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Migration, Citizenship, Ethnos This Page Intentionally Left Blank Migration, Citizenship, Ethnos Migration, Citizenship, Ethnos This page intentionally left blank Migration, Citizenship, Ethnos E DITED BY Y. Michal Bodemann and Gökçe Yurdakul MIGRATION, CITIZENSHIP, ETHNOS © Y. Michal Bodemann and Gökçe Yurdakul, 2006. Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2006 978-1-4039-7102-9 All rights reserved. No part of this book may be used or reproduced in any manner whatsoever without written permission except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical articles or reviews. First published in 2006 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN™ 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10010 and Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire, England RG21 6XS Companies and representatives throughout the world. PALGRAVE MACMILLAN is the global academic imprint of the Palgrave Macmillan division of St. Martin’s Press, LLC and of Palgrave Macmillan Ltd. Macmillan® is a registered trademark in the United States, United Kingdom and other countries. Palgrave is a registered trademark in the European Union and other countries. ISBN 978-1-349-53265-0 ISBN 978-1-4039-8467-8 (eBook) DOI 10.1057/9781403984678 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Bodemann,Y. Michal, 1944– Migration, citizenship, ethnos / Y. Michal Bodemann and Gökçe Yurdakul. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Emigration and immigration—Europe. 2. Citizenship—Europe. 3. Immigrants—Europe. 4. Europe—Ethnic relations. I.Yurdakul, Gökçe. II. Title. JV7590.B63 2006 325.4—dc22 2005053910 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Design by Newgen Imaging Systems (P) Ltd., Chennai, India. First edition: April 2006 10987654321 Contents List of Figures vii Acknowledgments ix Notes on the Contributors xi Introduction 1 Gökçe Yurdakul and Y. Michal Bodemann Part I Citizenship and Incorporation Regimes 1. The Repositioning of Citizenship and Alienage: Emergent Subjects and Spaces for Politics 13 Saskia Sassen 2. Citizenship, Statelessness and Market Fundamentalism: Arendtian Right to Have Rights 35 Margaret R. Somers 3. Citizenship between De- and Re-Ethnicization 63 Christian Joppke Part II The Changing Sociopolitical Context 4. Being German and Jewish in Kazakhstan and Germany 95 Ruth Mandel 5. The Migration-Security Nexus: International Migration and Security Before and After 9/11 103 Thomas Faist 6. Changing the Rules While the Game Is On: From Multiculturalism to Assimilation in the Netherlands 121 Han Entzinger vi / contents Part III Muslim Communities and the Politics of Incorporation 7. The Murder of Theo van Gogh: Gender, Religion, and the Struggle over Immigrant Integration in the Netherlands 147 Anna C. Korteweg 8. Unveiling Distribution: Muslim Women with Headscarves in France and Germany 167 Pascale Fournier and Gökçe Yurdakul 9. Turkish Brides: A Look at the Immigration Debate in Germany 185 Elisabeth Beck-Gernsheim Part IV Labor Migration and Irregular Migration 10. Illegal Migration: What Can We Know and What Can We Explain? 197 Friedrich Heckmann 11. Managing Citizenship and Migration: Undocumented Labor Migrants’ Children and Policy Reforms in Israel 219 Adriana Kemp Index 239 List of Figures 10.1 Basic forms of illegal immigration 199 10.2 Apprehensions of foreigners attempting to cross national land and sea borders illegally, 1990–2001 201 10.3 Apprehensions of human smugglers and smuggled migrants at German national borders, 1990–2001 202 10.4 Asylum applications (“Erstanträge”), 1990–2002 202 10.5 Persons suspected of a criminal offence without a legal residence status in Germany, 1994–2001 203 This page intentionally left blank Acknowledgments Most of the contributions in this volume were selected from the conference of the same title, organized by Y. Michal Bodemann at the Joint Initiative of German and European Studies at the University of Toronto with the joint sponsorship by the Heinrich Böll Stiftung in Berlin, October 2–4, 2003. We would also like to acknowledge the contribution by the Goethe Institut in Toronto to make this conference possible. Independently from the con- ference presentations, this edited volume has developed in its own path with additional contributions by Thomas Faist, Anna Korteweg, Pascale Fournier, and Elisabeth Beck-Gernsheim. We would like to thank Ralf Fücks, Rita Süssmuth, Marieluise Beck, Cem Özdemir, Mekonnen Mesghena, Anne Demmer, Edith Klein, and Doina Popescu who contributed to this conference in different ways. Our thanks also go to Nadine Blumer who helped us with the manuscript and the Palgrave editorial team who carefully prepared it for publication. This page intentionally left blank Notes on the Contributors Elisabeth Beck-Gernsheim is Professor of Sociology at the University of Erlangen-Nürnberg. Her fellowships include Cardiff University (1996); Wissenschaftskolleg zu Berlin (1997–1998) and Hamburger Institut für Sozialforschung (2002–2003). Her areas of research are work and employ- ment, family and gender, reproductive technologies, migration, ethnic and race relations. Her most recent book in English is Reinventing the Family: In Search of New Lifestyles, Cambridge, UK, Polity Press (2002). Her most recent book in German is Wir und die Anderen. Vom Blick der Deutschen auf Migranten und Minderheiten, Frankfurt, Suhrkamp (2004). Michal Bodemann is Professor of Sociology and is affiliated with the Joint Initiative of German and European Studies at the University of Toronto. He wrote his dissertation in the Department of Sociology at Brandeis University on rural social structure in central Sardinia, a community study that attempted to reconstruct the politics, kinship, and economic patterns since 1800. In that context, he has written on theories of underdevelop- ment, patron–client relations, and issues in Marxist theory. Today, his areas of interest and teaching include race and ethnic relations, classical sociolog- ical theory, qualitative methods, Jewish studies, and especially German- Jewish relations and memory. He has published numerous articles and books on Jews in Germany. His book, GedáchTnistheater. Die jüdische Gemeinschaft und ihre deutsche Erfindung (Theatre of Memory: The Jewish Community and its German Invention) was listed as one of the ten best nonfiction books in Germany in June 1996. He has held visiting professor- ships in various universities including Freie Universität Berlin (1983–1984, 1987–1988), Inter-University Centre Dubrovnik (1990–1991), Humboldt Universität zu Berlin (1990–1992 and 2003), University of Potsdam (1997) and Tel Aviv University (1999). He has received numerous SSHRC and DAAD grants for his research and held Halbert (Jerusalem), Mendelssohn (Potsdam) and Rockefeller (Bellagio) fellowships. Currently, he is conducting further research on Jews in contemporary Germany with Connaught Research Grant from University of Toronto. His most recent xii / notes on the contributors book is A Jewish Family in Germany Today: An Intimate Portrait (Duke University Press, 2004). Han Entzinger studied sociology and economics in Leiden, Rotterdam, and Strasbourg. He was appointed Professor of Migration and Integration Studies at Erasmus University Rotterdam (Netherlands) in 2001. From 1986–2001 he held a similar chair at Utrecht University. Earlier he worked inter alia for the International Labour Organization and for the Scientific Council for Government Policy, a think tank close to the Dutch Prime Minister. He is cofounder and member of the European Research Centre on Migration and Ethnic Relations (www.ercomer.org). His research interests include international migration, integration and multiculturalism, migra- tion and the welfare state, Islam in Western societies as well as comparative policies on these matters. His latest book is Migration between States and Markets (Ashgate, 2004, with Marco Martiniello and Catherine Wihtol de Wenden, eds.). At various occasions he has been a consultant to the Council of Europe and the European Commission. He is past president of the Research Committee on Migration of the International Sociological Association. Thomas Faist is Chair and Professor of Transnational Relations and Development Sociology at the Faculty of Sociology, University of Bielefeld. He is director of the Center on the Study of Migration, Citizenship and Development (www.comcad-bielefeld.de). Formerly, he directed International Studies in Political Management (ISPM) at Hochschule Bremen. He received his PhD degree from the New School for Social Research in New York. His research focuses on international migration, ethnic relations, social policy, comparative politics, and transnationalization. Thomas Faist was Willy-Brandt-Guest Professor at the University of Malmö and DAAD Visiting Professor at the University of Toronto. Currently, he directs inter- nationally comparative projects on “The Politics of Dual Citizenship in Europe,” funded by the Volkswagen Foundation and “Democracy and Migration,” supported by the German Science Foundation. Thomas Faist is member of the editorial boards of the journals Ethnic & Racial Studies and The Sociological Quarterly. Among his most recent book publications is Transnational Social Spaces: Agents, Networks and Organizations (Oxford University Press, 2004). Pascale Fournier is Boulton Fellow at the McGill Faculty of Law, an SJD Candidate at Harvard Law School, and a Trudeau scholar. She is currently writing a doctoral dissertation that focuses on the interaction between law, Muslim women, and constitutional liberal states. She clerked for the Honorable Claire L’Heureux-Dube at the Supreme Court of Canada,
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