perspectives and understandings held by individuals of the same event. This thesis argues that collection of narratives on human experiences of the atomic bombing of Hiroshima provides an important contribution to our understanding of the event, and its past, present, and future impacts and implications. Keywords: Hiroshima, Atomic bomb, Survivor, Hibakusha, Memory, Trauma. Olivia Shimasaki MA Thesis iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to recognise that this thesis journey is the result of collective support and encouragement. I thank everyone who believed in me and this thesis. Special thanks to my family who have been there for me throughout the highs and lows. I will forever be grateful for your love, support, and encouragement. Thank you, mum and dad, for your enthusiasm to hear and read about my research, genuine support not only for me but the acknowledgement of harm caused by nuclear weaponry, and for the nights where I needed extra reassurance. To my supervisors, Professor Steven Ratuva, Associate Professor Susan Bouterey, and Associate Professor Lyndon Fraser, thank you for coming together as a team and imparting your knowledge, guidance, and support throughout my thesis. To the Department of Sociology and Anthropology, I am grateful for the academic challenges and growth I have experienced over the past years. Thank you to all those who participated in my research, sharing your stories, and for being on this journey with me. To my translators, thank you for helping make this research a reality and for sharing your time. The Disarmament and Security Centre Aotearoa, New Zealand, Hiroshima Peace Memorial Museum, ANT-Hiroshima, Hachidori-sha Hummingbird Café, and The World Friendship Center, I appreciate your time, resources, and support. To Kate and Rob Dewes, thank you for speaking out about nuclear weapons and for your guidance over the last five years. I would also like to acknowledge funding which made this research possible: thank you to the Peace and Disarmament Education Trust, and the University of Canterbury. Finally, I would like to dedicate this thesis to my grandmother, Yoshiko Shimasaki (Horie), and to all those who have been impacted by nuclear weaponry. I would especially like to acknowledge my participants who died before completion of this thesis — thank you for allowing me to hear your stories, I am forever grateful. I will do my best to share your experiences and continue your legacy. Olivia Shimasaki MA Thesis iv CONTENTS Abstract ...................................................................................................................................... ii Acknowledgements .................................................................................................................. iii Contents .................................................................................................................................... iv Table of Figures ........................................................................................................................ vi Abbreviations ........................................................................................................................... vii Glossary ................................................................................................................................. viii Disclaimer ................................................................................................................................. ix Chapter 1 .................................................................................................................................... 1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 1 Aims and objectives .......................................................................................................... 3 Exploration of oral histories and interviews on the atomic bombing of Hiroshima .. 3 Rationale and personal story ........................................................................................... 5 Overview of chapters ...................................................................................................... 12 Chapter 2 .................................................................................................................................. 14 Context: Advent of the Nuclear Age .................................................................................... 14 Nuclear weapons ............................................................................................................. 14 Events which influenced the use of nuclear weapons in warfare ............................... 15 Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki ............................................................ 17 Hibakusha........................................................................................................................ 20 Censorship ....................................................................................................................... 26 Chapter 3 .................................................................................................................................. 30 Methodology ........................................................................................................................ 30 Method ............................................................................................................................. 30 Ethnography.................................................................................................................... 34 Ethnographic field .......................................................................................................... 37 Ethics................................................................................................................................ 38 Scope of the research ...................................................................................................... 41 Translation ...................................................................................................................... 41 Limitations of this research ........................................................................................... 43 Chapter 4 .................................................................................................................................. 45 Conceptual Framework ........................................................................................................ 45 Olivia Shimasaki MA Thesis v Oral histories ................................................................................................................... 45 Memory ............................................................................................................................ 46 Beyond a theory of trauma ............................................................................................ 50 Silence .............................................................................................................................. 51 Chapter 5 .................................................................................................................................. 54 Individual Memories and Narratives .................................................................................... 54 ‘A small sun’.................................................................................................................... 57 Black rain ........................................................................................................................ 61 Physical injury ................................................................................................................ 62 Relationships and narratives ......................................................................................... 67 Emotional implications................................................................................................... 74 Assisting the injured ....................................................................................................... 79 Chapter 6 .................................................................................................................................
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