Analisis Tingkat Pengungkapan Laporan Keuangan Pemerintah Daerah

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Analisis Tingkat Pengungkapan Laporan Keuangan Pemerintah Daerah ANALISIS TINGKAT PENGUNGKAPAN LAPORAN KEUANGAN PEMERINTAH DAERAH ( Studi Empiris Pada Pemerintah Kabupaten Tanah Datar, Kota Padang Panjang dan Kabupaten Lima Puluh Kota ) ARTIKEL ILMIAH Diajukan Sebagai Salah Satu Syarat Dalam Memperoleh Gelar Sarjana Ekonomi Di Fakultas Ekonomi Universitas Negeri Padang Oleh: MEDYNATUL 2012/1202602 JURUSAN AKUNTANSI FAKULTAS EKONOMI UNIVERSITAS NEGERI PADANG 2017 Analisis Tingkat Pengungkapan Laporan Keuangan Pemerintah Daerah ( Studi Empiris Pada Pemerintah Kabupaten Tanah Datar, Kota Padang Panjang dan Kabupaten Lima Puluh Kota ) Medynatul Fakultas Ekonomi Universitas Negeri Padang Jl.Prof. Dr. Hamka Kampus Air Tawar Padang Email: [email protected] ABSTRAK Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis tingkat pengungkapan dalam laporan keuangan Pemerintah Daerah terkait dengan opini yang diperoleh dari BPK pada tiga Pemerintah Daerah. Laporan Keuangan Pemerintah Daerah dianalisis mengunakan item pengungkapan yang dikeluarkan PP No.24 Tahun 2005. Jenis penelitian ini adalah kualitatif. Sampel penelitian ini adalah Kabupaten Tanah Datar, Kota Padang Panjang, dan Kabupaten Lima Puluh Kota . Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan menganalisis laporan keuangan ketiga pemerintah daerah pada tahun 2012-2014. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa tingkat pengungkapan Kabupaten Tanah Datar, Kota Padang Panjang, dan Kabupaten Lima Puluh Kota tergolong pada pengungkapan yang cukup luas. Penyajian Laporan Keuangan Kabupaten Tanah Datar, Kota Padang Panjang, dan Kabupaten Lima Puluh Kota mempunyai keunggulan dan kelemahan masing-masing. Kata Kunci: Pengungkapan, Opini ABSTRACT The Purpose of this research is to analyze the disclosure level of local goverment areas. Local Goverment financial statement is anlyzed by using disclosure items released in PP No.24 Year 2005. The type of this research is qualitative research. This research was conductet at Tanah Datar Regency, Padang Panjang City, and Lima Puluh Kota Regency. The research was conducted by analizing the financial statement of these three Local Goverment areas in 2012-2014. The Results of the reseach showed that the disclosure level of Tanah Datar Regency, Padang Panjang City, and Lima Puluh Kota Regency classified as massive disclosures. The financial statement of Tanah Datar Regency, Padang Panjang City, and Lima Puluh Kota Regency have their own strengths and weaknesses. Keyword: Diclosure, Opinion 1. PENDAHULUAN penyajian laporan keuangan. Perkembangan sistem tata Laporan keuangan pada kelola pemerintahan di Indonesia pemerintah daerah dapat mengalami kemajuan yang sangat memberikan informasi yang pesat. Dalam kurun waktu yang digunakan sebagai dasar relatif singkat, pemerintah penyusunan anggaran pada Indonesia telah melewati periode berikutnya, penilaian serangkaian proses reformasi kerja pemerintah dan sebagai alat sektor publik, khususnya pemotivasi. reformasi keuangan daerah. Pada Menurut Bastian (2010:137) dasarnya reformasi keuangan pada tahun 2005, Pemerintah tersebut merupakan suatu berkah Pusat telah menerbitkan Peraturan (blessing in disguised) dari Pemerintah No.24 Tahun 2005 gerakan yang digelorakan pada tentang Standar Akuntansi tahun 1998 setelah Indonesia Pemerintahan. Standar Akuntansi mengalami krisis multidimensi. Pemerintahan tersebut Tonggak sejarah reformasi menggunakan basis kas untuk keuangan daerah ditandai dengan pengakuan transaksi pendapatan, pelaksanaan otonomi daerah dan belanja dan pembiayaan, dan basis desentralisasi fiskal yang dimulai akrual untuk pengakuan asset, 1 Januari 2001. Menurut kewajiban, dan ekuitas dana. Mahmudi (2010:2), tujuan Pengakuan dan pengukuran pelaksanaan otonomi daerah pendapatan dan belanja berbasis tersebut secara umum adalah akrual menurut Pasal 36 ayat (1) untuk meningkatkan kemandirian Undang-Undang Nomor 17 Tahun daerah, memperbaiki transparansi 2003 dilaksanakan paling lambat dan akuntabilitas publik atas 5 (lima) tahun kemudian. Oleh pengelolaan keuangan daerah, karena itu untuk memenuhi meningkatkan responsivitas kewajiban tersebut, pemerintah pemerintah terhadap kebutuhan mengeluarkan Peraturan publik, meningkatkan partisipasi Pemerintah Nomor 71 Tahun publik dalam pembangunan 2010 yang ditetapkan pada daerah, meningkatkan efisiensi tanggal 22 Oktober 2010 dan efektifitas pengelolaan menggantikan Peraturan keuangan dan pelayanan publik, Pemerintah Nomor 24 tahun 2005. serta mendorong pembangunan di Pada penjelasan PP Nomor 71 daerah. Tahun 2010 disebutkan bahwa Pada saat dimulainya lingkup Peraturan Pemerintah ini otonomi daerah tersebut harapan meliputi SAP Berbasis Akrual dan yang muncul adalah pemerintah SAP Berbasis Kas Menuju daerah semakin mandiri dalam Akrual. Penerapan SAP Berbasis pelaksanaan kegiatan Kas Menuju Akrual sebagaimana pemerintahan maupun melakukan tercantum dalam Lampiran II pembangunan di daerah masing- dapat dilaksanakan selama jangka masing, karena setiap daerah waktu 4 (empat) tahun setelah diberi kebebasan dalam hal 1 Tahun Anggaran 2010 yaitu Badan Pemeriksa Keuangan sampai Tahun Anggaran 2014. (BPK) merupakan lembaga yang Dalam Kerangka berwenang melakukan Konseptual Akuntansi pemeriksaan terhadap laporan Pemerintahan Paragraf 24 (PP No. keuangan. Sesuai dengan mandat 71 tahun 2010) menyatakan Undang-Undang Nomor 15 Tahun bahwa laporan keuangan disusun 2004 tentang Pemeriksaan untuk menyediakan informasi Pengelolaan dan Tanggung Jawab yang relevan mengenai posisi Keuangan Negara, Badan keuangan dan seluruh transaksi Pemeriksa Keuangan (BPK) oleh suatu entitas pelaporan dalam antara lain melakukan satu periode pelaporan. Salah satu pemeriksaan keuangan. prinsip akuntansi dan pelaporan Pemeriksaan atas laporan keuangan adalah pengungkapan keuangan dilakukan dalam rangka lengkap (full disclosure). Prinsip memberikan pendapat/opini atas ini mengharapkan agar laporan kewajaran informasi keuangan keuangan menyajikan secara yang disajikan dalam laporan lengkap informasi yang keuangan. Pemberian opini dibutuhkan oleh pengguna. tersebut didasarkan atas kriteria Informasi yang dibutuhkan oleh menurut Undang-Undang Nomor pengguna laporan keuangan dapat 15 Tahun 2004 Penjelasan Pasal ditempatkan pada lembar muka 16 ayat (1) yang menyatakan (on the face) laporan keuangan bahwa opini merupakan atau Catatan atas Laporan pernyataan profesional pemeriksa Keuangan. mengenai kewajaran informasi Menurut PSAP Nomor 1 keuangan yang disajikan dalam Paragraf 24 menyatakan bahwa laporan keuangan yang didasarkan entitas pelaporan mengungkapkan pada kriteria (a) kesesuaian informasi tentang ketaatan dengan standar akuntansi terhadap anggaran. Begitu pula pemerintahan, (b) kecukupan dalam paragraf-paragraf pengungkapan (adequate selanjutnya yang menjelaskan disclosures), (c) kepatuhan pentingnya pengungkapan semua terhadap peraturan perundang- informasi keuangan yang undangan, dan (d) efektivitas dibutuhkan pengguna, sebab hal sistem pengendalian intern (SPI). ini untuk menghindari adanya Salah satu kriteria kekeliruan dan kesalah pahaman pemeriksaan atas laporan dalam membaca laporan. Dengan keuangan, yang dilakukan dalam demikian, adanya pemenuhan atas rangka memberikan pendapat/ pengungkapan akan berguna dan opini atas kewajaran informasi memudahkan pengguna laporan keuangan, yang disajikan dalam dalam memahami laporan laporan keuangan salah satunya keuangan dan menjadi salah satu berdasarkan pada pengungkapan kriteria penentuan opini dari audit yang lengkap (full disclosure). BPK atas Laporan keuangan. Oleh karena itu pengungkapan ( disclosure) merupakan hal yang 2 sangat penting dalam pemeriksaan diberikan oleh BPK. Penelitian untuk mengeluarkan opini atas juga dilakukan oleh Arfiah (2014) laporan keuangan tersebut. mengenai Analisis Tingkat Penelitian ini penting dilakukan Disclosure Laporan Keuangan sebagai upaya perbaikan laporan Pemerintah Daerah (Studi Kasus keuangan pemerintah untuk pada Pemerintah Kabupaten mencapai target pemerintah, Pasaman Barat). Dimana hasil bahwa pada tahun 2015 opini penelitiannya menunjukkan opini WTP harus mencapai 60%. tidak tergantung kepada tingkat Penelitian ini juga diharapkan Disclosure Laporan Keuangan mampu memberi kontribusi yang diperoleh oleh Kabupaten kepada masyarakat yang Pasaman Barat . membutuhkan informasi dan sadar Masih adanya pertentangan akan kebutuhan akuntabilitas dan atas hasil penelitian, dan adanya transparansi melalui bentuk ketidak konsistenan hasil atas penilaian dan evaluasi atas faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi pengungkapan wajib yang termasuk hubungannya dengan dilakukan pemerintah daerah. hasil opini audit, membuat penulis Penelitian ini menarik dilakukan tertarik melakukan analisis karena masih jarangnya penelitian mengenai apakah ada keterkaitan yang membuktikan adanya antara tingkat pengungkapan pengaruh pengungkapan laporan laporan keuangan terkait dengan keuangan di sektor pemerintah Perolehan Opini Audit dari BPK terhadap opini karena terbatasnya suatu Pemerintah Daerah informasi dan data dari khususnya di wilayah Sumatera pemerintah yang sulit diakses Barat. publik, dan cenderung rahasia. Secara umum akuntabilitas Penelitian ini juga berupaya pengelolaan keuangan daerah di mengembangkan dan memberi Sumatera Barat semakin membaik jawaban atas adanya ketidak dari tahun ke tahun ditandai konsistenan hasil penelitian dengan turunnya jumlah pemda terdahulu. Penelitian Adhriani yang mendapat opini “Wajar (2014) menunjukan tidak terdapat Dengan Pengecualian” dari 13 kaitan antara tingkat (tiga belas) pemda pada tahun pengungkapan Laporan Keuangan 2013 menjadi 11 (sebelas) pemda Pemerintah Daerah Kabupaten di
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