Australasian Lichenology Number 47, July 2000

ANNOUNCEMENTS AND NEWS .~ 14th meeting ofAustralasian lichenologists, Melbourne, 29-30 April, 2000 .... 2 I Request for fresh specimens ofXanthoria ...... 3 RECENT LITERATURE ON AUSTRALASIAN LICHENS ...... 4 ARTICLES McCarthy, PM; Kantvilas, G-Trichothelium meridionale (Trichotheliaceae), a new foliicolous lichen from Tasmania ...... 5 Elix, JA; Wardlaw, JH-Four new tridepsides from Parmelinopsis species ..... 8 Lumbsch, H Thorsten; Elix, JA-Lecanora pseudodecorata, a new species from Australia ...... 14 Malcolm, WM; Garnock-Jones, PJ-Photographing lichens without a camera. 17 ADDITIONAL LICHEN RECORDS FROM OCEANIA McCarthy, PM (5)-Miscellaneous new records ...... 23 McCarthy, PM (6)-Some corti colo us pyrenolichens in Vanuatu ...... 26 ADDITIONAL LICHEN RECORDS FROM NEW ZEALAND Fryday, AM (32)-Epigloea soleiformis Dobbeler and Fuscidea impolita (MuH. Arg.) Hertel ...... 30 ADDITIONAL LICHEN RECORDS FROM AUSTRALIA Archer, AW (44)-Dictyographa cinerea (C. Knight & Mitt.) Mull. Arg...... 32 Kantvilas, G (45)-The lichen family Calycidiaceae discovered in Tasmania .. . 33

INFORMATION FOR SUBSCRIBERS AND AUTHORS Australasian Lichenology is published twice a year, in January and July. Each subscription is for 10 issues over a five-year period. The period 1998-2002 began with Volume 43. A subscription mailed to a New Zealand address costs NZ$25, to Australia NZ$30, to North America or East Asia NZ$35, to Europe NZ$40, and to South America, Africa, or Central Asia NZ$45. All mailings outside New Zealand are by first-class air. Ifyou subscribe after the five-year period begins, you will re­ ceive the issues already published in that period (mailed by economy air outside New Zealand). To obtain a subscription, either instruct your bank to transfer New Zealand dollars to the journal's account: Australasian Lichenology, ANZ Postbank, Nelson, NZ, account number 117402-0074987-11, or mail a bank draft or money order for NZ dollars payable to Australasian Lichenology to W.M. Malcolm, Box 320, Nelson, NZ. Alternatively, if you're able to calculate the NZ equivalent of your local currency, you can avoid bank charges by posting a personal or institutional cheque payable to Australasian Lichenology. Australasian Lichenology welcomes newsworthy items on lichenologists who are studying Australasian lichens or who are visiting the region. Research papers must be original and on some aspect of Australasian lichens or allied fungi, and they are refereed. They can be submitted as a single hard-copy to W.M. Malcolm at Box 320, Nelson, NZ (no computer disks, please). See a recent issue for a guide to layout and style. Drawings should be inked originals, and photographs (prints or transparencies) ! should be sharp and clear. Colour plates cost NZ$150 per A5 page. Australasian Lichenology does not ordinarily provide reprints, but reprints of papers with colour . plates can be purchased for NZ$1.50 per copy per A5 plate if they are ordered when the manuscript is accepted for publication. . Australasian Lichenology is the official publication of the Australasian Lichen Society, and formerly was named the Australasian Lichenological Newsletter. Its Editorial Board is W.M. Malcolm, J .A. Elix, G. Kantvilas, and P.M. McCarthy. ANNOUNCEMENTSAND NEWS

14thMeetingofAustraJasiaD Lichenologist&-Melbourne,29-30Aprll, 2000

Minutes: Present: Alan Archer, David Eldridge, Jack Elix, Sharon Ford, Bruce Fuhrer, Jim Gardner, Gintaras Kantvilas, Niels Klazenga, Simone Louwhoff, Dorothy Mahler, Tom May, Pina Milne, Martine Paull, Kathleen Ralston, Noel Schleiger, Val Stajsic, Nell and Neville Stevens, with a special welcome to Jennifer Bannister who joined us all the way from Dunedin, New Zealand. Talks: Dr. 'Fom May of the Melbourne Herbarium opened the meeting with a warm welcome, and introductory remarks by Prof. Jack Elix followed. Talks given on Saturday were many and varied and included an examination of "Victorian rainforest lichens" (S. Ford), "Why are lichens coloured?" (J. Elix), "Ramalinas of New Zealand" (J. Bannister) and an historical account of "Australia's pioneer Lichenologist, Rev. F.R.M. Wilson" (K. Ralston). A conservation theme followed, with G. Kantvilas discussing "Conservation ofTasmanian Lichens" and D. Eldridge talking on "A proposal for listing non-vascular plants on the Threatened Species Conservation Act". To finish we saw a slide presentation of new Graphidaceae (A. Archer), and S. Louwhoffbecame the envy of many with an account of her trip to the beautiful and unusual island of New Caledonia-"In search of Parmeliaceae and Croissants in New Caledonia". The meeting that followed included a brief discussion on the forthcoming Flora Those who attended Saturday's meeting, from left at the back: Jennifer Bannister, ofAustralia. Further talk on the Threatened Species Conservation Act (TSCA) Noel Schleiger, Dorothy Mahler, Nell Stevens, Neville Stevens, Alan Archer, Jack was initiated by David, in particular the need to improve the profile ofnon-vascular Elix, Gintaras Kantvilas, Simone Louwhoff, Tom May, Niels Klazenga, and in front: plants in general, and the listing of some threatened lichens under the TSCA in David Eldridge, Val Stajsic, Kathleen Ralston, Sharon Ford and Jim Gardner. N.S.W. A subcommittee was formed comprising Jack Elix (ANU), David Eldridge Photograph by Bruce Fuhrer. (Land and Water Conservation) and Gintaras Kantvilas (Tasmanian Herbarium) to prepare a submission for listing some species under the N.S.W. legislation. It was also hoped that the general profile of non-vascular groups, including lichens, fungi and bryophytes, might be raised to encourage further research. There was Request for fresh specimens ofXanthoria also some discussion on the future direction ofABRS and the potential for grants to be made available for Post-Doctorate projects of a taxonomic nature. Professor Rosmarie Honegger (University of Ziirich) would be very grateful for Dinner: The evening meal was held at the Cotton Lounge on Toorak Road, South fresh specimens ofAustralasianXanthoria (no older than 3-5 months) for culturing Yarra. A lovely meal and enjoyable evening was had by all who attended. and DNA extraction. Her graduate student Sandra Scherrer has already success­ Sunday Field Trip: A total of 20 people joined the Sunday field trip to the fully isolated and characterized a hydrophobin gene from X. parietina and homo­ Brisbane Ranges, western Victoria, despite a rainy start to the day. The rain actually logous sequences coding for hydrophobins in other Xanthoria species, and wishes proved to be a great asset, as the lichens from this dry-sclerophyll forest were to investigate further the population genetics ofthe genus. Ifyou can provide speci­ green and lush in their hydrated state. A number of stops were made throughout mens, air-mail them to Professor Rosmarie Honegger, University ofZiirich, Insti­ the National Park for collection. Kathleen Ralston's list oflichens for the Brisbane tute of Plant Biology, Zollikerstr. 107, CH-8008 Ziirich, Switzerland. You can con­ Ranges was increased significantly. Brave lichenologists soldiered on through tact her by phone at +41-1-634-8243, by fax at +41-1-634-8204, and bye-mail drizzle and rain, followed by more drizzle. A late lunch was enjoyed at Anakie at [email protected] Gorge picnic area, and after much chatter and socializing, we headed back to Melbourne...with sunshine all the way! Thanks went to the organisers, Kathleen Ralston and Sharon Ford, and to Mrs. coverillustration Jenny Ford for providing the lovely picnic lunch for the Sunday Field trip. Next Meeting: the next meeting (in 2002) will be organised byAlan Archer and The mainly austral genus Psoroma includes about 50 species, with over halfof David Eldridge in consultation with Jack Elix. The venue, to be confirmed at a them found in New Zealand. The australasian P. caliginosum occurs throughout later date, wiU be in either the Blue Mountains or at Orange, New South Wales. the country on the bark of trees and shrubs to 1500 m elevation. o AUSTRALASlAJ.'l" LICHENOLOGY 47, July 2000 AUSTRALASIAN LICHENOLOGY 47, July 2000 o RECENT LITERATURE ON AUSTRALASIAN LICHENS Trichothelium meridionale (Trichotheliaceae). a new foliicolous lichen from Tasmania Archer, AW; Elix, JA (1999): Three new species in the Australian Graphidaceae P.M. McCarthy with novel chemistries: Phaeographina echinocarpica, Phaeographis necopinata, Australian Biological Resources Study, GPO Box 787, and Phaeographis nornotatica. Mycotaxon 723, 91-96. Canberra, AC.T. 2601, Australia Arup, U; Mayrhofer, H (2000): Caloplaca erecta, a new subfruticose species from I New Zealand. Lichenologist 32, 359-363. G. Kantvilas Elix, JA (1999): Detection andidentification ofsecondary lichen substances: contrib­ Tasmanian Herbarium, GPO Box 252-04, Hobart, utions by the Uppsala school of lichen chemistry. Symbolae Botanicae Upsali­ Tasmania 7001, Australia enses 32, 103-121. Elix, JA(1999): New species ofNeofuscelia (iichenizedAscomycotina, Parmeliaceae) The mainly tropical, foliicolous genus Trichothelium Miill. Arg. (Trichotheliaceae) from the Southern Hemisphere. Mycotaxon 71, 431-456. differs from the more species-rich and widely distributed Parina A.ch. in the presence Elix, JA; Kantvilas, G (1999): Two new species ofXanthoparmelia (Ascomycotina, of bristle-like or fm-like outgrowths from upper levels of the perithecia. Most species Parmeliaceae) from Australasia. Mycotaxon 71, 89-93. are rather inconspicuous, and while the genus has been most intensively collected and documented in the Neotropics (Santesson 1952, Liicking 1998), it appears to Elix, JA; Wardlaw, JH (1999): The structure ofchalybaeizamc acid and quaesitic be far less common and diverse in the eastern Paleotropics. acid, two new lichen depsidones related to salazinic acid. Australian Journal of Five species are known from eastern Australia, and two, T. javanicum (Schill.) Chemistry 52,713-715. Vezda and T. nanum Malcolm & Vezda, occur on the leaves of ferns, shrubs and Ford, SE (1998): Lichens of Mount Buffalo National Park: a preliminary report. trees in cool-temperate rainforest in Tasmania. Both of these taxa produce 3-septate The Victorian Naturalist U5, 210-214. ascospores. In this paper we describe T. meridionale, a new species with 7 -septate Ford, SE; May, T (1998): A cryptogamic extravaganza. Report ofthe FNCVexpedi­ ascospores which is most closely related to the mainly Neotropical T. epiphyllum tion, 22-25 May, 1998, to commemorate the centenary of Wilson's Promontory Miill. Arg. National Park. Field Naturalists Club ofVictoria. Galloway, DJ (2000): The identity ofSticta livida Kremp. Lichenologist 32, 197­ Trichothelium meridionale P.M. McCarthy & Kantvilas sp. nov. 200. Thallus foliicola, epicuticularis, tenuissimus, cinereo-viridis vel pallidoviridis. Alga Galloway, DJ (2000): Knightiella belongs in lcmadophila (Helotiales: Icmadophil­ ad Phycopeltem pertinens, sed filamentis non radiantibus. Perithecia hemispherica aceae). Lichenologist 32,294-297. vel subglobosa, nigra, (0.15-)0 .21(-0.29) mm diametro, setis elongatis-acutis vel ± Henssen,A(2000): Santessoniella rosettiformis, a new species from South America filiformibus, plerumque nigris, 40-80(-100)!lm longis, 10-20(-25)!lm crassis.Asci with notes on S. pulchella (Pannariaceae). Lichenologist 32,57-65. elongati-cylindrici vel elongati-obclavati, 75-100 x 9-14 !lID. Ascosporae 7-septatae, Henssen, A; Kantvilas, G (2000): Santessoniella rugosa (Pannariaceae), a new spe­ elongatae-fusiformes vel oblongae, (28-)36(-48) x (3-)4.5(-5.5) !lID. cies from Tasmania. Lichenologist 32,149-153. Thallus crustose, foliicolous, epicuticular, scattered and diffuse to coalescing and determinate, pale greyish green to pale green, to 20 !lID thick, continuous, smooth, J~rgensen, PM; Kantvilas, G; Galloway, DJ (2000): Three new species in the lichen genus Degelia. Lichenologist 32, 257-262. matt to slightly glossy, ecorticate, K-. Algae Phycopeltis-like; filaments loosely aggregated; branching irregular, not forming radiating plates; cells subglobose, Kantvilas, G; Vezda, A (2000): Studies on the lichen family Thelotremataceae in angular-rounded or short-rectangular, 8-15 x 5-8 !lm. Hyphae 1-2 !lm wide. Tasmania. The genus Chroodiscus and its relatives. Lichenologist 32,325-357. Prothallus not apparent. Basal layer absent. Louwhoff, SHJJ; Elix, JA (2000): The lichens of Rarotonga, Cook Islands, South Perithecia moderately numerous, scattered, superficial, hemispherical to Pacific Ocean II: Parmeliaceae. Lichenologist 32, 49-55. subglobose, not, slightly or strongly basally attenuated, (0.15-)0.21(-0.29) mm diam. McCarthy, PM (2000): Key to the saxicolous taxa ofPorina. Lichenologist 32,1-13. [n = 79] (not including setae), greenish black to jet-black, matt. Apex slightly McCarthy, PM (2000): The lichens ofRarotonga, Cook Islands, South Pacific Ocean flattened to rounded. Ostiole inconspicuous or in a hemispherical, 20-30 !lID diam. I: pyrenocarpous taxa. Lichenologist 32,15-47. papilla. Setae (0-)4-6(-12), 40-80(-100) !lID long, 10-20(-25) !lm thick, growing McCarthy, PM; Kantvilas, G (2000): A new bryophilous Porina from Tasmania, from just below the ostiole or from elsewhere in the upper one-third of the and notes on the diversity, ecological groups and biogeographical affinities of perithecium, scattered or forming a ring, narrowly acute or bristle-like, usually Tasmanian Trichotheliaceae. Lichenologist 32,247-256. straight and oblique (rarely horizontal), occasionally slightly incurved, rarely McCarthy, PM; Elix, JA; Serusiaux, E (2000): Kantvilasia (Lecanorales, Ectolechi­ slightly decurved, usually uniformly black, occasionally with a hyaline tip, very aceae), a new foliicolous lichen genus from Tasmania. Lichenologist 32,317-324. rarely uniformly hyaline, usually remaining discrete to maturity, rarely coalescing, Nordin, A; Owe-Larsson, B; Elix, JA (1999): Buellia aeroginosa, a new Australian composed ofelongate, agglutinated hyphae 2(-3) !lID wide. Involucrellum contiguous species with pluriseptate spores. Mycotaxon 71, 399-404. with and extending to the base of the excipulum, occasionally (in subglobose Wedin, M; Doring, H; Ekman, S (2000): Molecular phylogeny ofthe lichen families perithecia) incurved beneath it, uniformly 20-30 !lm thick, greenish black in thin Cladoniaceae, Sphaerophoraceae, and Stereocaulaceae (Lecanorales, Ascomy­ section, K-, sometimes partly or almost completely covered by a very thin layer of cotina). Lichenologist 32, 171-187. thallus. Excipulum greenish black, c. 15-18 !lm thick. Subhymenium c. 20 !lID 1 deep. Centrum depressed-ovate or subglobose, 0.11-0.2 mm diam. Paraphyses ! CD AUSTRALASIAN LICHENOLOGY 47, July 2000 I AUSTRALASIAN LICHENOLOGY 47, July 2000 o unbranched, 0.5--0.8 /J.lll thick. Periphyses absent. Asci elongate-cylindrical to elongate-obclavate, 8-spored, 75-100 x 9-14 J..Im [n = 12], with a rounded to subtruncate apex; apical ring present. Ascospores colourless, 7-septate, elongate­ fusiform or oblong, straight or slightly curved, irregularly biseriate in the asci, without a gelatinous sheath, (28-)36(-48) x (3-)4.5(-5.5) /J.lll [n =70]; contents clear to guttulate. Conidiomata not seen. Illustration: Figure 1. Type: Australia: Thsmania: ·W ofTahune Bridge, Warra SST, "Big Coupe", 43°06'S, 146°41'E, 180 m, on living fronds ofBlechnum wattsii, G. Kantvilas 6'1/ 00 & S. J. Jarman, 25.i.2000 (Holo: HO 501574; iso: CANB). Notes: The new lichen is characterized by a very inconspicuous thallus, a non­ radiating photobiont, very small but prominent black perithecia with short, delicate setae and 7-septate ascospores. It is most similar to the mainly Neotropical T. epiphyllum and several related taxa, all of which have small to minute, blackish perithecia and elongate, 7 -septate ascospores. However, they also have a radiating photobiont and broadly acute, lanceolate or fin- or brush-shaped setae (Lucking 1998). Lucking (1991, 1998) segregated populations with delicate, T. meridionale­ like setae in a separate taxon, T. minutum (R. Lucking) R. Lucking; however, that species has diminutive, 0.1-0.15 mm diam. perithecia and comparatively long setae. Variability within thalli and between adjacent colonies is usually limited to the number, length and insertion of setae. By contrast, although there is very little outward difference between the type (on Blechnum pinnae) and an earlier collection from the same general locality (on Phyllocladus cladodes; see below), there is a distinct difference in the shape and dimensions ofthe ascospores. The ascospores A---­ ofthe type are usually oblong (less commonly fusiform) and measure 28-39 x 3.5­ c----­ 5.5 /J.lll; those ofthe smaller, non-type specimen are mostly elongate-fusiform and 30-48 x 3-5 J..Im. Trichothelium meridionale grows on living fronds of the fern Blechnum wattsii and on cladodes of the endemic conifer Phyllocladus aspleniifolius in the understorey of a Eucalyptus obliqua-dominated wet forest in southern Tasmania. The same leaves are also colonised by several species of mosses and hepatica, as well as the lichens Arthonia trilocularis, Porina rufula and P. subapplanata. A search of a range of sites in the general locality suggests that the new species is found mainly in forest with a well-developed rainforest understorey dominated by young Eucryphia lucida and Anodopetalum biglandulosum. Nearby, where the understorey is dominated by sclerophyllous species (Phebalium, Acacia, and Melaleuca), the Blechnum fronds support only Porina subapplanata. ADDITIONAL SPECIMEN EXAMINED Thsmania: .'JYpe locality, "Middle Coupe", 130 m, on cladodes of Phyllocladus aspleniifolius, S.J. Jarman s.n., 21.vii.1998 (HO 443044). E References Lucking, R (1991): NeueArten foIiikoler Flechten aus Costa Rica, Zentralamerika. Nova Hedwigia 52, 267-304. Fig. 1. Trichothelium meridionale (A-C, E: holotype). A, Habit ofthallus and peri­ Lucking, R (1998): Additions and corrections to the knowledge of the foliicolous thecia; B, Photobiont cells; C, Vertical section of perithecium (semi-schematic); D, lichen flora of Costa Rica. The genus Trichothelium Oichenized Ascomycetes: Ascospores of HO 443044; E, Ascospores ofholotype. Scales: A =0,5 mm, B, D, E = Trichotheliaceae). Nova Hedwigia 66, 375-417. t 20 J..Im; C:::: 0.2 mm, Santesson, R (1952): FoIiicolouslichens I. A revision of the taxonomy of the obli­ gately foliicolous, lichenized fungi. Symbolae Botanicae Upsalienses 12:1), 1-590. j Santesson, R; Tibell, L (1988): FoIiicolouslichens from Australia. Austrobaileya 2, 529-545. o AUSTRALASIAN LICHENOLOGY 47, July 2000 AUSTRALASIAN LICHENOLOGY 47, July 2000 0) Four New Tridepsides from Parmelinopsis species acid, umbilicaric acid, 5-0-methylhiascic acid, 4,5-di-O-methylhiascic acid, 2,4,5­ tri-O-methylhiascic acid, 3-hydroxygyrophoric acid (3), and 3 hydroxy-4-0-methyl­ John A Elix and Judith H. Wardlaw umbilicaric acid (4). Department ofChemistry, The Faculties, Australian National University, Extracts ofParmelinopsis horrescens (Nyl.) Elix & Hale exhibited a similar array Canberra, A.C.T. 0200, Australia T of metabolites except that 2-0-methylhiascic acid, umbilicaric acid, 3-methoxy­ Abstract: The new tridepsides 2,4-di-O-methylhiascic acid (1), 2,5-di-O-methyl­ umbilicaric acid, and 3-hydroxyumbilicaric acid were also detected, while 3-hydroxy­ hiascic acid (2), 3-hydroxygyrophoric acid (3) and 3-hydroxy-4-0-methylumbilicaric 4-0-methylumbilicaric acid (5) was not present. acid (4) have been detected in several Parmelinopsis species. The chemical profile of the various species of Parmelinopsis appeared to be species-specific, to act as a fingerprint for distinguishing these species and to be The lichen genus Parmelinopsis has proved to be a rich source of lichen tridep­ invariant with geographic location. sides belonging to the hiascic acid and 3-hydroxygyrophoric acid chemosyndromes (Elix & Engkaninan 1976; Elix & Jayanthi 1977, 1981; Elix et al. 1981, 1989a, SPECIMENS EXAMINED 1989b, 1991). Parmelinopsis horrescens (Nyl.) Elix & Hale Australia. New South Wales: -Trail to Pigeon House Mountain, 19 km W ofUlla­ In this paper we describe the identification of four further such compounds in 0 Parmelinopsis species, namely 2,4-di-O-methylhiascic acid (1), 2,5-di-O-methyl­ dulla, 35°20'S, 150 16'E, 460 m, on exposed sandstone rocks in dry sclerophyll hiascic acid (2), 3-hydroxygyrophoric acid (3) and 3-hydroxy-4-0-methylumbilicaric forest, J.A Elix 21306 & H. Streimann, 2.xii.1986 (CANB). New Zealand. North acid (4) (Fig. 1). Island: -Whangarei Co., Helena Bay, 35°26'S, 174°22'E, on rocks, J.K Bartlett (AK). Materials and Methods Parmelinopsis neodamaziana (Elix & J.Johnst.) Elix & Hale Authentic material ofthe new tridepsides was obtained by unambiguous organic Australia. New South Wales: - Peckmans Plateau, Katoomba, 980 m, on sheltered synthesis (Elix et al. 1998). Natural compounds were characterized by thin-layer sandstone ledges, J.A Elix 3207, 24.iv.1977 (CANB); -Morton National Park, 7 chromatography (TLC) according to the methods standardized for lichen products km NE ofNerriga, 750 m, on exposed sandstone rock in open Eucalyptus woodland, (Culberson 1972, Elix & Ernst Russell 1993), and by high-performance liquid J.A Elix 9161, 18.x.1981 (CANB). Thsmania: -Robbins Island track, just N of chromatography (HPLC) with retention index values (RI) calculated from benzoic Nenium Hill, 25 km NW of Smithton, 40044'S, 144°53'E, 2 m, on Melaleuca in acid and solorinic acid controls (Elix et al. 1997, Feige et al. 1993). The HPLC was ~, swamp, J.A Elix 40275 & G. Kantuilas, 10.xii.1993 (CANB). coupled to a photo diode array detector for ultraviolet spectroscopic comparisons. Parmelinopsis spumosa (Asah.) Elix & Hale By this means the ultraviolet spectra observed for the various components eluting Australia. New South Wales: -Saltwater, E ofTaree, sea level, on tree in coastal in the HPLC chromatogram were recorded and computer-matched against a library scrub, J.A Elix 3992, 7.xii.1977 (CANB). New Zealand. North Island: -Auckland ofultraviolet spectra recorded for authentic metabolites under identical conditions. Ecological Region, Waitakere Ecological District, Cornwallis, 37°0I'S, 174°36'E, Foreach substance the correlation ofultraviolet spectra ofthe synthetic and natural J.K Bartlett, 29.x.1983 (AK). Norfolk Island. -Prince Phillip Drive, 29°0I'S, material was greater than 99.9%. 167°58'E, 35 m, on Elaeodendron in open woodland, J.A Elix 18798 & H. Streimann, Results and Discussion 9.xii.1984 (CANB). Papua New Guinea. Eastern Highlands: -Waiopa, Aiyura­ We have now confirmed the natural occurrence of the new tridepsides (1)-(4) in Omaura road, 13 km SE ofKainantu, 6°22'S, 145°58'E, 1450 m, on Castanopsis in several Parmelinopsis species. Chromatographic comparisons were conducted remnant forest, J.A. Elix 18798 & H. Streimann, 8.xii.1982 (CANB). among the synthetic depsides and the total acetone extracts from the various lichen Parmelinopsis subfatiscens (Kurok.) Elix & Hale species by TLC in three independent solvent systems, and by HPLC coupled to a Australia. New South Wales: -Currowan State Forest, 12 km W of Nelligen, 120 photodiode array detector for ultraviolet spectroscopic comparisons. m, on mossy granite rocks in wet sclerophyll forest, J.A. Elix 3593, 7.vii.1977 In this manner, extracts of the lichen Parmelinopsis neodamaziana (Elix & J. (CANB). New Zealand. South Island: -8 km E of Westport, 15 m, on gorse in Johnst.) Elix & Hale were shown to contain the cortical depsides atranorin and mixed podocarp forest, J.A Elix 7329, 27.ii.1980 (CANB). Papua New Guinea. chloroatranorin, relatively large quantities of the tridepsides gyrophoric acid, 5­ Southern Highlands: -Kengaput, 6 km SE of Mendi, 1740 m, on sapling in O-methylhiascic acid, and 2,4,5-tri-O-methylhiascic acid, together with minor Dacrydium swamp, J.A Elix 12974 & H. Streimann, 13.xii.1982 (CANB). amounts oflecanoric acid and 2,5-di-O-methylhiascic acid (2) (Fig. 2). In a similar manner, the extracts of the lichen Parmelinopsis spumosa (Asah.) References Elix & Hale (Fig. 3) were shown to contain atranorin (minor), lecanoric acid (minor), Culberson, CF (1972): Improved conditions and new data for the identification of gyrophoric acid (1) (major), and minor quantities ofthe tridepsides hiascic acid, 4­ lichen products by a standardized thin layer chromatographic method. Journal O-methylhiascic acid, 2,4,5-tri-O-methylhiascic acid, umbilicaric acid, and the new ofChromatography 72,113-125. 2,4-di-O-methylhiascic acid (1). Elix, JA; Engkaninan, U (1976): 4,5-Di-O-Methylhiascic Acid, a new tridepside Comparisons of extracts of the lichen Parmelinopsis subfatiscens (Kurok.) Elix 1 from the lichens Parmelia pseudofatiscens and Parmelia horrescens. Australian & Hale (Fig. 4) with synthetic compounds confirmed the presence of the cortical Journal ofChemistry 29,2701-2705. depsides atranorin andchloroatranorin, relatively large quantities ofthe tridepsides j Elix, JA; Ernst-Russell, KD (1993): A catalogue of standardized thin layer 2,4-di-O-methylgyrophoric acid and 3-methoxy-2,4-di-O-methylgyrophoric acid, and chromatographic data and biosynthetic relationships for lichen substances, second minor or trace amounts of lecanoric acid, 4-0-methylgyrophoric acid, gyrophoric edition, Australian National University, Canberra. o AUSTRALASIAN LICHENOLOGY 47, July 2000 AUSTRALASIAN LICHENOLOGY 47, July 2000 o Elix, JA; Jayanthi, VK (1977): 5-0-Methylhiascic Acid, a new tridepside from Australian lichens, Australian Journal ofChemistry 30, 2695-2704. Elix, JA; Jayanthi, VK (1981): 3-Methoxy-2,4-di-O-methylgyrophoric acid, a novel tridepside from the lichen Parmelia sUbfatiscens. Australian Journal ofChemistry 34,1153-1156. ~ Elix, JA; Jayanthi, VI{; Leznoff, CC (1981): 2,4-Di-O-methylgyrophoric acid and I 2,4,5-tri-O-methylhiascic acid. New tridepsides from Parmelia damaziana. Australian Journal ofChemistry 34,1757-1761. ..I Elix, JA; Jayanthi, VI{; McCaffery, LF; Yu, J (1998): Synthesis oflichen tridepsides. Australian Journal ofChemistry 51, 1045-1052. Elix, JA; Jayanthi, VI{; Wardlaw, JH (1989): 2-0-Methylhiascic acid, a new tridep­ side in the lichen Parmelinopsis neodamaziana. Australian Journal ofChemistry 42, 1423-1426. Elix, JA; Wardlaw, JH; Archer, AW; Lumbsch, HT; Pliimper, M (1997): Four new depsidones from Pertusaria and Lecanora lichens. Australasian Lichenology 41, 22-27. Elix, JA; Yu, J; Adler, MT (1989): 3-HydroxyumbiIicaric acid and 3-methoxy­ umbilicaric acid, new tridepsides from the lichen Parmelinopsis bonariensis. Australian Journal ofChemistry 42,765-770. Elix, JA; Yu, J; Tf,!Insberg, T (1991): 4-0-Methylhiascic acid and 5-0-acetyl-4-0­ methylhiascic acid, two new lichen tridepsides. Australian Journal ofChemistry 44,157-163. Feige, GB; Lumbsch, HT; Huneck, S; Elix, JA(1993); The identification of lichen substances by a standardized high-performance liquid chromatographic method. .... Journal ofChromatography 646,417-427. Iii Me o Me 20 11111 ~ 1 R~ o COzH ~ ;:; ~ '" ;1; 10 j

R,O OH Q (1) Rl Me, R2 = H Me o = (2) Rl = H, R2 = Me 1tl"""' ~'Tn~ 1~ :to ~ ~ 35'·' ~~-r-...--;;~ Me o Me Fig. 2. HPLC of acetone extract of Parmelinopsis neodamaziana (JA Elix 9161). Rr 12.418 = benzoic acid (internal standard); Rr 21.979 = lecanoric acid; Rr 23.331 o C<¥i =unknown pigment; Rr 24.144 =hiascic acid; Rr 24.624:: 2,5-di-O-methylhiascic acid; Rr 25.994 = 5-0-methylhiascic acid; Rr 26.265 = gyrophoric acid; Rr 26.691 = 2,4,5-tri-O-methylhiascic acid; RT 30.470 = atranorin; RT 35.341 =superlatolinic acid (internal standard); Rr 31.504 ::: chloroatranorin; Rr 35.590 superlatolic acid (internal standard). RO OH ... (3) R=H OH Me o (4) R= Me

Fig. 1. Structure of new tridepsides. @ AUSTRALASIAN LICHENOLOGY 47, July 2000 AUSTRALASIAN LICHENOLOGY 47, July 2000 ® Lecanoro pBeuilodecorota, a new species from Australia subimmersa by smaller apothecia, narrower ascospores, and an egranulose epi­ hymenium (Lumbsch 1994). H. Thorsten Lumbsch The new species is morphologically very similar to Lecanora decorata (Vainio Botanisches Institut, Universit§.t Essen, 1921) [Type: Japan. Prov. Shinano, Mt. Yatsugatake, on rock, 4.viii.1916,A. Yasuda Universit§.tsstr. 5, 0-45117 Essen, Germany ­ I 130 (TUR-V-5752, holotype!»), but differs from that species in anatomical and John A. Elix ! chemical characters. Furthermore, L. pseudodecorata has a darker apothecial disc I which remains dark when wet. Lecanora decorata has slightly larger ascospores Department of Chemistry, The Faculties, ,.I, Australian National University, Canberra, A.C.T. 0200, Australia (12.0-15.5 x 6.5-9.0 J.lm) and a dark blue-green epihymenium, and lacks xanthones but contains usnic acid and unidentified fatty acids. In connection with our studies of lecanoroid lichens inAustralia, we have found a new Lecarwra species that was collected in Queensland and differs from the ADDITIONAL SPECIMEN EXAMINED Japanese species L. decorata Vain. in anatomical and chemical characters. Queensland: -type locality, JA Elix 20796 & H. Streimann (CANB). Thalli and apothecia were cut using a freezing microtome in sections 16-20 J.lm References thick and stained with lactophenol cotton-blue. The chemical constituents were Culberson, CF (1972): Improved conditions and new data for the identification of identified using thin-layer chromatography (Culberson 1972, Culberson & Johnson lichen products by a standardized thin-layer chromatographic method. Journal 1982) and gradient elution high performance liquid chromatography (Feige et ai. ofChromatography 72, 113-125. 1993). Culberson, CF; Johnson, A (1982): Substitution of methyl tert.-butyl ether for Lecanora p8eudodecorata Lumbsch & Elix sp. nov. Fig. 1. diethyl ether in standardized thin-layer chromatographic method for lichen Thallus saxicola, crustaceus vel peltatus, crassus, continuus vel rimosus, luteo­ products. Journal ofChromatography 238, 438-487. viridis vel luteus. Soredia nulla. Prothallus non evolutus vel atrobrunneus. Feige, GB; Lumbsch, HT; Huneck, S; Elix, JA (1993): Identification of lichen Apothecia immersa, 0.5-2.0 mm diametro, disci fusci vel rubrofusci, epruinosi. substances by a standardized high-performance liquid chromatographic method. Epihymenium rubrofuscum, granulosum. Hypothecium hyalinum. Asci clavati, Journal ofChromatography 646, 417-427. octospori. Sporae hyalinae, late ellipsoideae vel ellipsoideae, 9.5-13.0 x 6.5-8.0 J.lm. Lumbsch, HT (1994): Die Lecanora subfUsca-Gruppe in Australasien. Journal of Thallus arthothelinum et acidum thiophanicum continens. the Hattori Botanical Laboratory 77,1-175. r Lumbsch, HT; Elix, JA (1997): Five new species of Lecanora from Australia Type: Australia, Queensland: -Conway State Forest, 16 km E of Proserpine, Oichenized Ascomycotina; Lecanoraceae). Mycotaxon 67, 391-403. 20021'S, 148°44'E, on rocks beside stream in lowland rainforest, 28.vi.1986, J.A f Rambold, G (1989): A monograph of the saxicolous lecideoid lichens of Australia Elix 20800 & H. Streimann (CANB, holotype). .... (excl. Tasmania). Bibliotheca Lichenologica 34,1-345. Vainio, EA (1921): Lichenes ab A. Yasuda in Japonia collecti. Continuatio I. Thallus saxicolous, crustose to peltate, thick (1-3 mm), roundish, flat to convex, Botanical Magazine, 'lhkyo 35, 45-79. continuous to rimose, yellowish green to yellow, epruinose, sometimes glossy. Soredia absent. Prothallus not visible or blackish grey. Apothecia immersed in the thallus, 0.5-2.0 mm wide, discs dark grey-brown to dark red-brown, epruinose. Cortex absent. Amphithecium absent. Parathecium 10-15 J.lm thick, hyaline, interspersed with small crystals (PoI+). Epihymenium red-brown, c. 10 J.lm high, not altered by KOH, with crystals (Pol+), soluble in KOH. Hymenium and hypo­ thecium hyaline. Paraphyses slightly branched and thickened at the apices. Asci clavate, B-spored. Spores hyaline, simple, broadly ellipsoid to ellipsoid, 9.5-13.0 x 6.5-8.0J.lm. Chemistry: Thallus K-, C+ orange, PD-, containing arthothelin (major) and thiophanic acid (minor). This species occurs on quartzitic rocks in shaded habitats. Itis only known from one locality in Queensland where it occurs beside a stream in a lowland rainforest. Lecanora pseudodecorata is characterized by the crustose to peltate thallus, aspicilioid ascomata, the granulose, red-brown epihymenium and the presence of xanthones. Lecanora contractuloides Lumbsch & Elix, a peltate alpine species in Australia, is distinguished by the whitish to grey thallus and the presence of 2,7­ dichiorolichexanthone (Lumbsch & Elix 1997). OtherAustralian Lecanora species rI with aspicilioid apothecia include L. demersa (Kremp.) Hertel & Rambold, L. oreinoides (Korb.) Hertel & Rambold, and L. subimmersa Fee. All contain atranorin ... and have a greyish or whitish thallus. Lecanora demersa and L. oreinoides are further distinguished by their blackish apothecial discs (Rambold 1989) and L. " @ AUSTRALASIAN LICHENOLOGY 47, July 2000 AUSTRALASIAN LICHENOLOGY 47, July 2000 @ Photographing lichens without a camera W.M. Malcolm Micro-Optics Limited, P.O. Box 320, Nelson, New Zealand ~ ' ' P.J. Garnock-Jones School of Biological Sciences and Island Biology Research Programme Victoria University of Wellington, P.O. Box 600, Wellington, New Zealand

.; Introduction Colour photographs are indispensable to lichenologists for illustrating taxa, character states, and glossary terms in journals, monographs, fieldguides, check­ lists, and Floras. Historically, though, they have been used only sparingly because they cost so much to print. However, in recent years that cost has fallen dramatically with the rapid growth of electronic media and digital publishing-it now costs almost nothing to display a full-colour image on a website or in an interactive key, and digital printing has lowered the cost of even hard-copies by as much as a third. Moreover, storing large digital images electronically is already cheap and steadily getting even cheaper. As a lichenologist you suddenly have the luxury of being able to use hundreds or even thousands of photographs to illustrate your work. However, that luxury might seem only a wishful dream if you're not a skilled photographer. You could hire a photographer, but good professionals don't come cheap, and if they're unfamiliar with the specimens you want photographed, then you must spend time supervising them as well. You could learn the necessary photographic skills yourself, but that could take years, and the film and processing for the many necessary "cut-and-try" experiments would cost you plenty. You could avoid that film cost entirely with a digital camera-the newest of them generate over 3 million pixels, half again as many as a 1200 dpi slide-scan-but they too are expensive, and more important, very few are reflex models that focus directly through the lens, which is essential for close-up work. Fortunately, though, you have a cheap and quick alternative--with an inexpensive flatbed scanner, you can make a digital image of a specimen within minutes, and then with off-the-shelf graphics software like PhotoshopTM, you can sharpen it, balance its colours, and alter it in numerous other ways to turn it into a high-quality image ready for immediate publication in either electronic or hard-copy formats. The two photographs below compare film and scanner images-the one on the left was taken on film with a US$4000 magnetic-shutter camera fitted to an equally costly dissection microscope, where­ as the one on the right was taken electronically with a US$240 flatbed scanner.

Fig. 1. Lecanora pseudodecorata Lumbsch & Elix sp. nov. 5 mm

Porpidia macrocarpa habit (film image on left., flatbed scanner image on right). @ AUSTRALASIAN LICHENOLOGY 47, July 2000 AUSTRALASIAN LICHENOLOGY 47, July 2000 ® Methods Shadows are stronger on film than in scans because sunlight or a flash are far Equipment : We used an EpsonHf 1200-S flatbed scanner wired to feed image more unidirectional than a scanner's light source, as shown below in the side-by­ data directly into a Macintosh G3 computer. Any computer with at least 180 Mhz side images of a thallus lobe made by a camera and a flatbed scanner. However, processor speed and 64 MB (megabytes) of RAM (random-access memory) would you can strengthen scanned shadows by dismantling the flatbed and masking its be suitable for loading and manipulating even large image files. To provide a uni­ light source on the same side as the specimen. The scan inevitably will be darker, form and out-of-focus background for scans, we removed the scanner's lid and re­ but you can compensate for that by means of the controls on the flatbed itself placed it with an upside-down home-made tray ofthe same area and shape as the before scanning, or by means ofgraphics software after the scanning. scanner's platen but 5 cm deep. We hot-glued the tray together from panels of 3­ mm-thick MDF (medium density fibreboard), and spray-painted it matte black on the inside. Specimens: Scanners are like cameras in having a limited depth offield, so the flatter the specimen, the sharper your scans will be. However, a scanner's depth of field is about as good as a camera's, and able to scan most lichen growth-forms. Dried specimens can be flattened somewhat by wetting them and then covering them with a sheet ofglass (2-10 mm thick). Reflections from the glass sometimes show up in the scan, but they can be removed later with image-editing software. Scanning: Remove the scanner's lid and lay the specimen on the platen with its "good" side down. For two reasons, you should place it in an upper corner of the platen: (1) the light and sensor won't have to travel far, so scanning will be quicker, and (2) the light in the scanned image will seem to be coming from one direction Pseudocyphellaria homoeophylla lobe showing the strong shadows of a typical and thus mimic sunlight. To change that apparent direction, you need only rotate camera image (left) and the weaker shadows of a flatbed scanner image (right). the specimen, as shown below with a thallus lobe scanned at 0°, 90°, and 180°. :: For detached specimens offruticose lichens such as Alectoria, Neuropogon, and Cladia, change the background from black to grey. However, avoid a "dead-white" background, because light randomly scattered by it is likely to fog the scan ruinously ') (film images sufferjust as badly from such "flaring"). The three flatbed scans below compare the effects of black, grey, and off-white backgrounds. )

Pseudocyphellaria faueolata lobe scanned at 0°, 90°, and 180° to simulate sunlight coming from different directions. In placing your specimen, be warned that some large scanners have "sour" areas, usually near the edges of the platen, where focus and colour balance are poor. You can find where they are by test-scanning at 600 dpi a uniform and highly detailed colour pattern that completely covers the platen, then zooming in on the scan and Cladia sulliuanii scanned on a flatbed with black, grey, and ivory backgrounds. looking for blurred edges and red, green, or blue halos. Focus can be ruined by a Set the scanner controls to cover an area slightly larger than the specimen, and dirty platen, too, so always clean the platen between scans, using a non-abrasive } choose "reflective" rather than "transparent" mode, "millions of colours" even if liquid glass cleaner and a clean cotton cloth (not a paper towel). The platen can you want only a black-and-white image (and ensure too that your monitor is set to also be fogged by water evaporating from hydrated specimens. That problem usually display all those colours), and 100% scale (neither enlarging nor reducing). Turn disappears as the scanner warms up, but if not, you can solve it by warming the offsharpening and compression. Ifyou can alter so-called gamma, set it at 1.8 (or platen briefly with an electric hair-dryer set on low heat. its equivalent in whatever scale your scanner software uses). The resolution you

@ AUSTRALASIAl'll LICHENOLOGY 47, July 2000 AUSTRALASIAN LICHENOLOGY 47, July 2000 @ choose for the scan depends on the size of your specimen, whether you want to display it on-screen or print it, and the size ofthat final on-screen or printed image. In general, the larger the specimen and the smaller the final image, the lower the resolution can be. An unnecessarily high resolution not only wastes file storage space but paradoxically can also blur details of the specimen and dull its colours, because in reducing image-size a computer can not make pixels smaller but instead must jettison some of them altogether. Therefore, if you plan to display or print your scanned image at various sizes, and especially if your specimen is rare, perishable, or on loan, make three scans with the resolution set at 150, 300, and 600 dpi (labelling them clearly). Some late-model flatbeds will scan as high as 1200 dpi "true" (that is, without having to generate pixels by interpolation). Such a high resolution is useful for scanning small crustose species. It's useful as well for making high-magnification "details" of low-magnification scans, as in the two images below. However, high resolution scans are massive, so if you scan many specimens at 1200 dpi, you'll soon need a high-capacity data-storage device like a writable CD-cutter or a DVD­ RAM drive.

Pseudocyphellaria billardierei upper surface illustrating the strongly faveolate thallus and black marginal apothecia-scanned on a flatbed at 600 dpi.

Coccotrema cucurbitula habit. The image on the left was scanned at 1200 dpi so that an equally sharp 600 dpi detail could be harvested from it (black marquee). Image manipulation: To alter the scanned images in the colour plate, we used Photoshopnl 4.0 (a later version is out, but you'll pay more for it). Similar software should give much the same results. However, avoid the scaled-down versions that typically are bundled with cheap scanners. With Photoshop and other image-editing software, you can alter a scanned image in myriad subtle ways, but the three most important ones are (1) brightness, contrast, and gamma, (2) colour balance, and (3) sharpness. Photoshop also lets you "fade" most of the alterations you make, in 1% steps from 99% down to zero (no effect at all). (1) Most graphics software allows you to alter brightness, contrast, and gamma by several means, but arguably the best is with the image displayed on-screen side-by-side with an RGB (combined red, green, and blue) histogram of it. In Photoshop, you would call up LEVELS, select PREVIEW (so that you can imme­ diately see the effect on the scan of any changes you make to it), then raise the black level by shifting its slider close to the histogram's left edge, and conversely lower the white level by shifting its slider close to the histogram's right edge. Gamma correction alters the brightness of mid-tones without affecting either the shadows (black) or the highlights (white), so raise it if your scan is too dark (underexposed) and lower it ifyour scan is too light (overexposed). You can lighten or darken smaller areas using dodge and burn tools (terms borrowed from photo­ Pseudocyphellaria billardierei lower surface illustrating the pale glabrous margin, graphy) and also restrict those effects to highlights, mid-tones, or shadows. tomentum, and verruciform pseudocyphellae-scanned on a flatbed at 600 dpi. ® AUSTRALASIAN LICHENOLOGY 47, July 2000 AUSTRALASIAN LICHENOLOGY 47, July 2000 ® (2) Photoshop has several tools for adjusting colour balance, allowing you to Additional lichen records from Oceania 5. Miscellaneous new records alter red, green, and blue separately, or to sample a single colour and then alter its hue, saturation, and lightness throughout the scan, or to delete a colour or replace P. M. McCarthy it with another. As with the brightness and contrast controls, you can restrict all Australian Biological Resources Study, of those effects to highlights, mid-tones, or shadows. GPO Box 787, Canberra,A.C.T. 2601,Australia (3) Sharpen last of all, and use a judicious mix of over-all, edges-, and spot­ sharpening (in that order). Try "unsharp mask" as well-although the name New records of ten lichen taxa are reported from Fiji, Norfolk Island and '!bnga. suggests that it will blur the image, in fact it's yet another sharpening tool, and These include Pyrenula ochraceoflava var. ochraceoflava P.M. McCarthy, recently often works particularly well on flatbed scans. Whatever mix of sharpening tools described from the Cook Islands, which is now known from an almost identical you adopt, always experiment on a copy ofthe file rather than the real thing, and habitat in Fiji, and a second record of Porina austropacifica P.M. McCarthy. resist the urge to over-sharpen. However, when reducing ("down-sizing") an image (for example to a 400 x 400 pixel colour bitmap for displaying on-screen on a website 1. Anisomeridium con80brinum(Nyl.) Aptroot, Biblioth. Lichenol. 57,21 (1995) or in an interactive key), you're likely to blur it as well, so always check to see if Recently reported from the Cook Islands (McCarthy 2000a) and Fiji (McCarthy & resharpening will restore its original quality. Elix 2000). The '!bngan specimen has a UV+ whitish thallus, rather than UV+ With the many tools ofimage-editing software, you can alteryour scans in almost yellow or yellowish orange as was reported previously. any way that you can imagine, and even in ways that you must see to believe! SPECIMEN EXAMINED However, keep in mind that your goal is to match the original specimen. Tonga. e'!bngatapu Island, coast S ofUtulau village, 21°11'S, 175°16'W, alt. 5 m, Archive the finished file in a PICT, TIFF, or other low-loss format and without on trunk ofSyzygium richii,A.E. Wright 8116, 5.vii.1988 (AK 184228). any compression. Back-up all your scan files, preferably on a writable CD or some other highly stable storage medium. Ifyou later need a GIF, JPEG, or BMP format, 2. Callcium hyperelloides Nyl., Sy~. Meth. Lich. 1, 153 (1860) make it from a copy of that original. Thallus pale yellowish green, verruculose, C+ orange. Apothecia black, apart from Conclusions a faint greyish-pruinose band near the rim of the excipulum, 0.35-0.9 mm tall, A cheap modern flatbed scanner rivals an expensive camera for photographing with a 0.08-0.12(-0.16) mm thick, glossy stalk with a thin, hyaline outer layer lichens. Hence, without a camera or photographic skills you can reliably, cheaply, (section); capitulum 0.2-0.35 mm diam. Ascospores dark brown, I-septate, 8-12 x and quickly make high-quality illustrations of lichens for immediate publication 5-7 J.Ull, with a minutely cracked surface. ~widespread, warm-temperate to tropical electronically or in hard-copy. A flatbed scanner is especially useful for photo­ species; this, however, is the first published record from the more remote Pacific graphing high-contrast specimens, which are hard to capture on film because no islands. A detailed description can be found in Tibell (1987). one camera setting can best bring out the details ofboth the light and dark areas. SPECIMEN EXAMINED As a result, even experienced photographers offset the risk oflosing such a shot by Tonga. e Ha'apai Group, Lifuka Island, old plantation S of Pangai, 19°49'S, "bracketing" what seems likely to be the correct exposure with two or three others 174°21'W, alt. 4 m, on dead wood ofCocos nucifera,A.E. Wright 8165, 10.vii.1988 deliberately set higher and lower, but even then they can't be sure ofsuccess until (AK 184379). the film has been processed. Scanning specimens on a flatbed neatly solves that problem, and in our view, such an advantage is reason enough to adopt the tech­ 3. Gyalectidium filicinum Milli. Arg, Flora 64, 101 (1881) nique. Even professional photographers would be sensible to keep it as a back-up Thallus thin, verruculose, off-white, without sterile hairs. Apothecia 0.1-0.4 mm or an alternative to film. diam., immersed; disc slightly concave, yellowish grey; epithecium containing algae. As for disadvantages, shadows are weaker in scans than in film images. You Paraphyses anastomosing. Asci I-spored. Ascospores ellipsoidal, muriform, 30-60 can't photograph landscape habitats with a flatbed either, but for those shots you x 10-20 J,.lm. In the Pacific known from Lord Howe Island, Western Samoa, Isla del can resort to an automatic or digital camera, which require little skill. Nor can you Coco and Islas Galapagos (EIix & McCarthy 1998). A detailed description can be photograph lichens that are growing on surfaces which you can't bring inside, found in Santesson (1952). such as large boulders or man-made structures like gravestones, fenceposts, build­ ings, and bridges. Even ifyou could set up a portable power supply for your flatbed, SPECIMENS EXAMINED you couldn't be sure of scanning such surfaces because flatbeds don't work reliably Norfolk Island. eMt Pitt Reserve, Filmy Fern Trail, 29°0I'S, 167°57'E, alt. 130 when they're tilted. However, in future ifspecimen scanning becomes common, as m, on palm leaves in subtropical rainforest, J.A Elix 18399 (part), 18400 (part) & seems likely, then you'll no doubt be able to buy flatbed models that are powered H. Streimann, 3.xii.1984 (CANB). by rechargeable batteries and are designed to work at any angle. The laptop com­ puters you'll need for controlling them are already rugged enough for field work, 4. Letrouitia bilera Hafellner, Nova Hedwigia 35, 666 (1981) and they're also fully as fast and RAM-capable as desktop models. Thallus thick, green-orange, rimose, smooth to verrucose. Apothecia mostly 1-2 mm diam., sessile, with a plane, dark brown disc and a thick, persistent, dark Acknowledgment orange proper margin (K+ purple). Asci 2(-4)-spored, rarely I-spored or up to 6­ We thank Kevin Archer for technical advice and for obtaining equipment. spored (then several aborting). Ascospores muriform (the cells in a spiral arrangement), 38-54 x 1~21 J,.lm. In the Pacific, already known from New Cale- @ AUSTRALASIAN LICHENOLOGY 47. July 2000 AUSTRALASIAN LICHENOLOGY 47, July 2000 @ donia, Norfolk Island and Tahiti (Hafellner 1981). A detailed description can be 9. Pyrenula ochraceoflava var. pacifica P.M. McCarthy, Lichenologist 32, 32 found in Hafellner (1981). (2000) Recently described from an almost identical habitat in Rarotonga, Cook Islands SPECIMEN EXAMINED (McCarthy 2000a), this variety is characterised by having shorter ascospores than Tonga.•'Eua Island, roadside N ofHouma, 21°17'S, 174°55'W, alt. 145 m, on tree var. ochraceoflava, and a single transverse septum separating 2 tiers of up to 4 trunk,AE. Wright 7652, 13.x.1986 (AK 177578). locules. A detailed description can be found in McCarthy (2000a). 5. Megalospora sulphurata Meyen var. sulphurata, in Meyen & Flotow, Nova SPECIMENS EXAMINED Actorum Acad. Caes. Leopold.-Carol. Nat. Cur. 19, Suppl., 228 (1843) Fiji. • Viti Levu, Coral Coast, Tagaque village, 20 kID E of Sigatoka, on bark of Thallus pale yellowish grey, rimose, sorediate, PD-. Apothecia mostly 1-3 mm Cocos nucifera on foreshore, J.A Elix 15330, 15331, 29.viii.1983 (CANB). diam., sessile, at first plane, becoming strongly convex, with a blackish disc and a thin, somewhat paler margin; epithecium orange-brown. Asci (1-)2-6-spored. 10. Strigula smaragdula Fr.: Fr., Linnaea 6, 550 (1830) Ascospores I-septate, 48-68 x 25-33 IJ.ID, with uniformly thin walls and septum. This pantropical, foliicolous lichen is known from several widely scattered islands This pantropical species is known from New Caledonia, Western Samoa, the Society and island groups in the Pacific Ocean (Elix & McCarthy 1998). A detailed Islands and the Hawaiian Islands. A detailed description can be found in Sipman description can be found in Santesson (1952, as S. elegans). (1983). SPECIMEN EXAMINED SPECIMEN EXAMINED Norfolk Island.•Rocky Point Reserve, 29°02'57"S, 167°55'15"E, alt. 45 m, on Tonga.•'Eua Island,just below highest point, 21°22'S, 174°55'W, alt. 310 m, on leaves of Nestegis ape tala in disturbed forest, H. Streimann 53851, 17.iv.1994 tree trunk in forest, AE. Wright 7692, 15.x.1986 (AK 177554). (CANB). 6. Porina austropacifica P.M. McCarthy, Australasian Lichenology 46, 21 (2000) I am grateful to Doug Rogan (AK) for organising the loan of Thngan specimens. This lichen was recently described from a single locality in Norfolk Island (McCarthy 2000b); a second specimen has since come to light. References Elix, JA; McCarthy, PM (1998): Catalogue of the lichens of the smaller Pacific SPECIMEN EXAMINED islands. Bibliotheca Lichenologica 70, 1-361. Norfolk Island. • Mount Pitt National Park, track between Mt Pitt and Mt Bates, Hafellner, J (1981): Monographie der Flechtengattung Letrouitia (Lecanorales, 29°00'05"S, 167°56'05"E, alt. 270 m, on Nestegis in disturbed forest on ridge, JA Teloschistinae). Nova Hedwigia 36, 645-729. Elix 27395, 15.vi.1992 (CANB). Harris, RC (1989): A sketch of the family Pyrenulaceae (Melanommatales) in eastern North America. Memoirs ofthe New York Botanical Garden 49,74-107. 7. Pyrenula macularls (Zahlbr.) R.C. Harris, Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 49,94 McCarthy, PM (2000a): The lichens ofRarotonga, Cook Islands, South Pacific Ocean (1989) I: pyrenocarpous taxa. Lichenologist 32,15-47. This pantropical species was recently reported from the Cook Islands (McCarthy McCarthy, PM (2000b): Porina austropacifica (Trichotheliaceae), a new species 2000a) and Fiji (McCarthy & Elix 2000). A description can be found in Harris from Norfolk Island. Australasian Lichenology 46, 21-24. (1989). McCarthy, PM; Elix, JA (2000): Additional lichen records from Oceania 4. Some pyrenolichens in Fiji. Australasian Lichenology 46, 40-42. SPECIMENS EXAMINED Santesson, R (1952): Foliicolous lichens I. A revision of the taxonomy of the Tonga. ·'Eua Island, 'Ufilei Beach, 21°20'S, 174 °57'W, alt. 3 m, on twigs ofshrubs, obligately foliicolous, lichenized fungi. Symbolae Botanicae Upsalienses 12), AE. Wright 7642 (part), 1l.x.1986 (AK 177573); .Ha'apai Group, Foa Islands, 1-590. swamp S of Lotofoa, 19°45'S, 174°18'W, alt. 0 m, on rotting trunk of Erythrina Sipman, HJM (1983): A monograph of the lichen family Megalosporaceae. Biblio­ ?fusca, AE. Wright 8325 (part), 21.vii.1988 (AK 184426). theca Lichenologica 18, 1-241. Tibell, L (1987): Australasian Caliciales. Symbolae Botanicae Upsalienses 27(1), 8. Pyrenula ochraceoflava (Nyl.) R.C. Harris var. ochraceoflava, Mem. New 1-280. York Bot. Gard. 49, 96 (1989) A common Pacific species, recently reported from the Cook Islands (McCarthy 2000a) and Fiji (McCarthy & Elix 2000), this lichen probably occurs in lowland and coastal habitats on most South Pacific islands. Descriptions can be found in Harris (1989) and McCarthy (2000). SPECIMENS EXAMINED Tonga.•Ha'apai Group, Foa Islands, swamp S of Lotofoa, 19°45'S, 174°18'W, alt. o m, on rotting trunk of Erythrina ?fusca, AE. Wright 8320 (part), 8325 (part), 21.vii.1988 (AK 184421, 184426).

@ AUSTRALASIAN LICHENOLOGY 47, July 2000 AUSTRALASIAN LICHENOLOGY 47, July 2000 @ Additional lichen records from Oceania 6. SPECIMEN EXAMINED Some corticolous pyrenolichens in Vanuatu Vanuatu. Esp{ritu Santo: -logging area near Lavatmas, 48 km NNW ofLuganville, P.M. McCarthy 15°07'S, 167°01'E, alt. 300 m, on shaded Pisonia umbellifera in lowland forest, H. Australian Biological Resources Study Streimann 62831 & P. Ala, 22.x.1998 (CANB). GPO Box 787, Canberra, A.C.T. 2601, Australia 4. Porina mastoidea (Ach.) Mull. Arg., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 6, 399 (1885) Elix & McCarthy (1998) reported 41 lichen taxa from Vanuatu, a group ofislands This quite variable pantropical species has thalli that range from thin and smooth located to the north-east ofNew Caledonia at latitude 13-21°S and longitude 166-­ to quite thick and rugose to verrucose. The perithecial verrucae are 0.36--0.9 mm 170°E. In this paper, new records of ten corticolous species of Porina (Tricho­ diam. and often, but not always, have a broad, blackish periostiolar cap. The theliaceae), Pseudopyrenula and T'rypethelium (both Trypetheliaceae) are report­ ascospores are medium-sized and predominantly 7-septate. Interestingly, the ed from Efate and Espiritu Santo, two of the larger islands of Vanuatu. Porina Vanuatu specimen is close to the robust end of the continuum ofthalline morph­ limitata and P. tetracerae var. persimilis are reported for the first time outside ology. For a detailed, illustrated description, see McCarthy (1993). tropical Australia, while was previously known only from India. P. mastoidella SPECIMEN EXAMINED All specimens were collected by H. Streimann and P. Ala in 1998. Those cited Vanuatu. Efale: - Iririki I., Port Vila harbour, on semi-shaded Gyrocarpus trunk below are held in CANB; supposed duplicates of some have been deposited in B in rainforest, H. Streimann 61980 & P. Ala, 15.x.1998 (CANB>. and PVY, but these have not been seen by me. 5. Porina mastoidella (Ny!.) Mull. Arg., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 6, 401 (1885) 1. Porina eminentior (Ny!.) P.M. McCarthy, Lichenologist 32, 42 (2000) Thrrucaria mastoidella Nyl., Flora 50, 8 (1867). Type: India, Calcutta, Botanical This pantropical lichen is characterized by its pale creamy buff, pale yellowish Garden, on bark ofCycas rumphii, S. Kurz 99a [Holotype-H-NYL. 1947!]. green, or pale to medium olive-brown thallus, large perithecia and muriform Thallus epiphloeodal, to 5 cm wide, pale grey-green, smooth to rugulose and ascospores. Its range includes New Guinea, coastal areas of Queensland, New verruculose, partly matt, partly glossy (especially towards the margin), 30-60 J.lm Caledonia, Lord Howe Is. and Western Samoa. For a detailed, illustrated thick, heavily impregnated with crystals, ± ecorticate; dark hypothallus lacking; description, see McCarthy (1995; as Clathroporina eminentior). prothallus silvery grey. Algae Trentepohlia; cells ellipsoidal. Perithecial verrucae shallowly to markedly convex, 0.25-0.35(-0.39) mm diam.; periostiolar cap pale to SPECIMENS EXAMINED medium orange-brown to reddish brown, 0.08-0.16 mm wide; ostiole concolorous Vanuatu. Esp{ritu Santo: - Luganville-Hog Harbour road, past Matevala Plant­ or a little darker. Involucrellum apical and vestigial. Excipulum c. 10 J.lm thick, ation, 16 km N of Luganville, 15°22'S, 167°11'E, alt. 0 m, on shaded Adenanthera pale orange-brown. Centrum 0.1-0.16 mm diam. Asci narrowly cylindrical to ppvonia in strand vegetation, H. Streimann 62918 & P. Ala, 24.x.1998 (CANB). narrowly obclavate; apex subtruncate. Ascospores narrowly oblong or narrowly Efale: -Forari Logging Area, 17 km ENE of Port Vila, 17°38'S, 168°2TE, alt. 300 fusiform, straight, curved or sigmoidal, 7-septate, 17-25 x 2.5-4 J.lm; perispore m, in lowland rainforest, H. Streimann 63058, 63119 & P. Ala, 25.x.1998 (CANB). thin or not apparent. Pycnidia not seen (Fig. 1). 2. Porina internigrans (Ny!.) MUlL Arg., Rep. Meetings Australas. Assoc. At least 100 mainly tropical species of Porina grow on bark and/or rock, have Advancem. Sci. 1895, 452 (1895) pale sandy brown, greenish brown oryellowish brown thalli, perithecia immersed Similar in colour to the previous species, P. internigrans has large, convex to in thallus-dominated verrucae and ascospores with 7 or more septa. A few, e.g. P. hemispherical perithecial verrucae and 50-90 x 9-17 J.lm ascospores with 7-13 papuensis P.M. McCarthy, P. polycarpa Milll. Arg. and P. subinterstes (Nyl.) Mull. septa. Itis known from theAndaman Islands, South-eastAsia, New Guinea, eastern Arg., have comparatively short ascospores (c. 18-32 J.lm long) and small, but not Queensland and New Caledonia. For a detailed, illustrated description, see minute, perithecial verrucae (c. 0.3-0.6 mm diam.). However, only P. mastoidella McCarthy (1994a). combines diminutive perithecial verrucae and exceptionally small, 7-septate ascospores. SPECIMENS EXAMINED The verrucae ofthe type specimen are slightly more prominent than those ofthe Vanuatu. Espiritu Santo: - Hasevaia (near mouth ofAdsone R), 23 km NNW of Vanuatu collection, and they have darker periostiolar caps. Luganville, 15°35'S, 166°58'E, alt. 3 m, on shade9 tree base in strand vegetation, H. Streimann 62869 & P. Ala, 23.x.1998 (CANB). Efale: -ridge below Mt McDonald, SPECIMEN EXAMINED 15 km NNE of Port Vila, 17°35'S, 168°21'E, alt. 600 m, on shaded tree trunk in Vanuatu. Esp{ritu Santo: -logging area near Lavatmas, 48km NNW of Luganville, rainforest, H. Streimann 63298 & P. Ala, 28.x.1998 (CANB). 15°07'S, 167°01'E, alt. 300 m, on a shaded vine in lowland forest, H. Streimann 62817 & P. Ala, 22.x.1998 (CANB). 3. Porina limitata C. Knight, in Bailey, Syn. Queensland Fl., Suppl. 1, 73 (1886) Previously thought to be endemic to eastern Queensland, P. limitata has a pale 6. Porina tetracerae (Ach.) MillL Arg. var. tetracerae, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 6,401 sandy brown to pale greyish green thallus, medium-sized, convex to hemispherical (1885) perithecial verrucae that, significantly, have a ± concolorous apex. The ascospores A very common, pantropical lichen that is usually corticolous, P. tetracerae also are 7-9-septate and 38-58 x 6--10 J.lm. For a detailed, illustrated description, see occurs on rocks and leaves. It is less variable in appearance than the sympatric McCarthy (1994b). and almost equally common P. mastoidea, and its 7-septate ascospores are much shorter and narrower. Colonies ofP. tetracerae frequently lack perithecia, but they ® AUSTRALASIAN LlCHENOLOGY 47, July 2000 AUSTRALASIAN LICHENOLOGY 47, July 2000 ® can be identified by the presence ofdense patches ofcylindrical to coralloid isidium­ SPECIMENS EXAMINED like outgrowths. For a detailed, illustrated description, see McCarthy (1993). Vanuatu. Espiritu Santo: -logging area near Lavatmas, 48 k:m NNW ofLuganville, 15°07'S, 167°01'E, alt. 300 m, in lowland forest, H. Streimann 62774, 62793 & P. SELECTED SPECIMENS EXAMINED Ala, 22.x.I998 (CANB). Vanuatu. Efate: - Forari Logging Area, 17 k:m ENE ofPort Vila, 17°38'S, 168°27'E, alt. 300 m, on shaded tree buttress in lowland rainforest, H. Streimann 63050 & References P. Ala, 25.x.I998 (CANB). Espiritu Santo: -mountain inland from Navota Farm, Elix, JA; McCarthy, PM (1998): Catalogue of the lichens of the smaller Pacific 18 k:m ESE ofLuganville, 15°34'S, 167°0l'E, alt. 230 m, in rainforest, H. Streimann islands. Bibliotheca Lichenologica 70, 1-361. 62111,62183 & P. Ala, 17.x.1998 (CANB); -logging area near Lavatmas, 48 k:m Harris, RC (1986) ["1984"1: The family Trypetheliaceae (Loculoascomycetes: NNW ofLuganville, 15°07'S, 167°0 l'E, alt. 300 m, in lowland forest, H. Streimann lichenized Melanommatales) inAmazonian Brazil. Acta Am.a.zonica, Supplement 62819,62832 & P. Ala, 22.x.1998 (CANB). 14, 55-80. Harris, RC (1995): More Florida Lichens including the 10¢ Thur ofthe Pyrenolichens. 7. Porinatetracerae var. persimilis (Milll.Arg.) P.M. McCarthy,Nova Hedwigia New York: privately published. 58,401 (1994) Harris, RC (1998): A preliminary revision ofPseudopyrenula Mull. Arg. Oichenized Whereas the ascospores ofvar. tetracerae are 3.5-7 ~m wide, those ofvar. persimilis Ascomycetes, Trypetheliaceae) with a redisposition of the names previously are narrower (2-3.5 ~). Until now, this lichen was only known from a handful of assigned to the genus. In Lichenographia Thomsoniana: North American localities in north-eastern Queensland. For a detailed, illustrated description, see Lichenology in Honour ofJohn W Thomson (Glenn, MG; Harris, RC; Dirig, R; McCarthy (1994a). Cole, MS, eds): 133-148. Mycotaxon Ltd, Ithaca, New York. SPECIMEN EXAMINED McCarthy, PM (1993): Saxicolous species of Porina Milll. Arg. (Trichotheliaceae) Vanuatu. Espiritu Santo: - Mt Malel, 30 k:m NNW ofLuganvilIe, 15° 15'S, 167°06'E, in the Southern Hemisphere. Bibliotheca Lichenologica 52,1-134. alt. 180 m, on semi-shaded tree branch in disturbed forest, H. Streimann 62251 & McCarthy, PM (1994a): Corticolous species of Porina Oichenized Ascomycotina: P. Ala, 18.x.I998 (CANB). Trichotheliaceae) in Australia. I. Nova Hedwigia 58, 391-403. McCarthy, PM (1994b): Corticolous species of Porina (lichenized Ascomycotina: 8. Pseudopyrenula diluta (Fee) MUll. Arg. var. degenerans Vainio, in Schmidt, Trichotheliaceae) in Australia. II. Nova Hedwigia 59, 509-516. Bot. Tidsskr. 29, 148 (1909) McCarthy, PM (1995): A reappraisal ofClathroporina Milll. Arg. (Trichotheliaceae). The known distribution ofthis pantropicallichen includes the Philippines and the Lichenologist 27,321-350. Hawaiian Islands, and it was recently reported and briefly described from Fiji McCarthy, PM; Elix, JA (2000): Additional lichen records from Oceania. 4. Some (McCarthy & Elix 2000). For a detailed description, see Harris (1998). pyrenolichens in Fiji. Australasian Lichenology 46, 40-42. SPECIMEN EXAMINED Vanuatu. Espiritu Santo: -logging area near Lavatmas, 48 k:m NNW ofLuganville, 15°07'S, 167°0l'E, alt. 300 m, on upper branches of a large Antiaris toxicarya in lowland forest, H. Streimann 62806 & P. Ala, 22.x.I998 (CANB). ~'i~~:!I~\ 9. T.rypethelium eluteriae Spreng., Anleitung Kenntn. Gewachse 3, 351 (1804) ';;'''';.''34.) This very distinctive, pantropical lichen has a smooth, pale brown thallus and .!7:~ ~...,:-":'"i <,.,,,,' rather large and prominent pseudostromata containing 5-15 ascomata embedded b ...... , ~.'). in an orange powdery material that is K+ purple. The ascospores are colourless, elongate fusiform, 9-13-septate and c. 35-50 x 8-12~. It is common in north­ eastern Australia and New Guinea; among the Pacific islands it has been report­ ed from New Caledonia and the Galapagos Islands (Elix & McCarthy 1998). For further information, see Harris (1986, 1995). SPECIMEN EXAMINED Vanuatu. Efate: -Iririki I., Port Vila harbour, on semi-exposed mango stem in monsoon forest, H. Streimann 61992 & P. Ala, 15.x.I998 (CANB). c ~. 10. Trypethelium variolosumAch., Syn. Meth. Lich. 104 (1814) a---­ This pantropical lichen has a smooth, pale yellowish green, UV + bright yellow thallus and whitish, irregular pseudostromata each with 5-20 simple, immersed pseudothecia (only the minute, black apices visible). The ascospores are colourless, Fig. 1. Porina mastoidella (CANB). a, Habit ofthallus and perithecia; b, Part of 3·septate and c. 21-28 x 8-10 ~m. In the Pacific it is known from Guam and the vertical section ofperithecium and adjacent thallus (semi·schematic); c,Ascospores. Northern Mariana Islands (Elix & McCarthy 1998). For further information, see Scales a = 0.5 mm, b = 0.2 mm, c = 20 ~m. Harris (1986, 1995). @ AUSTRALASIAN LlCHENOLOGY 47, July 2000 AUSTRALASIAN LICHENOLOGY 47, July 2000 ® Additional lichen records from New Zealand 32. thomsonii also have non-moniliform paraphyses and small, broadly ellipsoid Epigloea soleiformis Dobbeler and Fuscidea impolita (Mii11. Arg.) Hertel ascospores. A more critical investigation of additional specimens (including the types, which Alan M. Fryday I have not seen) is required to clarify the relationship between F. impolita and F. Herbarium, Department of Botany and Plant Pathology thomsonii. 166 Plant Biology Building, Michigan State University East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA SPECIMENS EXAMINED Campbell Island. -Rock outcrops and feldmark on summit of Mt Dumas (500 HenryA. Imshaug and Richard C. Harris collected lichens from Campbell Island, m), 13.i.1970, H.A Imshaug 46993 (MSC). -Outcrops above Venus Cove on lower New Zealand, during the summer of 1969-1970. This extensive collection of c. part ofW slope ofMt Honey, 15.i.1970, H.A. Imshaug 47096 (MSC). 3000 specimens is housed in the herbarium of Michigan State University (MSC), and has recently been reactivated with the aid of a grant from the US National References Science Foundation (Award No. DBI-9808735, Alan Prather-PI) (Fryday 2000). Brodo, 1M; Wirth, V (1998): The lichens and lichenicolous fungi of the Queen Many of the collections received only a cursory examination at the time ofcollection, Charlotte Islands, British Columbia, Canada. 4. The genus Fuscidea (Fuscidi­ and a more thorough examination has revealed several taxa new to science. These aceae). In Lichenographia Thomsoniana: North American Lichenology in Honor are currently under investigation, and will be fully reported elsewhere. A smaller of John W. Thomson. MG Glenn, RC Harris, R Dirig & MS Cole (eds), pp. 149­ number represent previously described taxa which are new to the New Zealand 161. Mycotaxon Ltd, Ithaca. lichen flora (Malcolm & Galloway 1997, D. Galloway pers. comm.), and two ofthese DObbeler, P (1984): Symbiosen zwischen Gallertalgen und Gallertpilzen der Gattung are reported here. Epigloea (Ascomycetes). Beiheft zur Nova Hedwigia 79, 203-239. Fryday, AM (2000): Additional lichen records from New Zealand 31. Australasian Epigloea soleiformis Dobbeler, Beiheft zur Nova Hedwigia 79, 229 (1984) Lichenology 46, 36-39. Epigloea soleiformis is an inconspicuous pyrenocarpous fungus parasitizing Hertel, H (1984): Uber saxicole, lecideoide Flechten der Subantarktis. Beiheft zur gelatinous algal colonies on decaying bryophytes in damp habitats. It is probably Nova Hedwigia 79, 399-499. much more frequent than records suggest, because it is usually collected as an Malcolm, WM; Galloway, DJ (1997): New Zealand Lichens. Checklist, Key, and incidental associate of another species and noticed only later under the binocular Glossary. Museum ofNew Zealand Te Papa Thngarewa, Wellington. microscope. Muller, J (1889) ["1888j Lichens. Mission Sci. Cap Horn 5,141-172. Epigloea soleiformis was collected several times from Marion Island by Hertel (DObbeler 1984). In the Northern Hemisphere it is apparently widespread in Europe, but has yet to be recorded from North America. The Campbell Island specimen was growing over bryophytes with Stereocaulon caespitosum Redinger and three apparently undescribed species of the genera Micarea (B.J. Coppins pers. comm.), Poeltinula, and Rhizocarpon. SPECIMEN EXAMINED Campbell Island. -Summit of Mt Honey, 570 m, rock outcrops and feldmark, 31.xii.1969, H.A. Imshaug 46352 (MSC). Fuscidea impolita (Mull. Arg.) Hertel, Beiheft zur Nova Hedwigia 79, 454 (1984) Basionym: Lecidea impolita Milll. Arg., Mission Sci. Cap Horn 5: 165 (1889) ["1888"1. These collections appear to be the first since the type was collected in Tierra del Feugo in 1882-1883. The species is characterized by a thin, continuous thallus lacking lichen substances (as detected by tlc) but with an amyloid medulla (1+ blue) and ± immersed apothecia. Although the original description by Muller (1889) gives the ascospores as 11­ 13 11m long, and Hertel (1984) gives them as 9-14 x 6--8 11m, the Campbell Island specimens have ascospores measuring 9-9.5 x 4.5--B 11m. The apothecia of the Campbell Island specimen also rarely exceed 0.2 mm diam., although Muller gives the diameter as 0.3-0.4 mm. The only other members of the genus Fuscidea having an amyloid medulla are F. submollis Inoue (from Japan) and F. lowensis (H. Magn.) RA. Anderson & Hertel and the recently described F. thomsonii Brodo & Wirth (Brodo & Wirth 1998) (both from North America). Fuscidea lowensis and F. submollis both have a thick thallus with sessile apothecia, but F. thomsonii is very similar to F. impolita, from which it differs primarily in containing divaricatic acid. Fuscidea impolita and F. ® AUSTRALASIAN LICHENOLOGY 47, July 2000 AUSTRALASIAN LICHENOLOGY 47, July 2000 ® Additional lichen records from Australia 44. Additional lichen records fromAustralia 45. Dictyographa cinerea (C. Knight & Mitt.) Miill. Arg. The lichen family Calycidiaceae discovered in Tasmania Alan W. Archer Gintaras Kantvilas National Herbarium ofNew South Wales, Tasmanian Herbarium, G.P.O. Box 252-04, Hobart, Tasmania 7001,Australia Mrs Macquaries Road, Sydney 2000, N .S.W., Australia Abstract: Calycidium cuneatum Stirt. is recorded for Tasmania for the first time. During an examination of twigs for species of Graphidaceae other than the The morphology, chemistry and ecology ofTasmanian specimens are discussed. apparently ubiquitous Phaeographis australiensis Miill. Arg., an inconspicuous Introduction specimen was collected that resembled Opegrapha. However, the ascospores of The family Calycidiaceae M. Choisy comprises the single, currently monotypic Opegrapha are transseptate, whereas those ofthis specimen were muriform, and genus Calycidium Stirt. and is included in the Order Caliciales, a heterogeneous reference to Galloway (1985) showed it to be Dictyographa cinerea MiilL Arg. This assemblage of superficially quite different genera that all display passive spore is the first report ofthe genus in Australia. dispersal via the development ofmazaedia (Tibell1984). TheAustralasian flora is rich in Caliciales, notably the prominent fruticose generaBunodophoron, Leifidium Dictyographa cinerea (C. Knight & Mitt.) Miil1.Arg., Bull. Herb. Boissier 2 (ap­ and Sphaerophorus, common components of cool temperate rainforest, and the pendix 1), 78 (1894) minute crustose genera Chaenotheca, Calicium and their relatives that are =Opegrapha cinerea C. Knight & Mitt., Trans. Linn. Soc. London 23: 101 (1860). prominent on dead, dry lignum, especially in sclerophyll forest. Although super­ ficially not unlike Bunodophoron (Sphaerophoraceae) and even included there by TYPE: NEW ZEALAND. Auckland, on trees, C. Knight; lectotype: BM (Hayward some early authors, for example Murray (1960), Calycidium is today retained in a 1977: 576). separate family on account of its sessile, dark brown ascomata and pigmented DESCRIPTION: Thallus corticolous, thin to evanescent, off-white; apothecia ascospores that lack ornamentation or sterile, sclerotized material (Ohlsson 1974, lirellate, inconspicuous, black, somewhat shiny, lacking a thalline margin, lips Tibell1984). Originally described from and considered to beendemic to New Zealand (Galloway closed, producing a conspicuous groove along the length ofthe lirellae, straight or 1985, Tibell1987), Calycidium was collected in southern South America by B.J. slightly curved, unbranched, 0.5-1.2 mm long, 0.3-0.5 mm wide; proper exciple Coppins, D.J. Galloway, G. Guzman and P.W. James in 1986, and subsequently by thick, completely carbonised; hymenium 120-140 !lID tall; ascospores 8 per ascus, other lichenologists also. Despite extensive field work in Tasmania over the last ellipsoid, hyaline, muriform, 24-28 ~m long, 10-12 ~m wide, 6-7 x 2-4-locular. 20 years, focused especially on cool temperate rainforest where Calycidium can be Chemistry: no compounds found. expected to occur, the genus appeared to be absent there. However, recently two SPECIMEN EXAMINED widely separated localities for the genus were discovered. These represent a Australia. New South Wales: • Kuringai Chase National Park, Pittwater, The Basin significant range extension and the first records ofa family previously not known camping area, 33°36'15"'S, 151°17'30"'E, alt. 2 m, c. 30 km N of Sydney, on fallen for Australia. twig, A W Archer G 498, 3.vi.2000 (NSW 441142). Calycidium cuneatum Stirt., Proc. Phil. Soc. Glasgow 10; 292 (1877) Type: [New Zealand] Chatham Islands, Travers (BM, not seen). Dictyographa cinerea is characterised by the sessile, black, simple lirellae, the thick, completely carbonised proper exciple, the hyaline, muriform ascospores and Comprehensive descriptions of this species are provided by Galloway (1985) and the absence of lichen compounds. With a thin or evanescent thallus and small, Tibell (1987). Itis characterised by erect to ascending markedlyflattened lobes, 4­ black lirellae, the species is inconspicuous and readily overlooked. The description 10 mm wide and up to 15 mm long, green to greyish or yellowish green upper above, based on theAustralian specimen, agrees with that given by Hayward (1977: surface, whitish lower surface, marginal, numerous, brown to dark brown mazaedia, 576) for the New Zealand specimens. Associated taxa were Phaeographis australi­ and irregularly globose, 4-7 ~m diam. to irregularly ellipsoid, 6-7 x 4.5-6 11m asca­ ensis, Pertusaria sp. and Lecanora sp. spores (Fig. 1). Dictyographa is a genus ofc. 5 species ofmainly tropical distribution included in Superficially C. cuneatum resembles the broad, basal, sterile branches ofcertain the family Roccellaceae (Hawksworth et al. 1995). One ofthese species, D. psyllo­ species ofBunodophoron, particularlyB. macrocarpum or B. scrobiculatum. Indeed carpa (Leight.) Redinger, described from Brazil (Redinger 1940), has lirellae and at one locality all three taxa were present. In the field, itcan be easily distinguished ascospores closely resembling those ofD. cinerea. from these taxa by the presence of abundant, marginal, dark brown mazaedia, whereas those of the Bunodophoron species are blackand areconspicuously elevated References on specialised flattened or terete branches. Furthermore, the mazaedia of C. Galloway, DJ (1985): Flora ofNew Zealand Lichens. Government Printer, Wellington. cuneatum have a thin thalline margin, whereas those ofmost Bunodophoron species Hawksworth, DL; Kirk, PM; Sutton, BC; Pegler, DN (1995): Ainsworth & Bisby's are contained within a prominent thalline receptacle. Dictionary ofthe Fungi. CAB International, Wallingford. The chemistry of the two Tasmanian specimens is markedly different. Both Hayward, GC (1977): Taxonomy of the lichen families Graphidaceae and Ope­ contain an unidentified slow-moving substance that is colourless on developed graphaceae in New Zealand. New Zealand Journal ofBotany 15, 565-584. TLC plates, but whereas one (GK 462199) contains additional sphaerophorin, the Redinger, K (1940): Die Graphidineen der ersten Regnell'schen Expedition nach other (GK 263100) contains unidentified, fast-moving xanthones, appearing as UV+ orange spots on undeveloped plates. The South American specimen to which Brasilien 1892-94. IV. Opegrapha. Arkiv lOr Botanik 29A(19), 1-52. these were compared has the latter chemistry. ® AUSTRALASIAN LICHENOLOGY 47, July 2000 AUSTRALASIAN LICHENOLOGY 47, July 2000 @ Dr Mats Wedin ofUmea, Sweden, has indicated (in litt.) that the two chemistry types are correlated to subtly different morphologies, most notably lobe form and apothecial size, and it is his intention to erect a second species in the genus in a forthcoming paper. The putative morphological differences could not be observed in the Tasmanian collections, but it appears that ultimately the Tasmanian flora will include the full complement of known species of Calycidium. &th taxa also occur in New Zealand, whereas only one is known from South America. Although both Tasmanian specimens were discovered in cool temperate rainforest, their ecology was markedly different. The sphaerophorin-containing specimen occurred in a very low, tangled rainforest community at subalpine altitudes (950 m), a forest type referred to as implicate by Jarman et al. (1994). It grew on the smooth bark of a young, horizontally orientated limb ofNothofagus cunninghamii, associated with species of Bunodophoron, Leifidium tenerum and .­ numerous crustose lichens such as Miltidea ceroplasta and Megalospora lopadi­ oides. In contrast, the xanthone-containing specimen occurred in tall, open, park­ like rainforest ofthe callidendrous type (Jarman et al. 1994) at only 70 m altitude, and grew on an ancient tree of Nothofagus cunninghamii at the forest edge, :fiJJJ associated with bryophytes, Bunodophoron insigne and B. australe. The extent to which these lichens are faithful to these habitats will only be revealed by further collections, although it has been shown that the lichen floras ofthese forest types can be significantly different (Jarman & Kantvilas 1995). Calycidium is thus a classical austral cool temperate genus, with a distribution confined to the southernmost fragments ofthe former supercontinent ofGondwana, and with an ecological distribution centred in the cool temperate Nothofagus­ dominated rainforests of the region. Similar far southerly distributions are expressed by the small genera Sagenidium, Roccellinastrum and Kantvilasia. SPECIMENS EXAMINED Tasmania: -Hartz Lake, 43°14'S, 146°46'E, 950 m altitude, 30.xii.1999, G. Kantuilas 462199 (HO); - along the road to Corinna, south of the Pieman River, 41°40'S, 145°05'E, 70 m altitude, 23.v.2000, G. Kantvilas 263100 (HO). Chile: -11.4 km SW of Choshuenco near Rio Enco, 39° 53'S, 72°08'W, 400 m altitude, 24.xi.1986, B.J. Coppins et al. 4086 (BM, HO). Acknowledgements I thank Mats Wedin and Jean Jarman for helpful discussions. References Galloway, DJ (1975): Flora ofNew Zealand Lichens. Government Printer, Welling­ ton. Jarman, SJ; Kantvilas, G (1995): A floristic study of rainforest bryophytes and lichens in Tasmania's myrtle-beech alliance. Tasmanian NRCP Report No. 14. Forestry Tasmania and Department ofthe Environment, Sport and Thrritories, Canberra. Jarman, SJ; Kantvilas, G; Brown, MJ (1994): Phytosociological studies in Tasman­ ian cool temperate rainforest. Phytocoenologia 25, 355-390. Murray, J (1960): Studies of New Zealand lichens.!. The Coniocarpinae. Trans­ Fig. 1. Calycidium cuneatum (GK 263100). Single lobe of thallus with numerous actions ofthe Royal Society ofNew Zealand 88,177-195. marginal mazaedia, and ascospores. Scale = 4 mm for the thallus and 10 11m for Ohlsson, K (1974): A revision of the lichen genus Sphaerophorus. Unpublished the ascospores. PhD Thesis, Michigan State University. Tibell, L (1984): A reappraisal of the taxonomy of Caliciales. Beiheft zur Nova Hedwigia 79, 597-713. Tibell, L (1987): Australasian Caliciales. Symbolae Botanicae Upsalienses 27( 1), 1-279.

@ AUSTRALASIAN LICHENOLOGY 47, July 2000 AUSTRALASIAN LICHENOLOGY 47, July 2000 ®