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Of the Cross Lake Fust Nation: Ikvdopment of the Harvest Study Questionnaire

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Of the Cross Lake Fust Nation: Ikvdopment of the Harvest Study Questionnaire Quantifying the Subsistence Harvest of the Cross Lake Fust Nation: Ikvdopment of the Harvest Study Questionnaire by Kevin Warkentin A Practicum Subrnitted in Partiai Fuifiilment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Natural Resource Management Natu rd Resou rces In stitu te The University of Manitoba Winnipeg, Manitoba - July 1995 National Libmry Bibliothèque nationale 1+m of ,nad, du Canada Acquisitions and Acquisitions et Bibliographie Sewices seMces bibliographiques 395 Wellingtori Street 395. rue Wellington OttawaON KlAON4 OitawaON KiA ON4 canada Canada The author has granted a non- L'auteur a accordé une licence non exclusive licence allowing the exclusive permettant à la National Library of Canada to Bibliothèque nationale du Canada de reproduce, loan, distribute or sell reproduire, prêter, distribuer ou copies of ths thesis in microfom, vendre des copies de cette thèse sous paper or electronic formats. la fome de microfiche/fh, de reproduction sur papier ou sur format électronique. The author retains ownership of the L'auteur conserve la propriété du copyright in this thesis. Neither the droit d'auteur qui protège cette thèse. thesis nor substantial extracts fiom it Ni la thèse ni des extraits substantiels may be printed or otherwise de celle-ci ne doivent être imprimés reproduced without the author's ou autrement reproduits sans son permission. autorisation. QUANTMG TRF SUBSZSlENCE E4RVEST OF TBE CROSS LAKE FIRST NAï7ON: DEVELOPMENT OF TRE &ARVEST SrnY QUESmONNAIm A practr'cum submrmrnedto the Faculry of Graduate Studies of the UnivemTS1ty of Manitoba in pamSaifiijiIment of the requirements of the &gree of Maner of Natal Resources Mmgement. Permission habeen gmnted to the LIBRARY OF THE IIIMIIERSTTY OF M@LTOBA to lend or sell copies of this practicum, to the NAZONRC DRARY OF CANiWA tu microfilm th& practicum and to Iend or sell copies of the film,and UMERS~MICRO~Sto pdlish an abstract of this practrCtrcwn. The author reserves other publicaiion righrs. and neirher the practrCtrctun nor extensive extracts from if may be prinîed or othemse reproduced withorct the oufhor 's permission. ABSTRACT This pcacticum was carrieû out as pan of the CmLake Karvest and Consumption Sdysponsd by the Cross Lake Fit Nation, Manitoba Kydro and the Govemment of Manitoba. It documents the developrnent of a questionnaire design& to quantify the 1993/94 annuai subsistence harvest of fish and wildlife by the Cross Lake First Nation. The questionnaire was adapted from one us& in a previous mdy in the Mushkegowuk Region of Noxthem Ontario. ki order to make the questionnaire pertinent to the harvesting practices of the Cross Lake Fint Nation, a species list and seasonal harvest cycle were developed, and the boundanes of the harvest area were defineci. This information was gathered hmkey comrnunity informants pnor to the devefopment of the questionnaire, and during training and pretes~gof draft questionnaires. Infamants identified 39 subsistace rpecies harvested, and divided the year into three seasons: summerffall (My 1 to kzeup), winter (fieezeup to breakup) and spnng (breakup to Iune 30). The harvest area rnatched the area covered by the Cross Lake Resource Area/Registered Trapiine - The basic unit of study used was the household. This caused some problems with the administration of the questionnaire because of the difficulty of accounting for the harvests of ail members of a howhold. A stratified sampling design was ualized in the dection of participants for the snidy, in which households were categorized on the buis of the time and effort put into hameshg by the most productive hamester in me househ01d. The categories used were: intensive (spends a month or more at a time in the bush), active (spends a week or more at a time in the bush), occasional (spends a day or -1- weekend at a time in the bush) and non-hunter. A 100% sample was sought from the intensive category, wfiile the active, occasional and non-hunter categories were randomly sampled at levels of 60 % , 40 % and 20 46, respectively. Common deficiencies in previous harvest studies were addresseci through the use of spdc methods designeci to reduce the effeco of Rsponse bias (intentional or inadvertent misrepresentation of harvests), non-response bias (the hmests of those not participating in the swey may be significantly different hmthose of respondents) and double countiag (shared species, e.0. moose, is repofied by more than one respondent). The deveiopment of a ciar and concise questionnaire focusing on the most reazntiy cornplefed harvest cycle, the use of Iocdly respect& interviewers, an emphasis on comrnunity ownenhip and long terrn resourœ management, and the stratified sampling design were rneant to address these deficiencies. CommWUty input also identifie. a possible gap in the harvest dara obtained by the questionnaire. This gap was chat fish harvested under the Cross Lake Domestic Fishing Program @FP) wouid not be reported in the questionnaire due to the commercial nature of DFP hamests. The DFP brought a total of 209,783 pounds of fish into Cross Lake during the stmmer/fall 1993 to spring 1994 harvest cycle, representing an estimateci 20,896 iake whitefish, 8,636 waileye. 9,864northern pike and 6,844coarse fish. These figures nprc~entthe amount of fish which must be added to those reportexi in the harvest smdy inumkws in orda CO detwnine the full extent of the amount of local food avaiiable to the population of Cross Lake for the sumrner/fall 1993 to spring 1994 hmest cycle. First and foremost, I would like to thank the people of Cross Lake for their assistance and participation in this nsearch. In partïcular, 1 would Nce to acknowledge the contributions of George Paupanekis, Darwin Paupanekis, Rita Monias, Nelson Miller, Donald McKay, Gordon McKay, Harvey Blacksmith, Earl Scott, Peny Ross and Peter John Balmw in the deveiopmmt of the questionnaire and for their work as interviewers. 1 would aiso Iike to thank Nïck Halcrow and Glen Smith for providing information ~gardingthe Domestic Fishing Prograrn. Second, 1 would like to thank my advisor and cornmittee memben for their support and assistance: Dr. Filcet Berkes (NRI, advisor), Prof. Thomas Henley (NRI), Prof. Ruth Diamant (U of M, Foods and Nutrition) and Dr. R.A. @rew) Bodaly (Freshwater Institute). Their input over the course of the last two years was appreciated and wntributed greacly to the document before you. 1 would like to thank "Doc", "Li'l Joe" and "The Kid" for making it a lot easier to get up every morning to corne to school. Finaily, 1 would like to thanY my wife, Kim, whose support, both moral and -. financial, gave me the opportunity and encouragement necessary to pet through this stage of my life. -lu-..* TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract ................................................ i ... Acknowledgements ........................................ m List of Tables ............................................ vii ... ListofFigures ........................................... "11 Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Preamble ........................................ 1 1.2 Background ....................................... 1 1.3 Issue Statement .................................... 3 1.4 Objectives ........................................ 4 1.5 Brief Statement of Methods ............................. 4 1.6 Dennition of Tems .................................. 5 Chapter 2 LITEXAURE REVIE'W Cross Lake and Hydroelecaic Development .................. 9 2.1.1 The Cross Lake Comrnunity ......A ............... 9 2.1.2 The Jenpeg Dam and Lake Winnipeg Rqulation ........ 12 2.1.3 ER'on the Cross Lake Water Regime ............. 14 2.1.4 Access ................................... 19 2.1.5 Cross Lake Fish Populations ..................... 20 2.1.6 Cross Lake Commercial Fishery ................... 22 2.1.7 Cross Lake Subsistence Fishery ................... 24 2.1.8 The Northern Flood Agreement ................... 26 2.1 -9 The Cross Lake Outlet Weir ..................... 27 2.2 Native &est Surveys .............................. 31 2.2.1 Previous Studies in Cross Lake ................... 32 2.2.2 Methodoiogy for Native -est Surveys ............. 37 2.2.3 ~eCurrentCmssLake&KvestSwey.............. 42 2.3 Subsistace Econorny ................................ 43 2.3.1 SubUstenœHarveStingand Lod Diet ............... 44 2.3.2 Resource Rarvesting and Traditional Ecological Knowledge . 45 2.4 Summary and Conclusions ............................ 47 Chapter 3 METIlODS 3.1 Introduction ...................................... 48 3.2 Subsistence Species List .............................. 49 3.3 Seasonal Cyde .................................... 50 3.5 Training and Pretesting .............................. 51 3.6 Stratified Sampling Design ............................ 52 Chapter 4 DEVELOPING THE QUESTlONNAIRE 4.1 Introduction ...................................... 55 4.2 Species List ...................................... 55 4.3 Seasonai Cycle .................................... 58 4.5 Training and Pretesting .............................. 62 4.6 Stratifieci Sarnpling Design ............................ 65 Chapter 5 TEE CROSS LAKE DOMESTIC RSHING PROGRAM (DFP) 5.1 Introduction ...................................... 67 5.2 DFP Harvests .................................... 68 5.2.1 Potentiai Waste andor Spoilage ................... 70 5.2.2 Calculating the Number of Fish Hamesteci ............ 72 Chapter 6 DISCUSSION 6.2 The Use of TEK and Community Input .................... 74 6.3 Deating with Bias and Other Hanest SRidy Problems ..........
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