DOCSLIB.ORG

How International Trade Can Help Meet the Sustainable Development Goals

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
How International Trade Can Help Meet the Sustainable Development Goals WIN–WIN How International Trade Can Help Meet the Sustainable Development Goals Edited by Matthias Helble and Ben Shepherd ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK INSTITUTE Win–Win How International Trade Can Help Meet the Sustainable Development Goals Edited by Matthias Helble Senior Economist, Co-Chair, Research Department Asian Development Bank Institute Ben Shepherd Principal, Developing Trade Consultants ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK INSTITUTE © 2017 Asian Development Bank Institute All rights reserved. First printed in 2017. ISBN 978-4-89974- 081-0 (Print) ISBN 978-4-89974- 082-7 (PDF) The views in this publication do not necessarily reflect the views and policies of the Asian Development Bank Institute (ADBI), its Advisory Council, ADB’s Board or Governors, or the governments of ADB members. The responsibility for opinions expressed in signed chapters rests solely with their authors, and publication does not constitute an endorsement by ADBI, other international organizations and secretariats which employ the authors, or their respective Board of Governors or the governments they represent, or their member countries or economies, of the opinions expressed in them. ADBI does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this publication and accepts no responsibility for any consequence of their use. ADBI uses proper ADB member names and abbreviations throughout and any variation or inaccuracy, including in citations and references, should be read as referring to the correct name. By making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area, or by using the term “recognize,” “country,” or other geographical names in this publication, ADBI does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area. Users are restricted from reselling, redistributing, or creating derivative works without the express, written consent of ADBI. ADB recognizes “China” as the People’s Republic of China. Note: In this publication, “$” refers to US dollars. The Asian Development Bank Institute, located in Tokyo, is the think tank of the Asian Development Bank. The institute aims to identify effectivestrategies to improve policy and development management in Asia and the Pacific. We work with an extensive network of partners in the region and globally to influence policies on poverty reduction, inclusive growth, the environment, regional cooperation, infrastructure development, middle-income countries, and private sector development. Contents Figures, Tables, and Boxes v Contributors x Abbreviations xi Preface xv Acknowledgments xvii 1. Introduction 1 Matthias Helble and Ben Shepherd 2. From MDGs to SDGs: The Role of Trade 9 Patrick Messerlin 3. Trade and the Post-2015 Development Agenda 32 Bernard Hoekman PART I: Poverty, Hunger, and Inclusive Growth 4. Trade and Poverty Reduction 61 Irene Brambilla and Guido Porto 5. Agricultural Trade and Hunger 87 Will Martin 6. Trade and Women 118 Ben Shepherd and Susan Stone 7. Can Trade Benefit Employment? 139 Paul Vandenberg 8. Trade and Inequality 175 Shujiro Urata and Dionisius A. Narjoko PART II: Sustainable Growth 9. Trade and Environment 207 Dale Andrew 10. Trade and Climate Change 252 Andrew Prag iii ivContents 11. Trade and Sustainable Fisheries 272 U. Rashid Sumaila 12. The Trade and Water Nexus 294 Alexandre le Vernoy 13. Trade, Labeling, and Food Safety 317 Norbert Wilson PART III: Education and Health 14. Trade in Education Services and the SDGs 337 Aik Hoe Lim, Pamela Apaza, and Alin Horj 15. Trade in Medical Products and Pharmaceuticals 375 Matthias Helble and Ben Shepherd 16. Trade in Health Services 400 Rupa Chanda PART IV: Other Linkages between Trade and the SDGs 17. Trade and Urbanization 439 Yuan Zhang and Guanghua Wan 18. Trade, Infrastructure, and Development 466 Marcelo Olarreaga 19. Facilitating Trade for Development: Aid for Trade 488 William Hynes and Frans Lammersen 20. Conclusion: Directions for Future Research and Policy Making 530 Matthias Helble and Ben Shepherd Index 542 Figures, Tables, and Boxes Figures 3.1 Services Share of Manufacturing Value Added (%) 35 3.2 Trade Policy Impacts: Conceptual Framework 36 3.3 Trade-Income Elasticity and Export/GDP Ratio and Trade Growth since 1970 39 3.4 Services and Sustainable Development 44 3.5 How Trade Costs Matter 47 3.6 Services Trade Restrictiveness Index 48 4.1 Nigeria 77 4.2 Ghana 78 4.3 Malawi 78 4.4 The Gambia 79 4.5 Uganda 79 4.6 South Africa 80 5.1 Supply and Demand for a Storable Commodity, Region 1 94 5.2 Indexes of Staple Food Prices (%) 100 5.3 Price Insulation for Rice 100 5.4 Price Insulation for Wheat 101 5.5 Price Insulation for Soybeans 101 5.6 Special Safeguard Mechanism Duties for Rice under the Doha Proposals (%) 106 6.1 Simple Average Applied Tariff Rate on Agricultural versus Non-Agricultural Products, by Developing Region, Latest Available Year 123 6.2 Share of Female Production and Non-Production Workers, by Firm Type, All Countries and Years (%) 131 6.3 Female Workers as a Share of the Total Number of Workers, Simple Average by Sector (%) 132 6.4 Percentage of Firms with at Least One Woman Owner that Engages in International Activity, Compared with Other Firms, All Countries and Years (%) 133 7.1 Share of Employed Persons Living on Less than $1.25 per Day (%) 141 7.2 Employment-to-Population Ratio (%) 142 7.3 Services Sector Share of Total Exports (%) 155 7.4 Bilateral and Regional Trade Agreements with Labor Provisions (number of agreements) 167 8.1 Trade–Gross Domestic Product Ratios (%) 176 v viFigures, Tables, and Boxes 8.2 Gross Domestic Product per Capita Growth Rates for Developed and Developing Countries (%) 179 8.3 Trade–Gross Domestic Product Ratios and Gini Index for Selected East Asian Countries 185 9.1 Global Export Values for Important Forest Risk Commodities 230 10.1 GHG Emissions of Selected Countries on a Production and Consumption Basis 254 10.2 Services Trade Restrictiveness Index by Policy Area: Engineering Services 266 11.1 Share of Fisheries Exports in Total Exports in Top LDCs and SIDS Exporters (%, 1990–2009) 275 11.2 Fishery Trade Flows by Regions ($ ‘000) 276 11.3 Fisheries Subsidies by Type 281 12.1 Water Scarcity and Share of World’s Water-Related Inventions, 2000–2010 (%) 305 12.2 Private Investment Commitments in Infrastructure (1990–2013) 307 13.1 Total Technical Barriers to Trade Notifications, 1995–2015 322 13.2 New Notifications by Development Status, 1995–2015 322 13.3 Notifications Submitted per Year 325 13.4 Share of Total Notifications Submitted by Developing Country Members (including Least Developed Countries)(%) 325 14.1 Share of Private Expenditure on Tertiary Educational Institutions in Selected Economies (2002 and 2012) 342 14.2 Key Education Policy Priority Areas for Supporting Participation in Global Value Chains 346 15.1 Product Groups Related to Public Health 377 15.2 Trade in Health Products 2002–2014 by Region (measured by imports reported by countries) 378 15.3 Shares of Trade in Health Products 2002–2014 by Region (measured by imports reported by countries) 379 15.4 Applied Most Favored Nation Tariff on Health Product Groups (%) 380 15.5 Applied Most Favored Nation Tariff on Health Product Groups by World Region (%) 381 15.6 Correlation between Logistics Competence and Diphtheria, Pertussis, and Tetanus Immunization Rate, latest available year 393 15.7 Evolution of Volumes and Values of Harmonized System Code 300431, 1995–2013 394 15.8 Evolution of Imports of Harmonized System Code 300431 ($, indexed to 1995 = 100) 395 Figures, Tables, and Boxesvii 15.9 Evolution of Average Import Unit Prices of Harmonized System Code 300431, 1995–2013 (simple average) 396 16.1 Triad of Health and Sustainable Development 404 17.1 Equilibrium between Grain Surplus and Urbanization in Closed Economies 447 17.2 Total Grain Output and Urbanization in the People’s Republic of China (1955–1965) 447 17.3 Equilibrium between Grain Surplus and Urbanization in Open Economies 449 17.4 Total Population and Urbanization of the World (1000–1900) 449 17.5 Cereals Trade and Population Urbanization in Asia 452 17.6 Ratios of Export and Import to Gross Domestic Product in the People’s Republic of China and India (1970–2008) 458 18.1 Gross Domestic Product Growth before and after Trade Liberalization 468 18.2 Gains from Trade with and without Entry Costs 470 18.3 Sum of Squared Residuals of the Estimation of the Threshold Model 482 19.1 Aid-for-Trade Creditor Reporting System Proxies 493 19.2 Aid-for-Trade Disbursements 494 19.3 Official Development Assistance and Other Official Flows Trade-Related Commitments 2002–2014 Sector Distribution ($ billion 2015 prices) 494 19.4 Aggregate Results from 111 Aid-for-Trade Case Stories 497 19.5 Success Factors Mentioned in the Case Stories 498 19.6 The Pillars of Sustainable Development 499 19.7 Contribution of Aid for Trade to the Sustainable Development Goals 501 19.8 Aid for Economic Infrastructure ($ million 2015 prices) 502 19.9 Aid for Building Productive Capacities($ million 2015 prices) 504 19.10 Aid-for-Trade Policy and Regulations($ million 2015 prices) 505 19.11 Aid-for-Trade-Related Adjustment ($ million 2015 prices) 506 19.12 Aid for Trade with a Gender or Environment Objective (shares in total aid for trade) 507 19.13 Flows to Developing Country by Development Assistance Committee Members and Multilateral Agencies (2015 constant, $ billion) 511 19.14 External Financial Flows to Developing Countries by OECD Members and International Financial Institutions (Share of total, 2013) 513 19.15 Aid-for-Trade
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Potential of Aid for Trade to Improve the Infrastructure and Logistics Performance of Landlocked Developing Countries of Latin America Project Document
    The potential of Aid for Trade to improve the infrastructure and logistics performance of landlocked developing countries of Latin America Project Document The potential of Aid for Trade to improve the infrastructure and logistics performance of landlocked developing countries of Latin America Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC) This document has been prepared by the Infrastructure Services Unit of the Natural Resources and Infrastructure Division, of the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC), as a contribution to the United Nations Development Account project: “Facilitating the Effective Integration of Developing Countries in the Global Economy through Aid for Trade Schemes”, ROA 139-7. It is based on inputs by Gabriel Pérez-Salas, Azhar Jaimurzina and Gordon Wilmsmeier, Economic Affairs Officers, and Lauren Gaudry, consultant of the Unit. The work was performed with overall coordination provided by Ricardo J. Sánchez, Officer in Charge of the Division. The views expressed in this document, which has been reproduced without formal editing, are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Organization. LC/W.618 Copyright © United Nations, August 2014. All rights reserved Printed at United Nations, Santiago, Chile ECLAC – Project Documents Collection The potential of Aid for Trade to improve infrastructure and logistics… Table of contents Introduction .....................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Ron Thompson Katalógus
    HORGÁSZÁRUHÁZ: 1097 BUDAPEST, SOROKSÁRI ÚT 132. WEBÁRUHÁZ: TERMÉKKATALÓGUS SPINNING COMBO A well balanced spinning rod and reel combo for trout, perch, pike BOAT COMBO and other freshwater species. The Superior boat fishing rod and reel kit comes complete with rod, reel, combo for cod, mackerel, herring line and instructional DVD. etc.The kit comes complete with rod, reel, line and instructional DVD. Rod • Ultralite composite blank TELESCOPIC SPINNING Rod • Premium reel seat & guides COMBO • Strong ultralite composite blank Practical telescopic rod and reel • Premium reel seat & guides Reel combo for trout, perch, pike and • 1 stainless steel ball bearing other freshwater species. The kit Reel • Patented “Rotor Equalizing System” • Large smooth multi-disc drag system comes complete with rod, reel, line • Perfect line lay • Lightweight titanium/graphite and instructional DVD. • Titanium graphite body construction • Strong brake system • Heavy-duty brass gearing Rod • Extra strong line included • Levelwind • Ultralite composite blank • Extra strong line • Premium reel seat & guides Instructional DVD • How to get a good start in fishing* Instructional DVD Reel • How to get a good start in fishing* • 1 stainless steel ball bearing *Language: English • Patented “Rotor Equalizing System” Subtitles: Danish, Swedish, *Language: English • Perfect line lay Norwegian & Finnish Subtitles: Danish, Swedish, Norwegian • Titanium graphite body & Finnish • Strong brake system • Extra strong line included Instructional DVD ITEM NO LENGTH MDOEL PIECES PRICE ITEM NO LENGTH MDOEL PIECES PRICE • How to get a good start in fishing* 41624 6’ Spinning 2 - 41630 6’ Boat 2 - *Language: English 41625 7’ Spinning 2 - Pack size: 1 Subtitles: Danish, Swedish, Norwegian 41626 8’ Spinning 2 - & Finnish 41627 9’ Spinning 2 - ITEM NO LENGTH PRICE Pack size: 1 41628 6’ Tele - HYPERSTRONG BRAID 41629 7’ Tele - Braided line based on the use of the incredibly strong Dyneema fibres Pack size: 1 -compared to steel these fibres are 10 times stronger.
    [Show full text]
  • A Dictionary of Kristang (Malacca Creole Portuguese) with an English-Kristang Finderlist
    A dictionary of Kristang (Malacca Creole Portuguese) with an English-Kristang finderlist PacificLinguistics REFERENCE COpy Not to be removed Baxter, A.N. and De Silva, P. A dictionary of Kristang (Malacca Creole Portuguese) English. PL-564, xxii + 151 pages. Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University, 2005. DOI:10.15144/PL-564.cover ©2005 Pacific Linguistics and/or the author(s). Online edition licensed 2015 CC BY-SA 4.0, with permission of PL. A sealang.net/CRCL initiative. Pacific Linguistics 564 Pacific Linguistics is a publisher specialising in grammars and linguistic descriptions, dictionaries and other materials on languages of the Pacific, Taiwan, the Philippines, Indonesia, East Timor, southeast and south Asia, and Australia. Pacific Linguistics, established in 1963 through an initial grant from the Hunter Douglas Fund, is associated with the Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies at The Australian National University. The authors and editors of Pacific Linguistics publications are drawn from a wide range of institutions around the world. Publications are refereed by scholars with relevant expertise, who are usually not members of the editorial board. FOUNDING EDITOR: Stephen A. Wurm EDITORIAL BOARD: John Bowden, Malcolm Ross and Darrell Tryon (Managing Editors), I Wayan Arka, Bethwyn Evans, David Nash, Andrew Pawley, Paul Sidwell, Jane Simpson EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD: Karen Adams, Arizona State University Lillian Huang, National Taiwan Normal Peter Austin, School of Oriental and African University Studies
    [Show full text]
  • How Trade and Aid Can Help Deliver Sustainable Development Goals
    HOW TRADE AND AID CAN HELP DELIVER SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS Trade and aid can help the international community deliver the universal and comprehensive Agenda for Sustainable Development. International trade is an important means of implementation for the 17 Sustainable Development Goals and their 169 targets. Aid can help developing countries build the capacities that are required for turning market access opportunities in trade flows. However, the vicious cycle of underdevelopment can only be truly broken through removing compartmentalized approaches that have limited the effectiveness of aid and trade policies. Breaking down silos is needed to effectively address the integrated challenges of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. Frans Lammersen & William Hynes* Winter 2019 * Frans Lammersen is Principal Administrator in the Development Co-operation Directorate of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) in Paris, France. Dr. William Hynes is an Adjunct Professor of International Development at the Johns Hopkins University School of Advanced International Studies and the Acting Head of the New Approaches to Economic Challenges Unit of the OECD. 39 VOLUME 17 NUMBER 4 FRANS LAMMERSEN & WILLIAM HYNES ince the start of the post-war development cooperation effort, specific economic, societal, and environmental goals have risen and fallen in their prioritization. Most are now captured in a universal set of 17 S Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and 169 targets that form the core of the UN 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. Clearly, trade-offs and complementarities among these objectives and targets are required. Therefore, de- velopment strategies today are increasingly about finding systemic approaches and logical sequencing to achieve multiple goals at once.
    [Show full text]
  • Mainstreaming Trade to Attain the Sustainable Development Goals
    Mainstreaming trade to attain the Sustainable Development Goals Mainstreaming trade to attain the Sustainable Development Goals WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION Contents Executive summary 2 Chapter 1 Mainstreaming trade to expand economic opportunities for poverty reduction 6 Chapter 2 The economic dimension of trade in the SDGs 16 Chapter 3 The social dimension of trade in the SDGs 30 Chapter 4 The environmental dimension of trade in the SDGs 44 Chapter 5 Emerging issues requiring the attention of the international community 50 Chapter 6 Recommendations on ways to accelerate progress in achieving the SDGs 56 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Executive summary he WTO is central to achieving the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and its Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), Twhich set targets to be achieved by 2030 in areas such as poverty reduction, health, education and the environment. The SDGs put significant emphasis on the role that trade plays in promoting sustainable development and recognize the contribution that the WTO can make to the 2030 Agenda. Historically, trade has proven to be an engine for development and poverty reduction by boosting growth, particularly in developing countries. Rapid growth greatly contributed to the unprecedented reduction of poverty levels which led to the early achievement of the Millennium Development Goal to reduce poverty by half by 2015. Trade works for developing countries because opening up to trade increases a country’s economic growth as it allows each country to use its resources more efficiently by specializing in the production of the goods and services it can produce more competitively. By increasing growth, trade can also make available the necessary resources to implement other development targets in the social and environmental sphere.
    [Show full text]
  • Official Development Assistance (ODA) and Aid for Trade
    i TRADE FUNDING INSIGHTS Official Development Assistance (ODA) and Aid for Trade BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: HOW CAN ODA SUPPORT TRADE IN LDCS? There is a growing consensus that Official Development One of the key ways that ODA is channeled to trade is Assistance (ODA) alone won’t be enough to help least through an initiative led by the World Trade Organisation developed countries (LDCs) recover from COVID-19. The called Aid for Trade. pandemic is straining ODA and raising the transaction Aid for Trade has helped LDCs to3: costs of international trade for LDCs due to supply chain • Develop trade strategies, negotiate trade agreements and disruptions and troubles in accessing trade finance.1 implement their outcomes; Small and medium sized enterprises in LDCs that have • Build infrastructure - roads, ports, and telecommunications had to rely on small amounts of funding from their networks that better connect domestic firms to the regional savings, credit or loans from friends and family for their and global economy; day-to-day operations are among the hardest hit by • Diversify trade by supporting the private sector to be more these global challenges. competitive and diversify their products; • Improve access to finance and other business services; The Enhanced Integrated Framework’s Trade Funding Insights series is highlighting innovative financing HOW MUCH AID FOR TRADE DO LDCS opportunities for trade in LDCs, in order to help LDCs to CURRENTLY RECEIVE? take advantage of these opportunities. In this Insight, Since Aid for Trade started in 2006, a total of US$410 billion we look at the potential impact of COVID-19 on Official has been disbursed.
    [Show full text]
  • Complaint 12-9-2019
    Case 1:19-cv-25045-JEM Document 1 Entered on FLSD Docket 12/09/2019 Page 1 of 24 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF FLORIDA MIAMI DIVISION CASE NO. 1:19­cv­25045 Vicky Cornell, individually, and in her JURY TRIAL DEMANDED capacity, and as the Personal Representative of the Estate of Christopher John Cornell a/k/a Chris Cornell, Plaintiffs, v. Soundgarden, a purported Washington General Partnership, Kim A. Thayil, Matt D. Cameron, Hunter Benedict Shepherd, Rit Venerus and Cal Financial Group, Inc., Defendants. ______________________________________________/ COMPLAINT Plaintiff, Vicky Cornell, individually and in her capacity as the personal representative of the Estate of Christopher John Cornell (collectively, “Plaintiffs”) through counsel, hereby files the following complaint against the defendants, Soundgarden, Kim Thayil, Matt Cameron, Hunter Benedict Shepherd, Rit Venerus and Cal Financial Group, Inc. (collectively, “Defendants”). I. INTRODUCTION “Everybody out for my blood, everybody want my percent … They just want to take what is mine, how much more can they get.” - Sweet Revenge 1. In 2009, Chris Cornell penned these lyrics about his former Soundgarden bandmates after they unlawfully (and unsuccessfully) attempted to deprive him of his rights in connection with the valuable musical works that he created for the band. Ten years later, and after Chris’ untimely passing, these lyrics hauntingly resonate as his former bandmates, once Case 1:19-cv-25045-JEM Document 1 Entered on FLSD Docket 12/09/2019 Page 2 of 24 again, have attempted to “take what is his” – or, more aptly, to steal from his widow and minor children. This wrongful conduct shockingly started shortly after Chris’ untimely death and ultimately forced his widow, Vicky Cornell, to bring this lawsuit.
    [Show full text]
  • Aid for Trade 10 Years On: Keeping It Effective”, OECD Development Policy Papers, No
    Please cite this paper as: Lammersen, F. and M. Roberts (2015), “Aid for trade 10 years on: Keeping it effective”, OECD Development Policy Papers, No. 1, OECD Publishing, Paris. http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/5jrqc6q4xxr5-en OECD Development Policy Papers No. 1 Aid for trade 10 years on: Keeping it effective Frans Lammersen, Michael Roberts AID FOR TRADE 10 YEARS ON: KEEPING IT EFFECTIVE OECD DEVELOPMENT POLICY PAPERS November 2015 No. 1 AID FOR TRADE 10 YEARS ON KEEPING IT EFFECTIVE Frans Lammersen (OECD) Michael Roberts (WTO) OECD DEVELOPMENT POLICY PAPERS This paper is published under the responsibility of the Secretary-General of the OECD. The opinions expressed and the arguments employed herein do not necessarily reflect the official views of OECD countries. The publication of this document has been authorised by Brenda Killen, Deputy Director of the OECD Development Co-operation Directorate. This document and any map included herein are without prejudice to the status of or sovereignty over any territory, to the delimitation of international frontiers and boundaries and to the name of any territory, city or area. The statistical data for Israel are supplied by and under the responsibility of the relevant Israeli authorities. The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law. This document has been declassified on the responsibility of the Development Assistance Committee under the OECD reference number DCD/DAC(2015)38. Comments on the series are welcome and should be sent to [email protected].
    [Show full text]
  • Aid for Trade Report 2017
    Aid for Trade Report 2017 Review of progress by the EU and its Member States EUROPEAN COMMISSION Directorate–General for International Cooperation and Development Rue de la Loi 41 | 1049 Brussels, BELGIUM E-mail: [email protected] Neither the European Commission nor any person acting on behalf of the Commission is responsible for the use which might be made of the following information. All photos are © Pixabay, 2017. Reproduction is authorised, provided the source is acknowledged. Conception: TAC ECONOMICS EUROPEAN COMMISSION Aid for Trade Report 2017 Review of progress by the EU and its Member States Brussels - July 2017 Prepared by TAC ECONOMICS. The views expressed in the report are those of the consultant, and do not present an official view of the European Commission. Aid for Trade Report 2017 Review of progress by the EU and its Member States Table of Contents KEY FINDINGS ________________________________________________________________________________ 5 1. CONCEPTS AND SOURCES OF INFORMATION ____________________________________________ 7 1.1. AID FOR TRADE CONTEXT ____________________________________________________________________________ 7 1.2. HISTORICAL STATISTICAL DATA AND FIELD SURVEY ______________________________________________________ 8 2. GLOBAL PROGRESS OF TRADE RELATED ASSISTANCE & AID FOR TRADE __________________ 10 2.1. TRADE RELATED ASSISTANCE ________________________________________________________________________ 10 2.2. AID FOR TRADE ____________________________________________________________________________________
    [Show full text]
  • Strengthening Africa's Capacity to Trade
    Strengthening Africa’s capacity to trade The World Trade Organization (WTO) is the international body dealing with the global rules of trade between nations. Its main function is to ensure that trade flows as smoothly, predictably and freely as possible, with a level playing field for all its members. Acknowledgements This publication is the result of a joint effort from several divisions of the WTO. The project was conceived by Raúl Torres, Head of the Development Policy Unit in the Development Division. Raúl Torres and Roberta Allport were also the lead drafters and coordinators of the report. Substantive contributions to this publication were made by Wase Musonge-Ediage, Théo Mbise, Michael Roberts, James Damon Drueckhammer and Olabanji Ogunjobi (Development Division); Mercedes Ninez Piezas-Jerbi, Florian Eberth, Christophe Degain and Kathryn Lundquist (Economic Research and Statistics Division); Sheri Rosenow, Deirdre Lynch and Mark Henderson (Market Access Division, Trade Facilitation Agreement Facility); Melvin Spreij and Pablo Jenkins (Agriculture and Commodities Division, Standards and Trade Development Facility); Aimé Murigande, Willie Chatsika and Claude Trolliet (Institute for Training and Technical Cooperation); Simon Hess and Fanan Biem (Enhanced Integrated Framework); Maegan McCann, Nadezhda Sporysheva and Roger Kampf (Intellectual Property, Government Procurement and Competition Division); Markus Jelitto (Trade in Services and Investment Division); and Fabrizio Meliado, Marieme Fall and Thabo Moea Joshua (Agriculture and Commodities Division). Comments on the final draft of the report were received from Wayne McCook and Trineesh Biswas (Office of the Director General). The publication was edited and reviewed by Anthony Martin, Helen Swain and Heather Sapey-Pertin (Information and External Relations Division).
    [Show full text]
  • Declaration of Conformity Wellwater Conspiracy
    Declaration Of Conformity Wellwater Conspiracy Murphy is maverick and conventionalises flatling while recognized Antone riffle and footle. Actualist and Tadeasgeocentric always Darrick castigated kayos his his Jugoslavian franchise reconvening gobbles dispreading electrostatically, sound. heContorted ratifying Gail so inquietly. deactivates d'accord while Eastern feel free account settings their bands members can throw in your wellwater conspiracy Cannot save draft feature temporarily disabled google analytics tracking technologies, declaration of conformity wellwater conspiracy website. Combined shipping is hunger for multiple items won, based on total actual weight of package. Share one music you either with high people who chant you. Show on the first, declaration of conformity wellwater conspiracy on its primary web site. You use throw in numbers, dots and dashes, too. Ruin, Meteor City, Relapse Records All vinyl will be securely packaged using thick strong materials to sense no coverage during transit. Tidal app that tony iommi would be prompted by the wellwater fashion. Far wing of shadow Moon. You are currently listening to samples. You my also like. To show in better ads, we store data that advertisers and other partners provide us about your activity off Facebook Company Products, including websites and apps. So right, even his baby could made it! We loaded your shared playlists from pearl jam, declaration of conformity wellwater conspiracy even bigger phenomenon with producer adam. Cameron and other artists around the american soap opera one of their fans, declaration of conformity wellwater conspiracy. Plus get unlimited downloads and other streaming via email me first met matt, declaration of conformity wellwater conspiracy on any time, and on all your devices and share this record or song.
    [Show full text]
  • The Investigation and Identification of a Sixteenth-Century Shipwreck
    Solving a Sunken Mystery: The Investigation and Identification of a Sixteenth-Century Shipwreck By Corey Malcom A thesis submitted to the University of Huddersfield in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy The University of Huddersfield School of Music, Humanities, and Media March 2017 2 COPYRIGHT STATEMENT I. The author of this thesis (including any appendices and/or schedules to this thesis) owns any copyright in it (the “Copyright”) and s/he has given The University of Huddersfield the right to use such Copyright for any administrative, promotional, educational and/or teaching purposes. II. Copies of this thesis, either in full or in extracts, may be made only in accordance with the regulations of the University Library. Details of these regulations may be obtained from the Librarian. III. The ownership of any patents, designs, trademarks and any and all other intellectual property rights except for the Copyright (the “Intellectual Property Rights”) and any reproductions of copyright works, for example graphs and tables (“Reproductions”), which may be described in this thesis, may not be owned by the author and may be owned by third parties. Such Intellectual Property Rights and Reproductions cannot and must not be made available for use without the prior written permission of the owner(s) of the relevant Intellectual Property Rights and/or Reproductions. 3 ABSTRACT In the summer of 1991, St. Johns Expeditions, a Florida-based marine salvage company, discovered a shipwreck buried behind a shallow reef along the western edge of the Little Bahama Bank. The group contacted archaeologists to ascertain the significance of the discovery, and it was soon determined to be a Spanish ship dating to the 1500’s.
    [Show full text]