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DIGITAL PHOTO MANIPULATION: a DESCRIPTIVE ANALYSIS of CODES of ETHICS and ETHICAL DECISIONS of PHOTO EDITORS Stephen Edwin Coleman University of Southern Mississippi

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DIGITAL PHOTO MANIPULATION: a DESCRIPTIVE ANALYSIS of CODES of ETHICS and ETHICAL DECISIONS of PHOTO EDITORS Stephen Edwin Coleman University of Southern Mississippi The University of Southern Mississippi The Aquila Digital Community Dissertations Fall 12-2007 DIGITAL PHOTO MANIPULATION: A DESCRIPTIVE ANALYSIS OF CODES OF ETHICS AND ETHICAL DECISIONS OF PHOTO EDITORS Stephen Edwin Coleman University of Southern Mississippi Follow this and additional works at: https://aquila.usm.edu/dissertations Part of the Communication Technology and New Media Commons, Critical and Cultural Studies Commons, Ethics and Political Philosophy Commons, Journalism Studies Commons, Mass Communication Commons, Photography Commons, and the Publishing Commons Recommended Citation Coleman, Stephen Edwin, "DIGITAL PHOTO MANIPULATION: A DESCRIPTIVE ANALYSIS OF CODES OF ETHICS AND ETHICAL DECISIONS OF PHOTO EDITORS" (2007). Dissertations. 1304. https://aquila.usm.edu/dissertations/1304 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by The Aquila Digital Community. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations by an authorized administrator of The Aquila Digital Community. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The University of Southern Mississippi DIGITAL PHOTO MANIPULATION: A DESCRIPTIVE ANALYSIS OF CODES OF ETHICS AND ETHICAL DECISIONS OF PHOTO EDITORS by Stephen Edwin Coleman A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Studies Office of The University of Southern Mississippi in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Approved: December 2007 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. COPYRIGHT BY STEPHEN EDWIN COLEMAN 2007 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. The University of Southern Mississippi DIGITAL PHOTO MANIPULATION: A DESCRIPTIVE ANALYSIS OF CODES OF ETHICS AND ETHICAL DECISIONS OF PHOTO EDITORS by Stephen Edwin Coleman Abstract of a Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Studies Office of The University of Southern Mississippi in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy December 2007 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ABSTRACT DIGITAL PHOTO MANIPULATION: A DESCRIPTIVE ANALYSIS OF CODES OF ETHICS AND ETHICAL DECISIONS OF PHOTO EDITORS by Stephen Edwin Coleman December 2007 “Photography gave the world a lifelike memory. It is especially well suited for journalism, but serves other areas exceptionally well also. Legions of photojoumalists have used the medium with great energy; many also have used it with great thoughtfulness and ethical integrity. The heirs o f earlier photojoumalists continue in their footsteps, taking advantage of the significant improvements in technology to better communicate to readers and with heightened ethical awareness. ” Fred Parrish, 2002 This study examined the decision and thought process photo editors make on handling manipulated images through digital photography. The findings found the practice of editing has not changed, but the way in which editors examine photographs has changed. Computer screens replaced light tables, and computer software replaced photographic loupes. This study examined the code of ethics from various publications, both domestic and foreign locations, finding out if code of ethics for newspapers has been updated to incorporate digital technology. Fifty percent of newspapers examined had a written code of ethics specifically dealing with digital photography. Domestic newspapers exceeded the foreign newspapers on addressing the issue of digital photography usage. ii Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. The research indicated digital technology allows altered images to be produced and published without the photo editor detecting any manipulation. The credibility of the publication may be lost if readers stop believing what is published. Digital technology has created a paradigm shift in photography. The essence of photographing images remains the same, but digital photography technology changed the medium in which images are produced. The study showed technology was the main factor in a paradigm shift. The advancement in technology helped speed the process in getting photographs published in publications. Through printed versions or internet publications digital photograph has allowed for more images reproduced. iii Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The writer would like to thank the dissertation director, Dr. Gene Wiggins, and the other committee members, Dr. Arthur Kaul, Dr. Keith Johnson, Dr Steve Yuen, Dr. Phillip Gentile, and Dr. Marilyn Porciello Ellzey for their advice and expertise throughout the duration of this project. I would especially like to thank Dr. Gene Wiggins for his persistence in making sure I completed my degree. A debt of gratitude is owed to Ed Wheeler, retired photojournalism professor at Southern Miss, for instilling in me the important values of photography. Photojournalism has no boundaries, no finality, and surprises every day. Photography allows me to have fun each and every time I see a scene through a viewfinder. A special thanks go to friends, family, and Southern Miss colleagues for allowing me to pursue my degree and freedom to finish my dissertation. Each one offered valuable information and insightful support. Finally I wish to express my deepest love to my wife Dianne for keeping me on track with my degree when times became tough. Without her drive I would have decided to pursue other avenues. Faith in my ability to finish, and faith in God allowed me to see that education is boundless. To embrace new ideas and thoughts I am able to go anywhere. iv Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT........................................................................................................................ ii-iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS...................................................................................................... iv LIST OF FIGURES........................................................................................................ vii-viii CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION.............................................................................................. 1 II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE........................................................ 3 The Printing Revolution ..................................................................................... 3 The Beginning of Photography ..........................................................................5 The Kodak Moment ............................................................................................7 The Digital Era.................................................................................................... 8 The Shift in Shooting..........................................................................................9 Filmless usage ................................................................................................... 10 Photojoumalistic Usage ....................................................................................14 A History of Manipulation and Ethical Dilemmas .........................................16 Replacing Airbrushing ......................................................................................17 Photographic Fakery.........................................................................................20 Newspapers and Controlling the Scene .......................................................... 24 Magazine Thoughts ...........................................................................................28 Code of Ethics ................................................................................................... 32 Research Questions ...........................................................................................39 III. METHODOLOGY...........................................................................................40 Subjects............................................................................................................. 41 Criteria for data collection ............................................................................... 42 IV. ANALYSIS OF DATA.................................................................................... 44 Pilot Study ......................................................................................................... 44 Main Study ........................................................................................................ 44 Analysis of Research Questions .......................................................................45 Written Code of Ethics ..................................................................................... 45 Following the Code of Ethics ..........................................................................51 Changes in Digital Photography Methods ......................................................55 Credibility of the Newspaper ...........................................................................65 v Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Paradigm Shift in Photojournalism ..................................................................69 V. CONCLUSION AND SUMMARY............................................................................75
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