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Carduelis Flammea

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Carduelis Flammea Carduelis flammea -- (Linnaeus, 1758) ANIMALIA -- CHORDATA -- AVES -- PASSERIFORMES -- FRINGILLIDAE Common names: Common Redpoll; Redpoll European Red List Assessment European Red List Status LC -- Least Concern, (IUCN version 3.1) Assessment Information Year published: 2015 Date assessed: 2015-03-31 Assessor(s): BirdLife International Reviewer(s): Symes, A. Compiler(s): Ashpole, J., Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L. Assessment Rationale European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) In Europe this species has an extremely large range, and hence does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criterion (Extent of Occurrence 10% in ten years or three generations, or with a specified population structure). The population trend appears to be fluctuating, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population trend criterion (30% decline over ten years or three generations). For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe. Within the EU27 this species has a very large range, and hence does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criterion (Extent of Occurrence 10% in ten years or three generations, or with a specified population structure). Despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing, the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population trend criterion (30% decline over ten years or three generations). For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in the EU27. Occurrence Countries/Territories of Occurrence Native: Austria; Azerbaijan; Belarus; Belgium; Bulgaria; Czech Republic; Denmark; Faroe Islands (to DK); Greenland (to DK); Estonia; Finland; France; Germany; Hungary; Iceland; Ireland, Rep. of; Italy; Latvia; Liechtenstein; Lithuania; Luxembourg; Moldova; Montenegro; Netherlands; Norway; Svalbard and Jan Mayen (to NO); Poland; Romania; Russian Federation; Serbia; Slovakia; Slovenia; Spain; Sweden; Switzerland; Ukraine; United Kingdom Vagrant: Bosnia and Herzegovina; Croatia; Cyprus; Malta; Portugal; Turkey Population The European population is estimated at 6,070,000-14,500,000 pairs, which equates to 12,100,000-29,000,000 mature individuals. The population in the EU27 is estimated at 870,000-2,290,000 pairs, which equates to 1,740,000-4,590,000 mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see Supplementary PDF. Trend In Europe the population size is estimated to be fluctuating. In the EU27 the population size is estimated to be decreasing by less than 25% in 13.5 years (three generations). For details of national estimates, see Supplementary PDF. Habitats and Ecology In the north of this species's range it breeds in lowland treeless tundra and dry heath with dwarf birch (Betula) and stunted shrubby osiers (Salix), as well as open taiga of pine (Pinus) and spruce (Picea) and scrub. Further south it prefers wooded slopes, swampy hollows and riverine thickets with birch, willow (Salix), juniper ( Juniperus), alder (Alnus) and rowan (Sorbus), along with mixed birch and pine. In Iceland it also breeds in introduced conifer plantations and parks. Breeding occurs from late-April to August. Nests are generally built up to five metres above ground in a shrub or tree and frequently on branches close to the trunk and are a cup constructed of grasses, small twigs, plant fibres and roots, bark strips, moss, animal hair and feathers. Clutches are four to six eggs. it feeds mainly on seeds and buds, as well as small invertebrates (Clement 2010) which are usually taken in the breeding season (Snow and Perrins 1998). In northern Europe small numbers are resident but most migrate to non-breeding grounds in Fennoscandia and European Russia (Clement 2010). Habitats & Altitude Habitat (level 1 - level 2) Importance Occurrence Artificial/Terrestrial - Plantations suitable breeding Artificial/Terrestrial - Plantations suitable non-breeding Artificial/Terrestrial - Rural Gardens suitable breeding Artificial/Terrestrial - Rural Gardens suitable non-breeding Forest - Boreal major breeding Forest - Boreal major non-breeding Forest - Temperate major breeding Forest - Temperate major non-breeding Shrubland - Temperate suitable breeding Shrubland - Temperate suitable non-breeding Altitude max. 2100 m Occasional altitudinal limits Threats In Poland afforestation and disturbance from recreational activities pose a threat (Jakubiec 2001). This species may also be affected by future climate change (Marthinsen et al. 2008). Threats & Impacts Threat (level 1) Threat (level 2) Impact and Stresses Agriculture & Agro-industry Timing Scope Severity Impact aquaculture plantations Ongoing Minority (<50%) Negligible declines Low Impact Stresses Ecosystem degradation Climate change & Habitat shifting & Timing Scope Severity Impact severe weather alteration Future Whole (>90%) Unknown Unknown Stresses Ecosystem degradation; Indirect ecosystem effects Human intrusions & Recreational Timing Scope Severity Impact disturbance activities Ongoing Minority (<50%) Negligible declines Low Impact Stresses Species disturbance Conservation Conservation Actions Underway Bern Convention Appendix II. There are currently no known specific conservation measures for this species. Conservation Actions Proposed Locally, protection of important areas of habitat should be protected from change and disturbance. Research should be undertaken to assess the effects and impacts of climate change. Bibliography Jakubiec Z. 2001. Czeczotka (Carduelis flammea). In: Polska czerwona księga zwierząt (Ed. Z. Głowaciński), pp. 271–272. PWRiL, Warszawa. Clement, P. 2010. Common Redpoll (Carduelis flammea). In: del Hoyo, J., Elliott, A., Sargatal, J., Christie, D.A. and de Juana, E. (eds.) 2014. Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. (retrieved from http://www.hbw.com/node/61363 on 24 March 2015). Bibliography Marthinsen, G., Wennerberg, L., and Lifjeld, J.T. 2008. Low support for separate species within the redpoll complex (Carduelis flammea–hornemanni–cabaret) from analyses of mtDNA and microsatellite markers. Molecular phylogenetics and evolution 47(3): 1005-1017. Map (see overleaf) .
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