International Conference on Chemical, Environment & Biological Sciences (CEBS-2014) Sept. 17-18, 2014 Kuala Lumpur (Malaysia) Characterization and Evaluation of Wild Apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) Materials Collected from Southeast Anatolia Region of Turkey M. Kubilay ÖNAL
Abstract---The objective of this study was to determine the Apricot is a temperate-zone fruit, but some cultivars and adaptabilities of native apricot materials collected from Southeast types can be grown in subtropical areas. In the selection and Anatolia region of Turkey to Aegean Region conditions. Different adaptation works carried out on the Mediterranean and phenological and pomological characteristics of the cultivars were Aegean coastal line of Turkey (8,9,10,11), very valuable observed during study. Determination of promising types for results were obtained and some cultivars such as Precoca de adaptation trials were performed employing the "Weighed-ranked" Tyrinthe, Precoce de Colomer, Canino, J. Foulon, Priana, method. To determine them the relative points were given to the characteristics such as yield, average fruit weight, attractiveness, Feriana, Sakit 2 etc. were recommended to growers. solible solid, seed ratio by weight and aroma. The late flowering trees were marked 10 apricot types (12) As a result of two-year evaluation studies on the phenelogical and and has been found14 different late flowering types the other pomological characteristics of 24 types, 9 out of them, viz. nos. 1 2235, 2236, 2237, 2239, 2242, 2244, 2246, 2249, 2257 were selected study on Erzincan Plain (13). as promising ones. The aim of this study was to determine the most promising types for fresh consumption under ecological conditions of Aegean Coastal Region . Keywords----Apricot, characterization, pomological measures, weighed-ranked method. II. MATERIAL AND METHODS
I. INTRODUCTION This study was carried out between 1998-2000 in Aegean NATOLIA is located in “the Near Eastern” and the Agricultural Research Institute, Menemen-Izmir. The material A Mediterranean” centres of plant origin originally was collected as scion woody in August 1992 from an area proposed by Vavilov (1). Many domesticated fruits and between 38o15′-39o20′ N latitude and 37o25′-38o10′ E nuts are originated from parts of Western Asia. Several fruit longitude. A total of twenty-two types was collected from tree species or their wild relatives including cherries, mahaleb, feral populations growing Southeast Region of Turkey. Trees plum, apple, pear, mulberry, grape, olive, walnut, filbert, have been marked for further visit and recollection. pistachio nut, pomegranate, fig and quince are indigenous to The samples were T-budded onto in the nursery. Budded Turkey (2). trees were planted in the experimental fields with 6x 6 m. Despite apricot having a very large spreading area over the spacing with tree replicates for each type. Routine cultural world, its cultivation is still lacated in only certain limited practices were performed from 1993 to 2000. places (3,4,5). Different phenological and pomological characteristics of Evidence and records prove that apricots have been grown the cultivars were determined during study. The bud swelling, in Turkey for more than twenty centuries. Apricots ara grown bud breaking, first blossoming, full bloom, late blossoming throughout Turkey, except in the very humid regions around and harvesting time were recorded. Determination of Black Sea and in areas of very high elevations in Eastern promising types for adaptation trials were performed Anatolia (6). employing the "Weighed-ranked" method. The relative points As in almost all fruit species, Turkey is rather rich from the were given to the characteristics such as yield (30 pts.), point of view of the wild apricot populations as well. Because average fruit weight (20 pts.), attractiveness (15 pts.), solible of propagation by seed until recent years, each occurring solid (15 pts.), seed ratio by weight (10 pts.) and aroma (10 seedling may be a variety (7). Turkey has a rich source from pts.). Some other characteristics such as fruit shape, skin the point of view of breeding that is not available in most colour, fruit flesh firmness, flesh texture, juiciness etc. were countries. also examined (14).
M. Kubilay ÖNAL, Akdeniz University Vocational School of Technical SciencesEnvironmental Protection and Control Department, 07058 Antalya TURKEY. E.mail: [email protected]
http://dx.doi.org/10.15242/IICBE.C914124 161 International Conference on Chemical, Environment & Biological Sciences (CEBS-2014) Sept. 17-18, 2014 Kuala Lumpur (Malaysia)
III. RESULTS AND CONCLUCION Horticulturae No:384:183-187. [8] Ayanoğlu H., and Sağlamer M., 1980. Preliminary results on the Full bloom dates of types were between 10-14 March and adaptation of some apricot varieties in Mediterranean Coastal Line (in 25-30 March. The earliest ripening type was 2249, while the Turkish). Derim 3(1):3-15. latest ones were 2245 and 2246. Fruit maturity began in the [9] Kaşka N., Yıldız A., Ayanoğlu H., Sağlamer M.,and Güngör M.K., 1993. Apricot adaptation studies in the Mediterranean Coastal Region in mid of June and at the beginning of July. Turkey. In: 10. International Symposium on Apricot Culture (eds. Table 1 shows pomological characteristics of types R.Gülcan and U.Aksoy), 20-25 September 1993, Izmir, Turkey. Acta studied. Almost all types produced small fruits. The range of Horticulturae, No 384:67-71. fruit weight was between 15.4-44.6 g., sample 2239 the [10] Ayanoğlu H., and Kaşka N.,1993. Apricot selection studies in the Mediterranean Region of Turkey. In:10. International Symposium on highest and sample 2243 the lowest. Apricot Culture (eds. R.Gülcan and U.Aksoy), 20-25 September 1993, The highest yields were obtained from types 2236, 2239 Izmir, Turkey. Acta Horticulturae, No 384:177-181. and 2237 with 115, 92 and 78 kg/tree, respectively. Type 2241 [11] Önal K., Özakman S., and Özkarakaş I., 1995. The researches on produced the lowest yield, 10 kg/tree. determination of promising early and good quality apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) cultivars suitable conditions of Aegean Region. II.Turkish The highest and lowest Total Soluble Solid (TSS) content Horticultural Congress, 3-6 October, Adana, Vol.I, pp.164-168. values were determined as 9.6 and 21.8 % for types 2239 and [12] Güleryüz, M., Selection of the Quality-Fruited Wild Aprticot (Prunus 2256, respectively. Firmness of flesh varied from soft to firm. armeniaca L.) Forms Resistant to Late Spring Frosts on Erzincan Firm types were more commen than the others with plain. In: Tenth International Symposium on Apricot Culture. (eds. R.Gülcan and U.Aksoy), 20-25 September 1993, Ýzmir, Turkey. Acta approximately 73% of all types. Six different colours were Horticulturae No:384:189-194,1995. observed for fruit skin. The colour of fruit skin rangas from [13] Şen, S.M., Tekintaş, F.E., Aşkın, A., Cangı, R., Bostan, S.Z., Balta, F., cream, light yellow, yellow, orange, pink to red. There were Oğuz, H.İ., Akça, Y., Karadeniz, T., Kazankaya, A., Beyhan, O., four different colours for flesh colour; yellow, light orange, Nas, M., 1995. Research on breeding by selection of wild apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) forms on Adilcevaz plain. In: Tenth orange and dark orange. International Symposium on Apricot Culture. (eds. R.Gülcan and Ratio of seed by weight ranged from 6.11 and 11.57 %. U.Aksoy), 20-25 September 1993, İzmir, Turkey. Acta Horticulturae Some other pomological characteristics such as freedom of pit, No:384:201-204. kernel taste, edible quality (scale in 1-10) summarized in table1,also. Table 2 shows the ranking of types according to the relative points for each characteristics used for selection. It can be seen that types numbered 2237, 2236, 2235, 2244,
2239, 2246, 2435, 2257, 2249, 2242 had the highest relative points for yield, average fruit weight, attractiveness, soluble solid, seed ratio by weight and aroma. It is concluded that there was certain amount of variability among sour cherry types which were collected from Central Anatolia and Aegean Region. Each local type is important for different characteristics and they can be a good source for the breeders. These results were also confirmed by some experiments carried out by researchers also reported (8,9,10,11). The positive and negative characters of the types will help the breeders find the best parents for their breeding programmes. All apricot types evaluated in this study are being conserved in an collection orchard in Aegean Agricutural Research Institute (AARI), and available for the researchers.
REFERENCES
[1] Vavilov N.I. 1951. The origin, variation, immunity, breeding of cultivated plant. Chron. Bot. 13:1-364. [2] Sykes, J.T., Propagation and collection techniques for fruit germplasm. Plant Propagater 18:15-19, 1972. [3] Plock, H., 1962. Europaische Aprikosenanbaugebiete Mitt Klosterneuburg, 12, 306-311. [4] Fiedler, W., 1962. Der Aprikosenanbau im Gebiet des cussensee’s bei Eisleben. Rheinische. Monatschrift fur Gemuse, obs-und. Gartenbau, 50 jahrrg.nr., 6, 163-164. [5] Morvan, G., 1965. Problemebezuglich des Aprikosenanbaus in Frankreich. Mitt KlosterneuburgB 15, 244-247. [6] Gülcan, R., 1988. Apricot Cultivars in Near-East. Acta Horticulturae. 209:49-54. [7] Bolat, İ., Güleryüz, M., 1995. Selection of quality-fruited wild apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) forms resistant tolarate spring frost on Erzincan plain. In: Tenth International Symposium on Apricot Culture. (eds. R.Gülcan and U.Aksoy), 20-25 September 1993, Ýzmir, Turkey. Acta
http://dx.doi.org/10.15242/IICBE.C914124 162 International Conference on Chemical, Environment & Biological Sciences (CEBS-2014) Sept. 17-18, 2014 Kuala Lumpur (Malaysia)
TABLE 1 SOME POMOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF APRICOT TYPES (1998-2000). Types Fruit Skin colour Flesh Colour Flesh Freedom of Kernel T.S.S. Edible weight Firmnes pit taste (%) quality (g) 2234 32.4 Light yellow Yellow Firm Free Sweet 14.3 10 2235 29.0 Cream Orange Firm Free Bitter 16.5 8 2236 30.1 Cream Light orange Firm Free Bitter 14.9 10 2237 34.7 Cream Orange Firm Semi-cling Bitter 13.7 10 2239 44.6 Yellow Dark orange Firm Free Bitter 9.6 8 2240 25.4 Cream Light orange Firm Free Bitter 12.8 4 2241 26.8 Pink Yellow Firm Free Sweet 11.7 7 2242 23.2 Light yellow Light orange Firm Semi-cling Bitter 14.2 7 2243 15.4 Yellow Light orange Soft Free Bitter 15.6 5 2244 34.0 Red Light orange Firm Free Sweet 20.6 10 2246 19.2 Yellow Light orange Firm Free Bitter 16.4 5 2249 16.3 Orange Orange Soft Free Bitter 16.7 5 2250 18.8 Orange Dark orange Soft Free Bitter 18.3 7 2251 26.9 Orange Orange Medium Semi-cling Bitter 13.9 3 2252 28.1 Yellow Yellow Firm Free Bitter 18.0 10 2253 28.4 Yellow Light orange Firm Free Bitter 16.3 7 2254 36.4 Orange Dark orange Firm Free Bitter 15.2 9 2256 41.6 Yellow Light orange Medium Free Sweet 21.8 8 2257 23.7 Yellow Yellow Firm Free Sweet 15.6 9 2435 35.2 Red Light orange Firm Free Sweet 19.3 6 2437 22.4 Yellow Light orange Firm Free Sweet 13.2 6 2438 27.6 Orange Orange Medium Free Sweet 14.1 7 2619 41.2 Red Dark orange Firm Free Sweet 14.6 8 2620 31.5 Yellow Light orange Firm Semi-cling Bitter 11.2 6
TABLE II RANKING OF APRICOT TYPES ACCORDING TO TOTAL WEIGHED-RANKED POINTS FOR SIX FRUIT CHARACTERISTICS (AVERAGE OF 1998-2000). Types Yield Fruit weight Attractiveness T.S.S. (%) Seed ratio of Aroma Total x30 x20 x15 x15 weight (%) x10 x10 2237 270 140 120 60 100 70 760 2236 300 120 135 75 70 20 720 2235 240 100 150 105 80 40 715 2244 210 140 105 150 80 20 705 2239 270 200 120 15 60 20 685 2246 240 140 120 90 50 20 660 2435 120 140 105 135 70 20 590 2257 180 60 120 90 90 30 570 2249 210 20 120 105 70 20 545 2242 210 60 105 45 100 20 540 2234 150 120 105 60 40 20 495 2254 30 160 120 75 50 60 495 2256 90 150 60 150 20 20 490 2619 60 180 90 75 50 30 485 2252 120 100 90 120 30 20 480 2430 120 100 90 60 50 50 470 2253 120 100 90 90 20 30 450 2250 120 40 75 120 10 70 435 2251 90 100 75 60 90 20 435 2620 60 120 105 30 40 50 405 2241 60 80 90 30 70 70 400 2437 30 60 135 45 80 20 370 2243 90 20 60 90 30 30 320 2240 30 80 60 45 70 20 305
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