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Arba Minc College of N School of G Departem ARBA MINCH UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF NATURAL SCIENCES SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES DEPARTEMENT OF BIOLOGY Bacterial wilt(Ralstonia solanacearum ) disease incidence of Ginger(Zingiber officinalae Roscoe) and its socio-economic impact in small holder farms, in KambataTembaro Zone, Kacha bira woreda Msc thesis Mezgebework Lukas Shanka August, 2016 Arba Minch, Ethiopia Bacterial wilt(Ralstonia solanacearum ) disease incidence of Ginger(Zingiber officinalae Roscoe) and its socio-economic impact in small holder farms, in KambataTembaro Zone, Kacha bira woreda Mezgebework Lukas Shanka (Smsc/045/05) Advisor Abebe Girma (Ph.D) A thesis submitted to the School of Graduate Studies of the Arba Minch University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Biology, Department of Biology, College of Natural Science, Arba Minch University. August, 2016 Arba Minch Advisor approval This is to certify that the thesis entitled “Bacterial wilt(Ralstonia solanacearum ) disease incidence of Ginger(Zingiber officinalae Roscoe) and its socio-economic impact in small holder farms”. The Case of Kacha bra, South Region” submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master’s with specialization in Biology, the Graduate Program of the School of Graduate Studies, and has been carried out by Mezgebework Lukas Shanka. Id.No SMSc/045/05, under my supervision.Therefore I recommend that the student has fulfilled the requirements and hence hereby can submit the thesis to the department for defense. Abebe Girma (Ph.D) ___________ ___________ Name of Principal advisor Signature Date i Declaration I hereby, declare that this MSc thesis is my original work and has not been presented for a degree in any other university, and all sources of material used for this thesis have been duly acknowledged. Name: Mezgebework Lukas Shanka Signature: _________________ Date: _____________________ ii Approval This thesis entitled “Bacterial wilt(Ralstonia solanacearum )disease incidence of Ginger(Zingiber officinalae Roscoe) and its socio-economic impact in small holder farms”.The Case of Kachabira woreda, South Region”have been approved by the following, Examiners, Chairperson and Advisor for degree of Masters in Biology at Arba Minch University. Members of examination board Name of External examiner Signature Date _______________ ___________ Name of Internal examiner Signature Date _______________ ___________ Name of the Chairperson Signature Date _______________ ___________ Name of Advisor Signature Date Abebe Girma (Ph.D) ___________ iii ACKNOWLEDGMENT Above all I thank the almighty of heavenly GOD for his everlasting bless, protection guidance, kindness and grace upon me during all my works and in all my life. I also would like to express my sincere thanks and deepest gratitude to my thesis advisor Dr. Abebe Girma for his guidance, constructive comments and encouragement throughout the course of my work. His valuable advice, tireless assistance and availability whenever I needed him had helped me realize the thesis. My sincere thanks also go to Arba Minch University, School of graduate study, for giving me the chance to learn and financially support to complete my research. I am also very grateful to my teachers and all the staff members of the biology department for their necessary support. I acknowledge the Minster of Education for permission of the study and sponsoring my living expense. I would like to express my sincere thanks and deepest appreciation to my Husband Mr. Addisse Anulo for his love, financial support, invaluable assistance, encouragement and patience that helped me to complete my academic epoch, and I am grateful to my little kid, Ketsebao’ot Addisse Anulo for your love and smiles; you are my source of inspiration. A special acknowledgement goes to my father Mr. Lukas Shanka and my Mother w/ro Terefech Tamirat, the two most important people in my life, for their love, encouragement and emotional support. Finally, the deepest gratefulness goes to all other family members who are supporting me in one or otherwise for their moral support, and encouragement in all my study times. Special thanks are to Mr. Selamu Anose from woreda Agricultural office for his material support, spent much time for collecting household data with me and encouragement throughout my research work. I would also like to forward my warm appreciation to Kachabira Woreda Agriculture office authorities, development agents, Crop expertise, farmers and kebele Administrators of study area for their cooperation. It would have been impossible to complete this study without their willingness to participate their experience. Special thanks go to Talaku Tadesse Abera Garkebo , Zerihun esfaye,WondimuYohannes and Mulugeta Bekele much time for collecting household data with me. iv ACRONYMS BoARD Bureau of Agriculture and Rural Development DA’s Development Agents FAO Food and Agricultural Organization FTC Farmers Training Center GCMP Ginger Cultivation Management Practice GDP Gross Domestic Product GTP Growth and Transformation Plan HHH Household Head NGOs Non -Governmental Organization’s PAs Peasant Associations SNNPRS Southern Nations Nationalities and Peoples Regional States. SMS Subject Mater Specialists TARC Tepi Agricultural Research Center v TABLE OF CONTENTS CONTENT PAGE ACKNOWLEDGMENT………………………………………………………………..iv ACRONYMS…………………………………………………………………………....v TABLEOF CONTENTS……………………………………………...............................vi LIST OF TABLE………………………………………………………………………..ix LIST OF FIGURE………………………………………………………………………..x ABSTRACT……………………………………………………………………………..xi 1.INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………………………..1 1.1Backgroundofthe study…………………………………………………………….....1 1.2 Statement of the problem…………………………………………………………….3 1.3 Research Questions………………………………………………………………......3 1.4 Significance of the Study………………………………………………………….....3 1.5 Scope of the study…………………………………………………………………...4 1.6 Limitations of the study……………………………………………………………...4 1.7 Objectives of the study………………………………………………………………4 1.7.1General Objective…………………………………………………………………..4 1.7.2 Specific Objectives………………………………………………………………...5 2.LITERATURE REVIEW………………………………………………………………6 2.1Trends of ginger Production……………………………………………………….....6 2.1.1 Ginger production In Ethiopia……………………………………………………..6 2.2 AGRONOMY OF GINGER………………………………………………………...9 2.2.1 Pre-harvest Management of Ginger……………………...........................................9 2.2.2 Post -harvest Management of Ginger……………………………………………11 2.3 Factors affecting Ginger production……………………………………………….13 2.4 Ginger Bacterial wilt……………………………………………………………….13 2.5Management practices for ginger bacterial wilt…………………………………….13 2.5.1 Traditional Management practices for ginger bacterial wilt……………………..13 2.5.2 Modern cultivation management practices……………………………………....14 vi 2.6 Economic impact………………………………………………………………..….14 3MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY……………………………………………....15 3.1Description of the Study Area……………………………………………………......15 3.2Socio-economic study…………………………………………………………..……16 3.2.1. Sampling design and Data collection…………………………………………......16 3.3Field Experiment…………………………………………………………………......16 3.3.1. Land preparation and planting…………………………………………..………..16 3.3.2. Assessment of bacterial wilt and harvesting……………………………….……..17 3.4Data Analysis…………………………………………………………………………17 4. RESULT and DISCUSSION……………………………………………………….....19 4.1 Ginger cultivation and management practice……………………………………….19 4.2 Impact of ginger bacterial wilt on production……………………….………………19 4.3 Field experiment…………………………………………………………………….20 4.4 Farmers’ perception on bacterial wilt control…………………………………..…..25 4.5 Technological support from woreda agricultural office……………….………..25 4.5.1 Crop rotation……………………………………………………………………...25 4.6. Socio-Economic impact of Ginger bacterial wilt on farmer’s livelihood……….....26 5. DISCUSSION…………………………………………………………….…………...29 6. Conclusion and Recommendation………………………………………………….…35 6.1 Conclusion………………………………………………………………………......35 6.2 Recommendation……………………………………………………………………36 7 REFERENCE................................................................................................................ 38 Appendix I: Formal Household survey questionnaire…………………………….……...i Appendix II: Questionnaire prepared for Model farmers, DAs, andadministrators……ii Appendix III: Background information of respondents in the study Area……………...iii Appendix IV: Farmer’s response on the impact of ginger bacterial wilt that affect household income………………………………………………………………………...iv Appendix V: Farmer’s response for open ended questionnaires……………………….…v vii LIST OF TABLE Table Page Table 1. Production and regional average yield of ginger in major Woredas of SNNPRS (2006/07)……………… ………………….8 Table 2. Physical environment data for the major ginger Growing areas of SNNPRS………………………………………..10 Table 3. Distinctions between with-in season and extended harvesting…….11 Table 4. Ginger Land coverage per hectare, productivity, and production per quintal (2002-2007)………………………………………........19 Table 5. Ginger Bacterial wilt incidence Recorded per month …………......21 Table 6. Percentage of Ginger bacterial wilt incident………………………22 Table 7. Harvested rhizome in home garden…………………………..........23 Table 8. Chi-squere test…………………………………………………….23 Table 9. Farmers response to apply crop rotation…………………………...25 Table 10. Farmers response to apply crop rotation and protect the plowing material from contamination………………26 Table1 11. Age of household heads and implementation of ginger cultivation management practices…………………………..27
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