1893: Research ship ‘Fram‘ was a Passive House (!)

The first fully functioning Passive House was Passive House Principles actually a polar ship and not a house: the Fram of Fridtof Nansen (1893).

Asst. -Prof. DI Dr. techn. Anton Kraler He writes: "... The sides of the ship were lined with University of Innsbruck / Timber Engineering Unit tarred felt, then came a space with cork padding, next a deal panelling, then a thick layer of felt, next air-tight linoleum, and last of all an inner panelling. The ceiling of the saloon and cabins . . . gave a total thickness of about 15 inches. ...The skylight which was most exposed to the cold was protected by three panes of glass one within the other, and in various other ways. ... The Fram is a comfortable abode. Whether the thermometer stands at 22° above zero or at 22° below it, we have no fire in the stove. The ventilation is excellent, especially since we rigged up the air sail, which sends a whole winter‘s cold in through the ventilator; yet in spite of this we sit here warm and comfortable, with only a lamp burning. I am thinking of having the stove removed altogether; it is only in the way.“ (from Nansen: „In Farthest North“, Brockhaus, 1897)

WorkshopPassive 1 – 2011 House Wood Principles Structures - Anton Kraler Symposium 1 Passive House Principles - Anton Kraler 2

1991: Passive House Darmstadt Kranichstein What is a Passive House?

• Four private clients formed the ‘Developers Society Passive House‘ and commissioned the architects professor Bott/Ridder/Westermeyer with the planning of a row of houses with four flats, each with This is the precise definiton of a passive house: 156m² of living space. • The building was provided with a highly „A passive house is a building in which thermal comfort is precise data measurement acquisition solely guaranteed by re-heating (or re-cooling) the volume system to examine the achievement of the objectives. of fresh air that is required for satisfactory air quality – • A detailed report with technical data can be without using circulation air.“ found here: http://www.passivhaustagung.de/Kran/Frist _Passive_House_Kranichstein.en.html and in Passipedia

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What is the Passive House Standard? Principle of Passive Houses

• A building standard, which is energy efficient, comfortable, What is passive about a Passive House? economic and environmentally friendly at the same time. The Passive House is not a brand, it is a building concept which is open to all – and which has proved itself in practice.

• The Passive House is the leading standard in energy saving in buildings worldwide: The energy saving for heating amounts to over 75 % in comparison with the legally prescribed building standards. The heating costs are very small – high energy prices make no difference to residents of Passive Houses.

• Passive Houses achieve this enormous energy conservation through the use of special energy efficient building elements and ventilation Keep warm Keep warm techniques. by energy by efficiency

Maintaining the heat Not only is Comfort not impaired, it is measurably improved. ACTIVE Maintaining the heat using a insulated flask PASSIVE by energy input

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1 What‘s so special about a Passive House? Why should we build Passive Houses? Thefivebasicprinciples

1. Exceptionally high level of thermal insulation

2. Well-insulated window frames Energy efficiency will be the key triple low-e panes to survival of humanity (Sir Norman Foster) 3. Thermal-bridge-free construction

4. Airtight building envelope

5. Comfort ventilation with highly efficient heat recovery

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CO2 - concentration of the earth’s atmosphere Primary energy consumption per head

Primary energy consumption per head Watt/ head Watt/ - concentration of the earth’s atmosphere (ppm) 2 CO

Time (year) Country Source: C.D. Keeling, T.P. Whorf, and the Carbon Dioxide Research Group Source for data: Scripps Institution of Oceanography (SIO) University of California

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IEA-scenario for “business as usual“ Scenarios for CO2-reduction:

45 550 450 Policy Policy Efficiency massive increase in CO2-emissions 45 Scenario Scenario Scenario 40 International Reference Scenario (IEA) (IEA) (IEA) (PHI) marine bunkers 550 Policy Scenario (IEA) and aviation 35 40 450 Policy Scenario (IEA) +46% Non-OECD – gas

30 2 Efficiency Scenario (PHI)

2 35 Non-OECD – oil 25 Non-OECD – coal 30 53% 60% 20 OECD – gas Gigatonnes CO

Gigatonnes CO -7% 15 25 Consequence: The global temperature OECD – oil will rise by an average of 5-6 K. -14% 10 OECD – coal 20 5 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 Nuclear

0 CCS 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 Source: [IEA 2008]: World Energy Outlook 2008 Renewables & biofuels with an extension of an Efficiency-Scenario by Passivhaus Institut Energy efficiency Source: [IEA 2008]: World Energy Outlook 2008

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2 Passive House concept Comparison of consumption

90% reduction in heating vrg fodbuildings old of Average consumption

90% 90% Heating energy demand energy kWh/(m²a)Heating PH Building Low- CEPHEUS stock energy Passive Houses house CEPHEUS = Cost Efficient Passive Houses as European Standard

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Passive house construction fundamentals Shape / Design of the building: A / V - Ratio

1. Good thermal insulation and compactness Surface, without floor area but with the same Volume (%) 2. Thermal-bridge-free construction hemisphere pyramid 3. Well-insulated window frames with triple low-e panes 4. Airtight building envelope cylinder cube 5. Comfort ventilation with highly efficient heat recovery Half cube with 4 units (compact) 6. Comfortable, even during the summer 7. Cost-effective and efficient building technology 8. Household energy saving systems separate 9. Quality-certified passive houses ranked stacked • More compact building: A(Area) / V(Volume) < 0.6 m-1 Passive House Principles - Anton Kraler 15 Passive House Principles - Anton Kraler 16

Passive House components Passive House criteria

Ventilation with ≥ 75 % heat recovery Ventilation with ≥ 75 % heat recovery Electricity demand max. 0.45 Wh/m³ Electricity demand max. 0.45 Wh/m³ Outdoor air Exhaust air Triple-panes: Triple-panes Heat protection: Heat protection: Outdoor air Exhaust air Ug ≤ 0.8 W/(m²K) U ≤ 0.8 W/(m²K) U ≤ 0.15 W/(m²K) U ≤ 0.15 W/(m²K) g g-value 50 - 55 % g-value 50 - 55 % Uw ≤ 0.8 W/(m²K) Uw ≤ 0.8 W/(m²K) thermal bridge free thermal bridge free

Supply air Extract air Extract air Supply air

Airtightness: Airtightness: Heating energy demand ≤ 15 kWh/(m²a) n ≤ 0.6 /h or Building heating load ≤ 10 W/m² 50 n50 ≤ 0.6 /h Useful cooling demand ≤ 15 kWh/(m²a) Primary energy demand ≤ 120 kWh/(m²a) Building airtightness ≤ 0.6 /h Excess temperature frequency ≤ 10 %

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3 Passive House-suitable external wall constructions Thermal bridges U ≤ 0.15 W/(m²K) Thermal bridge free construction

a) Masonry with EIFS b) Formwork element made c) light-weight element: wooden (thickness > 250 mm) of rigid polystyrol foam box beam or plywood I-beam, fully (240+120+60mm) insulated (300-400mm)

d) Formwork element on e) Prefabricated porous f) thick timber board wall expanded clay basis (375mm) concrete element Top- and bottom sheet (steel)

λ around 0.0022 W/(mK) g) Prefabricated polyurethan i) Porous concrete blocks with © Passive House Institute sandwich elements (200mm) h) Hightech: VIP* (25mm) mineral foam insulation

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Constructive thermal bridge - distinction Thermal bridge free – Basic rules

Avoidance-rule

Pierce-through-rule

Connection-rule

Constructive thermal bridge Geometric thermal bridge Geometry-rule Quelle: www.wikipedia.de Passive House Principles - Anton Kraler 21 Passive House Principles - Anton Kraler 22

Constructive thermal bridge Thermal bridge

Infrared-thermography-images

Bild: Herz & Lang Bild: Herz & Lang without thermal insulation with thermal insulation

Example: thermal insulation – building envelope

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4 Thermal bridge free construction Thermal bridge free construction

Architect: Gerald Gaigg Architect: Gerald Gaigg Passive House Principles - Anton Kraler 25 Passive House Principles - Anton Kraler 26

Thermal bridge free construction - exterior walls Thermal bridge free construction - materials

conventional double-I-beam box beam timber stud I-beam Ψ = 0.005 W/mK Ψ = 0.013 W/mK negligible U = 0.117 W/m²K U = 0.128 W/m²K thermal bridge + 9% over Regel-U + 20% relevant ! normally not negligible

Quelle: PHI. V. Sariri, J. Schnieders

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Thermal bridge free construction Thermal bridge free construction

Roof / exterior wall Wood timber frame construction U-Value = 0,12 W/(m2K).

Quelle: Kaufmann, Feist: Das Passivhaus – Energie-Effizientes Bauen; Informationsdienst Holz (Herausgeber): System Kölner Holzhaus (Architekt:Robert Laur) Quelle: Kaufmann, Feist:: Das Passivhaus – Energie-Effizientes Bauen; Informationsdienst Holz (Herausgeber) Passive House Principles - Anton Kraler 29 Passive House Principles - Anton Kraler 30

5 Thermal bridge free construction – Thermal bridge free construction

Roof / exterior walls Exterior wall (Cross-laminated-timber) U-Value = 0,12 W/(m2K). (cross laminated timber)

Quelle: www.sto.de Quelle: Kaufmann, Feist: Das Passivhaus – Energie-Effizientes Bauen; Informationsdienst Holz (Herausgeber): Passive House Principles - Anton Kraler 31 Passive House Principles - Anton Kraler 32

Thermal bridge free construction Thermal bridge free construction

Details exterior wall and roof Optimized building envelope

Bild: Hengl Bild: Hengl

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Thermal bridge free construction Passive House windows

Uw,installed ≤ 0.85 W/(m²K) Architect: Gerald Gaigg Passive House Principles - Anton Kraler 35 Passive House Principles - Anton Kraler 36

6 Radiant temperature asymmetry Comparison of pane types

1) standard window, Uw=1.6 W/(m²K) Room with standard window radiant temperature difference: 5.5K and double low-e panes

„Low surface temperature of window „Radiation temperature asymmetry too high „Radiator below the window necessary Panes 1) Passive House window, Uw=0.8 W/(m²K) Room with Passive House radiant temperature difference < 3K window and triple-panes

Surface temperature of window high „Radiation temperature asymmetry small enough „Radiator not necessary for comfort

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Example: Window installation with timber beam Airtightness

Frame located in the insulation layer, in front of the masonry wall Basics of Airtightness Pencil Rule Point fixing with metal brackets Include airtight shell in the planning stage Glued fleece for airtightness

closed airtight shell

Load bearing timber beam

design ONE airtight layer all around the building Photo of insulation installation

Example: MFH Hamburg, Wernst Immobilien Quelle: holzbaulehrstuhl Innsbruck Passive House Principles - Anton Kraler 39 Passive House Principles - Anton Kraler 40

Airtightness - why? Airtightness - why?

Problem: A gap with airflow from humid side

360 g water /day / m

For comparison: with vapor diffusion 1 mm gap in Only 1 g water / day / m² construction

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7 Airtightness - why?

Advantages of Airtightness

• Avoidance of moisture-related building damage • Avoiding drafts and cold feet • Avoiding high infiltration heat losses • Necessary for the use of an adjustable, requirement based ventilation system • Necessary for efficient thermal insulation • Improved sound insulation • Improved inside air quality Why do we need ventilation? Passive House Principles - Anton Kraler 43 Passive House Principles - Anton Kraler 44

Best indoor air quality Role of the ventilation system in a Passive House • Main role: Renewal of indoor air – Limit the air humidity / avoid mold growth – Avoid concentration and build-up of pollutants – Limit odor nuisance

• Additional roles: Conditioning of the indoor air: Example: Kassel Marbachhöhe Design: innovatec / Otte – Cleaning (filters) monitoring: PHI Pfluger / Feist – Heating / Cooling – Humidification / Dehumidification (caution regarding hygiene)

• Side effect: Passive heat recovery – Reduction of ventilation heat losses – Increase in comfort due to higher supply air temperatures

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Cross ventilation principle with supply & extract air Supply & extract air system with heat recovery (HRV)

Concept: System concepts: Characteristics: Directed air flow „ Centrally located Fresh air Exhaust air Î Supply air zone ventilation unit with 6 fans and heat recovery Î Transferred air zone 7 „ Supply and extract air Î Extract air zone in separate ducts Filter Supply Air InletDuctwork Extract Air Outlet 1 Main components : Extract air 3 1. Ventilation unit with fans, control, HR, filters 4 Supply air 2. Ducting with silencers „ Living room „ Kitchen 2 T > 17°C 3. Supply air inlets 4. Extract air outlets „ Master bedroom Corridor „ Bathroom 5. Directed flow through „ Bedroom „ WC the internal rooms, 4 transfer openings in „ Utility room „ Study 5 internal doors 6. Exhaust air outlet 7. Fresh air inlet Openings for the transferred air

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8 Components of central units System components: Air to air heat exchanger (HE)

Exhaust Supply Extract Outdoor air air air air • Air to air heat exchanger with HR ≥ 75% • DC motors (not suitable • Control: operating levels for Passive and air flow balancing Houses) • Thermal insulation and airtightness • Condensate drain • Filter: Extract air + outdoor air • Frost protection Counter flow Cross counter flow Cross flow • Summer bypass 70 -95 % 70 - 85 % 40 - 60 %

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Special requirements of heating supply in Passive Houses Heating load in building stock versus Passive House

• Extremely low annual space heat demand Heating load more than Annual space heat demand ≤ 15 kWh/(m²a); Heatingloadonly 100 W/m² 10 W/m² ‘without' heating • Dominance of DHW energy demand DHW heat demand of 18-35 kWh/(m²a) is more important than space heating – efficient and cost-effective systems for DHW required

• It does not matter how the heat is delivered into the rooms! e.g.: radiators or surface heating systems or supply air heating

• Very low heating load The maximum heating load of 10 W/m² is approx. 3-5 times lower compared to average new buildings. Radiator to compensate cold temperatures No additional radiators

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Heating load Darmstadt Kranichstein Central-heating boiler: System design

Thermal insulation Sanierung und Erweiterung with u-values EFH, below 0.15 W/(sqmK) Arch. Dehnhard, Solarc, Supply air Holzpellet + Solarkollektoren Extract air EFH in Steinheim, Arch. Reihenhäuser in Aachen, Sanwald Linie 4 Triple Supply air Gasbrennwerttechnik + low-e panes 1 x Gasbrennwerttechnik + Out- Zuluftheizregister Zuluftheizregister je Haus frost Supply air Extract air door Certified Passive House air protection Air-to-air plate HR Detached house fresh air heat exchanger in Steinheim, Architect: extract Supply air Filter Exhaust air Supply air Extract air Sanwald. air Gas boiler technology + exhaust supply 8 heating load 92/93 supply-air heating coil air Heizleistungheating load 92/93 93/94 air Heizleistungheating load 93/94 94/95 Air to air Foto: Wolfgang Sanwald 7 Heizleistungheating load 94/95 95/96 Heat exchanger hot water Heizleistungheating load 95/96 96/97 6 Heizleistung 96/97 post-heater Subsoil heat exchanger 5 chimney

4 combustion air

3 cold water

measured [W/m²] optional: 2 solar hot daily mean specific heating load load heating specific mean daily spezifischen Heizleistung [W/m²] Heizleistung spezifischen Tagesmittelwert gemessenen der 1 water system heat generator 0 21. Sep 21. Okt 20. Nov 20. Dez 19. Jan 18. Feb 19. Mrz hot water storage tank

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9 Passive House Planning Package (PHPP) Passive House Planning Package (PHPP) Recommended TOOL. Balance calc procedure Schematic: PHPP 2007

Calculates e.g. • U-values of the building shell, including windows • transmission losses to ambient air and ground • ventilation and infiltration losses • passive solar and internal gains, including shading • household and auxiliary electricity demand • heating load • summer comfort

•Validated against measurements

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Certification of buildings Useful design tools Goals: • Quality assurance: good, functioning Passive Houses ƒ Passive House Planning Package (PHPP) Motivation: Energy balance tool for energy evaluation, heating load and summer comfort • Second check, design assurance (Can be ordered online) • by neutral institution • Increase in value through certificate ƒ PHLuft Method: Calculation tool for duct losses, subsoil heat exchanger Check using four-eye-principle: (Free download. English version available soon) • PHPP, construction and mechanical services drawings ƒ Literature with basics and design tools • Verification of execution: Airtightness test and ventilation adjustment protocol • Optional: Consultancy, site visits, … ƒ Certificates for Passive House components Certifiers: (Free download) • Authorised by PHI • Act at their own responsibility www.passivehouse.com

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Details for passive houses Examples of Passive Houses

Details for Passive Houses A Catalogue of Ecologically Rated Constructions National Design Specification for Wood Construction, SpringerWienNewYork, 2008

Architekt: Gerald Gaigg

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10 Examples of Passive Houses Examples of Passive Houses

Planung: Arch. Gerald Gaigg

Residential building Mühlweg, Vienna

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Examples of Passive Houses Summary – The five basic principles

Planung: Marie Resac, Arge Pos Architekten, Treberspurg

Refuge Schiestlhaus, Hochschwab Stmk. Passive House Principles - Anton Kraler 63 Passive House Principles - Anton Kraler 64

Passive House Institute – Structure & Offerings

Offices Network

Darmstadt Innsbruck Since 1996 Since 2010 Since 2010

R&D | Quality assurance | Building & International Passive House network | Component certification | Expert Passipedia | Passive House promotion | training | International PH Conference International Passive House Days

www.passivehouse.com www.passivehouse-international.org

Worldwide Affiliates

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