Presentation Topics

Growing Tree Fruits 1. Soil Successfully 2. Site Part 1 3. Irrigation 4. Selection 5. IPM Ross Penhallegon 6. Pruning/Thinning

. APRICOTS FERTILITY . APPLES PEST MANAGEMENT . CHERRIES IPM . PEACHES NECTARINES PESTICIIDE SAFETY . PEARS/ASIAN PEARS FROST PROTECTION . ……………………… MARKET – FRUIT QUANTITY AND . POMEGRANATES QUALITY . OTHERS

SOILS

. When planting an orchard, look for . Most Master Gardeners have BAD soil and deep, well drained river soils. still grow tree fruits. . BEST: well drained soils . REALITY: Poor soils. . Good soil grows the best tree fruits. .  Raised beds, 12-18 inches deep with dwarf and semi dwarf trees.

1 Get to Know Your SOIL ID Your Soil – Research It

. To identify the type of soil you have, go . 80 % of Tree Problems is the Soil online at http://www.or.nrcs.usda.gov/soils.html  Planted to Deep, looks like a telephone pole. Graft  Look up your property, write down the codes, union. look up codes on the website  Compacted Soil, lack of vigor . USDA Soils:  Excessive Mulch, 2” to 4” maximum http://websoilsurvey.nrcs.usda.gov/app/HomePage .htm  Excessive Moisture, Poor Drainage . View Soil Survey book at NRCS Office  Interface, two soil types meet 780 Bailey Hill Road. Eugene 97405  Raise in Grade, collects water 541-465-6443

Where to Send Your Soil Three of the Closest off for Testing of Testing Soil Labs . Analytical Lab, 361 W 5th, Eugene, OR nutrients? 97401 1-541-485-8404 . A List of Analytical Labs Serving Oregon:

 OSU Extension Publication EM8677 . Agri-Check, PO Box 1350, Umatilla, OR 97882 1-800-537-1129

Site Considerations Site Selection-Soil

. Why are site conditions so . Tolerance To Waterlogging (wet soil) important? . Pear- very tolerant . Apple-tolerant (except M26, MM106)  Spacing Recommendations . Plum- tolerant  Sunlight Requirements . Peach- sensitive

 Micro-Climates??? High vs low . Apricot- very sensitive . Cherry- very sensitive

2 50% Sand Selections 40% Silt 10% Clay . Select TREE FRUITS to site conditions . Select DISEASE resistant varieties . Select VARIETIES with maintenance requirements in mind . SIZE of trees . How much FRUIT wanted?

Microclimates . Micro climates MEAN different fruits . Variations in elevations do better in different climates. . (Bend VS Coos County) . Structures near your orchard site . Need test plots for tree fruit varieties. . Surrounding trees, forests, fields . See which ones do best. and water ways????? . Why different fruit in south than in . Know your directional exposure north????  Sun, Wind, Rain and Frost Pockets

Cold Air Goes to the Bottom of a Slope Frost Pockets & Warm Spots

3 You Can Stop the Air Flow

You Can Divert the Cold Air Flow IRRIGATION

Dig in the soils and grab soil. How should it feel?

ExcelIrrigationHood ChartRiver Rainfall template and Crop Water Demand

Water availability 10 10 9 Evapotranspiration (ET) 9 . Water fairly available 8 8 . Most important to irrigate when???? 7 7 6 Precipitation 6 . July and August = because??? 5 5 4 4 3 3

. Gravelly soils, need more water. (in)Precipitation . 2 rivers and 9 reservoirs 2 2 Evapotranspiration (in) 1 1 0 0 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

4 Yearly Temps

. What were the temperatures in 2014?

. When did people start to irrigate?

Rain Fall

. Best method to Irrigate?

5 Irrigation . Establish an irrigation system . Water will reach all trees . Summer watering • New trees water weekly • Established trees monthly

Irrigation Check Planting and Painting  Trees planted with graft union . Do a test run of irrigation system above soil line.  Trunks painted with white . At the drip line of the tree exterior latex paint (can be . Dig with a shovel 8 inches deep diluted with water 1:1). . Or with a soil probe  Water trees in. . Grab soil  Prune off top at desired height to encourage branching. • It should be Moist  Don’t put fertilizer in hole or • But not Wet around tree base until 2nd yr. You will soon learn your soil!  Can use a light compost.

Prepare the Site Planting Clear the area of: . When should trees be planted? . Weeds and Rocks . (winter or spring) . Amendment the Soil . Dig the Hole . Add Organic Matter . Two to Three times as wide as the root ball . Recommendations from soil test . As deep as the root ball . Best to do this 4 to 6 months in . Leave a small mound of dirt in the hole advance of planting date . Spread roots out uniformly over mound . Decide how you are going manage the • Plant with graft union 2”-3” above ground soil and orchard. • Back fill hole Native Soil and Mulch

6 Planting continued

. Water deeply once a week first year . Remove any plastic or metal labels

 Record variety and rootstock . Dwarf trees should be staked . Wrap trunk with flexible mouse guard (optional) . Paint trunk with white latex paint (optional) Or white lime.

Trunk Wraps and Painting

. Why paint trunk? - Summer •Winter •WHICH CRITTER

Space Recommendations When paint? . Distance Between Fruit Trees

 Standard Apple 20 feet.

 Dwarf Apple 3-6 feet.

 Standard Pear 9 ft..

 Semi-Dwarf Pear 9-12 ft..

 Plum 8-11 ft.

 Sweet Cherry 10-15 ft.

7

How much fruit do you REALLY eat? Spacing between Trees

. Dwarf: 3-6 ft. tall . A mature apple tree will Produce? . Semi-dwarf: 6-10 ft. tall  Standard 20 boxes . Standard: 18-25 ft. and taller if not pruned

 Semi-Dwarf 6 to 10 boxes

 Dwarf 3 to 6 boxes EASY answer: The height is the . One box/bushel is equal to 42 pounds distance between trees.

What size of tree is best?

. Depends on space . Plant with pollenizers . What will the tree be used for?  - At the ends

. Do you have deer?  - As a separate row depending on the . Use of ladders spring air movement  - Have a different apple cultivars in . Differences between standard, each row Semi-Dwarf, and Dwarf trees

Sunlight Requirements CRITTERS – Above ground . Deer/ sheep/ horses/cows/ elk . Ideal 8 to 10 hours . Rabbits/hare . Minimum of 6 to 8 . Raccoons  For optimum growth . Possums and skunks  Blossom and Pollination . BELOW GROUND  Fruit Set and Production . Voles – field mice . Gopher and moles

8 Meadow Mouse Our favorite FRIENDS/FOES? (Vole)

Sheep, Cow, Deer, Bird, Raccoon or Horse Damage Gopher Mound Pocket Gopher

CONTROLS Solutions

. Dogs . Fence 8-12 foot tall or double . Caging fencing 2ft tall and 4 foot tall, two . Plant a small pasture area next to the foot apart. orchard . Grow tall trees = ladders . Motion sprinkler . Rotten eggs, smelly soap, blood meal

9 These need replacing every two weeks minimum . Duck or chicken eggs left out in . (CAN’T IRRIGATE DURING the hot sun for 2 weeks and then THIS TIME ______WHY ? break along the tree line. . Irish spring soap bar . Dogs in the area of the trees. . Blood meal in small cloth baggies . Brut cologne

Fertilization-pH Evaluate fertilizer needs . PYRAMID EFFECT OF NUTRIENTS . Young trees should grow 15-18 inches . pH or adding lime or sulfur inches . Primary - N-P-K

. Macros or Secondary - Cal, Mag., sulfur . Older trees should grow 12-15 inches . Micros – or small amounts – B boron, Cu . pH of 6-7 good, lime every third year. If copper; Fe iron; Cl or chloride; Mn below 6, add 80 pounds/1000 sq. feet. manganese; Zn – zinc. How much do Many orchard soils are acidic which means? plants need?

Fertilization • Apply nitrogen fertilizer during growing season. (April). Is it used luxury this year or next? consumption

• Early season application will Yes Maybe No promote growth in current season.

• Aug-Sep application will be stored in buds for flowers-fruit for next yr. But what happens to growth?. Concentration of nutrient in soil

10 Can Compost be my Fertilizers only Fertilizer? .Compost – 2N-2P-2K . What’s in them? . Organic .1st number = 2% N . Chemical/Conventional .2nd number = 2% P .3rd number = 2% K

Fertilizers Fertilization . Excess N encourages vegetative growth, bitter pit and lessens disease resistance. . Whats the numbers mean? . See Fertilizer Guide (FG 66): Home Fruit, . 16N 16P 16K Vegetable, and Ornamental Gardens

. 2N 0P OK 6S ammonium . “Salt and pepper” fertilizer granules underneath sulfate the drip line of the fruit tree with synthetic or . Various other fertilizers organic materials. . Proper growth – 12-15 inches per year

How do I Know if I need to add Fertilizer? Send Your Soil off for Testing . pH: Tree Fruits prefer a pH 6.5 to 6.8 . Soil Test . P (phosphorus), K (potassium), Ca . Monitor Plant Growth (calcium), Mg (magnesium) . Test for B (boron) every 10 years  Look at new growth per year . Organic Matter in the soil . Soil texture: Clay, Silt and Sand . Salt content

11 Rootstocks

Semi-standard Standard Seedling 16 Semi-dwarf MM111 16 MM106 14 Dwarf 14 12 M7 12 Sub- 10 M26 10 8 dwarf M9 8 6 M27 6 4 4 2 2

Bud 9 G.11 G.30 G.65 Supporter 4 30’ x 30’ = 1 Standard Apple Trees

Or 30’ x 30’ = 4 Semi-Dwarf Apple Trees Or 30’ x 30’ = 9 Dwarf Apple Trees 60’ x 30’ = 2 Standard Apple Trees

Or 60’ x 30’ = 4 Semi-Dwarf Apple Trees 4 Semi- Dwarf 9 Dwarf Trees and 9 Dwarf Apple Trees Trees

12 How to space the trees?

Why plant semi dwarf or dwarf rootstocks?

Advantages??? Dis-advantages???

MARKET/Purpose . Fruit quantity . Fruit quality . Market demand . Meeting demands AND changing as needed

. What do growers do if growing the wrong varieties or wrong crop? . Test or demo plots – answers some of these questions

13 To sell the fruit

. Must be fresh. . Must look nice - quality . Must have ENOUGH fruit - quantity

Market research Options: . What is popular? . Are growers growing ALL of the new . They pick varieties? . You picks and sell off the farm . Take advantage of the growing climate – good sun, good water, good soil. . Sell at local farmers market . What are you going to do with the fruit . Sell to local stores and/or markets when ALL tree produce fruit? . Clean, refrigerate and ship in . Start thinning coop or Association. quantity

THINNING – why?

. OTHER IMPORTANT ORCHARD MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES

14 Thin 4 out of 5. The biggest bloom is called the Why do we thin fruit? **** bloom? . Fruit size

 apple, pear, peach, plum . Return bloom

 mostly in apple . Prevent limb breakage . Distance

 at least 6” (fist with extended thumb)

 < 25% of the crop in apple and peach

Thinning Why do you thin fruit . Thin Fruit around May 15-June 15 . Thin according to the size of apple . To stop biennial production wanted . Thinning ensures

 good fruit size

 protects the branches from breakage

 helps prevent alternate bearing

When to thin

. When fruit is the size of a quarter . You can then blossoms

 If you had a year of bad pollination it will set you back

15

ODDITIES

Water Core – cause?

16 What is this and its use? Bitter Pit – cause?

Chimera – is two different tissues MOSS Issues? on one plant. Like a red apple on a golden delicious tree.

17

Pruning . Heading back cuts

 invigorating

 lateral buds break

 increases branching . Thinning out cuts

 branch collars

 equal but opposite

 stimulate apical shoot elongation

 reduce branch number

Pruning . Minimum – prune each year Pruning classes . Keep the trees low, preferred . Depends on the rootstock and variety . List date and locations for 2015 . Most trees are multiple leader branched

 tip-bearers, avoid heading cuts

 spur-bearers, leave spurs

 review HINTS: leave one sucker, hand prune in June, due root sucker control

18 Vase Shape

Why hardest to prune? Pruning – how old?

Discussion:

. How far above the ground do we prune the new tree top off at? . When?

19

Pruning Basics Why Prune?

. Why Prune Trees? . To maintain the health . Tree anatomy and branch parts . To increase air flow and light . Pruning Cuts . To improve natural form . Pruning Tools . To control size

. To increase fruit production

When to Prune? Anatomy of a Tree

. Best when trees are dormant

 November – March

 Best - February

 July 15 – August 15

 Or when you need to do it!

20 Parts of the Branch Training for Proper Crotch Angle

Types of Tree Forms Thinning Cuts . Branches are removed entirely at their origin

Central Modified Central Vase or Leader Leader Multiple Leader

Heading Cuts Thinning vs. Heading . Removes the end of branches . Encouraging the buds on the branch to grow

21 Pruning Tools Hand Pruners

. Hand Pruners . Bypass Blades, . Long-handled Loppers not anvil type . Hand-saw . Cuts up to 1/2” . Orchard Ladder in diameter

Long-handled Loppers Hand-Saws . Bypass Blades, not anvil type . 6” to 16” Blade . 12” to 18” handles or extendable . Cut on Pull or Push and Pull . Up to 1 1/2” in diameter

PLANT PROBLEM Three CONTROLS Legged .Organic VS Conventional Ladder VS IPM (optional)

.Choices that you get to make!

22 IPM STEP ONE

. Integrated pest management. . Determine the problem?????? . Meaning – using all available research and resources, in an effort to control problems, . Determine what can be done. Sometimes – solve issues, keep ecological balances????? nothing. and produce good, sellable fruit. . Understand the ecology of the orchard – Wenatchee, reduced sprays by 60%.

NEXT SLIDE SET

23 IPM Growing Tree Fruits Successfully Part 2

Ross Penhallegon

Sandwich baggies

. http://www.gordosoft.com/orchard/bagging. htm

http://www.garden.org/regional/report/arch/inmygar den/3486

. Use nylon footies . Web: http://www.homeorchardsociety .org/article/50/ . - many web references

1

WHAT IPM IS WHAT IPM IS NOT IPM is a comprehensive system of orchard IPM is neither inherently organic nor management that incorporates sound “conventional”, it is often somewhat cultural practices, establishing thresholds of a middle ground between the two. for pest damage, regular monitoring, proper plant problem diagnosis, and using the least toxic (yet effective and practical) methods available for managing pests that cause damage exceeding thresholds.

Definition of Pest Cultural Practices We will be using the term “pest” to . Planting disease-resistant varieties that are mean insects and diseases. less likely to succumb to disease pressures. . Pruning to maintain an open canopy so air flow can dry the foliage quickly after rain. . Irrigating in a way that does not wet foliage. . Removing and destroying leaves and fruit from the orchard in the fall to reduce sources of insect larvae, fungal spores, etc. that can re-infest the orchard later.

Establishing Thresholds Monitoring

One insect in an orchard doesn’t warrant . Establishing thresholds only works when applying an insecticide to the entire orchard. you monitor to determine if and when those However, one insect pest per fruit is probably thresholds are exceeded. well beyond the level considered by most people . Regular monitoring also helps you to be to be acceptable. What is considered acceptable familiar with what your orchard looks like varies from person to person, so knowing how when it’s healthy, so you can easily much scab you can tolerate on your apples or recognize when something is wrong. how many worms you’re willing to cut around is . Traps aid in monitoring for specific insect critical to knowing if and when to invoke pests. additional pest management strategies.

2

Proper Plant Problem Diagnosis Least toxic methods

. Applying an insecticide simply because you . Once you properly diagnose a plant see holes in leaves won’t do any good if the problem, use cultural controls, if available, holes are the result of common fungal followed by least toxic chemical controls. disease. . Knowing the life cycle of pest organisms is . Proper plant problem diagnosis must come critical to selecting appropriate pest before any pest management strategy is management strategies. employed.

In Summary Pest control Use sound cultural practices, determine what levels of damage are acceptable to you, . Sanitation, sanitation, sanitation!!!!! monitor, properly diagnose problems, and use  Remove all fruit before winter the least toxic methods available to manage  Cut out cankers/dead wood pests.  If bad scab year, rake up leaves and compost

 Prune for good air movement

 Plant disease resistant varieties

 Plant dwarf, semi dwarf for management

Tree Fruits Diseases and Pests Apricots

Integrated Pest Management (IPM) in Orchards Presented by Ross Penhallegon

3 Apricots Apricot Bloom

Apricots Varieties . Flora Gold . Easy to grow . Moorpack . Bloom very early ( a major problem in the . Perfection Willamette valley – frost!) . Royal . Tilton . Rootstock - mainly peach . Thinning of fruit - not needed, but may be needed and slows alternate bearing

Apricots: Soils Soils in the area

. Apples and pears like deep well drained soils

. Soils needed are: . - sandy or sandy and rocky . - loamy (with clay) is preferred . Work with soil or bring in better soil

4 Pruning Apricot – before pruning

. can grow on central leader of upright multiple leader . head back all branches to face outward . also can prune open center . avoid tight crotches

Apricot Pest Control Apricot – after pruning Blossom blight /Cytospora

 Pruning

 Fixed copper before bloom

 Sulfur, post-bloom

 Remove rotten fruit Brown rot Monilinia fructicola

 bloom spray

 pre-harvest spray

Blossom Blight or Cytospora Brown Rot

5 Coryneum blight (shothole) Pest Control continued Wilsonomyces carpophiles . Coryneum blight (shothole) Wilsonomyces carpophilus . peach leaf curl

 three dormant copper sprays . Bacterial canker (Pseudomonas or gummosis)

 Pruning

 Bordeaux, Fixed copper (late fall and dormant)

Peach Leaf Curl Coryneum or Shothole Taphrina deformane

Peach Leaf Curl Bacterial canker

6 Insects & Other Pests Peach Tree Borer

. peach tree borer . peach twig borer . aphids . western spotted cucumber beetle

Peach Twig Borer Synanthedon exitiosa Green Peach Aphid Myzus persicae

Western Spotted Cucumber Beetle

.Apricot/Peach Tree Borer

7

Pruning

Critter Problems Vole of field mouse

8 Harvest – when ripe and nicely colored PLUM/PRUNE

Common PNW Plum Varieties Plum and Prune Varieties European Oriental . Plums- (Japanese) . Prunes-(European) . Parsons . Early Golden . Stanley . Shiro . Burbank-red . Stanley- blue . Italian . Burbank . Shiro-yellow . Italian- purple . Brooks . Red Heart . Santa Rosa- red . Brooks- blue . Beauty- red . Moyer- purple . Moyer Perfecto . Red Heart-red . Methley- light red

Peach Varieties PEACHES for Western Oregon

. Favorites . Leaf curl resistant

. Sunhaven . Frost . Redhaven . Creswell . Suncrest . Clayton . Veteran . Muir . O’Henry . Krummel . Improved Elberta

9 Common PNW Peach Varieties

. Red Haven . July Elberta . Veteran . Early Elberta . Rochester . Frost . Genetic dwarfs

Peach - Leaf Curl Peach - Shothole

. Leaf Curl (Taphrina deformans, a fungus) . Shothole (Wilsonomyces carpophilus, a . Redhaven are very susceptible in the PNW. fungus; formerly Coryneum beyerinckii) . Leaf Curl resistant: Autumn Rose, August . The cultivars Lovell and Muir are Etter, Avalon, Avalon Pride, Charlotte, reportedly tolerant. Early Charlotte, Early Crawford, Frost, Indian Free, Kreibich, Muir, Nanaimo, Oregon Curl Free, Q-1-8.

Peach Leaf Curl Frost Taphrina deformans

10

P.L.C.

Peach Shothole (Coryneum Blight) Peach Pest Control Wilsonomyces carpophilus . Peach leaf curl

 3 dormant copper or lime-sulfur sprays

 Nov, Jan or Feb, pre bud break . Coryneum blight- fall copper . Bacterial canker- fall copper . Brown rot- pre bud break sulfur and mid summer to harvest

11 .CHERRIES

Which tree fruit? CHERRIES Why does it NOT need thinning?

Which two problems? Common PNW Cherry Varieties Frost? Pseudomonas? . Royal Ann Differences? . Lapins . Bada . Stella . Compact Stella . Sweetheart . Kordia (Attika) . Lambert . Regina

12

Cherry Varieties Spotted Wing Drosophila (SWD)

OLD NEW . Bing Sonata . Cristalina Lapin . Rainier Stella . Royal Anne Sweetheart . Regina Skeena . Chelan Sandra Rose

Cherry - Bacterial Canker Cherry pest control . Bacterial canker (Pseudomonas)- Pseudomonas syringae

 Pruning in late Aug-Sep dry season

 Bordeaux, Fixed copper (late fall and dormant) . Blossom blight and brown rot

 Pruning

 Fixed copper during bloom

 Sulfur, post-bloom

 Remove rotten fruit

Cherry - Bacterial Canker APPLES . Bacterial Canker (Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae, a bacterium) . Very susceptible: Royal Ann, Bing, Lambert, Napoleon, Sweetheart, Van . Tolerant*: Corum, Regina, Rainier, Sam, Sue *Appear to have sufficient tolerance to canker to be grown commercially without serious tree loss.

13 Apple rootstocks Common PNW Apple Varieties . Lodi . Red Delicious . Earligold . Golden Delicious Semi-standard Standard Seedling . Akane . Braeburn 16 Semi-dwarf MM111 16 MM106 14 Dwarf 14 12 M7 12 . Gravenstien . Newton Sub- 10 10 dwarf M26 8 M9 8 . Elstar . Fuji 6 M27 6 4 4 2 2 . Gala . Granny Smith

Bud 9 G.11 G.30 . Jonagold G.65 Supporter 4 . Empire

Liberty Pristine Old Favorites . Gravenstein . Newtown Pippen . Spitzenberg . Arkansas Black Prima . Northern Spy . Winesap Chehalis . Ida red . Jonathan . Elstar . Cox’s Orange

Arkansas Black Spitzenberg Cox Orange Apple Scab Resistance . Akane (Tokyo Rose) Jonathan . Cheallis . Enterprise . Liberty Newtown Pippen Northern Spy . Prima . Pristine . Tydeman Red and . New York and Coop numbered cultivars

14 Insects & Other Pests Scab-resistant apple varieties Apple maggot . Early ripening- Codling moth  Pristine

 Dayton Leaf-roller

 Chehalis Scales . Mid-/ early late Aphids

 Liberty Spotted Wing Drosophila (SWD)  Prima Mice, Moles and Voles . Late Deer  Goldrush

Apple Maggot Codling Moth Rhagoletis pomonella Cydia pomonella

Oystershell Scale San Jose Scale Damage Lepidosaphes ulmi Quadraspidiotus pernicious

15 Rosy Apple Aphid Fruit Tree Leaf Roller Dysaphis plantaginea Choristoneura rosaceana

Woolly Aphid Leaf Damage Eriosoma lanigerum

Leaf Hopper Apple pest control Stictocephala bubalus . Summer to harvest  Codling moth- • Trap to determine emergence- 2-3 flights • Horticultural oils (~3-4 weeks after bloom-apply every 5-7 days for 4-5 weeks) • Cyd-X virus • Surround • Spinosad

 Mites, scale and aphids - • Horticultural oils • Insecticidal soaps

Anthracnose Powdery Mildew Cryptosporiopsis curvispora Podosphaera leucotricha

16 Anthracnose Red Mite Cryptosporiopsis curvispora Two Spotted Mite Panonychus ulmi Tetranchus urticae

Red Mite Damage

Powdery Mildew Apple – powdery mildew Podosphaera leucotricha

Apple - Powdery Mildew Apple Scab Venturia inaequalis . Powdery Mildew (Podosphaera leucotricha, a fungus) . Very susceptible: Braeburn, Jonathan, Rome, Newtown, Granny Smith, Gravenstein (fruits of Jonathan and Rome also may be severely affected) . Moderately susceptible: Winesap . Less susceptible: Golden Delicious, Red Delicious, and Delicious strains . Resistant: Pristine and Enterprise (both also scab- resistant)

17 Harvest Date . Yellow transparent July 20 . Lodi July 25 . Red delicious Sept. 15 . Paulared Aug. 15 . Honeycrisp Sept. 20 . Gala Aug. 20 . Braeburn Sept. 20 . Prima Aug. 25 . Cameo Sept. 25 . McIntoch Sept. 5 . Jonagold Sept. 13

YIELDS PEARS

. Yields SHOULD be in the 500 – 40 pound bushel or boxes per acre OR 20,000 pounds per acre.

. In Washington, we averaged 1000 - 40 pound boxes per acre = 40,000 pounds per acre.

PEARS PEARS

18 D’Anjou Yellow Bartlett Bosc Comice

Common PNW Pear Varieties Asian Standard pear varieties . Kosui Big four- . Shinseiki Bartlett (Summer*) . Chojuro D’Anjou (Winter**) Bosc (Winter**) . Hosui Comice (Winter**) . Nijisseki

*Summer- will ripen after harvest **Winter- requires chilling to ripen normally

Pear - Powdery Mildew

. Powdery Mildew (Podosphaera leucotricha, a fungus) . The disease is important on the cultivar d’Anjou where a smooth fruit finish is highly desired. . Bartlett rarely has a problem with this disease.

19 Pear Powdery Mildew Podosphaera leucotricha

Pear - Scab Pear Scab Venturia pirina . Scab (Venturia pirina, a fungus) . The cultivars Forelle and Bartlett Red Sensation are very susceptible.

Pear Scab Pear - Pacific Coast Pear Rust Venturia pirina . Pacific Coast Pear Rust (Gymnosporangium libocedri, a fungus)

 Gymnosporangium asiaticum is on Asian Pears . Winter Nelis is severely affected . Bartlett is affected less

20 Pacific Coast Pear Rust Pear Fire Blight Gymnosporangium libocedri Erwinia amylovora,

Pomegranates Challenges

. Few insects. . Growing . Center rot – too much irrigation. . Tree fruits . Prune – open center bush. . Is a challenge . High production. . That bears . FRUIT!!!

What is It? Also known as The . Grown on shrub-like trees with orange flowers and glossy “Chinese apple” leaves from October to December . Weighs about 9 ounces; the size of a large orange Pomegranate . Full and rounded fruit with a flared, spiky crown . A translucent, scarlet pulp surrounds 800 seeds that are compartmentalized between shiny, tough membranes . Each seed is a fleshy, unusually bright-colored, glassy unit that is called an aril . The flavor of the seeds is sweet with a hint of sour.

By: Lacey Hartsock

http://www.foodsubs.com/Fruitto.h http://www.globalgourmet.com/foo tml#pomegranate d/kgk.2002/1102kgk11

21 San Jose Scale Damage NEWER INSECTS Quadraspidiotus pernicious

. San Jose scale . Oyster shell scale . SWD? . Brown Marmorated stink bud

. Why the important for the MG Hotlines!

Oystershell Scale This is WHAT? (SWD) Lepidosaphes ulmi Which TF do we need to worry about

http://horticulture.oregonstate.ed Overview of Tree Fruit Diseases u/group/brown-marmorated- Apple – Anthracnose stink-bug-oregon Apple - Powdery Mildew Apple – Scab Pear - Powdery Mildew Pear - Scab Pear - Pacific Coast Pear Rust Pear - Fire Blight Peach - Leaf Curl Peach - Shothole Cherry - Bacterial Canker

22 Questions? MORE INFORMATION

. Local Extension office . EESC Extension Experiment Station Communications web site . Cornell- New York . WSU – Washington State University

23