I
SURFACE MOVEMENTS IN CANADIAN ARCTIC WATERS
WITH SOME ACCOMPANYING TEMPERATURE
AND SALINI'FY OBSERVAlilONS
by R.H. Herlinveaux
ENVIRONMENT CANADA Fisheries and Marine Service Marine Sciences Directorate Pacific Region 1230 Government St. S.c. Victoria t MARINE SCIENCES DIRECTORATE, PACIFIC REGION
PACIFIC MARINE SCIENCE REPORT
SURFACE MOVEMENTS IN CANADIAN ARCTIC WATERS WITH SOME
ACCOMPANYING TEMPERATURE AND SALINITY OBSERVATIONS
by
R. H. Her1inveaux
Victoria, B. C. Marine Sciences Directorate, Pacific Region Environment Canada February, 1974 This is a. manuscript which has received only limited circulation. On citing this report in a bibliography, the title should be followed by the words "UNPUBLISHED
MANUSCRIPT" which is in accordance with accepted bib liographic custom. - 1 -
SURFACE MOVEMENTS IN CANADIAN ARCTIC WATERS WITH SOME
ACCOMPANYING TEMPERATURE AND SALINITY OBSERVATIONS
INTRODUCTION
Since 1949, the Pacific Oceanographic Group (formerly a part of Fisheries Research Board, now part of the Marine Sciences
Directorate), in conjunction with the Pacific Naval Laboratory
(now Defence Research Establishment, Pacific DREP) of the
Defence Research Board, has been interested and active in Arctic oceanographic research. Most of the research involved a study of acoustic conditions in the Canadian Arctic and its approaches.
As a byproduct of these studies, surface-water- movement obser vations were carried out whenever the opportunity arose.
Interest in surface water movements over the last few years has been due to the development of resources, especially petroleum resources, in the Arctic and has resulted in an in crease in interest, making desirable that all the data collected be assembled into a single report. The observations were time series varying from a few hours to several days. The position numbers of these observations are shown in Figure 1.
The following methods were used to observe the water movement from aboard ship:
1. Tracking ice drift by radar.
2. Plotting ship drift by radar.
3. Operating a current meter at about 2 metres depth while
at anchor and using ship's heading for direction of flow. - 2 -
The results are presented along with some oceanographic data collected simultaneously for August- September of 1954, 196 3,
196 7 and 196 8.
1954 RESULTS
A joint U. S. -Canadian operation was carried out during
1954 in the area from Bering Strait to Amundsen Gulf, M'Clure
Strait and Viscount Melville Sound. Ekman current meter and
Chesapeake Bay drag observations were taken at locations 1-12.
Unfortunately, the file containing the original data is missing and only the rough summary of the information, found in the cruise report, is presented below.
(1) Icy Cape (Alaska): September 16 to 19, 1954. The ship was
anchored for four days. During this period the wind blew
from the west to west- north- west up to a maximum of 38 knots,
while at times was calm. The surface current direction 0 altered through 135 but did not reverse from the general
easterly set of 1. 0 to 2. 0 knots.
(2) Point Barrow (Alaska): August 4, 1954. While at anchor off
Point Barrow, the ship experienced a strong northeasterly
se t of approximately 1. 0 knot.
(3) Barter Island (Alaska): August 6 and 7, 1954. There was a
strong westerly set of between 1. 0 and 2. 0 knots during a
26 - hour period.
(4) Cape Kellette (Banks Island): August 9, 1954. The ship - 3 -
expe rience d a strong weste rly set in most areas along the
south-west coast of Banks Island. The sand spit formations
along and onto Cape Kellette , a result of beach sand trans
port, leads one to believe that the we sterly set is a con
siste nt fe ature .
(5 ) Sachs Harbor Area (Banks Island) : August la, 195 4. A strong
we ste rly se t of approximate ly 1. 5 knots was experie nce d at
all times in this are a. Again the configuration of the
sandy fore shore supports the hypothesis that this westerly
flow is a consiste nt feature .
(6) Norway Island (We st Banks Island) : August la, 195 4. The
flow was northerly along-shore and was apparently a continu
ation of the flow moving around from southe rn Banks Island.
(7) Gore Island (South of Gore Island, off West Banks Island) :
August 11, 195 4. The flow was northerly along Banks Island -
a continuation of the flow from the south.
(8) Cape Prince Alfred (North Side) (West Banks Island) :
August 12, 195 4. South-weste rly flow was experienced here
of the order of 1. 0 to 2. 0 knots from the surface down to 3
metres. It was difficult to de termine whether this was a
back-e ddy or the main flow.
(9) Rodd He ad (North Banks Island) : August 18 and 19, 195 4. An
easterly flow was experie nce d he re in the upper 10 0 me tres
for the entire period of observation. At 10 0 metre s there
was a reversal in flow note d which was assumed to be due to - 4 -
tide change. The current speeds in this area had a maximum
of 0.5 knots.
(10) Cape Sandon (North Banks Island) : August 20, 195 4. An
easterly flow was experienced here, with a suggestion of a
weak tidal influence as the flow direction changed a smali
amount at the expected turn of the tide.
(11) Barnard Point (North Victoria Island) : August 26 to 31, 195 4.
An easterly flow was experienced from the surface down to 30
metres. The surface flow showed a weak- tidal reversal for a
short time but the movement was predominantly to the east.
(12) Prince of Wales Straits: September 1 to 5, 195 4. A tidal
flow was observed here with a dominant southerly net move
ment. Current speeds up to about 1.0 to 1.5 knots were
observed.
1963 RESULTS
While DREP personnel were carrying out a research
program in Prince Regent Inlet, the ice-breaker, CCGS John A.
MacDonald was allowed to drift for the entire period September 3
to 7. Ship's officers plotted the drift of the ship. These
results were recorded and made available for publication by 1st
Officer J.D. Pottie. The results of these drift measurements
are shown in the plot on Figure 2.
(13) Prince Regent Inlet: September 3 to 7, 1963. There was a
southwesterly set for the four-day period. The highest - 5 -
speeds, 1.4 knots, were recorded on the 0000-0400 watch on
September 5, 1963, while the slowest speed was 0.3 knots on
the 120 0-160 0 watch of September 6, 1963. The total move
ment for the period September 3 to 7, 1963 was 60 .9 miles,
while the net movement to the southwest was 54 miles. The
average speed for this period was 0.5 1 knots.
1967 RESULTS
During August-September, 196.7 and 1968, the ice
breaker CCGS Labrador was used to carry out several research
projects in various areas of the Arctic Archipelago. At times
during these studies, the ship was allowed to drift with the
ice. At other times the ship was anchored, and drifting ice
bergs were tracked by radar, or a current meter and salinometer
were used to obtain surface (1 m) observations.
(14) Craig Harbor (Jones Sound) : August 21, 1967. The ship was
anchored for eight hours and the surface currents, temper
ature and salinity were observed. A vector plot of the
speed and direction is shown in Figure 3. The tide flooded
northward and ebbed southward. The average flood was 0.4
knots and ebb 1.1 knots. Maximum flood was 0.5 knots and
ebb 0.5 knots. The temperature, salinities, and current
speed and direction are shown in Figure 4. The salinities
decreased on the flood, then gradually increased on the ebb
and then decreased again until the end of the observations,
as though a cloud of low salinity water was going by. The - 6 -
° surface temperature started around -0 .6 C and oscillated up
and down between obs ervations while the temperature grad
ually increas ed over the obs ervation period to a maximum of
° -0 .0 2 C.
(lS) Eureka Sound - Slidre Fiord: Augus t 23-24 and 26-27, 1967.
The Labrador was anchored in Slidre Fiord off the weather
station at Eureka for two periods , during which current
speed and direction, temperature, and salinity were recorded.
Figure SA and SB are vector plots of the water movements
pas t the ship on Augus t 23-24 and Augus t 26-27, 1967. The
tidal influence appears to be small with the greatest speeds
occurring during the predicted ebb tide. From the few
obs ervations, it als o appears that the circulation off the
weather station was clockwis e in direction. Shown in
Figures 6 and 7 are the current speed and direction, temper
atures , and salinities for the two periods . Both sets of
obs ervations show non-periodic os cillations. During August
23-24, the maximum and minimum temperatures and salinities
o o were O.OO C and 0.8S C and 24.8% and 16.6% res pectively.
During Augus t 26-27 the maximum and minimum temperatures and o o salinities were 0.8S C and 0.30 C and 30 .0 % and 24.6% re
spectively. Definite warming occurred between the two
series , and the salinity als o increas ed.
While the ship was in Slidre Fiord, icebergs were
drifting down Eureka Sound acros s the mouth of Slidre Fiord.
One large berg was tracked and the res ults are shown in Figure - 7 -
SC. The drift was southerly, with a maximum speed of 0.60 knots and an average of 0.22 knots for the 8-hour period.
(16) Greely Fiord: Augus t 30 and 31, 1967. The CGS Labrador
was anchored on the south side of Greely Fiord where
current speed and direction, and temperature and salinity
were meas ured. While the ship was at anchor, icebergs
were tracked as they drifted wes tward toward Eureka Sound.
The res ults are shown in Figures 8, 9 and 10 .
On completion of the time series , the ship carried out a network of oceanographic stations in Greely Fiord and Eureka
Sound, during which the ship's drift direction was recorded.
Unfortunately, the speed was not recorded except to note that the current at one station was greater than others. Figure 10 shows the direction of drif t and the relative strength of flow with res pect to each cros s-s ection. There was an average out flow of approximately 0.5 knots in all parts of the cross section for the entire period except for a period of time along the southern shore, when the outflow changed to inflow.
Figures 11 and 12 show the surf ace temperatures and salinities obs erved. Thes e figures show that the low salinities are more evident on the right of and in the centre of the channel, when looking down the system in the direction of the main flow, sugges ting that this sys tem has es tuarine features.
Periods of low salinity were obs erved in the time series for this area. This was indicative of the sys tem's puls ating - 8 - nature which could have been stimulated by meteorological events.
(17) Nans en Sound (Northern End of Eureka Sound) : Augus t 30 ,
1967. Figure 5D shows the ship's drift in Nansen Sound
towards Eureka Sound. The maximum rate of flow recorded
was 0.8 knots. Higher rates of drift (while carrying out
oceanographic stations ) were obs erved in Nans en Sound (1.0
knots) . A steady eas terly set was recorded.
(18) Cape Clarendon (South Melville Is land) : September 3 and 4,
1967. Figure 13 shows the ship's drift while in the area
of Cape Clarendon. The maximum flow observed was 1.5 knots
eas tward. The average for the 10 -hour period was 0.57 knots .
1968 RESULTS
(19) Pond Inlet (North Baffin Is land) : August 22 and September
13 and 14, 1968 . Figure 14 shows the flow recorded with
the current meter while the ship lay at anchor off Pond
Inlet Augus t 22, 19�8 . Figure l5A shows the vector tra
jectory plot of these obs ervations . Figure 16 shows the
flow recorded SeptemLer 13 and 14, 1968 . The average flow
was 0.65 knots to the northeast on Augus t 22, whereas on
September 13 and 14 the flow was to the southwes t at the
beginning and then changed to the eas t. This latter was the
general drift experienced in the area.
Scour marks on the bottom, observed fr om the submers ible
Pis ces I, sugges ted that the main iceberg movement was generally - 9 -
onshore and to the eastward.
(20) Devon Island (Lancaster Sound) : September 11, 1968. The
ship was allowed to drift while the submersible Pisces I
was used to carry out a geological survey. The ship's drift
is shown in Figure 15 B. The maximum current observed over·
an approximately 4-hour period was 1.2 knots to the west.
The rest of the time the direction changes and speed varied
through what appears to be an anti-clockwise movement.
(21) Barrow Strait (South Cornwallis Is�and) : August 28 and
September 7, 1968. The CCGS Labrador was allowed to drift
at approximately 5-10 miles south of Resolute Bay during two
periods August 28 and September 7, 1968. The results are
shown in Figures 17 and 18. The ship drifted in the
pattern shown in Figure 18 with a net southerly movement
over the observed period. There were several reversals in
direction of drift suggesting there may have been some tidal
influence. The maximum speed recorded was approximately 1.5
knots to the eastward. The presence of anti-clockwise gyres
is suggested by these observations.
(22) Wellington Channel (Between Cornwallis and Devon Islands) :
September 9, 1968. The ship was allowed to drift for just
over 8 hours. Its track is shown in Figure 19. The change
in drift direction at Resolute at 0325 coincided with the
tide. The tide then floods northward and ebbs southward.
The maximum flood recorded was 0.3 knots and the maximum ebb
was 0.3 knots. - 10 -
(23) Cape Providence (Melville Island) : September 2 to 6, 1968.
The CCGS Labrador was allowed to drift in the Cape Providence
area for various periods of time while several research pro
jects were being carried out. Figure 20 shows the drift of
the ship. In almost all periods of drift there was a general
easterly movement with few reversals, indicating that there
is very little tidal influence on the surface movement of
water. The reversals which do occur do not coincide with
the change in tide predicted for this area. Therefore,
these reversals are believed to be' due to meteorologically
stimulated events. The maximum currents recorded were 1.6
knots to the east and 1.0 knots to the west. The overall
net movement to the east was approximately 0.43 knots over
the 5-day period September 2-6, 1968.
(24) Cape Dundas (M'Clure Strait) : August 31 to September 2,
1968. Figure 21 shows the surface movements recorded while
the ship was moving with the ice field. The record was not
made continuously. The net movement is to the west with
rates of 0.5 knots being recorded.
Surface Movement in the Canadian Arctic:
Figure 22 is a composite of all surface current obser vations for the period August-September, 195 4, 1963, 1967, 1968 and other data collected during summer operations in Nares
Strait and Lancaster Sound and which are being prepared for publication. - 11 -
CONCLUSION
The observed surface water movements in the Canadian
Arctic Archipelago are far from complete but they do indicate the general net movements experienced while working in these areas. It is believed that these net movements experienced may be transient in some areas and may change with the passage of weather systems. The problem of how deep these surface move ments extend in some areas has been investigated and has been found to vary from 10 metres to the entire water column. There fore, obtaining long-term time series of current speeds and directions with depth is essential to the solution of the problem of understanding and predicting water movement mechanisms in the Arctic. - 12 -
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1 Show areas of the Arctic and portion where water movements in this report were observed.
Figure 2 Vector plot of ship's drift in Prince Regent Sound over a S day period.
Figure 3 Continuous vector plot of observed surface movements while ship lay at anchor.
Figure 4 Time series of the 1 metre current speed, direction, observed temperature and salinity in Craig Harbor.
Figure SA Vector plots of the 1 metre water movements in Slidre Fiord.
Figure SB Vector plots of the 1 metre water movement in Slidre Fiord.
Figure SC Vector plot of an iceberg movement down Eureka Sound.
Figure SD Vector plot of the ship's drift in Nansen-Eureka Sound area.
Figure 6 Time series of the 1. metre current speed, direction, observed temperature and salinity in Eureka Harbor.
Figure 7 Time series of the 1 metre current speed, direction, observed temperature and salinity in Eureka Harbor.
Figure 8 Time series of the 1 metre current speed, direction, observed temperature and salinity in Greely Fiord.
Figure 9A Vector plot of movement of icebergs moving down Greely Fiord.
Figure 9B Vector plot of movement of icebergs moving down Greely Fiord.
Figure 9C Vector plot of movement of icebergs moving down Greely Fiord.
Figure 9D Vector plot of 1 metre current speed and directio n - observation from ship at anchor.
Figure 10 Composite of all directions of drift experienced by the ship as oceanographic stations were being taken along with iceberg movement observations and where "tide ripe" were observed. - 13 -
Figure 11 Surface temperature distribution in Greely Fiord, Nares and Eureka Sounds.
Figure 12 Surface salinity distribution in Greely Fiord, Nares and Eureka Sounds.
Figure 13 Vector plot of the ship's drift in ice field near Cape Clarendon.
Figure 14 Time series of the 1 metre current speed and direction observed while ship lay at anchor off Pond Inlet.
Figure 15 Vector plot of surface movements of Pond Inlet settlement.
Figure 16 Time series of the 1 metre current speed and direction off Pond Inlet settlement.
Figure 17 Vector plot of ice movements in Barrow Strait off Resolute.
Figure 18 Vector plot of ship's drift in Barrow Strait south of Resolute Bay.
Figure 19 Vector plot of ship's drift in Wellington Channel.
Figure 20 Vector plot of ship's drift for varying periods of time off Cape Providence in Viscount Melville Sound.
Figure 21 Vector plot of ship's drift for varying periods of time off Cape Dundas in M'Clure Strait.
Figure 22 Composite of all surface water movements observed by author during summer operations from 1954-1973. 0 00 0 180 17 160 1400 1200 1000 800 6 00
Figure 1 Show areas of the Arctic and portion where water movements in this report were observed. PRINCE REGENT SOUND SEPT.3 -7 1963
N
o 2 4 6 8 10 , I , I I I SCALE OF DISTANCE (NAUTICAL MILE S)
Figure 2 Vector plot of ship's drift in Prince Regent Sound over a 5 day period. 1300 1230 1330 1400 1200 1130 1100 1030 1008
CRAIG HBR. JONES SND. 21 AUG. 1967
N
173 0
2 o I 3I I 1800 SCALE OF DISTANCE (NAUTICAL MILES)
Figure 3 Continuous vector plot of observed surface movements while ship lay at anchor. TIME
21 AUGUST 1967 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 I � 2.0 Craig Hbr. .>t! So. 1.5 ..oNES � 1. 0 u 9 0.5 w > o
3600
2700
z 0 1800 i=u w a:: 0 900
o
u o -0.2
w a:: ::) I-'- -0.4 �w 0-
w::i!: � -0.6
319
314 0 0 � 30.9 >- 304 t: z �:J 29.9 (f) 29.4
28.9
Figure 4 Time series of the 1 metre current speed, direction, observed temperature and salinity in Craig Harbor. A Vector plots of the 1 metre water IIDve:rrents in Slidre Fiord.
34 °100 (A) 2 5 ,(...y0300 0600 EUREKA HBR. SLIDRE FIORD 23-24AUG.1967 B Vector plots of the 1 metre water movement in Slidre Fiord.
N 133 0600 0700 SL I DRE 26-27 AUG.OPI'69m 1967 -1- 1817
2106 (C) 2156 EUREKA SOUND 28AUG.1967 2256 C Vector plot of an iceberg 2358 IIDverrent dONn Eureka Sound. 0100 0200
D Vector plot of the ship's drift in Ncp1Sen-Eureka Sound area.
o o g�o�0400 (D) 0300 NANSEN - EUREKA SOUND 30 AUG. 1967 ° I 2 3 4 5 SCALE CNAUTI(�AL MILES)
Figure 5. TIME 23-24 1967 AUGUST 2300 000 0 0100 0200 0300 0400 0500 0600
EUREKA Hbr. SLiDRE 0.25 FIORD '" 0.20 .:.:g
>- 0.15 t:: u 0.10
wg 0.05 >
o �------�------+------�------�---1 360"
z 0
ui= W 0:: 0 9
0
0.1
00
-0.1
-0.2
u 0 -0.3 w 0:: ::::J -0.4 � 0:: w -0.5 0.. -0.6 w� r- -07
-08 25.0
24.0 0 23.0 0� >- r- 22.0 z ...J 21.0 « (j) 200
19.0
18.0
Figure 6 Time series of the 1 metre current speed, direction, observed temperature and salinity in Eureka Harbor. TIME 26-27 AUGUST 19 67
1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 0000 0200 0400 0600 0800
Eureka Hb". 0.6 SUDRE FI D
II> 0.5
(;c: .>t! 0.4
>- 0.3 ut:: 0 0.2 ...J W ::> 0.1
0.0
360"
z o I U W 0:: Q
0.9
u 0.8 0
0.7 w 0:: :J 0.6 !;t 0:: 0.5 w a.. � 0.4 w I- 0.3
31.0
30.0
0 29.0 0,e
>- 28.0 t:: z 270 25.0 24.0 Figure 7 Time series of the 1 metre current speed, direction, observed temperature and salinity in Eureka Harbor. TIME 30- 31 AUGUST 1967 0000 0200 0400 0600 0800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 GREELY FlO 0 III 08 "0c: .,., 0.6 >- 04 t: u 0 0.2 .-J w > 0.0 3600 2700 z 0 r- 1800 u w a::: a 00 -0.2 u0 -04 w -0.6 a:::::> � -0. 8 a::: w Cl.. -1.0 :E w t- -1.2 28.0 27.0 0 26.0 0�. >- 250 t:z 24.0 c:t:::::i (j) 23.0 22.0 21.0 Figure 8 Time series of the 1 metre current speed, direction, observed temperature and salinity in Greely Fiord. 1730 1630 1530 1440 -sr GREELY FIORD 255 AUG.30-31, 1967 B 1800 1700 A,B,C Vector plot 'of rrovement of icebergs 1600 rroving dONn Greely Fiord. 1500 .1400 1300 Y FIORD 1155 GREEL 31 AUG. 1045 1967 0830 730 N c 0630 530 0430 0330 0230 0800 9 GREELY FIORD + 38 D .06 0 0 AUG.311967 073 � 040 1300 , 230 1400 D Vector plot of 1 metre 0030 1700 current speed and direc- 1500 � 100 1800 tion - observation fran ship at anchor. o I 2 3 I , , , SCALE OF DISTANCE (NAUTICAL MILES) Figure 9...... >. Hare ' . . . '.; F ior d ::' .':. ' 1 . .! . . . :: ' . . . :.. : ;( ,. : : : . ' ".' '. . . . :' : ". ; ::. ': ! : , ,, lc. . 0 . :: .. .. --l . : . � . . . . ug. 30/67 . / ' ...... : : ::-:". < . . '.: '. . : '. : :. ' . :: :,: :. <> : : Sound : ' �. Nanse� : .' 30- 31/67. .. Aug. ( . . \ .. ' . \ . , .. Eureka � . ' ": Sound :: .. � """-"",,,¥ ___,,,,,, -,,",,,"Tide" lines 1 t Surface Dr iff direct ion Drift observed from Radar tracking Iceberg. Figure 10 Composite of all directions of drift experienced by the ship as oceanographic stations were being taken along with iceberg movement observations and where "tide ripe" were observed. Aug. 29-30 1967 T in °C h � -0'3 ��======� -0,4 -0-5 • '0 -0'4 . .. _�. � '. ;.. �.:::', ; ... ;.... �;.::"i .. :;�,:/:.:!:_><>::;:�"\:" .. . . : . . :.',: ..•• ·1· : .� ., . . J:. • . ',,:- : �·.·:.I . - , - 0 ;: ", :: � ... ", � Figure 11 Surface temperature distribution in Greely Fiord, Nares and Eureka Sounds. AUGUST 29 - 30, 1967 5 in %0 . = .:, . " : .: , ...... �. . :. : ' .' : . "' . :.: : . . .': .-- -'".', .,.!", . . : l . : :' :: : . .. . " : 14,0 __ 18,0 __ 220,02 ' O (� �=�����§§:===:16'O_ -- ===--�=:::.-�F..:iO::r...:d::'- " . ' , . : ...... ' ' , . . . '. . ' ...... ' '" : . : " ., : , , ,. " , ' . . ' , " :(������'::��:.\: ' : .' ' . : 'i,· \' ; ; ; :; . �.'.:;';�.: ,...<';;::.' : ' . . : ,\.\:;,\::,> . '. �: : .: : :. : : " ' '.: ' , � ', . :.' :- :', ,' . :; ,' :. :: . ' ,' : " : : ...... " . . '" .. .. :.: ' . .. : , : ',' 00' " ' '" ' " :. . • j" ...... " . . ,:: �:,:..":� ', , � : ;. : . : ' ". -":=..> Figure 12 Surface salinity distribution in Greely Fiord, Nares and Eureka Sounds. N 2q30 2300 213+4 0630 2105 OFF CAPE CLAREDON SEPT3-4J967 0170 9 123' SCALE OF DISTANCE (NAUTICAL MILES) Figure 13 Vector plot of the ship's drift in ice field near Cape Clarendon. 22 AUG. 1968 0900 1100 1300 1500 1.0 (J) 15 c:: 0.8 � � 0.6 u 0.4 gw > 0.2 o POND INLET 3600 0 z 270 o ..... u � 1800 o 90 Figure 14 Time series of the 1 metre current speed and dir- ection observed while ship lay at anchor off Pond Inlet. A POND INLET AUG. 22,1968 0928 1030 OFF DEVON L 1200�"OO 1000 SEPT II ' 1968 0820 0900 B 3 o I 2 SCALE OF DISTANCE (NAUTICAL MILES) Figure 15 Vector plot of surface movements of Pond Inlet settlement. TIME - 13SEPT. 14 SEPT. 0600 1200 1800 2400 0600 1200 1800 -52.0 � POND INLE T/68 ;: 1.5 t- u 1.0 o �05 w· > 0 z o _ 0 t-180 u w a::: 0 -9o Figure 16 Time series of the 1 metre current speed and direction off Pond Inlet settlement. 95"02' Aug us t 28, 1968 _-_ 093 9 (" ----00850 • --0_ '0- 11000 ------0"---,/ P 900 0925 �1025 ¢1030 w - \ � 39' 1-- 1--'o-�\ �-----+------+------�139 ' \ \ , \ Q 125 � , , " "'- ' ...... , , , , 600 "" I', - ' � , " ' 1410""" .... 9 \\ \\ , 1430� ", d \ , '-----"'1505 ... Figure 17 Vector plot of ice movements in Barrow Strait off Resolute. 94°40' ! B I RESOLUTE Al BARROW STRAIT ---1 SHIPS DRIFT ---- 75°00' 9, 1968 SEPT. 0, 2, 3, 4, 5, SCALE OF DISTANCE (NAUTICAL MILES) �-::=c�.2315 ·2330 7 r- ������,_ -- - t_----� ��' ----- 1700 · . - - - Figure 18 Vector plot of ship's drift in Barrow Strait south of Resolute Bay. 0400 0500 0530 0600 0630 WELLINGTON CHAN. SEPT. 9,1968 o, I 2 3 4 « I , , SCALE NAUTICAL MILES Figure 19 Vector plot of ship's drift in Wellington Channel. 2125 CAPE PROVIDENCE 0400,0500 / SEPT. 2-3,1968 0100 0200 0700 N 1450 � 1500 1400 1430 OFF CAPE PROVIDENCE SEPT. 4,1968 OFF CAPE PROVIDENCE SEPT. 4, 1968 1100 OBOO 0600 0700 CAPE PR IDE C OFF OV N E SEPT. 4-5,1968 0200 1900 2000 2230 � 2100 1600 !800 0000 CAPE PROVIDENCE 5,1968 SEPT. 1200 CAPE P VIDE CE RO N SE PT. 6,1968 0400 0900 0800 1200 V 0600 __ -- -- qt-----+i ....;2�1 -+T --i1 NAUTICAL MILES SCALE OF DISTANCE Figure 20 Vector plot of ship's drift for varying periods of time off Cape Providence in Viscount Melville Sound. AUG. 00000 31 1600 1600 CAPE400 DUNDAS 2000�400�OOO O 0800 Q 2I 3, S'CaIe Nautical Miles Figure 21 Vector plot of ship's drift for varying periods of time off Cape D�ndas in M'Clure Strait. 180 170 Figure 22 composite of all surface water movements observed by author during summer operations from 1954- 1 973.