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WORKSHOP 1 Passive House Principles

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WORKSHOP 1 Passive House Principles 1893: Research ship ‘Fram‘ was a Passive House (!) The first fully functioning Passive House was Passive House Principles actually a polar ship and not a house: the Fram of Fridtof Nansen (1893). Asst. -Prof. DI Dr. techn. Anton Kraler He writes: "... The sides of the ship were lined with University of Innsbruck / Timber Engineering Unit tarred felt, then came a space with cork padding, next a deal panelling, then a thick layer of felt, next air-tight linoleum, and last of all an inner panelling. The ceiling of the saloon and cabins . gave a total thickness of about 15 inches. ...The skylight which was most exposed to the cold was protected by three panes of glass one within the other, and in various other ways. ... The Fram is a comfortable abode. Whether the thermometer stands at 22° above zero or at 22° below it, we have no fire in the stove. The ventilation is excellent, especially since we rigged up the air sail, which sends a whole winter‘s cold in through the ventilator; yet in spite of this we sit here warm and comfortable, with only a lamp burning. I am thinking of having the stove removed altogether; it is only in the way.“ (from Nansen: „In Farthest North“, Brockhaus, 1897) WorkshopPassive 1 – 2011 House Wood Principles Structures - Anton Kraler Symposium 1 Passive House Principles - Anton Kraler 2 1991: Passive House Darmstadt Kranichstein What is a Passive House? • Four private clients formed the ‘Developers Society Passive House‘ and commissioned the architects professor Bott/Ridder/Westermeyer with the planning of a row of houses with four flats, each with This is the precise definiton of a passive house: 156m² of living space. • The building was provided with a highly „A passive house is a building in which thermal comfort is precise data measurement acquisition solely guaranteed by re-heating (or re-cooling) the volume system to examine the achievement of the objectives. of fresh air that is required for satisfactory air quality – • A detailed report with technical data can be without using circulation air.“ found here: http://www.passivhaustagung.de/Kran/Frist _Passive_House_Kranichstein.en.html and in Passipedia Passive House Principles - Anton Kraler 3 Passive House Principles - Anton Kraler 4 What is the Passive House Standard? Principle of Passive Houses • A building standard, which is energy efficient, comfortable, What is passive about a Passive House? economic and environmentally friendly at the same time. The Passive House is not a brand, it is a building concept which is open to all – and which has proved itself in practice. • The Passive House is the leading standard in energy saving in buildings worldwide: The energy saving for heating amounts to over 75 % in comparison with the legally prescribed building standards. The heating costs are very small – high energy prices make no difference to residents of Passive Houses. • Passive Houses achieve this enormous energy conservation through the use of special energy efficient building elements and ventilation Keep warm Keep warm techniques. by energy by efficiency Maintaining the heat Not only is Comfort not impaired, it is measurably improved. ACTIVE Maintaining the heat using a insulated flask PASSIVE by energy input Passive House Principles - Anton Kraler 5 Passive House Principles - Anton Kraler 6 1 What‘s so special about a Passive House? Why should we build Passive Houses? Thefivebasicprinciples 1. Exceptionally high level of thermal insulation 2. Well-insulated window frames Energy efficiency will be the key triple low-e panes to survival of humanity (Sir Norman Foster) 3. Thermal-bridge-free construction 4. Airtight building envelope 5. Comfort ventilation with highly efficient heat recovery Passive House Principles - Anton Kraler 7 Passive House Principles - Anton Kraler 8 CO2 - concentration of the earth’s atmosphere Primary energy consumption per head Primary energy consumption per head Watt/ head Watt/ - concentration of the earth’s atmosphere (ppm) 2 CO Time (year) Country Source: C.D. Keeling, T.P. Whorf, and the Carbon Dioxide Research Group Source for data: Scripps Institution of Oceanography (SIO) University of California Passive House Principles - Anton Kraler 9 Passive House Principles - Anton Kraler 10 IEA-scenario for “business as usual“ Scenarios for CO2-reduction: 45 550 450 Policy Policy Efficiency massive increase in CO2-emissions 45 Scenario Scenario Scenario 40 International Reference Scenario (IEA) (IEA) (IEA) (PHI) marine bunkers 550 Policy Scenario (IEA) and aviation 35 40 450 Policy Scenario (IEA) +46% Non-OECD – gas 30 2 Efficiency Scenario (PHI) 2 35 Non-OECD – oil 25 Non-OECD – coal 30 53% 60% 20 OECD – gas Gigatonnes CO Gigatonnes CO -7% 15 25 Consequence: The global temperature OECD – oil will rise by an average of 5-6 K. -14% 10 OECD – coal 20 5 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 Nuclear 0 CCS 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 Source: [IEA 2008]: World Energy Outlook 2008 Renewables & biofuels with an extension of an Efficiency-Scenario by Passivhaus Institut Energy efficiency Source: [IEA 2008]: World Energy Outlook 2008 Passive House Principles - Anton Kraler 11 Passive House Principles - Anton Kraler 12 2 Passive House concept Comparison of consumption 90% reduction in heating Average of old buildings consumption 90% 90% Heating energy demand energy kWh/(m²a)Heating PH Building Low- CEPHEUS stock energy Passive Houses house CEPHEUS = Cost Efficient Passive Houses as European Standard Passive House Principles - Anton Kraler 13 Passive House Principles - Anton Kraler 14 Passive house construction fundamentals Shape / Design of the building: A / V - Ratio 1. Good thermal insulation and compactness Surface, without floor area but with the same Volume (%) 2. Thermal-bridge-free construction hemisphere pyramid 3. Well-insulated window frames with triple low-e panes 4. Airtight building envelope cylinder cube 5. Comfort ventilation with highly efficient heat recovery Half cube with 4 units (compact) 6. Comfortable, even during the summer 7. Cost-effective and efficient building technology 8. Household energy saving systems separate 9. Quality-certified passive houses ranked stacked • More compact building: A(Area) / V(Volume) < 0.6 m-1 Passive House Principles - Anton Kraler 15 Passive House Principles - Anton Kraler 16 Passive House components Passive House criteria Ventilation with ≥ 75 % heat recovery Ventilation with ≥ 75 % heat recovery Electricity demand max. 0.45 Wh/m³ Electricity demand max. 0.45 Wh/m³ Outdoor air Exhaust air Triple-panes: Triple-panes Heat protection: Heat protection: Outdoor air Exhaust air Ug ≤ 0.8 W/(m²K) U ≤ 0.8 W/(m²K) U ≤ 0.15 W/(m²K) U ≤ 0.15 W/(m²K) g g-value 50 - 55 % g-value 50 - 55 % Uw ≤ 0.8 W/(m²K) Uw ≤ 0.8 W/(m²K) thermal bridge free thermal bridge free Supply air Extract air Extract air Supply air Airtightness: Airtightness: Heating energy demand ≤ 15 kWh/(m²a) n ≤ 0.6 /h or Building heating load ≤ 10 W/m² 50 n50 ≤ 0.6 /h Useful cooling demand ≤ 15 kWh/(m²a) Primary energy demand ≤ 120 kWh/(m²a) Building airtightness ≤ 0.6 /h Excess temperature frequency ≤ 10 % Passive House Principles - Anton Kraler 17 Passive House Principles - Anton Kraler 18 3 Passive House-suitable external wall constructions Thermal bridges U ≤ 0.15 W/(m²K) Thermal bridge free construction a) Masonry with EIFS b) Formwork element made c) light-weight element: wooden (thickness > 250 mm) of rigid polystyrol foam box beam or plywood I-beam, fully (240+120+60mm) insulated (300-400mm) d) Formwork element on e) Prefabricated porous f) thick timber board wall expanded clay basis (375mm) concrete element Top- and bottom sheet (steel) λ around 0.0022 W/(mK) g) Prefabricated polyurethan i) Porous concrete blocks with © Passive House Institute sandwich elements (200mm) h) Hightech: VIP* (25mm) mineral foam insulation Passive House Principles - Anton Kraler 19 Passive House Principles - Anton Kraler 20 Constructive thermal bridge - distinction Thermal bridge free – Basic rules Avoidance-rule Pierce-through-rule Connection-rule Constructive thermal bridge Geometric thermal bridge Geometry-rule Quelle: www.wikipedia.de Passive House Principles - Anton Kraler 21 Passive House Principles - Anton Kraler 22 Constructive thermal bridge Thermal bridge Infrared-thermography-images Bild: Herz & Lang Bild: Herz & Lang without thermal insulation with thermal insulation Example: thermal insulation – building envelope Passive House Principles - Anton Kraler 23 Passive House Principles - Anton Kraler 24 4 Thermal bridge free construction Thermal bridge free construction Architect: Gerald Gaigg Architect: Gerald Gaigg Passive House Principles - Anton Kraler 25 Passive House Principles - Anton Kraler 26 Thermal bridge free construction - exterior walls Thermal bridge free construction - materials conventional double-I-beam box beam timber stud I-beam Ψ = 0.005 W/mK Ψ = 0.013 W/mK negligible U = 0.117 W/m²K U = 0.128 W/m²K thermal bridge + 9% over Regel-U + 20% relevant ! normally not negligible Quelle: PHI. V. Sariri, J. Schnieders Passive House Principles - Anton Kraler 27 Passive House Principles - Anton Kraler 28 Thermal bridge free construction Thermal bridge free construction Roof / exterior wall Wood timber frame construction U-Value = 0,12 W/(m2K). Quelle: Kaufmann, Feist: Das Passivhaus – Energie-Effizientes Bauen; Informationsdienst Holz (Herausgeber): System Kölner Holzhaus (Architekt:Robert Laur) Quelle: Kaufmann, Feist:: Das Passivhaus – Energie-Effizientes Bauen; Informationsdienst Holz (Herausgeber) Passive House Principles
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