Edison, Science and Artefacts
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The Early Years of the Acoustic Phonograph Its Developmental Origins and Fall from Favor 1877-1929
THE EARLY YEARS OF THE ACOUSTIC PHONOGRAPH ITS DEVELOPMENTAL ORIGINS AND FALL FROM FAVOR 1877-1929 by CARL R. MC QUEARY A SENIOR THESIS IN HISTORICAL AMERICAN TECHNOLOGIES Submitted to the General Studies Committee of the College of Arts and Sciences of Texas Tech University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of BACHELOR OF GENERAL STUDIES Approved Accepted Director of General Studies March, 1990 0^ Ac T 3> ^"^^ DEDICATION No. 2) This thesis would not have been possible without the love and support of my wife Laura, who has continued to love me even when I had phonograph parts scattered through out the house. Thanks also to my loving parents, who have always been there for me. The Early Years of the Acoustic Phonograph Its developmental origins and fall from favor 1877-1929 "Mary had a little lamb, its fleece was white as snov^. And everywhere that Mary went, the lamb was sure to go." With the recitation of a child's nursery rhyme, thirty-year- old Thomas Alva Edison ushered in a bright new age--the age of recorded sound. Edison's successful reproduction and recording of the human voice was the end result of countless hours of work on his part and represented the culmination of mankind's attempts, over thousands of years, to capture and reproduce the sounds and rhythms of his own vocal utterances as well as those of his environment. Although the industry that Edison spawned continues to this day, the phonograph is much changed, and little resembles the simple acoustical marvel that Edison created. -
Thomas Edison Vs Nikola Tesla THOMAS EDISON VS NIKOLA TESLA
M C SCIENTIFIC RIVALRIES PHERSON AND SCANDALS In the early 1880s, only a few wealthy people had electric lighting in their homes. Everyone else had to use more dangerous lighting, such as gas lamps. Eager companies wanted to be the first to supply electricity to more Americans. The early providers would set the standards—and reap great profits. Inventor THOMAS EDISON already had a leading role in the industry: he had in- vented the fi rst reliable electrical lightbulb. By 1882 his Edison Electric Light Company was distributing electricity using a system called direct current, or DC. But an inventor named NIKOLA TESLA challenged Edison. Tesla believed that an alternating cur- CURRENTS THE OF rent—or AC—system would be better. With an AC system, one power station could deliver electricity across many miles, compared to only about one mile for DC. Each inventor had his backers. Business tycoon George Westinghouse put his money behind Tesla and built AC power stations. Meanwhile, Edison and his DC backers said that AC could easily electrocute people. Edison believed this risk would sway public opinion toward DC power. The battle over which system would become standard became known as the War of the Currents. This book tells the story of that war and the ways in which both kinds of electric power changed the world. READ ABOUT ALL OF THE OF THE SCIENTIFIC RIVALRIES AND SCANDALS BATTLE OF THE DINOSAUR BONES: Othniel Charles Marsh vs Edward Drinker Cope DECODING OUR DNA: Craig Venter vs the Human Genome Project CURRENTS THE RACE TO DISCOVER THE -
Army Radio Communication in the Great War Keith R Thrower, OBE
Army radio communication in the Great War Keith R Thrower, OBE Introduction Prior to the outbreak of WW1 in August 1914 many of the techniques to be used in later years for radio communications had already been invented, although most were still at an early stage of practical application. Radio transmitters at that time were predominantly using spark discharge from a high voltage induction coil, which created a series of damped oscillations in an associated tuned circuit at the rate of the spark discharge. The transmitted signal was noisy and rich in harmonics and spread widely over the radio spectrum. The ideal transmission was a continuous wave (CW) and there were three methods for producing this: 1. From an HF alternator, the practical design of which was made by the US General Electric engineer Ernst Alexanderson, initially based on a specification by Reginald Fessenden. These alternators were primarily intended for high-power, long-wave transmission and not suitable for use on the battlefield. 2. Arc generator, the practical form of which was invented by Valdemar Poulsen in 1902. Again the transmitters were high power and not suitable for battlefield use. 3. Valve oscillator, which was invented by the German engineer, Alexander Meissner, and patented in April 1913. Several important circuits using valves had been produced by 1914. These include: (a) the heterodyne, an oscillator circuit used to mix with an incoming continuous wave signal and beat it down to an audible note; (b) the detector, to extract the audio signal from the high frequency carrier; (c) the amplifier, both for the incoming high frequency signal and the detected audio or the beat signal from the heterodyne receiver; (d) regenerative feedback from the output of the detector or RF amplifier to its input, which had the effect of sharpening the tuning and increasing the amplification. -
Electret Microphone Replacement for a Carbon Insert
The VMARS Newsletter Issue 29 Electret microphone replacement for a carbon insert Colin Guy G4DDI When I found that I had a dud carbon insert in an H33F/PT handset, and I couldn’t find another insert that fitted (the original is about 1” diameter) I looked around for an alternative. Trevor Sanderson’s excellent article “The RAF Microphone” (Radio Bygones issue 79/80) makes reference to the use of electret inserts with an IC preamplifier in telephones and aircraft headsets, but the information given was too scant to make construction of one of these possible without reference to the IC data sheet, and the IC’s are expensive and difficult to obtain. I had a GPO type 21A insert, but the innards of this when dismantled were still too large to fit into the available space. The H33 handset is very slim, and also virtually solid, so there is very little room in which to place a preamplifier. A dig around on the internet turned up the following article written by F. Hueber, originally published in Elektor Electronics December 1994, and is published here with permission from Elektor Electronics magazine, December 1994, copyright Segment B.V., Beek (Lb.), The Netherlands, www.segment.nl. The original article included a pcb layout, but I built mine on a strip of veroboard four tracks wide by about 2” (see photo) and mounted it on the back of the ptt switch. The electret insert was acquired from a scrap telephone and all the rest of the components from TV panels. To save space the rectifier and R12 weren’t included, care being taken to ensure that the polarity was correct. -
Chakra Healing: a Beginner's Guide to Self-Healing Techniques That
I dedicate this book to my grandmother, Lola Anunciacion Pineda Perlas, who always believed in me. Copyright © 2017 by Althea Press, Berkeley, California No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without the prior written permission of the publisher. Requests to the publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, Althea Press, 918 Parker St., Suite A-12, Berkeley, CA 94710. Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty: The Publisher and the author make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this work and specifically disclaim all warranties, including without limitation warranties of fitness for a particular purpose. No warranty may be created or extended by sales or promotional materials. The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for every situation. This work is sold with the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering medical, legal or other professional advice or services. If professional assistance is required, the services of a competent professional person should be sought. Neither the Publisher nor the author shall be liable for damages arising herefrom. The fact that an individual, organization or website is referred to in this work as a citation and/or potential source of further information does not mean that the author or the Publisher endorses the information the individual, organization or website may provide or recommendations they/it may make. -
Thomas Edison Alexander Graham Bell
The Inventing Game Cut out the images. Cut out the name of the inventor separately. Read out the text as a clue. Can people match the correct name and image? THOMAS EDISON Clue The first great invention developed by (don’t say the name) Thomas Edison was the tin foil phonograph. A prolific producer, Edison is also known for his work with light bulbs, electricity, film and audio devices, and much more. ALEXANDER GRAHAM BELL Clue In 1876, at the age of 29, (don’t say the name) Alexander Graham Bell invented his telephone. Among one of his first innovations after the telephone was the "photophone," a device that enabled sound to be transmitted on a beam of light. GEORGE WASHINGTON CARVER Clue (Don’t say the name) George Washington Carver was an agricultural chemist who invented 300 uses for peanuts and hundreds of more uses for soybeans, pecans, and sweet potatoes. His contributions chang ed the history of agriculture in the south. ELI WHITNEY Clue (Don’t say the name) Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin in 1794. The cotton gin is a machine that separates seeds, hulls, and other unwanted materials from cotton after it has been picked. JOHANNES GUTTENBERG Clue (don’t say the name) Johannes Gutenberg was a German goldsmith and inventor best known for the Gutenberg press, an innovative printing machine that used movable type. JOHN LOGIE BAIRD Clue (don’t say the name) John Logie Baird is remembered as the inventor of mechanical television (an earlier version of television). Baird also patented inventions related to radar and fibre optics. -
Ae Outerbridge, Jr
18 4 ANNUAL REPORT OF BOARD OF MANAGERS. Model of canal boat with screw-propellers; also models of ice-boats and boats with feathering paddle-wheel blades. Models of earliest forms of lattice girder bridges. Sectional model of early beam engine with Watt parallel motion and condenser. Model of locomotive engine, by George Stevenson, I816. Sectional model of side-lever engine. Working models of early forms of stationary engines and locomotives. Models by Eastwick, Harrison, Baldwin, and other inventors, of crank motions and various other portions of engines, such as cylinders, etc. Model of Herman's mechanism for converting rectilinear into rotary motion. Beam engine, by Henry Cartwright, model 1842. Model of first World's Fair premium harrow. Model of Bain's printing telegraph, 1844. Various models and working apparatus of Morse and other inventors in the early history of telegraphy. Model of Oliver Evans's " Oructor Amphibolis." Original Yale lock, 1855. Benjamin Franklin's original electrical machine and various other apparatus used by him. In conclusion, it may be stated that all of the working models have been taken apart, cleaned, repaired by skilled mechanics, and all have been operated. Some of these models are displayed in the Library and lecture-room; many others line the walls of the class-rooms, where they are at all times available for educational purposes. Respectfully submitted, A. E. OUTERBRIDGE, JR., PHILADELPHIA, January 8, 1913. Chairman. REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON MEETINGS. To the President and Members of The Franklin Institute: During the year ending September 30, 1912, nine stated meetings of the Institute were held under arrangements made by the Committee on Meetings, with the co-operation of the Secretary's office. -
The Lost Book on Crystals, Energy, Dowsing-1
“The LOST Book on Psychic Energy, Crystal Energy, Treasure Dowsing, & Psychic Sensitive’s!” I. This book was originally written in 1846 based upon scientific research started in 1841. II. It is a scientific book that proved the concept of vital force. III. It proves scientifically that vital force is directional, and that certain directions are positive for humans and other directions are not positive for humans. IV. At the same time Carl von Reichenbach accidentally proved scientifically the existence of psychics, sensitives, telepathy and clairvoyance. V. He proved scientifically that magnetized water improves health. VI. He proved scientifically, and experimentally how and why “water dowsing” works. VII. He proved scientifically that Mesmerism is a valid psychological tool to train psychics. VIII. He scientifically proven the sun and moon affect humans and humans who are “sensitive” can notice and use that knowledge. © 2012 Dr. John La Tourrette, [email protected], 541-535-3188 The Baron Dr. Carl von Reichenbach Reichenbach was educated at the University of Tübingen, where he obtained the degree of doctor of philosophy. Directing his attention to the application of science to the industrial arts, he established the first modern metallurgical company, with forges of his own in Villingen and Hausach in the Black Forest region of Southern Germany and later in Baden. From 1830 to 1834 he investigated complex products of the distillation of organic substances such as coal and wood tar, discovering a number of valuable hydrocarbon compounds including creosote, paraffin, eupione and phenol (antiseptics), pittacal and cidreret (synthetic dyestuffs), picamar (a perfume base), assamar, capnomor, and others. -
Deathfist Ninja Gkaiser! Episode 1 "Enter the Deathfist Ninja!" By
Deathfist Ninja GKaiser! Episode 1 "Enter the Deathfist Ninja!" By Carey Martell Based on "Deathfist Ninja GKaiser" a webcomic by Carey Martell www.deathfistninjagkaiser.com 2010 Martell Brothers Studios,[email protected] LLC (360)-910-9407 START OF EPISODE 1: "ENTER THE DEATHFIST NINJA!" FADE IN: 1 EXT. TERRORSOFT BUILDING - NIGHT 1 ESTABLISHING SHOT OF A CORPORATE BUILDING IN A METROPOLIS. A CAPTION READS, "NOT SO LONG AGO, IN A WORLD MUCH LIKE OUR OWN..." CUT TO 2 INT. TERRORSOFT BOARD ROOM - DAY 2 WIDE SHOT: DARK SHINOBI is having a meeting with his BOARD MEMBERS for TerrorSoft. They are sitting around a large shiny table. DARK SHINOBI has two BUTTERFLY NINJAS standing next to his sides, guarding him. MEDIUM SHOT: DARK SHINOBI’s hands are folded with all fingers touching. His Nintendo Power Glove is clearly visible. His BOARD MEMBERS are sitting at the table, nervous and frustrated. DARK SHINOBI Thank you, members of the executive board of directors, for agreeing to meet me at this secret off-site location. BOARD MEMBER #1 We did come Bill but.... BUTTERFLY NINJA #1 You will address the Master as, ’DARK SHINOBI’! BOARD MEMBER #1 Er, DARK SHINOBI...before we hear why you have called this meeting we would like to discuss the change of the company name and motto to, ’TerrorSoft: We know everything you did today’. SHOT OF THE TERRORSOFT LOGO BEHIND THE SEATED DARK SHINOBI. BOARD MEMBER #1 (cont’d) These changes took place without the approval of this board! What the hell is going on? (CONTINUED) CONTINUED: 2. -
Energy Medicine in Therapeutics and Human Performance / James L
B UTTERWORTH H EINEMANN An Imprint of Elsevier Science The Curtis Center Independence Square West Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19106 ENERGY MEDICINE IN THERAPEUTICS AND ISBN 0-7506-5400-7 HUMAN PERFOMANCE Copyright © 2003, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Permissions may be sought directly from Elsevier’s Health Sciences Rights Department in Philadelphia, PA, USA: phone: (+1) 215 238 7869, fax: (+1) 215 238 2239, e-mail: [email protected]. You may also complete your request on-line via the Elsevier Science homepage (http://www.elsevier.com), by selecting ‘Customer Support’ and then ‘Obtaining Permissions.’ NOTICE Complementary and alternative medicine is an ever-changing field. Standard safety precautions must be followed, but as new research and clinical experience broaden our knowledge, changes in treatment and drug therapy may become necessary or appropriate. Readers are advised to check the most current product information provided by the manufacturer of each drug to be administered to verify the rec- ommended dose, the method and duration of administration, and contraindications. It is the respon- sibility of the licensed prescriber, relying on experience and knowledge of the patient, to determine dosages and the best treatment for each individual patient. Neither the publisher nor the editors assume any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property arising from this publication. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Oschman, James L. -
Electrical Engineering
SCIENCE MUSEUM SOUTH KENSINGTON HANDBOOK OF THE COLLECTIONS ILLUSTRATING ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING II. RADIO COMMUNICATION By W. T. O'DEA, B.Sc., A.M.I.E.E. Part I.-History and Development Crown Copyright Reseruea LONDON PUBLISHED BY HIS MAJESTY's STATIONERY OFFICI To be purchued directly from H.M. STATIONERY OFFICI at the following addre:11ea Adutral Houae, Kinpway, London, W.C.z; no, George Street, Edinburgh:& York Street, Manchester 1 ; 1, St, Andrew'• Cretccnr, Cudi.lf So, Chichester Street, Belfa1t or through any Booueller 1934 Price 2s. 6d. net CONTENTS PAGB PREFACE 5 ELECTROMAGNETI<: WAVF13 7 DETECTORS - I I EARLY WIRELESS TELEGRAPHY EXPERIMENTS 17 THE DEVELOPMENT OF WIRELESS TELEGRAPHY - 23 THE THERMIONIC vALVE 38 FuRTHER DEVELOPMENTS IN TRANSMISSION 5 I WIRELESS TELEPHONY REcEIVERS 66 TELEVISION (and Picture Telegraphy) 77 MISCELLANEOUS DEVELOPMENTS (Microphones, Loudspeakers, Measure- ment of Wavelength) 83 REFERENCES - 92 INDEX - 93 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS FACING PAGE Fig. I. Brookman's Park twin broadcast transmitters -Frontispiece Fig. 2. Hughes' clockwork transmitter and detector, 1878 8 Fig. 3· Original Hertz Apparatus - Fig. 4· Original Hertz Apparatus - Fig. S· Original Hertz Apparatus - 9 Fig. 6. Oscillators and resonators, 1894- 12 Fig. 7· Lodge coherers, 1889-94 - Fig. 8. Magnetic detectors, 1897, 1902 - Fig. 9· Pedersen tikker, 1901 I3 Fig. IO. Original Fleming diode valves, 1904 - Fig. II. Audion, Lieben-Reisz relay, Pliotron - Fig. IZ. Marconi transmitter and receiver, 1896 Fig. IJ. Lodge-Muirhead and Marconi receivers 17 Fig. 14. Marconi's first tuned transmitter, 1899 Fig. IS. 11 Tune A" coil set, 1900 - 20 Fig. 16. Marconi at Signal Hill, Newfoundland, 1901 Fig. -
The Early Years of the Telephone
©2012 JSR The early years of the telephone The early years of the telephone John S. Reid Before Bell Ask who invented the telephone and most people who have an answer will reply Alexander Graham Bell, and probably clock it up as yet another invention by a Scotsman that was commercialised beyond our borders. Like many one line summaries, this is partly true but it credits to one person much more than he really deserves. Bell didn’t invent the word, he didn’t invent the concept, what ever the patent courts decreed, and actually didn’t invent most of the technology needed to turn the telephone into a business or household reality. He did, though, submit a crucial patent at just the right time in 1876, find backers to develop his concept, promoted his invention vigorously and pursued others through the courts to establish close to a monopoly business that made him and a good many others very well off. So, what is the fuller story of the early years of the telephone? In the 1820s, Charles Wheatstone who would later make a big name for himself as an inventor of telegraphy equipment invented a device he called a ‘telephone’ for transmitting music from one room to the next. It was not electrical but relied on conducting sound through a rod. In the same decade he also invented a device he called a ‘microphone’, for listening to faint sounds, but again it was not electrical. In succeeding decades quite a number of different devices by various inventors were given the name ‘telephone’.