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Bdckbromsen, Atherix Idis (Diptera: Athericidae), I Sverige: En Riidlistad Flugas Utbredning Och Status Sronn Malmevist

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Bdckbromsen, Atherix Idis (Diptera: Athericidae), I Sverige: En Riidlistad Flugas Utbredning Och Status Sronn Malmevist Bdckbromsen, Atherix iDis (Diptera: Athericidae), i Sverige: en riidlistad flugas utbredning och status srOnN MALMevIST Malmqvist, B.: Biickbromsen, Atherix lbls (Diptera: Athericidae), i Sverige: en rtjdlistad flugas utbredning och status. [The ibis fly, Atherix iDis (Diptera: Athericidae), in Sweden: the distribution and status of a redJisted fly speciesl. - Ent. Tidskr. 117 (l-2):23-28. Uppsala, Sweden 1996. ISSN 0013-886x. The ibis fly, Atherix ibls, inhabits riffles of streams and rivers in Nonh Sweden. It is included in the Swedish Red Data List under category 3 ("Rare"). Recent studies suggest that this species is in fact rather common in streams and rivers within its distribution area given the stream/river size is in the interval between 5 and 40 m. In a survey of 55 sites in northeastern Sweden, 22 were in this size interval and A. ibis was present at 15 of these sites. The difference between sites with and without A. ibis was positively related to water quality in terms of pH and conductivity, and negatively to filamentous algae, altitude and channel width, as indicated by a multiple discriminant analysis. B. Malmqvist, Dept. of Animal Ecology, Umed University, S-901 87 Umed, Sweden. Bakgrund Bdckbromsen , Atherix i bis (Fabricius, 1798) (Fig. beliigna. Betydelsen av det hiir spektakuliira l), iir sliiktets enda art i norra Skandinavien (Tho- aggregationsbeteendet dr fortfarande inte utredd. mas 1978, 1993a,1994). Den har ett stort utbred- Larverna ir glupska stickande-sugande rovdjur, ningsomride som sftacker sig frin Brittiska ciarna, som kan fcirekomma i hoga tiitheter pi stenbotten i Pyren6erna och Frankrike i vdster till Japan i oster biickar och ilvar (Fig. 3). Thomas et al. (1979) och frin Medelhavsomridet i scider till norra menade att brickbromsen i det franska vattendrag Skandinavien och Sibirien i norr (Thomas 1978). de studerade t.o.m. kunde vara en nyckelart, d.v.s. Den i vdstra USA f<irekommande A. pachypus an- avgdrande fdr bottenfaunans sammansittning. ses av Thomas (1993b) vara samma art som gamla Deras frdmsta byten utgdrs av larverna av natt- vdrldens A. ibis. Ytterligare en art, A. pictaLoew, och dagsllindor ur familjerna Hydropsychidae och 1869, kan fcirekomma i till Skandinavien angrdns- Heptageniidae (Thomas 1975, Thomas et al. ande delar av Ryssland (Majer 1988), men dess 1979, Hunter & Maier 1994). status betraktas som gitfull och osiiker (Thomas Bdckbromsen finns med bland de arter Ehn- 1993a). Bdckbromsen uppvisar betydande fiirgva- strdm e/ al. (1993) tar upp i sin forteckning civer riation och minga arter inom slilktet har synony- rildlistade evertebrater i Sverige. Aktuella obser- miserats med A. ibis.En andra art i familjen Athe- vationer antyder emellertid att denna art kan vara ricidae, Ibisia marginara (Fabricius, 1781), iir vanligare 6n man tidigare trott. Fcirekomst av kiind frin sddra Sverige (Wahlgren 1907). biickbroms beror pi flera olika faktorer: regionalt Biickbromsen dr en intressant art av olika skdl. pi artens invandringhistoria, och lokalt sannolikt Aggliiggande honor bildar tata aggregat pi grenar frlimst pi tillgingen pi liimpliga iiggliiggnings- som hdnger ut civer forsande vatten eller pi under- platser samt uppviixtmiljtier f<ir larverna. Hiir pre- sidan av broar (Fig. 2). Efter det att honorna lagt senterar j ag nya utbredningsuppgifter tillsammans iigg och dtjtt bestir ansamlingarna av samman- med en sammanstdllning av tidigare kiinda loka- klistrade djur kinge. Sidana aggtegat vittnar fort- ler, samt en analys av mcijliga styrmekanismer fcir farande iret efter om var reproduktionsplatser ar artens lokala utbredning. 23 Bjdrn Malmqvist Ent. Tidskr. l17 (1996) Fig. 1. Hona av btickbromsen (Atherix ibis). Arten rir knappt centimeterldng och krinnetecknas bl.a. av de brunJlrickiga, ganska slora vingarna. Teckning: Grirel Marklund. Female of Atherix ibis. The species has characteristic brown patterns on the relativell, large wings. Fig. 2. Aggregation av honor av brickbromsen. Sddana ansamlingar kan ses pd grenar som hiinger ut dver fors' ande vatten och pd undersidan av broar. Efter att honor- na lagt rigg och diitt bestdr ansamlingarna av samman' klistrade djur liinge, och vittnar t.o.m. niista dr om var reproduktionsplalserna rir beldgna. Teckning: Gdrel Marklund. Aggregation offemale Atherix ibis. Such a7gregations are found on the underside of bridges crossing rapids and on branches overhanging fast-fTowing water. The aggregations remain for a long time after the females have deposited their eggs and died. 24 Ent. Tidskr. lll (1996) Bdckbromsen i Sverige aggregat av adulta honor. Larvprovtagning skedde genom att substratet stdrdes uppstrdms en hiv (maskvidd 0,5 mm), varvid djuren fciljde med vattenstrdmmen in i hiven. Djuren sorterades ut levande i ett vitt sorteringstrag. Ytterligare utbredningsdata om b?ickbromsen inhiimtades frin Andersson ( 1962), Hedstrrim (1986), Nilsson (1986), Degerman er al. (1994) (opubl.). Fig. 3. Larv av brickbromsen sedd snett uppifrdn och och Englund & Malmqvist underifrdn. Larverna rir glupska slickande-sugande Larvfcirekomst i fdrhillande till olika miljci- rovdjur som lever pd stenbolten i bdckor och cilvar. variabler analyserades med hjiilp av diskriminant- Tec kni ng : Gd re I Marklund. analys (se t.ex. Kleinbaum et al. 1988 fcir en be- skrivning av metoden). Denna metod identifierar Atherk ibis larva. Ibis fly Iarvoe are vLtrarious pien ing vilka variabler som biist kan separera mellan- predators inhabiting rivers with a stony substratum. gruppsvariansen i fcirhillande till inomgruppvar- iansen i ett grupperat material. Med grupper av- ses, i det hiir fallet, lokaler med resp. utan biick- Material och metoder bromsar. Eftersom bickbromsens larver endast fci- Uppgifterna fcir det hzir arbetet insamlades under rekom i ett "fdnster" av vattendragsbredder mel- inventeringsarbete av biicksliindor och knott i lan 5 och 40 m anvdndes bara lokaler inom detta norddstra Norrland i september 1994 och juni storleksintervall. Bland de oberoende variablerna 1995 pi sammanlagt 55 lokaler med varierande som testades ingick bredd, djup, kartkoordinater, miljdfcirhillanden. Ndrvaron av backbroms kon- pH, konduktivitet, hojd river havet, substrat och staterades antingen genom fynd av larver och/eller tlickningsgrad av mossa och alger. o-Ytr? " ...( ) ,,. Q(q o Andersson (1962) \.}-.. ? CDrt^' 6 ( o Hedstrom (1986) o (t dr O Nilsson (1986) I @,(f o Q_) O Degerman m fl (1994, som "A ibis") @C '..1:, Degerman m fl (1994, som "Athericidae") )o'o '-": O .'':'1^ o Englund & Malmqvist (opubl) o o) O Detta arbetet o o..b. Fig.4. Karta dverfynd av bdckbromsen i Sverige. Degerman et al. (1994) redovisade en delfynd som brickbroms, andra som Athericidae. Den vdstra grcinsen fdr artens utbredning cir ndgot osiiker, eftersom mina invenleringar ei annat iin marginelh omfattat lappmarkerna utanfdr Norrbotlens och Vtisterbottens landskap. Map of locations with Atherix ibis in Sweden. Sources are indicated by dffirent symbols. 25 Bjdrn Malmqvist Ent. Tidskr. I l7 (1996) Resultat och diskussion gast: reglering dlirfor att biickbroms-"fcinstret" av- Bzickbromsen pitraffades pi 15 lokaler och i ser vattendrag av den storleken att de kan komma samtliga stcirre iilvsystem frin Skelleftealven i sd- att utsattas ftir cikat tryck med tanke pi vidare vat- der till Torneeilven i norr (Fig. 4). Dessa observa- tenkraftutbyggnad (sirskilt efter en eventuell av- tioner, jiimte de som angivits ovan, betyder att ar- veckling av kdrnkraften), och betriiffande frirsur- ten dr fciretrddd inom fdljande svenska biogeo- ning ddrfiir att pH var en signifikant fdrklarande grafiska provinser: Vb, Nb, P Lpm, Lu Lpm, och faktor i den hiir redovisade studien. F<irsurning ir T Lpm. Av 22 lokaler i breddintervallet 5-40 m nu kanske inte ett si allvarligt hot inom artens ut- fanns biickbromsen pi 15 (68Vo) (Fig. 5). bredningsomride (Bernes 1991), mojligen med En ndrmare granskning av data antyder att undantag av den sydligaste delen (norra Vdster- vattendragsstorleken kan vara av avgcirande bety- botten). Den relativt hdga frekvensen av bdck- delse: alla observationer var frin lokaler 5-40 m broms som konstaterats i biickar och hlvar av breda. En modell baserad pi vattnens ledningsfdr- liimplig storlek i denna studie, antyder att nagot miga och pH (fdr dessa tvi variabler zir hciga vzir- stdrre hot fcir arten i landet knappast fdreligger, den gynnsamma) samt trickningsgrad av trfldalger, varfrir man bcir dvervdga att fijra <iver den till kate- hrijd iiver havet och bredd inom ovan angivna in- gori 4 ("hiinsynskriivande") eller miljligen ta bort tervall (fcir dessa tre variabler iir hciga vdrden den frin rcidlistan. ogynnsamma) framtagen genom diskriminantana- Ovrig information om artens krav pi livsmilji; i lysen separerade lokalerna med A. ibis blist frin Sverige stcider mina data. Exempelvis anger dem som saknade arten (Tab. l). Modellen var Degerman et al. (1994) h<igsta och minsta pH ftir statistiskt signifikant (Wilk's lambda=0,330, sina observationer till 6,1-7 ,5 (mina data 6,2-7,6, Fu,,r=5,07, p<0,005) och klassificerade 20 av 22 hcistdata), samt att arten bara finns i rinnande vat- lokaler korrekt, d.v.s. som sidana som har arten ten. respektive saknar den (Tab. 2). I Sydfrankrike tycks biickbromsen pitraffas Tvi lokaler klassificerades alltsa fel pi si siitt iiven i mindre vattendrag. Thomas (1976) under- att den kunde fcirvlintats pi dessa lokaler. Att man scikte 237 lokaler och fann hdr arten ph ll% av de inte hittar en art Ar dock inte detsamma som att lokaler som var mindre iin 2 m breda. Niir bredden den saknas, men sannolikt var arten Atminstone lig inom intervallet 2-5 m var f<irekomsten 397o. hdr ovanligare iin pi fyndlokalerna. medanT4 7o av lokalerna bredare lin 5 m hyste ar- Ehnstrdm et al. (1993) anger biickbromsen som ten. Med hjiilp av korrespondensanalys visade "s?illsynt" i Sverige (kategori 3) och hotad genom Lauga & Thomas (1978) att bdckbromsen iir en eutrofiering, reglering och fcirsurning av liimpliga ekologiskt relativt ospecialiserad art i jiimftirelse vattendrag. De tvi senare orsakerna tycks vikti- med andra arter inom familjerna Athericidae och Afheni-f6nster X .X)ffiXXX XXXXX i XX xx XXXX li 01 .1 1 10 100 1000 Bredd (m) Fig.
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