Migration, Citizenship, Ethnos This Page Intentionally Left Blank Migration, Citizenship, Ethnos

Migration, Citizenship, Ethnos This page intentionally left blank Migration, Citizenship, Ethnos

E DITED BY Y. Michal Bodemann and Gökçe Yurdakul MIGRATION, CITIZENSHIP, ETHNOS © Y. Michal Bodemann and Gökçe Yurdakul, 2006. Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2006 978-1-4039-7102-9 All rights reserved. No part of this book may be used or reproduced in any manner whatsoever without written permission except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical articles or reviews. First published in 2006 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN™ 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10010 and Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire, England RG21 6XS Companies and representatives throughout the world. PALGRAVE MACMILLAN is the global academic imprint of the Palgrave Macmillan division of St. Martin’s Press, LLC and of Palgrave Macmillan Ltd. Macmillan® is a registered trademark in the United States, United Kingdom and other countries. Palgrave is a registered trademark in the European Union and other countries. ISBN 978-1-349-53265-0 ISBN 978-1-4039-8467-8 (eBook) DOI 10.1057/9781403984678 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Bodemann,Y. Michal, 1944– Migration, citizenship, ethnos / Y. Michal Bodemann and Gökçe Yurdakul. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Emigration and immigration—Europe. 2. Citizenship—Europe. 3. Immigrants—Europe. 4. Europe—Ethnic relations. I.Yurdakul, Gökçe. II. Title. JV7590.B63 2006 325.4—dc22 2005053910 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Design by Newgen Imaging Systems (P) Ltd., Chennai, India. First edition: April 2006 10987654321 Contents

List of Figures vii Acknowledgments ix Notes on the Contributors xi

Introduction 1 Gökçe Yurdakul and Y. Michal Bodemann

Part I Citizenship and Incorporation Regimes 1. The Repositioning of Citizenship and Alienage: Emergent Subjects and Spaces for Politics 13 Saskia Sassen 2. Citizenship, Statelessness and Market Fundamentalism: Arendtian Right to Have Rights 35 Margaret R. Somers 3. Citizenship between De- and Re-Ethnicization 63 Christian Joppke

Part II The Changing Sociopolitical Context 4. Being German and Jewish in Kazakhstan and Germany 95 Ruth Mandel 5. The Migration-Security Nexus: International Migration and Security Before and After 9/11 103 Thomas Faist 6. Changing the Rules While the Game Is On: From Multiculturalism to Assimilation in the Netherlands 121 Han Entzinger vi / contents

Part III Muslim Communities and the Politics of Incorporation 7. The Murder of Theo van Gogh: Gender, Religion, and the Struggle over Immigrant Integration in the Netherlands 147 Anna C. Korteweg 8. Unveiling Distribution: Muslim Women with Headscarves in France and Germany 167 Pascale Fournier and Gökçe Yurdakul 9. Turkish Brides: A Look at the Immigration Debate in Germany 185 Elisabeth Beck-Gernsheim

Part IV Labor Migration and Irregular Migration 10. Illegal Migration: What Can We Know and What Can We Explain? 197 Friedrich Heckmann 11. Managing Citizenship and Migration: Undocumented Labor Migrants’ Children and Policy Reforms in Israel 219 Adriana Kemp

Index 239 List of Figures

10.1 Basic forms of illegal immigration 199 10.2 Apprehensions of foreigners attempting to cross national land and sea borders illegally, 1990–2001 201 10.3 Apprehensions of human smugglers and smuggled migrants at German national borders, 1990–2001 202 10.4 Asylum applications (“Erstanträge”), 1990–2002 202 10.5 Persons suspected of a criminal offence without a legal residence status in Germany, 1994–2001 203 This page intentionally left blank Acknowledgments

Most of the contributions in this volume were selected from the conference of the same title, organized by Y. Michal Bodemann at the Joint Initiative of German and European Studies at the University of Toronto with the joint sponsorship by the Heinrich Böll Stiftung in Berlin, October 2–4, 2003. We would also like to acknowledge the contribution by the Goethe Institut in Toronto to make this conference possible. Independently from the conference presentations, this edited volume has developed in its own path with additional contributions by Thomas Faist, Anna Korteweg, Pascale Fournier, and Elisabeth Beck-Gernsheim. We would like to thank Ralf Fücks, Rita Süssmuth, Marieluise Beck, Cem Özdemir, Mekonnen Mesghena, Anne Demmer, Edith Klein, and Doina Popescu who contributed to this conference in different ways. Our thanks also go to Nadine Blumer who helped us with the manuscript and the Palgrave editorial team who carefully prepared it for publication. This page intentionally left blank Notes on the Contributors

Elisabeth Beck-Gernsheim is Professor of Sociology at the University of Erlangen-Nürnberg. Her fellowships include Cardiff University (1996); Wissenschaftskolleg zu Berlin (1997–1998) and Hamburger Institut für Sozialforschung (2002–2003). Her areas of research are work and employ- ment, family and gender, reproductive technologies, migration, ethnic and race relations. Her most recent book in English is Reinventing the Family: In Search of New Lifestyles, Cambridge, UK, Polity Press (2002). Her most recent book in German is Wir und die Anderen. Vom Blick der Deutschen auf Migranten und Minderheiten, Frankfurt, Suhrkamp (2004). Michal Bodemann is Professor of Sociology and is affiliated with the Joint Initiative of German and European Studies at the University of Toronto. He wrote his dissertation in the Department of Sociology at Brandeis University on rural social structure in central Sardinia, a community study that attempted to reconstruct the politics, kinship, and economic patterns since 1800. In that context, he has written on theories of underdevelop- ment, patron–client relations, and issues in Marxist theory. Today, his areas of interest and teaching include race and ethnic relations, classical sociological theory, qualitative methods, Jewish studies, and especially German- Jewish relations and memory. He has published numerous articles and books on Jews in Germany. His book, GedáchTnistheater. Die jüdische Gemeinschaft und ihre deutsche Erfindung (Theatre of Memory: The Jewish Community and its German Invention) was listed as one of the ten best nonfiction books in Germany in June 1996. He has held visiting professor- ships in various universities including Freie Universität Berlin (1983–1984, 1987–1988), Inter-University Centre Dubrovnik (1990–1991), Humboldt Universität zu Berlin (1990–1992 and 2003), University of Potsdam (1997) and Tel Aviv University (1999). He has received numerous SSHRC and DAAD grants for his research and held Halbert (Jerusalem), Mendelssohn (Potsdam) and Rockefeller (Bellagio) fellowships. Currently, he is conducting further research on Jews in contemporary Germany with Connaught Research Grant from University of Toronto. His most recent xii / notes on the contributors book is A Jewish Family in Germany Today: An Intimate Portrait (Duke University Press, 2004). Han Entzinger studied sociology and economics in Leiden, Rotterdam, and Strasbourg. He was appointed Professor of Migration and Integration Studies at Erasmus University Rotterdam (Netherlands) in 2001. From 1986–2001 he held a similar chair at Utrecht University. Earlier he worked inter alia for the International Labour Organization and for the Scientific Council for Government Policy, a think tank close to the Dutch Prime Minister. He is cofounder and member of the European Research Centre on Migration and Ethnic Relations (www.ercomer.org). His research interests include international migration, integration and multiculturalism, migration and the welfare state, Islam in Western societies as well as comparative policies on these matters. His latest book is Migration between States and Markets (Ashgate, 2004, with Marco Martiniello and Catherine Wihtol de Wenden, eds.). At various occasions he has been a consultant to the Council of Europe and the European Commission. He is past president of the Research Committee on Migration of the International Sociological Association. Thomas Faist is Chair and Professor of Transnational Relations and Development Sociology at the Faculty of Sociology, University of Bielefeld. He is director of the Center on the Study of Migration, Citizenship and Development (www.comcad-bielefeld.de). Formerly, he directed International Studies in Political Management (ISPM) at Hochschule Bremen. He received his PhD degree from the New School for Social Research in New York. His research focuses on international migration, ethnic relations, social policy, comparative politics, and transnationalization. Thomas Faist was Willy-Brandt-Guest Professor at the University of Malmö and DAAD Visiting Professor at the University of Toronto. Currently, he directs inter- nationally comparative projects on “The Politics of Dual Citizenship in Europe,” funded by the Volkswagen Foundation and “Democracy and Migration,” supported by the German Science Foundation. Thomas Faist is member of the editorial boards of the journals Ethnic & Racial Studies and The Sociological Quarterly. Among his most recent book publications is Transnational Social Spaces: Agents, Networks and Organizations (Oxford University Press, 2004). Pascale Fournier is Boulton Fellow at the McGill Faculty of Law, an SJD Candidate at Harvard Law School, and a Trudeau scholar. She is currently writing a doctoral dissertation that focuses on the interaction between law, Muslim women, and constitutional liberal states. She clerked for the Honorable Claire L’Heureux-Dube at the Supreme Court of Canada, and has notes on the contributors / xiii taught at the Institute for Women’s Studies and Research in Tehran, Iran. Her teaching and scholarly interests include comparative constitutional law, identity formation and the law, law and social change, human rights and Islam, critical legal studies, and family law in the context of globalization. She is actively involved in numerous NGOs—she currently serves on the board of directors of Canada World Youth and Fondation Paul Gérin-Lajoie and works as a legal consultant for the Canadian Council of Muslim Women. Her recent articles include: “La femme musulmane au Canada, un être visible caché? Réflexions sur la traduction de l’Autre,” Revue Éthique Publique, “La réligion dans l’espace public,” vol. 8, no. 1 (2006), “The Reception of Muslim Family Laws in Western Liberal States,” Women Living Under Muslim Laws, Dossier 27 (2005), “The Ghettoization of Difference in Canada: ‘Rape by Culture’ or the Danger of a Cultural Defence in Criminal Law Trials,” Manitoba Law Journal, vol. 29, no. 81 (2002) and “The Erasure of Islamic Difference in Canadian and American Family Law Adjudication,” Journal of Law and Policy, vol. 10, no. 51 (2001). Friedrich Heckmann is Professor of Sociology and director of european forum for migration studies at the University of Bamberg. He studied sociology, history, and economics at the universities of Münster, Kiel, Lawrence (USA) and Erlangen-Nürnberg. He received an MA in sociology from the University of Kansas in Lawrence in 1967 and his PhD from the University of Erlangen-Nürnberg in 1972, where he worked as an assistant and researcher. He was Professor of Sociology at the Hamburg School of Economics and Political Science between 1982 and 1992. In 1992 he became a professor at the University of Bamberg. His main research interests are in the areas of migration, interethnic relations, integration of migrants, social structure of Germany, and sociological theory. He has served as a policy adviser and expert consultant on migration and integration for the German parliament, the German federal government, Länder governments, cities, and nongovernmental organizations. For his publications see: http://www.uni-bamberg.de/~ba6ef3/mithecpe.htm Christian Joppke is Professor of Sociology at International University Bremen. Born in 1959, he graduated from the University of Frankfurt (1984), and received his PhD from the University of California in Berkeley (1989). He previously taught at the University of Southern California in Los Angeles (1990–1994), the European University Institute in Florence (1995–2002), and the University of British Columbia in Vancouver (2003–2004). In 2002–2003 he was a Visiting Fellow at the Russell Sage Foundation in New York. His areas of research are political sociology, citizenship and immigration, ethnic and race relations, nations and nationalism, social movements, comparative methods, and theory. His most recent book is xiv / notes on the contributors

Selecting by Origin: Ethnic Migration in the Liberal State, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press (2005). Adriana Kemp received her PhD in Sociology at the University of Tel-Aviv. Since 2001 she is a Lecturer at the Department of Sociology and Anthropology. Her research areas are political sociology, migration, citizenship and national identity, nationalism, territories and boundaries, sociology of Israeli society. She is the coeditor of Israelis in Conflict: Identities, Hegemonies, Challenges, Sussex University Press (2004, with D. Newman, O. Yiftachel, and U. Ram). She is currently preparing a book on Strangers in a Jewish State: The Politics of Labor Migration in Israel (Kibbutz Hameuchad Publishing House with Rebecca Raijman). Her recent articles include “International Migration, Domestic Work and Care Work: Undocumented Latina Migrants in Israel,” Gender and Society 17, 5 (2003) (with R. Raijman, S. Schamma-Gesser); “Labor Migration and Racialisation: Labor Market Mechanisms and Labor Migration Control Policies in Israel,” Social Identities 10, 2 (2003); “Tel Aviv is Not Foreign to You: Urban Incorporation Policy on Labor Migrants in Israel,” International Migration Review XXXVIII 1, 2004 (with R. Raijman). Anna C. Korteweg received her PhD in sociology from the University of California, Berkeley and is Assistant Professor of Sociology at the University of Toronto. She is working on a project on the integration of Muslim immigrants in northern Europe, focusing on the way national identities are constructed as the integration of these immigrants in various nation-states is negotiated. She has published in Theory and Society, The Annual Review of Sociology, and in Qualitative Sociology. She is writing a book based on her comparative ethnographic research at welfare offices charged with trans- forming single mothers into working mothers in the United States and the Netherlands. She is also writing a series of articles based on her new project. Ruth Mandel received her PhD from the University of Chicago; her doctoral research focused on Turkish migration to Berlin. Over the past several years she has conducted research in Central Asia, and has carried out a long- term project on media and development in Kazakhstan. She has taught social anthropology at University College London since 1990, and has published many articles on her research. Mandel was a Berlin Prize Fellow at the American Academy during the fall semester 2000. During her time in Berlin, she worked on her project entitled “Changing Practices of Citizenship and Belonging among Recent Immigrants from the Soviet Union.” This project is a continuation of her research on two immigrant populations: the ethnic Germans from the former Soviet Union and former Soviet Jews who have immigrated to Berlin. In particular, she was interested notes on the contributors / xv in the difficulty of defining citizenship and nationality, the practical and political problems this presents, and also the social problems these populations have encountered as they seek acceptance in a new land. Saskia Sassen is Ralph Lewis Professor of Sociology at the University of Chicago, and Centennial Visiting Professor at the London School of Economics. Her new book is Denationalization: Territory, Authority and Rights in a Global Digital Age (Princeton University Press, 2005). She has just completed for UNESCO a five-year project on sustainable human settlement for which she set up a network of researchers and activists in over fifty countries. Her most recent books are the edited Global Networks, Linked Cities (New York and London: Routledge, 2002) and the coedited Socio-Digital Formations: New Architectures for Global Order (Princeton University Press, 2005). The Global City is out in a new fully updated edition in 2001. Her books are translated into fifteen languages. She serves on several editorial boards and is an adviser to several international bodies. She is a Member of the Council on Foreign Relations, a member of the National Academy of Sciences Panel on Cities, and Chair of the Information Technology and International Cooperation Committee of the Social Science Research Council (USA). Her comments have appeared in The Guardian, The New York Times, Le Monde Diplomatique, the International Herald Tribune, Vanguardia, Clarin, the Financial Times, among others. Margaret R. Somers is Professor of Sociology at the University of Michigan. She is specializing in comparative historical sociology and citizenship formation and democratization. She is the recipient of distin- guished awards and fellowships, most recent of which include Rutgers University Center for Critical Analysis of Contemporary Culture. She is the chair of the American Sociological Association’s Historical Comparative Sociology. Her recent articles are “From Poverty to Perversity: Markets, Institutions, and the State over Two Centuries of Welfare Debate,” American Sociological Review (April 2005) and “Citizenship Troubles: Genealogies of Struggle for the Soul of the Social” in The Making and Unmaking of Modernity, edited by Julia Adams, Lis Clemens, and Ann Orloff, Duke University Press (2004). Her book Studies in Citizenship, Civil Society and the Public Sphere is forthcoming from Cambridge University Press. Gökçe Yurdakul studied sociology at Bogazici University, Istanbul and gender and women’s studies at Middle East Technical University in Ankara. She is currently a PhD candidate at the University of Toronto, Department of Sociology. Her dissertation is on immigrant mobilization and political xvi / notes on the contributors representation in Germany. Her teaching and research interests include migration, citizenship, race and ethnicity, gender, and women. She is the author of “State, Political Parties, Immigrant Elites: Turkish Immigrant Associations in Berlin” (2006, Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies); “Migrant Genealogies: German Turkish Identity in Public Display” (2002, Zeitschrift für Türkeistudien) and coauthor of “Culture of Honor, Culture of Change: A Feminist Analysis of Honor Killings in Rural Turkey” (with Aysan Sev’er, 2001, Violence against Women).