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Efisiensi Pemasaran Gambir Di Kabupaten Lima Puluh Kota, Sumatera Barat

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Efisiensi Pemasaran Gambir Di Kabupaten Lima Puluh Kota, Sumatera Barat EfISIENSI PEMASARAN GAMBIR DI Kabupaten LIMA PULUH Kota, Sumatera Barat Marketing Efficiency of Gambier inLima Puluh Kota Regency, West Sumatera Amelira Haris Nasution 1, Ratna Winandi Asmarantaka2) dan Lukman M Baga2) 1,2Jalan Kamper, Wing 4 Level 5 Kampus IPB Dramaga, Bogor, Indonesia 16680 email : [email protected] Naskah diterima: 08/05/2015 Naskah direvisi: 22/06/2015 Disetujui diterbitkan: 06/08/2015 Abstrak Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis efisiensi pemasaran gambir di Kabupaten Lima Puluh Kota, Sumatera Barat dengan menggunakan analisis efisiensi operasional dan efisiensi harga. Penentuan responden petani dipilih dengan menggunakan metode purposive sampling, dan responden pedagang dipilih dengan snowball sampling. Data primer digunakan untuk melakukan analisis efisiensi operasional, sedangkan data sekundertime series bulanan dalam periode 2004 – 2014 digunakan untuk analisis efisiensi harga. Berdasarkan analisis efisiensi operasional terbukti bahwa saluran pemasaran yang terbentuk belum efisien akibat posisi tawar petani yang rendah. Dengan analisis efisiensi harga terungkap bahwa dalam jangka pendek, pasar gambir di tingkat petani tidak terintegrasi dengan pedagang besar dan ekportir, dan dalam jangka panjang pasar gambir di tingkat pedagang besar berkorelasi dengan eksportir namun tidak terintegrasi. Korelasi ini mengindikasikan adanya kolusi antara pedagang besar dan eksportir. Oleh karena itu, peran pemerintah diperlukan, terutama untuk mengoptimalkan regulasi pasar gambir yang ada dan meningkatkan peran kelembagaan petani. Kebijakan perbaikan akses informasi pasar dan ekspor gambir akan mampu menciptakan pemasaran gambir yang berpihak pada petani gambir. Kata kunci : Gambir, Efisiensi Operasional, Efisiensi Harga. Abstract This study aims at analyzing the market efficiency of gambier in Lima Puluh Kota Regency, West Sumatera using analysis of operational and price efficiency. Farmers were chosen using purposive sampling method and middlemen were selected using snowball sampling method. Primary data were used for the operational efficiency analysis, and secondary data which was monthly time series data from 2004 to 2014 were utilized for the price efficiency analysis. Based on the operational efficiency analysis, it was proven that the marketing channels had been inefficient because the bargaining power of farmers was weak. By using the price efficiency analysis, it showed that in the short run, gambier market in the farm level was not integrated with the middlemen and exporter levels, whereas in the long run, gambier market in middlemen level had corellation with the exporter level but they had not been integrated. This corellation indicated that there was a collusion between the middlemen and the exporters. Therefore, the role of government is needed to maximize the regulation of gambier market and to increase the role of farmer institutions. This can be done by improving the market access information and gambier export policy to create marketing which supports the gambier farmers. Keyword: Gambier, Operational Efficiency, Price Efficiency JEL Classification: D43, L13, Q02, Q13 Efisiensi Pemasaran Gambir di Kabupaten Lima Puluh Kota..., Amelira Haris Nasution, Ratna W. Asmarantara, Lukman M. Baga 221 PENDAHULUAN setiap tahunnya yaitu India, Pakistan, Gambir adalah salah satu Bangladesh dan Singapura (Trade komoditas perkebunan rakyat dan Map, 2014). menjadi komoditas ekspor Indonesia Produksi gambir nasional dihasilkan yang diperoleh dari pengempaan daun dari empat provinsi sentra penghasil dan ranting tanaman Uncaria gambier gambir, yaitu Sumatera Barat, Sumatera (hunt) roxb. Ekstrak gambir memiliki Utara, Riau, dan Sumatera Selatan. kandungan senyawa polifenol berupa Diantara keempat provinsi tersebut katekin dan tanin. Kedua kandungan Sumatera Barat merupakan sentra inilah yang kemudian memberikan nilai gambir terbesar dan mampu memasok ekonomi karena dimanfaatkan sebagai 80% hingga 90% dari total produksi bahan baku industri farmasi seperti gambir nasional. Bahkan menurut data pasta gigi, kosmetik, penyamakan kulit, BPS (2013) dalam rentang 2010 hingga pewarna, dan bahan industri makanan. 2013 kuantitas ekspor dan nilai ekspor Indonesia menempati posisi yang gambir Sumatera Barat cenderung sangat penting sebagai produsen meningkat. Oleh karena itu, Sumatera gambir terbesar, dengan memasok 80% Barat diposisikan sebagai barometer kebutuhan gambir dunia (Adi, 2011). gambir nasional (Sa’id, 2010). Keunggulan komparatif yang dimiliki Di Provinsi Sumatera Barat terdapat Indonesia berupa kecocokan iklim dan 2 daerah terpenting penghasil gambir topografi yang sesuai dengan budidaya yaitu Kabupaten Lima Puluh Kota dan gambir memberikan efek positif terhadap Kabupaten Pesisir Selatan. Kabupaten produksi dan ekspor gambir setiap Lima Puluh Kota merupakan penghasil tahunnya, sehingga Indonesia menjadi gambir terbesar daerah ini, yang tahun pemasok utama gambir dunia. 2013 mampu memasok 69.75% dari Berdasarkan data Trade Map total produksi gambir Sumatera Barat tahun 2014 dengan HS 320190100 (BPS, 2014). Gambier dan 3201901000 Gambier, Memiliki posisi sebagai negara tren perkembangan ekspor gambir penghasil terbesar gambir dunia, Indonesia pada tahun 2011 hingga Indonesia diharapkan mampu 2012 cenderung meningkat dengan laju meningkatkan kesejahteraan petani pertumbuhan sebesar 2.35%. Indonesia gambir. Posisi Indonesia yang bisa memiliki 17 negara tujuan ekspor yaitu menjadi pemegang kendali dengan India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Singapura, keunggulan komparatif sebagai Jepang, Malaysia, Vietnam, Korea penghasil gambir terbesar di dunia Selatan, Nepal, Turki, Srilanka, China, memungkinkan untuk itu. Oleh Saudi Arabia, Taipei, Uni Emirat Arab, karena itu, secara normatif Indonesia Thailand, dan Amerika Serikat. Diantara seharusnya bisa menjadi pelaku 17 negara tersebut, terdapat 4 negara monopoli dalam pemasaran gambir. tujuan utama ekspor gambir Indonesia Akan tetapi, harapan tersebut ternyata dengan kuantitas lebih dari 100 ton belum menjadi kenyataan. Adanya 222 Buletin Ilmiah Litbang Perdagangan, VOL.9 NO.2, DESEMBER 2015 paradoks posisi gambir Indonesia yang kegiatan pengembangan gambir (Evalia mendunia, justru belum dinikmati petani et al. 2012). Terlebih lagi informasi harga gambir Indonesia sebagai produsen internasional cenderung tidak dapat utama gambir. Hal itu terjadi antar lain diperoleh pada lembaga pemerintahan akibat sistem budidaya yang masih terkait seperti halnya komoditas konvensional, lemahnya agroindustri unggulan nasional (cacao dan kelapa pengolahan gambir, buruknya peran sawit) karena posisi gambir yang kelembagaan tingkat petani, dan tidak bukan merupakan komoditas unggulan efisiennya pemasaran gambir (Afrizal, nasional. Tertutupnya informasi harga 2009; Adi, 2011; Elida, 2011). Bahkan gambir tersebut menyebabkan lemahnya menurut Idrus (2012), sektor agroindustri bargaining power petani gambir dan gambir tidak mengalami perkembangan menempatkan petani gambir sebagai yang berarti, walaupun tren luas lahan price taker dalam sistem pemasaran dan produksi gambir sebagai komoditas gambir. unggulan akan terus meningkat hingga Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk tahun 2016. menganalisis efisiensi pemasaran Disisi lain, mekanisme pembentukan gambir dengan menggunakan analisis harga gambir hingga saat ini masih efisiensi operasional dan analisis berdasarkan harga yang ditentukan efisiensi harga sebagaimana yang oleh eksportir dan importir gambir. dianjurkan oleh Kohl & Uhl (2002) Afrizal (2009) menyebutkan eksportir dan Asmarantaka (2012). Analisis merupakan lembaga pemasaran yang efisiensi operasional dilakukan bertindak sebagai penentu harga dengan menggunakan analisis margin gambir, dengan kecenderungan pemasaran dan farmer share, sedangkan informasi harga di tingkat eksportir/ analisia efisiensi harga dilakukan importir yang tertutup sehingga dengan menggunakan analisis integrasi perubahan harga gambir menimbulkan pasar gambir. Diharapkan dengan ketidakpastian bagi petani. Meskipun adanya informasi ini akan berkontribusi harga gambir menurut BAPPENAS dan terhadap alternatif kebijakan dalam GIZ (2013) mengindikasikan meningkat pengembangan gambir, khususnya dari waktu ke waktu, yang rata-rata dalam pemasaran gambir. selama periode 2001-2010 sebesar 4,94% pertahun, namun peningkatan METODE tersebut cenderung tidak dirasakan Penelitian dilakukan di Kecamatan petani. Hal ini memperkuat dugaan Mungka dan Kecamatan Harau, bahwa sistem pemasaran gambir tidak Kabupaten Lima Puluh Kota, Sumatera efisien, akibat harga ditingkat eksportir Barat. Pengumpulan data dilaksanakan tidak terintegrasi dengan harga ditingkat pada bulan Desember 2014 hingga petani. Selain itu, tidak diketahuinya Januari 2015. harga riil di pasar internasional juga Penelitian ini menggunakan data menjadi salah satu permasalahan dalam primer dan data sekunder. Data primer Efisiensi Pemasaran Gambir di Kabupaten Lima Puluh Kota..., Amelira Haris Nasution, Ratna W. Asmarantara, Lukman M. Baga 223 dikumpulkan dengan menggunakan 1. Analisis Margin Pemasaran metode survei melalui wawancara Margin pemasaran digunakan langsung dengan petani sebayak 32 untuk menganalisis sistem pemasaran orang dan pedagang gambir sebanyak dalam perspektif makro, yaitu 13 orang. Pengumpulan data primer menganalisis pemasaran produk mulai ini menggunakan daftar pertanyaan dari petani produsen sampai ke tangan berupa kuisioner. Pengumpulan konsumen akhir. Dari perseptif mikro data sekunder diperoleh melalui atau perusahaan tertentu, margin penelusuran
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