DOCSLIB.ORG

Reactions of Phenoxazine and Some of Its Derivatives Leonard Oro Moore Iowa State College

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Reactions of Phenoxazine and Some of Its Derivatives Leonard Oro Moore Iowa State College Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Retrospective Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 1957 Reactions of phenoxazine and some of its derivatives Leonard Oro Moore Iowa State College Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd Part of the Organic Chemistry Commons Recommended Citation Moore, Leonard Oro, "Reactions of phenoxazine and some of its derivatives " (1957). Retrospective Theses and Dissertations. 1343. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd/1343 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Retrospective Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. REACTIONS OF PHENOXAZINE AND SOME OF ITS DERIVATIVES by Leonard Oro Moore A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty in Partial Fulfillment of The Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Major Subject: Organic Chemistry Approved: Signature was redacted for privacy. of Major Work Signature was redacted for privacy. Head of Mkjolr Department Signature was redacted for privacy. Dean of Graduate College Iowa State College 1957 il TABLE OF CONTENTS Page INTRODUCTION 1 HISTORICAL 4 Nomenclature 4 Preparation 5 Aminophenols with hydroxy compounds .... 6 Aminophenols with active halogen compounds. 9 Aminophenols with ortho-qulnones and ortho-hydroxyquinones 9 Phenols with nitroso compounds 12 Oxidative cyclizations 13 Reductive cyclizations 16 N-Substitution Reactions 19 Nuclear Substitution Reactions 21 Oxidation Reactions 23 Other Reactions 27 Physical Properties 29 Uses of Phenoxazine and Its Derivatives 32 Biological staining 33 Treatment of cancer 35 Treatment of tuberculosis 36 Naturally Occurring Phenoxazine Derivatives. 37 Boronic Acids. 39 EXPERIMENTAL 42 Nitration 42 Nitration of phenoxazine 42 Preparation of 3-nitro-10-ethylphenoxazine ( attempted) 43 Preparation of 3,7-dinltro-10- ethylphenoxazine 43 preparation of 3-nltro-10-acetylphenoxazine 44 Preparation of 3,7-dinitro-10- acetylphenoxazine 45 Bromination 45 Reaction of phenoxazine with N-cromosuccinimlde. 45 ill Reaction of phenoxazine with three moles of bromine 46 Reaction of phenoxazine with five moles of bromine 47 Reaction of phenoxazine with twelve moles of bromine 47 Reaction of 10-ethylphenoxazine with N-bromosuccinimide 48 Reaction of 10-ethylphenoxazine with two moles of N-bromosuccinimide 49 Reaction of 10-ethylphenoxazine with two moles of bromine 49 Reaction of 10-ethylphenoxazine with four moles of bromine 50 Reaction of 10-phenylphenoxazine with N-bromosuccinimide. , 51 Reaction of 10-acetylphenoxazine with N-bromo succinimide 51 At room temperature (attempted). ... 51 At reflux temperature with a catalyst (attempted) 52 Reaction of 10-acetylphenoxazine with two moles of bromine 53 Azo Coupling 54 Reaction of phenoxazine wit^ £- nitrobenzene diazonium chloride 54 Reaction of 10-ethylphenoxazine with £-ni trobenzene diazonium chloride .... 55 Reaction of 10-phenylphenoxazine with p-nitrocenzene diazonium chloride (attempted) 56 Metalation 56 General procedure 56 Reaction of phenoxazine with n-butyllithium 57 Reaction of 10-ethylphenoxazine with n-butyllithium 58 Reaction of 10-ethylphenoxazine with methyllithium 59 Reaction of 10-phenylphenoxazine with n-butyllithium 59 Reaction of 10-phenylphenoxazine with methyllithium 60 iv Reduction of Nitro Derivatives 61 Reduction of 3,7-dinltro-10-etviylpv'enoxezine 61 Reduction of 3-nltro-10-acetylphenoxazine . 61 Cleavage Reactions 62 Reaction of 10-ethylphenoxazine with hydriodic acid 62 Reaction of 10-ethylphenoxazine with li thlum 62 Reaction of dibromo-10-ethylphenoxazine with hydriodic acid 63 Method I (attempted) 63 Method II 64 Reaction of 10-phenylphenoxazine with hyariodic acid (attempted) 64 Reaction of 10-phenylphenoxazine with lithium (attempted) 65 Reduction of Onium Salts 65 Reduction by sodium bisulfite (attempted) . 65 Reduction by hydrogen (attempted) 66 Reduction b} stannous chloride and hydrochloric acid (attempted) 66 Reduction by lithium in ether (attempted) • 67 Reduction by lithium aluminum hydride in ether ( attempted) 67 Reduction by lithium aluminum hydride in t e t rahydro furan 67 Reduction by sodium borohydrioe and aluminum trichloride 69 Miscellaneous Reactions of Phenoxazine 69 Reaction of 3,7-dlbromop^enoxazonium bromide hydrobromide with ethyl magnesium cromide (attempted) 69 Hydrolysis of 3-nitro-lO-acetylphenoxazine. 70 Preparation of 3-nitro-10-ethylphenoxazine. 70 Reaction of phenoxszinecarboxylic acid with methanol 71 Reaction of methyl phenoxazinecarboxylate with ethyl iodide 71 Method I (attempted) 71 Method II 72 V Preparation of (N-ethylamldo)-10- ethylphenoxazine 73 Reaction of 10-ethylphenoxazinecarboxyllc acid with methanol 73 Preparation of methyl x-nltro-10- ethylphenoxazinecarboxylate 73 Reaction of bromo-10-ethylphenoxazine with n-butyllithium 74 Reaction of lO-(jD-bromophenyl)phenoxazine with n-butyllithium 75 Preparation of Boronic Acids 76 preparation of phenoxazineboronlc acid (attempted) 76 Preparation of 10-ethylphenoxazineboronlc acid anhydride 77 Preparation of lO-phenylyhenoxazineboronic acid anhydride 78 Reaction of n-butyl borate with organometalllc compounds 79 General procedure 79 Reactions of boron trichloride with organomercury compounds 80 General procedure 80 Reaction of benzeneboronic acid with Indulin (attempted) 82 Reaction of benzeneboronic acid with Sudan Black B 82 Preparation of 5-(3-trifluoromethyl- phenylazo)-2-hydroxybenzeneboronic acid anhydride 84 Preparation of 5-(2,6-dlchloro-4- nltrophenylazo)-2-hydroxybenzeneboronic acid anhydride 85 Preparation of 5-(4-nltro-2-methyl- sulfonylphenylazo)-2-hydroxybenzene­ boronic acid 86 DISCUSSION 88 Nitration 88 Bromination 90 Azo Coupling 94 Metalatlon 95 Reduction of Nltro Derivatives 97 vl Cleavage Reactions 98 Preparation of Boronic Acids 99 Suggestions for Future Research 103 SUMMARY 106 ACKNOWLEDGMENT 108 1 INTRODUCTION Phenoxazine and its derivatives have not received a great deal of attention either theoretically or commercially. The only derivatives of commercial importance are a few dyes, 1 2 called the oxazlne dyes. ' The research on this compound has been closely related to these dyes and no general systematic study of substitution reactions has been made. This may be due in part to the ready oxidation of phenoxazine to phenox- azone. The ready oxidation to the oxazone has led to a series of reactions in which the 3-positlon is attacked by amines and by carbonyl compounds. A little work has been done on the nitration of 10-acetylphenoxazine and related compounds, and a few N~substituted compounds have been prepared. There has never been a general review of the properties of phenoxazine and Its derivatives, though short discussions have been included in several books. !k. Venkataraman, "The Chemistry of Synthetic Dyes, " Vol. II, Academic Press, Inc., New York, N. Y-, 1952, pp. 780-791. 2H. A. Lubs, ed., "The Chemistry of Synthetic Dyes and Pigments," Reinhold Publishing Corp., New York, N. Y., 1955, pp. 259-261. 3D. E. Pearson in R. C. Elderfield, "Heterocyclic Com­ pounds," Vol. VI, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, N. Y«, 1957, pp. 684-705. ^A. A- Morton, "The Chemistry of Heterocyclic Compounds," McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., New York, N• Y-, 1946, pp. 478- 480- 2 This study has been undertaken to review tv>e known chem­ istry of phenoxazine and to study the relative directive lnflu ence of the nitrogen and the oxygen atoms of this compound, and the effect on the directive influence of the nitrogen caused by substituting the nitrogen with various groups such as ethyl, phenyl, and acetyl. Since some polynuclear heterocycles also are known to act as scintillators In radiation counters, a series of N-aryl phenoxazine compounds has been prepared which are being tested as solutes for these counters. Some of the oxazlne dyes, notably the Nile Blue dyes, are known to stain brain cancer tissue preferentially, and some decrease the rate of growth of tumors. An interest in this use of these compounds is closely related to the use of boron as a source of in vivo radiation, since it must be prin­ cipally in the carcinogenic tissue to be most useful. The methods of preparing boronic acids was studied in an effort to find a method of preparing a boron derivative of phenox­ azine, or ideally a Nile Blue dye, which might be useful in cancer chemotherapy. Because of the similarity of this compound to other heterocycles whose chemistry has been Investigated much more thoroughly, frequent recourse has been made to the literature . Newton Hayes, International Journal of Applied Radi­ ation and Isotopes, 1, 46 (1956). 3 concerning these heterocycles. These include carbazole, dlbenzofuran, phenothlazlne and phenoxathiln. 4 HISTORICAL The historical section of this dissertation includes a survey of the methods of preparation and the properties of phenoxazine and its known derivatives. The literature is covered completely through 1955, and the period between Jan­ uary 1956 and June 1957 is covered as completely as possible by survey of the more important and more accessible Journals and by a scrutiny of the heterocyclic section of Current Chemical Papers. This publication contains a classified world list of the new papers in pure chemistry. The chemistry of the boronic acids is considered only g since the appearance of the review
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Drugs with Anti-Oxidant Properties Can Interfere with Cell Viability
    Laboratory Investigation (2017) 97, 494–497 © 2017 USCAP, Inc All rights reserved 0023-6837/17 $32.00 PATHOBIOLOGY IN FOCUS Drugs with anti-oxidant properties can interfere with cell viability measurements by assays that rely on the reducing property of viable cells Niraj Shenoy, Mary Stenson, Joshua Lawson, Jithma Abeykoon, Mrinal Patnaik, Xiaosheng Wu and Thomas Witzig Cell viability assays such as Cell Titer Blue and Alamar Blue rely on the reducing property of viable cells to reduce the reagent dye to a product which gives a fluorescent signal. The current manufacture-recommended protocols do not take into account the possibility of the reagent substrate being reduced directly to the fluorescent product by drugs with an anti-oxidant property. After suspecting spurious results while determining the cytotoxic potential of a drug of interest (DOI) with known anti-oxidant property against a renal cell cancer (RCC) cell line, we aimed to establish that drugs with anti-oxidant property can indeed cause false-negative results with the current protocols of these assays by direct reduction of the reagent substrate. We also aimed to counter the same with a simple modification added to the protocol. Through our experiments, we conclusively demonstrate that drugs with anti-oxidant properties can indeed interfere with cell viability measurements by assays that rely on the reducing property of viable cells. A simple modification in the protocol, as elaborated in the manuscript, can prevent spurious results with these otherwise convenient assays. Laboratory Investigation (2017) 97, 494–497; doi:10.1038/labinvest.2017.18; published online 27 February 2017 INTRODUCTION experiment was repeated, with the same result.
    [Show full text]
  • Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Is Transported Into Mammalian
    RESEARCH ARTICLE Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide is transported into mammalian mitochondria Antonio Davila1,2†, Ling Liu3†, Karthikeyani Chellappa1, Philip Redpath4, Eiko Nakamaru-Ogiso5, Lauren M Paolella1, Zhigang Zhang6, Marie E Migaud4,7, Joshua D Rabinowitz3, Joseph A Baur1* 1Department of Physiology, Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States; 2PARC, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States; 3Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, United States; 4School of Pharmacy, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom; 5Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States; 6College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China; 7Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, United States Abstract Mitochondrial NAD levels influence fuel selection, circadian rhythms, and cell survival under stress. It has alternately been argued that NAD in mammalian mitochondria arises from import of cytosolic nicotinamide (NAM), nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN), or NAD itself. We provide evidence that murine and human mitochondria take up intact NAD. Isolated mitochondria preparations cannot make NAD from NAM, and while NAD is synthesized from NMN, it does not localize to the mitochondrial matrix or effectively support oxidative phosphorylation. Treating cells *For correspondence: with nicotinamide riboside that is isotopically labeled on the nicotinamide and ribose moieties [email protected] results in the appearance of doubly labeled NAD within mitochondria. Analogous experiments with †These authors contributed doubly labeled nicotinic acid riboside (labeling cytosolic NAD without labeling NMN) demonstrate equally to this work that NAD(H) is the imported species.
    [Show full text]
  • Resazurin Sodium Salt
    Resazurin sodium salt sc-206037 Material Safety Data Sheet Hazard Alert Code Key: EXTREME HIGH MODERATE LOW Section 1 - CHEMICAL PRODUCT AND COMPANY IDENTIFICATION PRODUCT NAME Resazurin sodium salt STATEMENT OF HAZARDOUS NATURE CONSIDERED A HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCE ACCORDING TO OSHA 29 CFR 1910.1200. NFPA FLAMMABILITY1 HEALTH2 HAZARD INSTABILITY0 SUPPLIER Company: Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc. Address: 2145 Delaware Ave Santa Cruz, CA 95060 Telephone: 800.457.3801 or 831.457.3800 Emergency Tel: CHEMWATCH: From within the US and Canada: 877-715-9305 Emergency Tel: From outside the US and Canada: +800 2436 2255 (1-800-CHEMCALL) or call +613 9573 3112 PRODUCT USE As indicator: pH range: 3.8, orange; 6.5, dark violet. In the detection of hyposulfite (sulfoxylate). In food research (reductase test). SYNONYMS C12-H7-N-O4.Na, "3H-phenoxazin-3-one, 7-hydroxy-, 10-oxide, sodium", "azoresorcin sodium", "diazoresorcinol sodium", "7-hydroxy- 3H-phenoazin-3-one 10-oxide sodium", "resazoin sodium", "resazurine sodium", "resazurin redox indicator" Section 2 - HAZARDS IDENTIFICATION CHEMWATCH HAZARD RATINGS Min Max Flammability: 1 Toxicity: 1 Body Contact: 2 Min/Nil=0 Low=1 Reactivity: 1 Moderate=2 High=3 Chronic: 0 Extreme=4 CANADIAN WHMIS SYMBOLS 1 of 9 EMERGENCY OVERVIEW RISK Irritating to eyes, respiratory system and skin. POTENTIAL HEALTH EFFECTS ACUTE HEALTH EFFECTS SWALLOWED ! Although ingestion is not thought to produce harmful effects, the material may still be damaging to the health of the individual following ingestion, especially where pre-existing organ (e.g. liver, kidney) damage is evident. Present definitions of harmful or toxic substances are generally based on doses producing mortality (death) rather than those producing morbidity (disease, ill-health).
    [Show full text]
  • Determination of NAD+ and NADH Level in a Single Cell Under H2O2 Stress by Capillary Electrophoresis Wenjun Xie Iowa State University
    Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Retrospective Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 2008 Determination of NAD+ and NADH level in a single cell under H2O2 stress by capillary electrophoresis Wenjun Xie Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd Part of the Analytical Chemistry Commons Recommended Citation Xie, Wenjun, "Determination of NAD+ and NADH level in a single cell under H2O2 stress by capillary electrophoresis" (2008). Retrospective Theses and Dissertations. 15456. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd/15456 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Retrospective Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. + Determination of NAD and NADH level in a single cell under H2O2 stress by capillary electrophoresis by Wenjun Xie A thesis submitted to the graduate faculty in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE Major: Analytical Chemistry Program of Study Committee: Edward S. Yeung, Major Professor Robert S. Houk Srdija Jeftinija Iowa State University Ames, Iowa 2008 Copyright © Wenjun Xie, 2008. All rights reserved. 1454641 1454641 2008 ii To The Four Years iii TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES iv LIST OF TABLES v ABSTRACT vi CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION 1 NAD+, NADH and their biological functions 1 Current approaches of NAD+ and NADH analysis 2 Single cell capillary electrophoresis 4 CE-based enzymatic assay 5 Overview of this work 6 CHAPTER 2.
    [Show full text]
  • The 'Blue Bottle' Experiment
    48 The ‘blue bottle’ experiment A colourless solution in a flask is shaken. It turns blue and then gradually back to colourless. The cycle can be repeated many times. Apparatus and chemicals Eye protection • One 1 dm3 conical flask with stopper Access to a nitrogen cylinder (optional) Access to a fume cupboard (optional) The quantities of chemical given are for one demonstration. 8 g of potassium hydroxide (Corrosive) or 6 g of sodium hydroxide (Corrosive) 10 g of glucose (dextrose) 0.05 g of methylene blue (Harmful) 50 cm3 of ethanol (IDA, Industrial Denatured Alcohol) (Highly flammable, Harmful) Technical notes 8 g of potassium hydroxide (Corrosive) or 6 g of sodium hydroxide (Corrosive) Refer to CLEAPSS® Hazcard 91 0.05 g of methylene blue (Harmful) Refer to CLEAPSS® Hazcard 32 Ethanol (IDA, Industrial Denatured Alcohol) (Highly flammable, Harmful) Refer to CLEAPSS® Hazcard 40A Procedure • Health & Safety: Wear safety goggles. Before the demonstration a Make a solution of 0.05 g of methylene blue in 50 cm3 of ethanol (0.1 %). b Weigh 8 g of potassium hydroxide or 6 g of sodium hydroxide into a 1 dm3 conical flask. Add 300 cm3 of water and 10 g of glucose and swirl until the solids are dissolved. Add 5 cm3 of the methylene blue solution. None of the quantities is critical. The resulting blue solution will turn colourless after about one minute. c Stopper the flask. The demonstration Shake the flask vigorously so that air dissolves in the solution. The colour will change to blue. This will fade back to colourless over about 30 seconds.
    [Show full text]
  • Bacterial H2S Oxidation Coupled to the Reduction of Mno2 Studied On
    Bacterial H2S oxidation coupled to the reduction of MnO2 studied on new isolated species of the genus Sulfurimonas Dissertation zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades Doctor rerum naturalium (Dr. rer. nat.) Der Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät Der Universität Rostock Vorgelegt von: Jan Henkel, geb. am 28. Juni 1989 in Fulda aus Rostock Rostock, den ____________________________________ https://doi.org/10.18453/rosdok_id00002580 Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Heide Schulz-Vogt, Leibniz- Institut für Ostseeforschung Warnemünde (IOW), Geomikrobiologie Prof. Dr. Axel Schippers, Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe (BGR), Geochemie der Rohstoffe Jun.-Prof. Dr. Mirko Basen, Universität Rostock, Mikrobielle Physiologie Jahr der Einreichung: 2019 Jahr der Verteidigung: 2019 Content Summary .................................................................................................................................................. I Zusammenfassung ................................................................................................................................. III 1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................................... 1 2 Material and methods ..................................................................................................................... 11 2.1 Preparation of anoxic cultivation medium ............................................................................ 11 2.2 Preparation of stock solutions
    [Show full text]
  • Special Instructions
    Special Instructions Cultivation of Anaerobes The DSMZ holds a large collection of bacteria and archaea that thrive only under anaerobic conditions. In our experience beginners in culturing anaerobes or extremophiles encounter often difficulties in handling these cultures appropriately. This technical information should help everybody who is interested to start working with anaerobes. Please read it carefully, it will answer most frequently asked questions about culturing anaerobes! You will find on this page information to the following topics: General information about anaerobes Recommended vials for culturing strict anaerobes Gassing of media and cultures with oxygen-free gas Preparation of anoxic media buffered with bicarbonate Reducing agents and resazurin Handling of vacuum-dried anaerobic cultures Handling of actively growing anaerobic cultures Literature Notes General information about anaerobes In the broadest sense obligate anaerobes can be defined as microorganisms which are unable to utilize molecular oxygen for growth. A further differentiation is possible based on their relationship to the presence of oxygen. Aerotolerant anaerobes are only slightly inhibited by significant levels of oxygen in the atmosphere. For instance Clostridium intestinale DSM 6191T can grow well on the surface of agar plates incubated in air at atmospheric pressure. The other extreme is represented by strict anaerobes, which die, or immediately stop growing, upon exposure to low levels of oxygen. It is therefore important to retain anoxic conditions during all steps of handling of these microorganisms. Most strict anaerobes require not only the absence of oxygen to initiate growth, but also a redox potential below -300 mV, which can be only achieved by the supplementation of media with reducing agents (see section on Reducing agents and resazurin).
    [Show full text]
  • Guidelines for the Preservation of Raw Milk by Use of the Lactoperoxidase System
    GUIDELINES FOR THE PRESERVATION OF RAW MILK BY USE OF THE LACTOPEROXIDASE SYSTEM CAC/GL 13-1991 INTRODUCTION Milk is an easily perishable raw material. Contaminating bacteria may multiply rapidly and render it unsuitable for processing and/or unfit for human consumption. Bacterial growth can be retarded by refrigeration, thereby slowing down the rate of deterioration. Under certain conditions refrigeration may not be feasible due to economical and/ or technical reasons. Difficulties in applying refrigeration are specially a problem for certain areas in countries setting up or expanding their milk production. In these situations, it would be beneficial to have access to a method, other than refrigeration, for retarding bacterial growth in raw milk during collection and transportation to the dairy processing plant. In 1967 the FAO/WHO Expert Panel on Milk Quality concluded that the use of hydrogen peroxide might be an acceptable alternative in the early stages of development of an organized dairy industry, provided that certain conditions were complied with. However, this method has not achieved any general acceptance as it has several drawbacks, most important of which is the difficulty of controlling its use: it may be misused to disguise milk of basic hygienic quality produced under poor hygienic conditions. The toxicological aspects of the use of relatively high concentrations of hydrogen peroxide in milk have also been questioned. A chemical method for preserving milk would still be of great advantage in certain situations. The search for such a method has therefore continued. Interest has recently been focused on the indigenous antibacterial systems in milk to determine if these could be applied practically to preserve raw milk.
    [Show full text]
  • EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA Free Access to Supportive Pharmacopoeial Texts in the Field of Vaccines for Human Use During the Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Pandemic
    EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA Free access to supportive pharmacopoeial texts in the field of vaccines for human use during the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic Updated package - October 2020 Published in accordance with the Convention on the Elaboration of a European Pharmacopoeia (European Treaty Series No. 50) European Directorate Direction européenne for the Quality de la qualité of Medicines du médicament & HealthCare & soins de santé Council of Europe Strasbourg Free access to supportive pharmacopoeial texts in the field of vaccines for human use during the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic Updated package The EDQM is committed to supporting users during the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic – as well as contributing to the wider global effort to combat the virus – by openly sharing knowledge and providing access to relevant guidance/standards. To support organisations involved in the development, manufacture or testing of COVID-19 vaccines worldwide, many of which are universities and small and medium-sized enterprises, the EDQM is offeringte mporary free access to texts of the European Pharmacopoeia (Ph. Eur.) in the field of vaccines. This package includes quality standards for vaccines which developers can take into account to help build appropriate analytical control strategies for their COVID-19 candidate vaccines and ensure the quality and safety of the final product. Application of such quality requirements may ultimately help to facilitate regulatory acceptance of a subsequent marketing authorisation application. For ease of reading, a summary table listing the pharmacopoeial texts, with information regarding the vaccine types or vaccine platforms concerned (e.g. live attenuated viral vaccine, recombinant viral-vectored vaccines) is provided.
    [Show full text]
  • The Resazurin‐Resorufin System: Insights from a Decade of “Smart”
    Water Resources Research RESEARCH ARTICLE The Resazurin-Resorufin System: Insights From a 10.1029/2018WR023103 Decade of “Smart” Tracer Development for Key Points: Hydrologic Applications • Past applications of resazurin in hydrology on a range of spatial scales Julia L. A. Knapp1,2 , Ricardo González-Pinzón3 , and Roy Haggerty4 are summarized • New developments and challenges 1Center for Applied Geoscience, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany, 2Now at Department of Environmental of the reactive tracer system are 3 outlined Systems Science, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland, Department of Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering, 4 • Details of the resazurin-resorufin University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA, College of Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA “smart” tracer system for the estimation of metabolic activity are presented Abstract The resazurin-resorufin tracer system has been used to quantify surface water-sediment interactions and microbial metabolic activity in stream ecosystems for one decade. This review describes Supporting Information: the evolution of the tracer technique and summarizes how it has been used by the hydrologic and stream • Supporting Information S1 ecology communities. We highlight major hydrologic applications and milestones in the advancement of the • Movie S1 • Data Set S1 reactive tracer system on scales ranging from cells to river reaches and catchments. We discuss the • Data Set S2 advantages and limitations of the resazurin-resorufin system for hydrologic applications and suggest new • Data Set S3 directions of research, including how to address existing knowledge gaps. Beyond the goal of summarizing • Data Set S4 fi fi • Data Set S5 information that is speci c to the development of the resazurin-resoru n system, this review seeks to inform on the development of new “smart” tracer techniques as they, very likely, will face the same or similar challenges and opportunities encountered in the development of the resazurin-resorufin system.
    [Show full text]
  • Resazurin Catalog Number: AR002 Size: 100 Ml
    Resazurin Catalog Number: AR002 Size: 100 mL Specifications and Use Description ♦ Resazurin is a non-toxic, water soluble, redox-sensitive dye that changes from its blue/non-fluorescent state to pink/highly-fluorescent upon reduction to resorufin. Resazurin added to viable cells can become reduced via an as yet unknown mechanism by enzymatic or chemical reactions in the cell. Resazurin can be utilized in a simple and quantitative method for measuring cell proliferation, viability and cytotoxicity. Formulation ♦ Supplied as 100 mL of a ready to use solution in a 0.2 μm filtered, buffered solution. Storage ♦ Light sensitive. Stable at 2° - 8° C for 12 months. Directions for Use ♦ Resazurin may be added at any time during the culture period. For measurement of cell proliferation, it is best to add Resazurin during log phase growth. Aseptically pulse using a volume equal to 10% of the cell culture volume. Return cells to the incubator and continue the incubation for about 4 hours. Incubation times may vary depending on the metabolic rates of the cell lines being tested. ♦ Fluorescence can be read using 544 nm excitation and 590 nm emission wavelength. ♦ Absorbance can be read using a spectrophotometer set at 570 nm. If wavelength correction is available, set to 600 nm. References ♦ Ahmed, S.A. et al. (1994) J. Immunol. Methods 170:211. ♦ Fries, R. and M. Mitsuhashi, (1995) J. Clin. Lab. Anal. 9:89. ♦ O’Brien, J. et al. (2000) Eur. J. Biochem. 267:5421. Typical Data Correlation between Cell Number Correlation between Cell Number and and Absorbance of Resorufin Relative Fluorescence Units of Resorufin 0.5 6000 5000 0.4 (570-600) 4000 0.3 3000 RFU 0.2 2000 0.1 Optical Density Optical 1000 0 0 0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 Cell Number (105) Cell Number (105) Figure 1: Detection of Baf/3 CCR2A Figure 2: Detection of Baf/3 CCR2A cell growth using Resazurin (read in a cell growth using Resazurin (read in a spectrophotometer).
    [Show full text]
  • H: Resazurin Oxidoreductase Activity, Perturbing the NAD(P)H-Based Viability Assays
    Cells 2015, 4, 427-451; doi:10.3390/cells4030427 OPEN ACCESS cells ISSN 2073-4409 www.mdpi.com/journal/cells Article Mitochondrial Impairment May Increase Cellular NAD(P)H: Resazurin Oxidoreductase Activity, Perturbing the NAD(P)H-Based Viability Assays Vasily A. Aleshin 1, Artem V. Artiukhov 1, Henry Oppermann 2, Alexey V. Kazantsev 3, Nikolay V. Lukashev 3 and Victoria I. Bunik 1,4,* 1 Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119234, Russia; E-Mails: [email protected] (V.A.A.); [email protected] (A.V.A.) 2 Neurosurgical clinic and polyclinic, Leipzig University Clinic, Leipzig 04103, Germany; E-Mail: [email protected] 3 Faculty of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119234, Russia; E-Mails: [email protected] (A.V.K.); [email protected] (N.V.L.) 4 A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physicochemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119234, Russia * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: [email protected]; Tel.: +7-495-939-4484. Academic Editor: Ross Grant Received: 14 July 2015 / Accepted: 12 August 2015 / Published: 21 August 2015 Abstract: Cellular NAD(P)H-dependent oxidoreductase activity with artificial dyes (NAD(P)H-OR) is an indicator of viability, as the cellular redox state is important for biosynthesis and antioxidant defense. However, high NAD(P)H due to impaired mitochondrial oxidation, known as reductive stress, should increase NAD(P)H-OR yet perturb viability. To better understand this complex behavior, we assayed NAD(P)H-OR with resazurin (Alamar Blue) in glioblastoma cell lines U87 and T98G, treated with inhibitors of central metabolism, oxythiamin, and phosphonate analogs of 2-oxo acids.
    [Show full text]