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Building Integrated Solar Thermal Systems – a New Era of Renewables in Buildings Soteris A

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Building Integrated Solar Thermal Systems – a New Era of Renewables in Buildings Soteris A Bulgarian Chemical Communications, Volume 48, Special Issue E (pp. 102 - 108) 2016 Building integrated solar thermal systems – a new era of renewables in buildings Soteris A. Kalogirou Cyprus University of Technology, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Sciences and Engineering, P.O. Box 50320, 3603 Limassol, Cyprus Buildings’ in EU consume 40% of the primary energy requirements. This is the main reason the Energy Performance of Buildings Directive was implemented whereas the recast of the Directive, specifies that the buildings erected after 2020 should be of nearly zero energy consumption, a requirement that assumes extensive use of renewables. This new role of renewables implies that in addition to photovoltaics, solar thermal systems (STS) will also have a main role to play. The primary use of STS is to meet the building thermal loads, after the traditional standard building energy saving measures are applied, like thermal insulation, double glazing, etc. STS are typically mounted on building roofs as add-on components with no attempt to incorporate them into the building envelope. In this way aesthetic challenges, space availability issues and envelope integrity problems need to be considered. The purpose of this paper is to give a survey of possible applications of STS integration on the building roofs and façades. Details of some projects already under development are also presented. Keywords: building integration, building performance, solar thermal systems, flat-plate collectors INTRODUCTION Energy Performance of Buildings Directive Buildings energy consumption, account for 40% (EPBD) from its inception, and especially its recast of the total primary energy requirements in the EU published a few years ago, requires that RES are [1]. For this reason, the Renewable Energy actively employed to offset conventional fossil fuel Framework Directive, known as the 20-20-20 consumption in buildings. Such a use of RES Directive, is developed which sets a 20% target for reduces the overall building energy consumption renewables by 2020. It is therefore imperative to and thus a better building category is achieved. develop effective energy alternatives suitable to be Solar thermal systems (STS) integration will applied in buildings. An effective and directly support this Directive, leading to an environmental friendly way to reduce fossil fuel increased use of renewables in buildings, which is dependence in buildings is the use of renewable expected to rise drastically in the coming years. energy systems (RES). These can be used mainly Moreover, the recast of EPBD, specifies that by the for heating, cooling and the provision of sanitary year 2020 the buildings in EU should be of nearly hot water. For example, in Cyprus RES, and more zero energy consumption, meaning that after specifically solar water heating, are used applying various measures to reduce building extensively for the sanitary hot water preparation to consumption the rest of the load is covered by RES more than 93% of the dwellings. Usually these are to achieve nearly zero consumption on a yearly mounted on building roofs not in a very aesthetic estimation basis. This mean that the building way and sometimes are seen as a foreign element thermal loads will be primarily covered through an on the roof. For this fact alone and irrespective of extensive use of renewables, which is done after the significant economic benefits obtained, some standard building energy saving measures, such as architects do not like this use of solar water heaters the use of good thermal insulation, advanced or tried to hide them, which usually creates glazing systems, etc. are applied. Therefore, STS operational problem mainly due to shading. There are expected to take a leading role in covering the is therefore a need to find ways to integrate solar building energy needs, and they can contribute systems on the building envelope (walls and roof), directly to the building heating and cooling loads which should be done in an aesthetic pleasing way. and the provision of domestic hot water for the This is usually done in a win-win situation, i.e., by needs of the occupants. replacing a part of the building construction the solar system becomes more economically viable BUILDING INTEGRATION OF SOLAR and at the same time the building structure provides THERMAL SYSTEMS thermal energy for use in the building. Among the various renewable energy resources, * To whom all correspondence should be sent: solar energy is considered as the most effective that [email protected] © 2016 Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Union of Chemists in Bulgaria 102 S. A. Kalogirou: Building integrated solar thermal systems – a new era of renewables in buildings can be applied to buildings to achieve sustainable substantial part of the building’s energy needs if the development mainly because of its abundance and building has been designed in the right way. the relatively easy way that this can be used. In Through a holistic approach, integrating these particular, solar thermal systems can supply thermal systems does not only mean replacing a energy for space heating/cooling and the provision conventional building material, but also of hot water for the needs of a building. An aesthetically integrating it into the building design. effective building integration of STS, can also The integration then takes over other functions of create aesthetic improvement, and there would be the building’s skin. For example, mounted on a more space on the building for the installation of sloped roof, profiled systems mean that the STS the required area of collectors. This is also cost modules can be part of the watertight skin. A beneficial as the traditional building component is distinction can be made between integration of replaced by the STS one, which increases the these systems in the building skin as cladding economic viability of the systems, both of the elements or integrated into the roof or as building building and the solar system. components like awnings, shading devices etc. The The adoption of building integrated solar aim of architectural and building integration of collectors, in addition to the architectural and these systems into buildings is to reduce the aesthetic benefits that this integration will bring, it requirement for land and additional costs, in creates also some practical issues which need to be addition to aesthetics that is generated by the addressed; such as rainwater sealing and protection process. This could be the cost of a support from overheating (avoiding increased cooling loads structure and the cost of building elements, such as during summer). As façade installed STS are tiles and cladding elements. It is evident that STS latitude dependent with respect to solar incidence integrated into buildings give a more elegant look, angle effects, this needs to be considered in detail and it is more efficient to integrate these systems as countries close to the equator have high solar when constructing the building, rather than incidence angles, especially during summer, but mounting them afterwards. Additionally, the more energy is available year round, compared to integration can bring other added benefits, as for the high-latitude countries where the sun is much example they may provide a high degree of solar lower, thus smaller incidence angles are evident but shading for the building itself, which is particularly the sky is usually cloud covered. important in warm climates. The adoption of building integration of STS, Usually there are three zones for integrating the abbreviated to BISTS, can fundamentally change systems into buildings. These are the roofs, façades the accepted way solar installations are and building components like balcony railings, implemented. These could affect residential and sunshades and sunscreens [2]. STS can be commercial buildings throughout the world. This incorporated into buildings by either will surely create a new era of the use of superimposition - where the system is attached over renewables in buildings. the existing building envelope, or integration where A solar energy system is considered to be the system forms a part of the building envelope building integrated, if for a building component this [3]. is a prerequisite for the integrity of the building’s COLLECTOR SYSTEMS THAT CAN BE functionality. If the building integrated STS is BUILDING INTEGRATED dismounted, dismounting includes or affects the adjacent building component, which will have to be The solar collecting methodologies that can be replaced partly or totally by a conventional building applied in buildings are the simple thermosiphonic component. units, forced circulation systems employing flat The scope of this paper is to present a review of plate collectors, integrated collector storage units, current building integrated STS state of the art evacuated tube collector systems and various low technological developments and the most suitable concentration compound parabolic units [4]. options to achieve this objective. This will enable In some countries, such as Cyprus, renewable an understanding of how this integration is applied energy systems and in particular solar water heating so far in various buildings worldwide, which will are used extensively, with 93% of all domestic help to identify new ways to achieve better dwellings currently equipped with such a system integration. For architects, the application of STS [5]. Most solar collecting components are mounted on buildings must form part of a holistic approach. on building roofs with no attempt to incorporate A high-quality solar system can provide a them into the building envelope. In many instances, 103 S. A. Kalogirou: Building integrated solar thermal systems – a new era of renewables in buildings these are actually seen as a foreign element on the mounting configurations. The main classification building roof. Many architects, irrespective of the criteria of any solar thermal system is based on the substantial benefits that these systems offer, object method of transferring collected solar energy to the to this use of renewable energy due to this fact application (active or passive), the energy carrier alone.
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