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Lugli Andrea Tesi.Pdf Allma Mater Studiiorum – Uniiversiità dii Bollogna DOTTORATO DI RICERCA IN Scienze Geodetiche e Topografiche Ciclo XXII Settore scientifico-disciplinare di afferenza: ICAR06 TITOLO TESI Interferometria SAR per lo studio di movimenti e generazione di modelli digitali del terreno in Antartide Presentata da: Dott. Andrea Lugli Coordinatore Dottorato Relatore Prof. Gabriele Bitelli Prof. Luca Vittuari Esame finale anno 2010 1 Si ringrazia la SARmap SA per il supporto tecnico, la disponibilità e i consigli fornitimi 2 INDICE Introduzione p. 4 Capitolo 1 Inquadramento ambientale p. 6 Capitolo 2 Ghiacciaio David-Dryglaski p.15 Capitolo 3 VLNDEF p. 18 Capitolo 4 Introduzione all’interferometria p. 29 Capitolo 5 Risoluzione geometrica p. 35 Capitolo 6 Speckle e multilooking p. 39 Capitolo 7 Equazioni di range – Doppler p. 42 Capitolo 8 Caratteristiche orbite satelliti ERS p. 49 Capitolo 9 Timing annotations p. 57 Capitolo 10 Punto di controllo p. 63 Capitolo 11 Flattening p. 68 Capitolo 12 Coerenza p. 73 Capitolo 13 Coregistrazione p. 79 Capitolo 14 Spectral shift p. 96 Capitolo 15 Phase unwrapping p. 103 Capitolo 16 DEM interferometrico p. 109 Capitolo 17 Baseline p. 122 Capitolo 18 Orbital refinement p. 128 Capitolo 19 DEM p. 132 Capitolo 20 SRA Satellite Radar Altimetry p. 140 Capitolo 21 ICEsat GLAS p. 149 Capitolo 22 ICEsat-SRA DEM p. 155 Capitolo 23 Verifica accuratezza DEM p. 157 Capitolo 24 Scelta immagini p. 160 Capitolo 25 Mappe di deformazione p. 168 Capitolo 26 Descrizione approccio p. 178 Conclusioni p. 190 Bibliografia p. 192 Appendice Atmosfera p. 204 3 Introduzione Il monitoraggio della criosfera rappresenta un contributo di fondamentale importanza allo studio dei cambiamenti climatici che, imputabili o meno all’effetto serra, è ormai innegabile siano in atto da alcuni anni, come riconosciuto dalla quasi unanimità della comunità scientifica. Si consideri infatti che un progressivo scioglimento delle calotte polari potrebbe comportare non solo l’innalzamento del livello medio dei mari ma anche la modifica delle correnti oceaniche che regolano il clima del pianeta, con effetti potenzialmente devastanti. Per determinare il tasso di scioglimento dei ghiacci antartici è necessario calcolarne il bilancio di massa, cioè la differenza tra la massa di ghiaccio accumulatasi negli anni sull’intero continente e quella drenata a mare dai ghiacciai, possibile tramite il confronto di modelli digitali di elevazione (DEM) riferiti ad epoche diverse, attraverso il confronto delle variazioni gravitazionali rilevate da satellite, l’analisi della cinematica dei ghiacciai, l’analisi delle precipitazioni, dei processi di sublimazione e trasporto, ecc. La stima del bilancio di massa dell’Antartide è tuttora affetto da un elevato livello di incertezza a causa di valutazioni non ancora sufficientemente precise dei modelli di accumulo nei bacini di drenaggio. Recenti osservazioni effettuate lungo le traverse PNRA-ITASE hanno, ad esempio, mostrato che l’ablazione operata dal vento ha effetti rilevanti sul bilancio di massa superficiale. Un quadro di riferimento aggiornato per una stima del bilancio di massa dell’Antartide può essere desunto dai risultati riportati in Rignot et al. 2008. Le applicazioni del telerilevamento allo studio di queste aree remote sono, pertanto, molto importanti perché consentono di raccogliere informazioni non altrimenti acquisibili data la difficoltà ad effettuare rilievi diretti in situ. La tecnica interferometrica SAR da satellite consente sia la generazione di DEM che di mappe di deformazione e negli anni si è dimostrata uno strumento in grado di raccogliere informazioni accurate a scala spaziale. Questa tesi non ha chiaramente la pretesa di rappresentare una trattazione esaustiva della tecnica interferometrica, si approfondiranno comunque gli aspetti che si ritengono necessari alla comprensione delle tecniche descritte, con particolare attenzione a quelli inerenti la geometria dell’acquisizione. Il dataset processato è stato reso disponibile dall’Agenzia Spaziale Europea (ESA) tramite un progetto Category-1, avviato nel 2007 dietro la presentazione di una proposta di ricerca inerente il confronto del dato interferometrico con la rete GPS VLNDEF istituita nella Terra Vittoria Settentrionale per lo studio della geodinamica e delle deformazioni crostali. Il progetto VLNDEF (Victoria Land Network for DEFormation Control) si inserisce nell’ambito delle attività GIANT (Geodetic Infrastrucutre of ANTarctica) dello SCAR (Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research). Il Programma GIANT fu attivato nel 1992 per la determinazione del frame geodetico antartico (cioè di un sistema di riferimento comune nel quale fosse possibile esprimere le misure effettuate nei diversi datum locali) tramite l’integrazione e analisi di dati geofisici e 4 geodetici diversi: ad esempio osservazioni GPS iniziate nelle campagne di misura SCAR GPS Epoch, osservazioni gravimetriche sia relative che assolute, osservazioni VLBI, Doris, studio di osservazioni mareografiche requisizioni di parametri fisici ed immagini da telerilevamento. Il coordinamento delle attività VLNDEF è interamente italiano e la rete stessa è stata realizzata grazie al finanziamento di uno specifico progetto di ricerca all’interno del PNRA (Progetto Nazionale di Ricerche in Antartide). Il dato GPS è servito sia per la calibrazione di quello interferometrico che per la validazione dei prodotti interferometrici ottenuti. L’interferometria consiste in una misura relativa disponibile a scala spaziale, la cui accuratezza, potenzialmente notevole, dipende dalla correttezza della modellizzazione e calibrazione della geometria d’acquisizione. Α seconda che s’intenda generare un DEM piuttosto che una mappa di deformazione questa misura relativa può essere rispettivamente interpretata come espressione di un dislivello piuttosto che di un movimento relativo. Il GPS consente invece una misura “assoluta” della quota o dello spostamento di un punto (rispetto al datum nel quale la si esprime). A livello concettuale si consideri che calibrare il dato interferometrico rispetto a quello GPS sostanzialmente consente di propagarne il contenuto informativo a tutti i pixel della matrice immagine rappresentata dall’interferogramma, in modo da ottenere un’informazione accurata a scala spaziale (caratteristica di notevole importanza per la descrizione di aree estese). Analogamente al GPS si sono considerate nel processing le informazioni di altre tecniche come il radar altimetro, il laser altimetro e rilevazioni mareografiche. L’integrazione di fonti di diversa natura ha comportato la necessità di implementare procedure ad hoc per la validazione in ambiente GIS dell’accuratezza sia dei dati ancillari utilizzati che dei prodotti interferometrici ottenuti. Nonostante inizialmente l’intento fosse quello di effettuare una validazione incrociata del dato GPS dell’intera rete VLNDEF nel corso dei tre anni di dottorato le finalità della ricerca si sono via via spostate verso l’individuazione di una strategia che consenta una corretta modellizzazione del contenuto informativo della fase interferometrica in zone soggette a spostamenti veloci anche in un breve intervallo temporale. In particolare si è preferito focalizzare l’attenzione al processing accurato della regione del ghiacciaio David-Drygalski, uno dei più importanti ice streams del continente antartico. In sintesi i risultati del processing del dataset a disposizione consistono in un DEM interferometrico e in una mappa di deformazione del ghiacciaio David-Drygalski. In particolare nella presente tesi si è preferito focalizzare l’attenzione rispetto allo studio degli aspetti metrici e metodologici legati all’analisi interferometrica, rispetto ad una lettura dei risultati in chiave glaciologica. 5 Capitolo 1 Inquadramento ambientale Lineamenti fisiografici La Terra Vittoria è convenzionalmente divisa in due regioni, settentrionale e meridionale, separate dalla Baia di Terra Nova: si tratta di un blocco continentale dell’Antartide orientale, compreso tra il Mare di Ross a est e la Terra di Wilkes a ovest. Fig 1.1 (http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/~mstuding): si noti come tutta la regione sia bordata dalla Catena Transantartica (Transantarctic Mountains TAM). Baia di Terra Nova La Baia di Terra Nova rappresenta l’ elemento di separazione tra la Terra Vittoria Meridionale e quella Settentrionale: situata al margine dell’East Antarctic Ice Sheet (Calotta Estantartica, d’ora in avanti EAIS) è una fascia che si estende lungo la costa del Mare di Ross per circa 80 km tra la lingua glaciale del Drygalski a sud e il Monte Melbourne (più in 6 particolare Cape Washington, la propaggine meridionale del vulcano) a nord (ψ 74° 30’ – 75° 15’). La regione della Baia di Terra Nova si estende verso l’interno per circa 40 km (λ 163° 30’ – 165° 30’ est), i diversi gruppi montuosi che rappresentano il limite occidentale della regione appartengono alla Catena Transantartica e sono tra loro separati da ghiacciai che scendono dall’EAIS o da ghiacciai minori. La zona è scientificamente molto importante perché è per buona parte quasi costantemente deglaciata, peculiarità non frequente in Antartide, e quindi con una morfologia segnata dalle fasi di avanzata e ritiro dei ghiacciai si presta a considerazioni inerenti le risposte glaciali ai passati cambiamenti climatici (la comprensione del ruolo dei ghiacci antartici come elemento regolatore del clima mondiale trova una sua chiave interpretativa nel riscontro con le variazioni di volume avvenute in passato) (Di Nicola et al., 2009).
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