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Heavy Metals Toxicity. Int J Health Sci Res International Journal of Health Sciences and Research www.ijhsr.org ISSN: 2249-9571 Review Article Heavy Metals Toxicity Shikha Bathla, Tanu Jain Research Scholar, Department of Food and Nutrition, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana-141004. Corresponding Author: Shikha Bathla Received: 15/02/2016 Revised: 13/04/2016 Accepted: 18/04/2016 ABSTRACT A heavy metal is a member of a loosely defined subset of elements that exhibit metallic properties. It mainly includes the transition metals, some metalloids, lanthanides, and actinides. Many different definitions have been proposed based on density, atomic number or atomic weight, and some on chemical properties. Heavy metal toxicity can result in damaged central nervous function, lower energy levels, and damage to blood composition, lungs, kidneys, liver, and other vital organs. Long- term exposure may result in slowly progressing physical, muscular, and neurological degenerative diseases. Exposure to toxic or heavy metals comes from many sources like in fish, chicken, vegetables, vaccinations, dental fillings and deodorants. Remedies to combat heavy metal toxicity can be to adopt the practice of kitchen gardening and also to ensure plethora supply of antioxidant includes fruits and vegetables in the diet Increase intake of miso soup (made from soya) and garlic and regular exercise and brisk walking. Increase intake of water to detoxify the harmful effect of heavy metals. Use of lead free paints and avoids carrying metal accessories. Key words: heavy metals, lead, selenium, mercury, silicon. INTRODUCTION in body with ligands containing oxygen Metals occurrence in the (OH, -COO,-OPO3H, >C=O) sulphur (-SH, environment has become a concern because -S-S-), and nitrogen (-NH and >NH) and the globe is experiencing a silent epidemic affect the body by interaction with essential of environmental poisoning, from the ever metals, formation of metal protein complex, increasing amounts of metals released into age and stage of development, lifestyle the biosphere. A heavy metal is a member factors, immune status of the host (Young of a loosely defined subset of elements that 2005; Nolan 2003; Duruibe et al 2007). exhibit metallic properties. Heavy metals Metal toxicity or metal poisoning is are those, which have specific gravity the toxic effect of certain metals in certain (density) of more than 5g/cm3 in their forms and doses on life. Some metals are standard state. It is not that every heavy toxic when they form poisonous soluble metal that is harmful to life. Living compounds. Certain metals have no organisms require varying amounts of biological role, i.e. are not essential "heavy metals”. Iron, cobalt, copper, minerals, or are toxic when in a certain manganese, molybdenum, and zinc are form. In the case of lead, any measurable required by humans. Excessive levels can be amount may have negative health effects damaging to the organism. Heavy metal (CDC 2012). exerts their toxic effect by combining with Indicators of environmental metal one or more reactive groups essential for the pollution. Heavy metals are naturally normal physiological functions. They react occurring elements that are found International Journal of Health Sciences & Research (www.ijhsr.org) 361 Vol.6; Issue: 5; May 2016 throughout the earth’s crust, most I. LEAD environmental contamination and human Global Perspective of Lead Poisoning: exposure result from anthropogenic Over 120 million people are overexposed to activities such as mining and smelting lead all over the world and 99 percent of the operations, industrial production and use, most serious cases are in the developing and domestic and agricultural use of metals world and more than 51.3 per cent of and metal-containing compounds (He et al children in Indian metros below 12 years of 2005; Shallari et al 1998; Paul et al 2012). age have their blood lead levels above 10 Environmental contamination can also occur ug/dl. Lead poisoning (also known as through metal corrosion, atmospheric plumbism, colica Pictonum, saturnism, deposition, soil erosion of metal ions and Devon colic, or painter's colic) is a medical leaching of heavy metals, sediment re- condition in humans and other vertebrates suspension and metal evaporation from caused by increased levels of the heavy water resources to soil and ground water metal lead in the body (Venkatesh et al, (Nriagu 1989). Natural phenomena such as 2009) weathering and volcanic eruptions have also Routes of exposure to lead include been reported to significantly contribute to contaminated air, water, soil, food, and heavy metal pollution (Bradl et al 2002; consumer products. Occupational exposure Shallari et al 1998; Paul et al 2012). is a common cause of lead poisoning in Industrial sources include metal processing adults. According to estimates made by the in refineries, coal burning in power plants, National Institute of Occupational Safety petroleum combustion, nuclear power and Health (NIOSH), more than 3 million stations, and high tension lines, plastics, workers in the United States are potentially textiles, microelectronics, wood exposed to lead in the workplace preservation, and paper processing plants (Staudinger 1998). The main threats of lead (Aruti et al 2010). toxicity to children is lead paint that exists Heavy metals: Any metal (or metalloid) in homes and prevention of lead exposure species may be considered a “contaminant” can range from individual efforts (e.g. if it occurs where it is unwanted, or in a removing lead-containing items such as form or concentration that causes a piping or blinds from the home) to detrimental human or environmental effect. nationwide policies (e.g. laws that ban lead Metals/metalloids include lead (Pb), in products, reduce allowable levels in water cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg), arsenic (As), or soil, or provide for cleanup and chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), selenium (Se), mitigation of contaminated soil, etc.). nickel (Ni), silver (Ag), and zinc (Zn). Other The increased lead in the body can less common metallic contaminants include be detected by the presence of changes in aluminium (Al), cesium (Cs), cobalt (Co), blood cells visible with a microscope and manganese (Mn), molybdenum (Mo), dense lines in the bones of children seen on strontium (Sr), and uranium (U) (Singh et al X-ray, but the main tool for diagnosis is 2011). Factors affecting the thresholds of measurement of the blood lead level. When dietary toxicity of heavy metal in soil-crop blood lead levels are recorded, the results system include the soil type, which includes indicate how much lead is circulating within soil pH, organic matter content, clay mineral the blood stream, not the amount being and other soil chemical and biochemical stored in the body. The Centers for Disease properties; and crop species or cultivars Control (US) has set the standard elevated regulated by genetic basis for heavy metal blood lead level for adults to be 10 (µg/dl) transport and accumulation in plants and of the whole blood. For children the number hence, influencing the thresholds for is set much lower at 5 (µg/dl) of blood as of assessing dietary toxicity of heavy metals in 2012 down from a previous 10 the food chain (Ejaz et al 2007). (µg/dl).Children are especially prone to the International Journal of Health Sciences & Research (www.ijhsr.org) 362 Vol.6; Issue: 5; May 2016 health effects of lead and as a result, blood the extremities. Fatigue, problems with lead levels must be set lower and closely sleep, headaches, stupor, slurred speech, and monitored if contamination is possible. The anemia are also found in chronic lead major treatments are removal of the source poisoning (Pearce 2007, Brunton et al 2007, of lead by chelation therapy (CDC, 2012). Kosnett 2007, Patrick 2006, James et al Classification: The amount of lead in the 2005, Rambousek 2008). blood and tissues, as well as the time and Effects on children: Children are more at course of exposure, determine toxicity. Lead risk for lead poisoning because their smaller poisoning may be acute (from intense bodies are in a continuous state of growth exposure of short duration) or chronic (from and development. Lead is absorbed at a repeat low-level exposure over a prolonged faster rate compared to adults, which causes period), but the latter is much more more physical harm than to older people. common. The signs and symptoms are loss of Acute poisoning: In acute poisoning, appetite, abdominal pain, vomiting, weight typical neurological signs are pain, muscle loss, constipation, anemia, kidney failure, weakness, paraesthesia and, rarely, irritability, lethargy, learning disabilities, symptoms associated with encephalitis and behavioral problems. Slow development (Pearce, 2007). Abdominal pain, nausea, of normal childhood behaviors, such as vomiting, diarrhea, and constipation are talking and use of words, and permanent other acute symptoms. Lead's effects on the mental retardation are both commonly seen mouth include astringency and a metallic (Cleveland et al, Meyer 2003, Bellinger et taste. Gastrointestinal problems, such as al 2008, Merrill et al 2007, Casarett et al constipation, diarrhea, poor appetite, or 2007). weight loss, are common in acute poisoning. Complications: Lead can affects all the Absorption of large amounts of lead over a body's organ but predominantly, the nervous short time can cause shock (insufficient system, then bones and teeth, kidneys, fluid in the circulatory system) due to loss cardiovascular and also reproductive of water from the gastrointestinal tract. system. Hearing loss and tooth decay are Hemolysis (the rupture of red blood cells) also the complications of lead poising. due to acute poisoning can cause anemia However, the health effects experienced by and hemoglobin in the urine. Damage to adults are similar to those in children, kidneys can cause changes in urination such although the thresholds are generally higher as decreased urine output. People who (White et al 2007, Lanphear et al 2007). survive acute poisoning often go on to Renal system: The toxic effect of lead display symptoms of chronic poisoning causes nephropathy and may cause Fanconi (Brunton, 2007).
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