Étude Préliminaire Historique Et Archéologique1 A

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Étude Préliminaire Historique Et Archéologique1 A ARAM, 15 (2003), 275-376 275 MLIKH: ÉTUDE PRÉLIMINAIRE HISTORIQUE ET ARCHÉOLOGIQUE1 SHAFIQ ABOUZAYD & HASSAN BADAWI A. HISTOIRE DE MLIKH2 INTRODUCTION Mlikh, un village libanais dans la région de Jabal RiÌane au Liban sud, est un sujet encore inconnu dans le monde académique. Aucune recherche scientifique n’a encore été entreprise sur ce sujet jusqu’à présent. Les écrits sur Mlikh et Jabal RiÌane sont inexistants aussi bien d’un point de vue géographique, historique qu’archéologique. En raison de cette absence totale de référence, nous avons ren- contré de nombreuses difficultés. Le résultat du travail que nous présentons ici n’est qu’une étude préliminaire qui a le mérite de dresser un tableau général et de mettre l’accent sur l’importance de ce site. Bien entendu des lacunes demeurent, nous en sommes conscients. Le but de cet article est de susciter l’intérêt pour cette zone chargée d’histoire et d’encourager des chercheurs à compléter notre travail. Ce n’est qu’un premier pas qui, nous l'espérons, sera bientôt suivi par des études plus approfondies et par des fouilles complètes de la zone. I. LES NOMS DES SITES HISTORIQUES À MLIKH Notre recherche est loin d’être finalisée, elle ne sera achevée qu’après une fouille archéologique complète de la région de Jabal RiÌane. Nous ne faisons ici que suggérer des pistes de réflexion pour une recherche future plus approfondie. 1. LE NOM MLIKH Le nom Mlikh est d’une racine sémitique formée des trois lettres mlk qui siginifie «roi» ou «régner».3 La prononciation actuelle du nom Mlikh4 est 1 Nous tenons à remercier tout particulièrement M. Albertino Abela et sa fondation Albert Abela Foundation/Cedrus pour sa générosité et son travail pour la conservation et la protection de la nature et du patrimoine historique et archéologique de Mlikh. 2 Ce chapitre est écrit par Dr. Shafiq Abouzayd (Oxford University). 3 Voir Dennis Pardee, Les Textes Rituels. Fascicule 2: Chapitres 54-83, Appendices et Figures, (Ras Shamra-Ougarit XII, Paris, 2000), p. 1180. Voir aussi Guy Bunnens, L’expansion phénicienne en Méditerranée, (Études de philologie, d’archéologie et d’histoire ancienne, Rome, 1979), pp. 35-36. 4 Le nom Mlikh pourrait être écrit Mlich, parce que le ch ou kh est la translitération de la sep- tième lettre de l’alphabet arabe Ì. 276 MLIKH: ÉTUDE PRÉLIMINAIRE HISTORIQUE ET ARCHÉOLOGIQUE basée sur la forme emphatique mlkh de la racine sémite mlk.5 Le nom sémi- tique de Mlikh pourrait avoir des points communs avec le nom du dieu Molech,6 attestée en plusieurs endroits dans le monde phénicien et punique.7 Le village de Mlikh est entouré par une chaîne de montagnes (voir photos 1, 2, 10) qui contribue à son identité historique, en particulier avant le début de la période arabe au Moyen Orient avec l’Islam. 2. LA MONTAGNE DE JABAL ∑AFI/∑APHI8 Jabal ∑afi se trouve au nord de Mlikh (voir photos 3, 14) à une altitude de 1300 m environ. Le mot «Òafi/Òaphi» est d’origine sémitique provenant du Òpn, nom de la montagne ∑apanu,9 (∑aphon/Zaphon),10 qui est, selon les textes d’Ou- garit, ‘la montagne du Saphon, siège du Baal.’11 De plus, la forme de ∑PN, ∑APONI, forme le nom ∑APONI-BA‘AL et BA‘AL∑APHON (Seigneur du ∑aphon) utilisée dans les noms des personnes.12 «BA‘AL∑APHON est, à l’ori- gine, le dieu de l’orage qui se manifeste sur le Mont ∑aphon… Son nom sémi- tique Òpn pourrait effectivement se rattacher à la racine Òph signifiant ‘obser- ver’…»13 Par conséquent, je crois que la montagne de ∑afi (∑aphon) au nord de Mlikh était nommée d’après le «BA‘AL∑APHON», et elle pourrait être celle qui est mentionnée dans la Bible au nord d’Israël.14 5 Voir J. Hoftijzer and K. Jongenling, Dictionary of the North-West Semitic Inscriptions, (Brill, Leiden, 1995), p. 635. 6 Voir John Day, Yahweh and the Gods and Goddesses of Canaan, (Oxford, 2000), page 213 et voir aussi pages 214-215. 7 «A Carthage, on sollicite auprès de Mlk surtout la parenté en choisissant les deux éléments >Ì «frère» et >Ìt «sœur». Les attestations les incluant représentent plus de 40% des anthropo- nymes formés avec Mlk.» Ahmad Ferjaoui, Recherches sur les relations entre l’Orient phénicien et Carthage, (Editions Universitaires, Fribourg, Suisse, ), p. 467. Voir aussi Donald Harden, The Phoenicians, (London, ), pp. 85-95. 8 Dr. Youssef Hourani pense que le mot ‘Òafi’ dérive du mot ‘Òafoune’, le dieu égyptien adoré à Memphis en Egypte. Il explique que le mot ‘Òaphone’ est composé du mot ‘Òaf’ et du mot ‘one’. Ce dernier signifie en sémite ‘une maison’, ou un ‘refuge’. Hourani voit une relation directe entre le ‘dieu ∑afoune’ à Memphis et le temple du ‘prophète ∑afi’ à côté du village du Berta à l’est du Saida (Sidon) au sud du Liban. La même expression ‘prophète ∑afi’ est donnée au temple sur le sommet de la montagne au nord-ouest du Mlikh. Voir Youssef Hourani, Le Connu et l’Inconnu du l’Histoire de Sud Liban (en Arabe), (Beyrouth, 1999), page 119. 9 Voir Dennis Pardee, Les Textes Rituels, p. 1200. 10 Voir Charles R. Krahmalkov, Phoenician-Punic Dictionary, (Orientalia Lovaniensia Ana- lecta, Leuven, 2000), p. 419-420. Voir Voir aussi John Day, Yahweh and the Gods and God- desses of Canaan, (Oxford, 2000), page 107. 11 Voir John Gray, Near Eastern Mythology, Mesopotamia, Syria, Palestine, (London, 1969), pp. 42 & 101. Voir aussi James B. Pritchard, Ancient Near Eastern Texts Relating to the Old Tes- tament, (Princeton, 1969), pp. 129-142, 147-148. 12 Voir Day, Yahweh and the Gods and Goddesses of Canaan, page 107. Voir aussi Krah- malkov, Phoenician-Punic Dictionary, p. 419-420. 13 Voir Edward Lipinski (Editeur), Dictionnaire de la Civilisation Phénicienne et Punique, (Brepols, 1992) p. 60. 14 Voir Day, Yahweh and the Gods and Goddesses of Canaan, pages 107-116, 170-184.Voir aussi Mark Smith, The Origins of Biblical Monotheism. Isarel’s Polytheistic Background and the Ugaritic Texts, (Oxford, 2001), pp. 130, 168. S. ABOUZAYD ET H. BADAWI 277 3. JABAL RIÎANE L’expression «Jabal RiÌane» est donnée à plusieurs villages (voir plan 4). Mlikh en est l’un d’eux. Sa superficie est d’environ 113km2.15 Jabal RiÌane (ou Jabal al’RiÌane) est entouré par plusieurs montagnes et collines. La plus haute atteint une altitude de 1400m environ, et elle est située à l’est de Mlikh. (Voir photos 2 et 6) Elle sépare le village de Mlikh du village de ‘Aramta qui semble avoir eu un rôle historique important.16 Cette haute montagne est appe- lée, par les habitants de Mlikh, ‘Ari∂ Zannar. Le mot Jabal signifie en arabe ‘montagne’, et le mot RiÌane ‘basilic’ (ocimum ou ocymum basilicum), une plante aromatique. Mais cette réfé- rence arabe du nom ‘Jabal RiÌane’ est loin d’être définitive, car la région est très ancienne puisqu’elle existait avant la période arabe. Par conséquent, le mot RiÌane pourrait avoir une signification sémitique en dehors de celle arabe. 4. LA MONTAGNE DE BIR KALLAB Elle se trouve au sud, à 1360m d’altitude et se situe au sommet de ‘Ari∂ Zannar (Voir photo 6). La signification de ce nom en arabe est très vague, à l’exception de la première partie Bir qui est d’une racine sémitique et qui signifie puits, citerne. Mais le mot Kallab en arabe n’a pas de sens. Je préfère recourir à une racine sémitique pour dévoiler le mystère de ce mot. Les lettres kll en langue punique signifient une certaine offrande religieuse qui inclut un sacrifice expiatoire.17 Et le suffixe ab signifie en langue sémite ‘père’. La racine b’r en langue punique signifie, comme en arabe, un puits d’eau, mais il indique aussi une tombe. Cependant, le nom Bir Kallab pourrait signifier ‘la tombe du sacrifice offerte au père’.18 Bir Kallab est un site important: il est considéré comme une extension natu- relle du site de Tanas.19 Aujourd’hui encore, il est possible de déceler les 15 «The study zone extends over an area of 113km2 ranging between 270 meters in the south, where the Liatni River constitutes a natural boundary, and 1700 meters to the north, near Jezzine and Niha villages. It is composed of 24 cadastral areas, including eight inhabited villages (Kfar Houne, Mlikh, Louaizé, ‘Aramta, RiÌane, ∑rairi, ‘Aichyeh and Sejoud), and 16 farms (Roum- mane, Jabal ™oura, Mazra‘at el Rohbane, Daraya, Qo†rani, Qrouh, Khallet Khazen, Chbail, Zagh- rine, Mazra‘at Louzid, Jarmaq, ‘Aarqub, Mahmoudiye, Dimachqiye and Tamra).» extrait du rap- port de «Green Line» qui existe sur notre site internet en anglais: www.jabalrihane.org 16 Dr. Hourani dans son livre Hourani, Le Connu et l’Inconnu de l’Histoire du Sud Liban (en Arabe), pages 40, 79, 118 croit que ‘Aramta est le même que Yarmouta ou Yarmt mentionné dans les écritures hiéroglyphiques pendant le combat du pharaon Egyptien Ramsès II contre les Cananéens. 17 Voir Voir aussi J. Hoftijzer and K. Jongenling, Dictionary of the North-West Semitic Inscriptions, (Brill, Leiden, 1995), p. 513. 18 Le mot ‘père’ ici pourrait signifier le dieu Ba‘al qui était adoré, très probablement, à Mlikh. Voir plus haut section 1-2 est aussi plus bas section 1-5. Voir Krahmalkov, Phoenician-Punic Dictionary, p. 28. 19 Voir plus bas nos sections sur les sites historiques, pages 291-294. 278 MLIKH: ÉTUDE PRÉLIMINAIRE HISTORIQUE ET ARCHÉOLOGIQUE traces d’une habitation ancienne, probablement phénicienne. Cependant, il est impossible de la visiter car elle a été minée par l’armée israélienne lors de son occupation du Liban Sud.
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