DOCSLIB.ORG

The Actinide Research Quarterly Guest Editorial Managing and Minimizing Radioactive Waste Continue to Challenge the DOE Complex

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Actinide Research Quarterly Guest Editorial Managing and Minimizing Radioactive Waste Continue to Challenge the DOE Complex Fall 1996 Los Alamos National Laboratory • A U.S. Department of Energy Laboratory The Actinide Research T55A Quarterly o f t h e N u c l e a r M a t e r i a l s T e c h n o l o g y D i v i s i o n In This Issue NMT's Contributions to the Cassini Saturn Mission Follow Division's Space Exploration Tradition 1 NMT's Contributions Some of NMT Division’s handiwork will longer thereafter at reduced levels. For the to the Cassini Saturn be soaring across the solar system on its way Cassini mission, radioisotope thermoelectric Mission Follow to Saturn in the near future. Many NMT generators (RTGs) will provide the electrical Division's Space members, primarily in Actinide Ceramics and energy needed, while lightweight radioisotope Exploration Tradition Fabrication (NMT-9), have produced special heating units (LWRHUs, or RHUs for short), heat and energy sources to help keep things will keep equipment warm enough to 2 running aboard the Cassini orbiter and function. Managing and Huygens probe, which will be launched in Cassini will use three RTGs, which con- Minimizing Radioac- October of 1997 toward the Saturnian system vert thermal energy from plutonium decay tive Waste Continue to explore the gas giant, its mysterious rings, into electrical energy. Each RTG contains 72 to Challenge the DOE and some of its frigid moons. small pellets of plutonium-238 dioxide, each Complex Because Saturn is so far away from the about the size of a marshmallow and weigh- sun, solar rays there are only a small fraction ing 150 grams. Each pellet is encased in many 4 as strong as they are on earth. To gain enough layers of protective materials, and the com- Electrodialysis electrical energy and warmth to operate, plete unit is called a general purpose heat Reduces Waste in the Cassini would need solar panels so large that source (GPHS) module. All together these 72 Treatment of it would be nearly impossible to launch and heat sources put out 4400 watts of thermal Pyrochemical Salt maneuver. Hence, the orbiter and probe must energy at an operating temperature of 1200˚C Residues carry their own thermal and electrical to 1300˚C. Using a set of thermocouples, the generators to run the scientific RTG converts this heat energy to 6 experiments and other equip- about 285 watts of electricity. Volatile Halocarbons ment aboard. A conventional To maintain operating Get the Treatment in battery cannot be used because temperatures, the Cassini a One-Step Process of the mission’s long duration orbiter and Huygens probe and the prohibitive weight will use 157 RHUs distri- 8 of such an energy source. buted in various locations. Researchers Perform Long-lasting energy Each unit contains a Rapid, On-Line, without excess weight 2.7-gram pellet of Elemental Analysis can be provided by PuO2 encased in a Using Laser-Induced the natural radio- platinum- rhodium Plasma active decay of alloy, which, in turn, Spectroscopy plutonium-238. is protected inside a With a half-life graphite shell. This 11 of approximately 87 multilayer casing, as Recent Publications, years, this material Figure 1: 100-watt plutonium-238 heat well as that for the Presentations, and will reliably produce source used in the 1970s space missions. GPHSs, is designed Reports a constant flow of The source is about 250 g and about 3 cm to keep the PuO2 energy for at least 25 in diameter. safely contained 12 years and for even when subjected to NewsMakers accidental continued impacts on page or10 Nuclear Materials Technology Division/Los Alamos National Laboratory 1 The Actinide Research Quarterly Guest Editorial Managing and Minimizing Radioactive Waste Continue to Challenge the DOE Complex Over the past five decades, the Congress high-level wastes at two sites (Savannah River of the United States has promulgated numer- and West Valley) are being vitrified for ous environmental statutes applicable to all eventual geologic disposal. Ongoing environ- sectors of the U.S. economy. In 1969 the mental restoration, decontamination, and National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) decommissioning of DOE facilities coupled initiated revolutionary changes to reduce with future operations within the weapons waste generation and prevent environmental complex, even though they will be limited, are pollution. A series of laws and regulations expected to generate another 78,000 m3 of TRU following NEPA has increased pressure on wastes during the next two decades. Current both industry and the government to be plans are to place all TRU wastes, both contact- responsible managers of the environment. handled and remote-handled, in the WIPP K.K.S. Pillay, After extensive public debate resulted in the facility in Carlsbad, New Mexico, when the Project Leader Nuclear Waste Policy Act of 1982, there have facility becomes available. It is now scheduled for Waste been many positive developments directed at to open in April 1998, almost 19 years after Management, long-term management of radioactive wastes WIPP construction was authorized by the U.S. NMT-DO in the U.S. Although several amendments to Congress. The opening of WIPP is contingent 1982’s landmark legislation have changed the upon DOE receiving EPA’s certificate of scope of the efforts, the ultimate goal conti- compliance and a favorable Resource Conser- nues to be isolation from the biosphere of vation and Recovery Act-related decision by long-lived radioactive nuclides in wastes. the State of New Mexico. Waste management of plutonium (and other Although many programs specifically actinide) processing is a subset of these and address the legacy wastes at the DOE sites, other regulatory requirements. The specific facilities that routinely generate wastes from topic addressed in this editorial is the manage- continued operation have been placed in an ment of primary waste generated from pluto- awkward position. In conformance with all nium processing. applicable mandates from the U.S. Congress During the past 55 years, the plutonium and the President, all federal facilities are inventory in the U.S. increased from half a required to reduce waste generation by 50% by microgram to nearly 400 M tons. The U.S. 1999, using baselines established several years defense sector produced an estimated 111.4 M ago. However, corrective actions mandated by tons of plutonium between 1944 and 1988, and the Defense Nuclear Facilities Safety Board for about 4% of that now exists in numerous safety issues, as well as insufficient financial waste forms. This estimate does not include resources, have limited their ability to comply the plutonium that was released to the envi- with the above laws and regulations in the ronment during nuclear explosions and is now near term. part of the natural background worldwide. It An unexpected new source of TRU wastes is estimated that the 100,000 m3 of transuranic headed for WIPP will result if one of the DOE wastes now stored at six DOE sites contain 3.4 sites declares a large portion of its actinide M tons of plutonium. Approximately 2 M tons residue inventory as waste. The alternatives of plutonium and other actinides are present proposed for managing the plutonium in high-level liquid wastes currently stored at residues at Rocky Flats have a common three DOE sites. A significant positive inven- feature: packaging and shipping from 3.1 M tory difference of nuclear materials within the tons to 6.3 M tons of plutonium from Colorado DOE complex includes an additional 2.8 M to New Mexico in the most expeditious tons of plutonium. At least some of this manner. This approach, if it takes place, will plutonium is likely to end up in transuranic merely transfer the problems of material (TRU) waste streams. The majority of TRU chemistry, confinement, and storage from the wastes is expected to be transferred to the present location to another location outside Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP), and the Colorado. It seems that the only criterion used 2 Nuclear Materials Technology Division/Los Alamos National Laboratory Fall 1996 in developing the strategies is a reduction in pollution prevention through major process the mortgage for on-site storage. The relative changes, resource recovery and recycling, and abundance of plutonium in these residues investments in new technologies. Because the would also pose serious nuclear material DOE was late in adopting the mission of safeguards concerns. The alternatives environmental management, a new strategy “Governments presented by Rocky Flats have the potential to is necessary to hasten progress in waste mini- may regulate, increase the plutonium content of WIPP mization within the DOE weapons complex. wastes by at least 100% (possibly 200%) of the According to recent reports by the General environmental- previous estimates. This dramatic change in Accounting Office and the National Research ists may agitate, the role of WIPP to that of a dump for excess Council, the ambitious plan now pursued by but it is only plutonium has the potential to create addi- DOE for waste minimization and pollution the technology tional problems and delays for opening WIPP. prevention is eclipsed by internal organiza- experts who Although there are large allocations of tional problems and unrealistic expectations. can innovate resources to manage legacy wastes, the An operating facility such as the Plutonium management of newly generated wastes has Processing Facility at Los Alamos must to solve the been relatively neglected in DOE’s planning. comply with all environmental regulations problems The present and future operating plans for and other mandates. However, the Defense of waste plutonium facilities within the DOE complex Program Office of DOE, which uses the generation.” require compliance with all existing environ- facility, has invested very little in new mental regulations and the special regulations technologies needed to meet these mandates.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • 5 Heavy Metals As Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals
    5 Heavy Metals as Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals Cheryl A. Dyer, PHD CONTENTS 1 Introduction 2 Arsenic 3 Cadmium 4 Lead 5 Mercury 6 Uranium 7 Conclusions 1. INTRODUCTION Heavy metals are present in our environment as they formed during the earth’s birth. Their increased dispersal is a function of their usefulness during our growing dependence on industrial modification and manipulation of our environment (1,2). There is no consensus chemical definition of a heavy metal. Within the periodic table, they comprise a block of all the metals in Groups 3–16 that are in periods 4 and greater. These elements acquired the name heavy metals because they all have high densities, >5 g/cm3 (2). Their role as putative endocrine-disrupting chemicals is due to their chemistry and not their density. Their popular use in our industrial world is due to their physical, chemical, or in the case of uranium, radioactive properties. Because of the reactivity of heavy metals, small or trace amounts of elements such as iron, copper, manganese, and zinc are important in biologic processes, but at higher concentrations they often are toxic. Previous studies have demonstrated that some organic molecules, predominantly those containing phenolic or ring structures, may exhibit estrogenic mimicry through actions on the estrogen receptor. These xenoestrogens typically are non-steroidal organic chemicals released into the environment through agricultural spraying, indus- trial activities, urban waste and/or consumer products that include organochlorine pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls, bisphenol A, phthalates, alkylphenols, and parabens (1). This definition of xenoestrogens needs to be extended, as recent investi- gations have yielded the paradoxical observation that heavy metals mimic the biologic From: Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals: From Basic Research to Clinical Practice Edited by: A.
    [Show full text]
  • An Alternate Graphical Representation of Periodic Table of Chemical Elements Mohd Abubakr1, Microsoft India (R&D) Pvt
    An Alternate Graphical Representation of Periodic table of Chemical Elements Mohd Abubakr1, Microsoft India (R&D) Pvt. Ltd, Hyderabad, India. [email protected] Abstract Periodic table of chemical elements symbolizes an elegant graphical representation of symmetry at atomic level and provides an overview on arrangement of electrons. It started merely as tabular representation of chemical elements, later got strengthened with quantum mechanical description of atomic structure and recent studies have revealed that periodic table can be formulated using SO(4,2) SU(2) group. IUPAC, the governing body in Chemistry, doesn‟t approve any periodic table as a standard periodic table. The only specific recommendation provided by IUPAC is that the periodic table should follow the 1 to 18 group numbering. In this technical paper, we describe a new graphical representation of periodic table, referred as „Circular form of Periodic table‟. The advantages of circular form of periodic table over other representations are discussed along with a brief discussion on history of periodic tables. 1. Introduction The profoundness of inherent symmetry in nature can be seen at different depths of atomic scales. Periodic table symbolizes one such elegant symmetry existing within the atomic structure of chemical elements. This so called „symmetry‟ within the atomic structures has been widely studied from different prospects and over the last hundreds years more than 700 different graphical representations of Periodic tables have emerged [1]. Each graphical representation of chemical elements attempted to portray certain symmetries in form of columns, rows, spirals, dimensions etc. Out of all the graphical representations, the rectangular form of periodic table (also referred as Long form of periodic table or Modern periodic table) has gained wide acceptance.
    [Show full text]
  • Tracing Contamination Sources in Soils with Cu and Zn Isotopic Ratios Z Fekiacova, S Cornu, S Pichat
    Tracing contamination sources in soils with Cu and Zn isotopic ratios Z Fekiacova, S Cornu, S Pichat To cite this version: Z Fekiacova, S Cornu, S Pichat. Tracing contamination sources in soils with Cu and Zn isotopic ratios. Science of the Total Environment, Elsevier, 2015, 517, pp.96-105. 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.02.046. hal-01466186 HAL Id: hal-01466186 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01466186 Submitted on 19 Mar 2019 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Tracing contamination sources in soils with Cu and Zn isotopic ratios Fekiacova, Z.1, Cornu, S.1, Pichat, S.2 1 INRA, UR 1119 Géochimie des Sols et des Eaux, F-13100 Aix en Provence, France 2 Laboratoire de Géologie de Lyon (LGL-TPE), Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5276, 69007 Lyon, France Abstract Copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) are naturally present and ubiquitous in soils and are im- portant micronutrients. Human activities contribute to the input of these metals to soils in dif- ferent chemical forms, which can sometimes reach a toxic level for soil organisms and plants. Isotopic signatures could be used to trace sources of anthropogenic Cu and Zn pollution.
    [Show full text]
  • Health Concerns of Heavy Metals (Pb; Cd; Hg) and Metalloids (As)
    Health concerns of the heavy metals and metalloids Chris Cooksey • Toxicity - acute and chronic • Arsenic • Mercury • Lead • Cadmium Toxicity - acute and chronic Acute - LD50 Trevan, J. W., 'The error of determination of toxicity', Proc. Royal Soc., 1927, 101B, 483-514 LD50 (rat, oral) mg/kg CdS 7080 NaCl 3000 As 763 HgCl 210 NaF 52 Tl2SO4 16 NaCN 6.4 HgCl2 1 Hodge and Sterner Scale (1943) Toxicity Commonly used term LD50 (rat, oral) Rating 1 Extremely Toxic <=1 2 Highly Toxic 1 - 50 3 Moderately Toxic 50 - 500 4 Slightly Toxic 500 - 5000 5 Practically Non-toxic 5000 - 15000 6 Relatively Harmless >15000 GHS - CLP LD50 Category <=5 1 Danger 5 - 50 2 Danger 50 - 300 3 Danger 300 - 2000 4 Warning Globally Harmonised System of Classification and Labelling and Packaging of Chemicals CLP-Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 Toxicity - acute and chronic Chronic The long-term effect of sub-lethal exposure • Toxicity - acute and chronic • Arsenic • Mercury • Lead • Cadmium Arsenic • Pesticide o Inheritance powder • Taxidermy • Herbicide o Agent Blue • Pigments • Therapeutic uses Inorganic arsenic poisoning kills by allosteric inhibition of essential metabolic enzymes, leading to death from multi- system organ failure. Arsenicosis - chronic arsenic poisoning. Arsenic LD50 rat oral mg/kg 10000 1000 LD50 100 10 1 Arsine Arsenic acid Trimethylarsine Emerald green ArsenicArsenious trisulfide oxideSodium arsenite MethanearsonicDimethylarsinic acid acid Arsenic poisoning by volatile arsenic compounds from mouldy wall paper in damp rooms • Gmelin (1839) toxic mould gas • Selmi (1874) AsH3 • Basedow (1846) cacodyl oxide • Gosio (1893) alkyl arsine • Biginelli (1893) Et2AsH • Klason (1914) Et2AsO • Challenger (1933) Me3As • McBride & Wolfe (1971) Me2AsH or is it really true ? William R.
    [Show full text]
  • 25 WORDS CHLORINE Chlorine, Cl, Is a Very Poisonous Green Gas That's
    25 WORDS CHLORINE Chlorine, Cl, is a very poisonous green gas that's extremely reactive. It's used for sanitizing, purifying, and was used as a weapon during World War I by the Germans. But in chemistry, it is an oxidizer. Chlorine, Cl, is a green gaseous element with an atomic number of 17. This halogen is a powerful oxidant and used to produce many things, such as cleaning products. Chlorine; it's chemical symbol is Cl. Chloride is abundant in nature and necessary for life but a large amount can cause choking and and poisoning. It's mainly used for water purification but has other uses. Chlorine is a halogen and to test if it has a halogen, we use the Beilstein Copper Wire Test. It is also used to produce safe drinking water. Chlorine, atomic number seventeen, is a halogen that is found in table salt, NaCl, making it essential to life. However, pure chlorine, Cl2, is a poisonous gas, detectable at even 1 ppm. Chlorine, (Symbol Cl), belongs to the halogen family of elements, found in group 17 on the periodic table. Chlorine has an atomic number of 17 and atomic weight of 35.453. Chlorine is the 17th element on the periodic table, and is in the "Halogens" group, which has a tendency to gain one electron to form anions. Its anion can be found commonly in table salt Chlorine (symbolized Cl) is the chemical element with atomic number 17. Clorine is a powerful oxidant and is used in bleaching and disinfectants. It is a pale yellow-green gas that has a specific strong smell.
    [Show full text]
  • Removal of Heavy Metals from Aqueous Solution by Zeolite in Competitive Sorption System
    International Journal of Environmental Science and Development, Vol. 3, No. 4, August 2012 Removal of Heavy Metals from Aqueous Solution by Zeolite in Competitive Sorption System Sabry M. Shaheen, Aly S. Derbalah, and Farahat S. Moghanm rich volcanic rocks (tuff) with fresh water in playa lakes or Abstract—In this study, the sorption behaviour of natural by seawater [5]. (clinoptilolite) zeolites with respect to cadmium (Cd), copper The structures of zeolites consist of three-dimensional (Cu), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb) and zinc (Zn) has been studied in frameworks of SiO and AlO tetrahedra. The aluminum ion order to consider its application to purity metal finishing 4 4 wastewaters. The batch method has been employed, using is small enough to occupy the position in the center of the competitive sorption system with metal concentrations in tetrahedron of four oxygen atoms, and the isomorphous 4+ 3+ solution ranging from 50 to 300 mg/l. The percentage sorption replacement of Si by Al produces a negative charge in and distribution coefficients (Kd) were determined for the the lattice. The net negative charge is balanced by the sorption system as a function of metal concentration. In exchangeable cation (sodium, potassium, or calcium). These addition lability of the sorbed metals was estimated by DTPA cations are exchangeable with certain cations in solutions extraction following their sorption. The results showed that Freundlich model described satisfactorily sorption of all such as lead, cadmium, zinc, and manganese [6]. The fact metals. Zeolite sorbed around 32, 75, 28, 99, and 59 % of the that zeolite exchangeable ions are relatively innocuous added Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn metal concentrations (sodium, calcium, and potassium ions) makes them respectively.
    [Show full text]
  • Driving Halogen Lamps Application Note
    Application Note 1604 Driving Halogen Lamps Abstract: This application note looks at the suitability of the Ultimod wide trim powerMods for applications driving Halogen lamps. An incandescent lamp generates light by heating is that the powerMod will go into a protective a tungsten wire or filament until it glows (at current limit. The characteristics of this current around 2,500 ºC) by passing an electric current limit are shown in Figure 1 below. through it. A halogen lamp is basically a modified version of an incandescent lamp. The difference is that the bulb of a halogen lamp has a small amount of a halogen gas added. The presence of this halogen in the bulb produces a chemical reaction (known as the halogen cycle) that redeposists tungsten evaporated by heating back onto the filament. In a standard incandescent the constant evaporation leads to the eventual failure of the lamp as the filament progressively thins and breaks or “burns out”. Since in a halogen lamp the tungsten is redeposited back on the filament Figure 1 Current Limit Characteristics its lifetime is extended, and it also be heated to a higher temperature (in the region of 3,000 ºC), which increases its efficiency. You can see from Figure 1 that when we increase the load (by reducing the loads The high operational temperature of the filament resistance) and the current increases above the results in a challenge for a constant voltage set current limit of the modules we enter a mode power supplies like the Ultimod due to the of operation known as straight line current different resistance of the tungsten filament limiting where the current is held constant and at room temperature and its resistance at 3,000 the voltage is reduced.
    [Show full text]
  • Heavy Metals Toxicity. Int J Health Sci Res
    International Journal of Health Sciences and Research www.ijhsr.org ISSN: 2249-9571 Review Article Heavy Metals Toxicity Shikha Bathla, Tanu Jain Research Scholar, Department of Food and Nutrition, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana-141004. Corresponding Author: Shikha Bathla Received: 15/02/2016 Revised: 13/04/2016 Accepted: 18/04/2016 ABSTRACT A heavy metal is a member of a loosely defined subset of elements that exhibit metallic properties. It mainly includes the transition metals, some metalloids, lanthanides, and actinides. Many different definitions have been proposed based on density, atomic number or atomic weight, and some on chemical properties. Heavy metal toxicity can result in damaged central nervous function, lower energy levels, and damage to blood composition, lungs, kidneys, liver, and other vital organs. Long- term exposure may result in slowly progressing physical, muscular, and neurological degenerative diseases. Exposure to toxic or heavy metals comes from many sources like in fish, chicken, vegetables, vaccinations, dental fillings and deodorants. Remedies to combat heavy metal toxicity can be to adopt the practice of kitchen gardening and also to ensure plethora supply of antioxidant includes fruits and vegetables in the diet Increase intake of miso soup (made from soya) and garlic and regular exercise and brisk walking. Increase intake of water to detoxify the harmful effect of heavy metals. Use of lead free paints and avoids carrying metal accessories. Key words: heavy metals, lead, selenium, mercury, silicon. INTRODUCTION in body with ligands containing oxygen Metals occurrence in the (OH, -COO,-OPO3H, >C=O) sulphur (-SH, environment has become a concern because -S-S-), and nitrogen (-NH and >NH) and the globe is experiencing a silent epidemic affect the body by interaction with essential of environmental poisoning, from the ever metals, formation of metal protein complex, increasing amounts of metals released into age and stage of development, lifestyle the biosphere.
    [Show full text]
  • Polymorphism, Halogen Bonding, and Chalcogen Bonding in the Diiodine Adducts of 1,3- and 1,4-Dithiane
    molecules Article Polymorphism, Halogen Bonding, and Chalcogen Bonding in the Diiodine Adducts of 1,3- and 1,4-Dithiane Andrew J. Peloquin 1, Srikar Alapati 2, Colin D. McMillen 1, Timothy W. Hanks 2 and William T. Pennington 1,* 1 Department of Chemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA; [email protected] (A.J.P.); [email protected] (C.D.M.) 2 Department of Chemistry, Furman University, Greenville, SC 29613, USA; [email protected] (S.A.); [email protected] (T.W.H.) * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: Through variations in reaction solvent and stoichiometry, a series of S-diiodine adducts of 1,3- and 1,4-dithiane were isolated by direct reaction of the dithianes with molecular diiodine in solution. In the case of 1,3-dithiane, variations in reaction solvent yielded both the equatorial and the axial isomers of S-diiodo-1,3-dithiane, and their solution thermodynamics were further studied via DFT. Additionally, S,S’-bis(diiodo)-1,3-dithiane was also isolated. The 1:1 cocrystal, (1,4-dithiane)·(I2) was further isolated, as well as a new polymorph of S,S’-bis(diiodo)-1,4-dithiane. Each structure showed significant S···I halogen and chalcogen bonding interactions. Further, the product of the diiodine-promoted oxidative addition of acetone to 1,4-dithiane, as well as two new cocrystals of 1,4-dithiane-1,4-dioxide involving hydronium, bromide, and tribromide ions, was isolated. Keywords: crystal engineering; chalcogen bonding; halogen bonding; polymorphism; X-ray diffraction Citation: Peloquin, A.J.; Alapati, S.; McMillen, C.D.; Hanks, T.W.; Pennington, W.T.
    [Show full text]
  • Of the Periodic Table
    of the Periodic Table teacher notes Give your students a visual introduction to the families of the periodic table! This product includes eight mini- posters, one for each of the element families on the main group of the periodic table: Alkali Metals, Alkaline Earth Metals, Boron/Aluminum Group (Icosagens), Carbon Group (Crystallogens), Nitrogen Group (Pnictogens), Oxygen Group (Chalcogens), Halogens, and Noble Gases. The mini-posters give overview information about the family as well as a visual of where on the periodic table the family is located and a diagram of an atom of that family highlighting the number of valence electrons. Also included is the student packet, which is broken into the eight families and asks for specific information that students will find on the mini-posters. The students are also directed to color each family with a specific color on the blank graphic organizer at the end of their packet and they go to the fantastic interactive table at www.periodictable.com to learn even more about the elements in each family. Furthermore, there is a section for students to conduct their own research on the element of hydrogen, which does not belong to a family. When I use this activity, I print two of each mini-poster in color (pages 8 through 15 of this file), laminate them, and lay them on a big table. I have students work in partners to read about each family, one at a time, and complete that section of the student packet (pages 16 through 21 of this file). When they finish, they bring the mini-poster back to the table for another group to use.
    [Show full text]
  • Heavy Metals'' with ``Potentially Toxic Elements'
    It’s Time to Replace the Term “Heavy Metals” with “Potentially Toxic Elements” When Reporting Environmental Research Olivier Pourret, Andrew Hursthouse To cite this version: Olivier Pourret, Andrew Hursthouse. It’s Time to Replace the Term “Heavy Metals” with “Potentially Toxic Elements” When Reporting Environmental Research. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, MDPI, 2019, 16 (22), pp.4446. 10.3390/ijerph16224446. hal-02889766 HAL Id: hal-02889766 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02889766 Submitted on 5 Jul 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Letter It’s Time to Replace the Term “Heavy Metals” with “Potentially Toxic Elements” When Reporting Environmental Research Olivier Pourret 1,* and Andrew Hursthouse 2,* 1 UniLaSalle, AGHYLE, 19 rue Pierre Waguet, 60000 Beauvais, France 2 School of Computing, Engineering & Physical Sciences, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley PA1 2BE, UK * Correspondence: [email protected] (O.P.); [email protected] (A.H.) Received: 28 October 2019; Accepted: 12 November 2019; Published: date Abstract: Even if the Periodic Table of Chemical Elements is relatively well defined, some controversial terms are still in use.
    [Show full text]
  • Novel Thin-Film Polymeric Materials for the Detection of Heavy Metals
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Elsevier - Publisher Connector Available online at www.sciencedirect.com Procedia Engineering 47 ( 2012 ) 322 – 325 Proc. Eurosensors XXVI, September 9-12, 2012, Kraków, Poland Novel Thin-Film Polymeric Materials for the Detection of Heavy Metals H. Ikena, D. Kirsanovb,c, A. Leginb,c and M.J. Schöninga,d,* a Institute of Nano- and Biotechnologies (INB), FH Aachen, Jülich Campus, Germany b Sensor Systems, LLC, St. Petersburg, Russia c Laboratory of Chemical Sensors, St. Petersburg University, St. Petersburg, Russia d Peter Grünberg Institute (PGI-8), Research Centre Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany Abstract A variety of transition metals, e.g., copper, zinc, cadmium, lead, etc. are widely used in industry as components for wires, coatings, alloys, batteries, paints and so on. The inevitable presence of transition metals in industrial processes implies the ambition of developing a proper analytical technique for their adequate monitoring. Most of these elements, especially lead and cadmium, are acutely toxic for biological organisms. Quantitative determination of these metals at low activity levels in different environmental and industrial samples is therefore a vital task. A promising approach to achieve an at-side or on-line monitoring on a miniaturized and cost efficient way is the combination of a common potentiometric sensor array with heavy metal-sensitive thin-film materials, like chalcogenide glasses and polymeric materials, respectively. © 20122012 The Published Authors. by Published Elsevier by Ltd. Elsevier Ltd. Selection and/or peer-review under responsibility of the Symposium Cracoviense Sp. z.o.o.
    [Show full text]