Archaeological desk-based heritage assessment of land at Atlas Works, June 2015, revised September 2017

Report No. 15/89

Author: Mary Ellen Crothers

Illustrator: Amir Bassir

______0 MOLA Northampton MOLA Project Manager: Mark Holmes Kent House Site Code: 30 Billing Road NGR: TG 611411 317852 Northampton NN1 5DQ 01604 809 803 www.mola.org.uk [email protected] Archaeological desk-based heritage assessment of land at Atlas Works, Lenwade Norfolk

June 2015, revised September 2017

Report No. 15/89

Quality control and sign off: Issue Date Checked by: Verified by: Approved by: Reason for Issue: No. approved: 1 03.06.15 Pat Chapman Mark Holmes Mark Holmes Draft for client review 2 25.09.17

Author: Mary Ellen Crothers BA MA Illustrator: Amir Bassir BSc

0 MOLA Northampton 2017

MOLA Kent House 30 Billing Road Northampton NN1 5DQ 01604 809 800 www.mola.org.uk [email protected]

MOLA Northampton is a company limited by guarantee registered in and Wales with company registration number 8727508 and charity registration number 1155198. Registered office: Mortimer Wheeler House, 46 Eagle Wharf Road, N1 7ED. OASIS REPORT FORM

PROJECT DETAILS Project title Archaeological desk-based heritage assessment of Atlas Works, Lenwade, Norfolk

Short description MOLA Northampton conducted an Archaeological Desk-based Heritage Assessment of land at Atlas Works, Lenwade, Norfolk. The current assessment has demonstrated that the site lies within a complex prehistoric mortuary landscape on the terraces of the , characterised by Bronze Age round barrows and barrow cemeteries. One barrow with a possible Neolithic precursor lies adjacent to the site to the north. Crop marks of Iron Age enclosures and boundaries can be seen to the south of the site and medieval embankments, channels and ponds lie to the south-west. Extensive metal detecting of the areas of higher ground above the river terraces has produced a substantial quantity of objects dating to the Iron Age, Roman, Saxon, medieval and post- medieval periods. Cartographic evidence suggests that the site has not been settled since at least the 18th century until the construction of the Atlas Works estate in 1944. Project type Heritage Assessment Previous work None Future work Unknown Monument type None and period Significant finds None PROJECT LOCATION County Norfolk Site address Atlas Works, Lenwade Easting and NGR TG 611411 317852 northing Area Height OD C18.6m aOD PROJECT CREATORS Organisation MOLA Northampton Project brief originator Project Design originator Director/ Mary Ellen Crothers Supervisor Project Manager Mark Holmes Sponsor or Wiser Environment funding body PROJECT DATE Start date 05/15 End date 06/15 Location Content (eg pottery, animal bone etc) ARCHIVES (Accession no.) Physical

Paper MOLA Northampton Map extracts

Digital MOLA Northampton Mapinfo Plans, Word Report

BIBLIOGRAPHY Journal/monograph, published or forthcoming, or unpublished client report (NA report) Title Archaeological desk-based heritage assessment of Atlas Works, Lenwade, Norfolk Serial title & 15/89 volume Author(s) Mary Ellen Crothers Page numbers 31 Date 06/15, revised 09/17

MOLA Northampton LENWADE, ATLAS WORKS

Contents

1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background 1.2 Policy background 1.3 Location, topography and geology 1.4 Sources consulted

2 HERITAGE ASSET ASSESSMENT 2.1 Previous archaeological work 2.2 Summary and significance of heritage assets 2.3 Cartographic evidence

3 IMPACT ASSESSMENT 3.1 The proposed development 3.2 Visual Impact Assessment (VIA) 3.3 Potential impacts on the wider cultural heritage resource

4 CONCLUSIONS

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Tables Table 1: Historic Environment Record (HER) details data Table 2: Tithe map apportionments Table 3: Criteria for assessing the relative importance of cultural heritage sites

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Figures Front cover: Atlas Works, Lenwade Fig 1: Site location Fig 2: View of derelict factory building, including railway tracks and drains, looking north-west Fig 3: View of rear of derelict factory building, looking north-east Fig 4: View of south-west boundary, looking south-east Fig 5: View of eastern boundary, looking north-east Fig 6: View of location of proposed access road, looking north-west Fig 7: Historic Environment Record (HER) data Fig 8: Faden’s Map of Norfolk, 1797 Fig 9: Bryant’s Map of Norfolk in 1826 Fig 10: The Parish of Tithe Map, 1841 Fig 11: The Parish of Morton Tithe Map, 1842 Fig 12: Ordnance Survey map, 1883-1891 Fig 13: Ordnance Survey map, 1907 Fig 14: Ordnance Survey map, 1957-1958 Fig 15: Ordnance Survey map, 1971 Fig 16: View towards the Bronze Age barrow, looking north Fig 17: View of barrow from Marriot’s Way footpath, looking north-west Fig 18: View along Marriot’s Way footpath from near the barrow, looking south- east Fig 19: View from the footpath near the barrow, looking south towards the proposed development beyond the trees.

MOLA Report 15/89 Archaeological desk-based heritage assessment of land at Atlas Works, Lenwade Norfolk June 2015 Abstract MOLA Northampton conducted an archaeological desk-based heritage assessment of land at Atlas Works, Lenwade, Norfolk. The current assessment has demonstrated that the site lies within a complex prehistoric mortuary landscape on the terraces of the River Wensum, characterised by Bronze Age round barrows and barrow cemeteries. One barrow with a possible Neolithic precursor lies adjacent to the site to the north. Cropmarks of Iron Age enclosures and boundaries can be seen to the south of the site and medieval embankments, channels and ponds lie to the south-west. Extensive metal detecting of the areas of higher ground above the river terraces has produced a substantial quantity of objects dating to the Iron Age, Roman, Saxon, medieval and post-medieval periods. Cartographic evidence suggests that the site has not been settled since at least the 18th century until the construction of the Atlas Works estate in 1944.

1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background MOLA Northampton was commissioned by Wiser Environment to conduct an archaeological desk-based heritage assessment and visual impact assessment of land at Atlas Works, Lenwade, Norfolk. (NGR: TG 611411 317852 Fig 1). The present report has considered the evidence of Norfolk Archives, Norfolk Historic Environment Record (HER) and that of relevant published and archived documentary and cartographic sources. Internet sources consulted included the Archaeology Data Service (ads.ahds.ac.uk) to check the National Monuments Record information. The aim of the assessment was to collate information about the known or potential archaeological resource within the development area (including its presence or absence, character and extent, date, integrity, state of preservation and relative quality). The work has been undertaken in accordance with the Chartered Institute for Archaeologists’ Standard and Guidance for Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment (CIfA 2014). English Heritage guidance documents concerning the setting of heritage assets were also consulted (EH 2008 and 2014).

1.2 Policy background National policy The National Planning Policy Framework (NPPF) provides national guidance on the preservation, management and investigation of the parts of the historic environment that are historically, archaeologically, architecturally or artistically significant and are known as heritage assets. The NPPF replaced PPS5 in March 2012, which in turn replaced Planning Policy Guidance Notes 15 and 16 (PPG 15 and 16) in March 2010.

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The framework covers those heritage assets that possess a level of interest sufficient to justify designation as well as those that are not designated but which are of heritage interest and are thus a material planning consideration. Where nationally important archaeological remains are affected by development then there should be a presumption in favour for their conservation. Paragraph 128 states that Local Planning Authorities should require an applicant to describe the significance of any heritage assets affected, including any contribution made by their setting. The level of detail should be proportionate to the asset’s importance and no more than is sufficient to understand the potential impact of the proposal on their significance. Paragraph 129 states that Local planning authorities should identify and assess the particular significance of any heritage asset that may be affected by a proposal (including by development affecting the setting of a heritage asset) taking account of the available evidence and any necessary expertise.

Local Policy The District Local Plan (Replacement) adopted May 2006 and updated following Joint Core Strategy adoption March 2011. POLICY ENV17 refers to ancient monuments and archaeological sites. It states that development which would adversely affect a Scheduled Monument or other nationally important archaeological sites and monuments, or their settings, will not be permitted. The sites of Scheduled Monuments are shown on the proposals map (objective 3). Government guidance in Planning Policy Guidance Note: Archaeology and Planning (PPG16) states that there should be a presumption in favour of the physical preservation of nationally important archaeological remains whether scheduled or not, and their settings. In Broadland the known sites of national importance are the Scheduled Monuments which are identified on the proposals map. English Heritage are in the course of evaluating all known archaeological remains and, therefore, further sites may be scheduled in the future. In addition, other sites of national importance may also be discovered. Policy ENV17 will apply to any new Scheduled Monuments and national important sites found in the future. POLICY ENV18 refers to sites of archaeological importance. It states that where there is no overriding case for preservation of a site of archaeological importance, development which affects the site will only be permitted when an agreement has been reached to provide for the evaluation, recording and where desirable, the excavation of the site. On other sites of archaeological interest developers will be expected to allow a ‘watching brief’ to be undertaken by Norfolk Landscape Archaeology while work likely to cause damage is in progress. Where it is considered appropriate by the Planning Authority, in consultation with Norfolk Landscape Archaeology, developers will be expected to seal archaeological layers before construction. Where possible the archaeological remains should be preserved through careful layout, siting and design of the new development (objective 3). POLICY ENV20 refers to evaluation of archaeological significance. It states that all sites of development proposals which appear to raise archaeological issues will be subject to an evaluation of their archaeological significance. Any planning permissions granted will be subject to appropriate conditions (Objective 3). Planning policy Guidance Note 16, “Archaeology and Planning” emphasises that archaeological remains should not be needlessly or thoughtlessly destroyed. In line with this guidance, the most important archaeological sites will be protected from development; whilst for sites of lesser intrinsic importance the planning

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Authority will need to be satisfied that the developer has made appropriate and satisfactory provision for the excavation and recording of the remains. The agreements for recording and excavation will be made in consultation with Norfolk Landscape Archaeology and will include provision for the costs to be met by the developer. Guidance on such agreements is contained in the ”British Archaeologists’ and Developer’s Code of Practice”. As part of their research into the development potential of a site, prospective developers are advised to undertake an assessment of whether there are likely to be archaeological remains. Where remains are known or thought likely to exist, a more detailed evaluation will be required including, if necessary, a field evaluation. Up to date information on sites of ancient monuments and sites of archaeological importance is contained in the Sites and Monuments Record maintained by Norfolk County Council. For details of sites, reference should be made to the archaeology department at the Castle Museum, , or Norfolk Landscape Archaeology, Gressenhall, Norfolk.

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Norfolk Norwich

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© Crown Copyright 2015. All rights reserved. Licence Number 100047514

Scale 1:25,000 Site location Fig 1 LENWADE, ATLAS WORKS

1.3 Location, topography and geology The proposed development site lies c1km to the south-east of Lenwade, Norfolk (Fig 1). The site occupies an area of flat land bounded by the A1067 to the south- west, the Marriott’s Way to the north-east and by working industrial premises to the north-west and the south-east. The site comprises a derelict cement works and a large external area of concrete The superficial geology comprises undifferentiated river terrace deposits of sand and gravel which overlie Lewes Nodular Chalk Formation, Seaford Chalk Formation, Newhaven Chalk Formation and Culver Chalk Formation. (BGS geoindex – bgs.ac.uk). The site lies at c18.6m aOD.

View of derelict factory building, including railway tracks and drains, looking north-west Fig 2

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View of rear of derelict factory building, looking north-east Fig 3

View of south-west boundary, looking south-east Fig 4

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View of eastern boundary, looking north-east Fig 5

View of location of proposed access road, looking north-west Fig 6

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1.4 Sources consulted The Norfolk Historic Environment Record (NHER) was consulted for documented sites and monuments within the proposed development area and a nominal 1km radius surrounding it (Fig 7). A visit to Norfolk Archives was undertaken in order to check historic maps of the area, as well as any other pertinent documents and local history books. Books held within MOLA’s library and further online sources (nationalarchives.gov.uk and archaeologydataservice.ac.uk) were also consulted in order to check for further information.

2 HERITAGE ASSET ASSESSMENT

The site lies adjacent to a tumulus, Scheduled Monument no 129 (HER 7718; Fig 7) to the north. The site is also adjacent to the former site of a 19th-century milestone (HER 56414)

Table 1: Historic Environment Record (HER) data References in bold lie within the curtilage of the site.

HER ref Description Location 7718 Bronze Age round barrow with possible Neolithic 611370 317980 precursor, The Warren 7723 Site of Weston House, 1781 610950 317110 7724 Palaeolithic flint handaxes 611400 318100 7729 Site of possible Bronze Age barrow 611540 317980 7730 Possible Bronze Age barrow 611570 318000 7731 Bronze Age round barrow south-east of Park Lodges 611980 317280 7740 Hall 611190 318600 7744 Road of unknown date 612140 319260 7745 St John the Baptish church, 612370 318780 7746 Post-medieval Icehouse, Great Witchingham Hall 611340 318760 13584 Midland and Northern Joint Railway (Norwich to via Holt) opened 1882. 13762 Street Farm (post-medieval) 612380 317000 13763 North Lodges to Weston House (Weston Gate) 611940 317360 17747 Findspot. Multi-period finds (flint flakes, Roman 612000 318000 dolphin brooch, coins and pottery, medieval ring, metalwork, coins and pottery, post-medieval metalwork and coins) 19642 Medieval coin 612000 318000 20986 The Woodlands, Morton Lane (17th century) 610740 316910 25247 Multi-period finds. Mesolithic axehead, R coin, 612000 316000 brooch, Mid-late Saxon brooch, late Saxon strap- ends + undated pendant 29344 Site of early Saxon inhumation cemetery and multi- period finds. Unknown location, TG11 NW 29962 Multi-period metal objects and pottery sherds 612000 316000 (Neolithic, Roman, Late Saxon, medieval, post- medieval) 30313 Cropmarks of probable Bronze Age round barrow 612290 317310 30314 Cropmark enclosures of unknown date 612150 317450 33640 Multi-period finds. Flint, Iron Age brooch, Roman brooches and coins, Saxon metalwork, Medieval and Post-Medieval coins and metalwork, undisclosed location TG 11NW 33733 Weston Park (post-medieval landscape park) 611120 317440

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34149 Multperiod finds 612000 318000 35933 Medieval and post-medieval boundaries and drains 612350 316660 37467 Neolithic flaked axehead or axehead roughout 612070 317000 39623 Medieval seal matrix 612000 318000 41183 Site of Lodge, Great Witchingham Hall 611572 318757 42851 Post-Medieval walled garden, Great Witchingham 611638 318794 Hall 44449 Neolithic flint artefacts 611864 316857 45361 Cropmarks of ring ditches, probably representing 611000 317000 Bronze Age round barrows 46087 Gates and railings to Lenwade Lodge to Weston 610410 317920 House, Weston Road 49099 Multi-period findspot (Iron Age, R + Med) 611000 318000 50578 Atlas Works, Lenwade 611493 317851 50622 Pair of possible Bronze Age round barrows 611227 318128 50646 Bronze Age round barrow cemetery 611398 318060 50648 Cropmarks of post-medieval field boundaries 612420 317240 50649 Bronze Age round barrow cemetery 612491 317137 50651 Cropmarks of a small square-detched enclosure 612032 317210 50652 Cropmarks of undated rectangular enclosure 611898 317131 50653 Cropmarks of a ring ditch 611855 317074 50654 Cropmarks of multi-period fragmentary linear ditches 611888 316959 50659 Cropmarks of a possible curvilinear enclosure 611562 317623 50660 Cropmarks of undated enclosures and field 611441 317585 boundaries 50662 Bronze Age round barrow cemetery 611931 317178 50666 Multi-period field boundary cropmarks 612726 317966 50674 Cropmark field boundaries of unknown date 610536 316378 50675 Cropmark field boundaries of unknown date 610405 316902 50681 Earthworks of medieval to post-med embankments, 610633 316912 channels and ponds 50693 Earthworks of probable post-medieval boundary bank 611166 317187 51283 Roman, middle or late Saxon, medieval and post- 612000 318000 medieval finds 51383 Roman, medieval and post-medieval finds 612000 318000 51569 Prehistoric, Late Saxon, Medieval and post-medieval 611000 319000 finds 51571 Multi-period finds 612000 319000 51584 Roman, Medieval and post-medieval finds 611000 318000 51585 Bronze Age, Roman, medieval and post-medieval 612000 318000 finds 53473 Cropmarks of a pair of ring ditches and square 612120 318380 enclosure 53472 Cropmarks of ditches of possible Iron Age to Roman 612250 318490 date 54126 WWII bunker in the garden of 'Nirvana', 612200 317200 Road 55627 Bernard Matthew's hatchery 611120 318610 56287 The Old Rectory, Hall Road 612310 318800 56414 Former site of 19th century milestone marking 611280 317850 Fakenham 15 miles and Norwich 9 miles

ENF138256 Geophysical survey at Weston Park, Weston 611267 317536 Longville, 2015 ENF138469 Weston Park Golf Club, Weston Longville, Norfolk, 611300 317090 Geophysical survey report ENF139903 The Deer Park', Weston Park Golf Club, Weston 611300 317700 Longville, Norwich, Norfolk, 2016 ENF141675 Trial Trenching at Weston Park Golf Club, 2017 611197 327250

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© Crown Copyright 2015. All rights reserved. Licence Number 100047514

Scale 1:20,000 Historic Environment Record (HER) data Fig 7 LENWADE, ATLAS WORKS

2.1 Previous archaeological work There have been no previous archaeological investigations within the site. However, a geophysical survey and trial trenching have been undertaken to the south of the site at Weston Longville Golf Club. The geophysical survey (ENF138469) was conducted in 2015 and identified features relating to the former parkland and field boundaries which pre-date the inclosure of the land (Roseveare and Lewis 2015). The subsequent evaluation (ENF139903) identified a widespread, low density scatter of archaeological features, the majority of which were undated but the remainder have been dated to the prehistoric and post- medieval periods (Craven 2016). 2.2 Historic Landscape Characterisation (HLC) data The Norfolk HLC Project took place between July 2004 and May 2008, funded by English Heritage and the Norfolk Museums & Archaeology Service. The project formed part of a national initiative sponsored by English Heritage and which has been addressed at regional level by a co-ordinated programme covering the . Its primary aim was to assemble and integrate information on the visible evidence of human impact on the landscape, defined in the European Landscape Convention (2000) as ‘an area, as perceived by people, whose character is the result of the action and interaction of natural and/or human factors’. This information has been structured by the identification and grouping of historic and other environmental attributes to form historic landscape types of distinct and recognisable common character. The distribution of these landscape types has been mapped using GIS supported by written descriptions. The Historic Landscape Characterisation (HLC) data for the site has broadly defined the area as Industry. Industrial areas in Norfolk are few, often associated with agriculture (e.g. canning, mills) and scattered throughout the county, as it is a primarily agricultural, rural county with few large towns with no heavy industry. Some new growth areas are contained within former airfields, the buildings being re-used for light industry. This paucity is in contrast with the other counties in the region. HLC has further illustrated that there is relatively little industrial development in the county, which is a reflection of its rural background and base. Industry within the county has taken the form of softer forms within the agricultural sector. Farming (e.g. grain, biofuels, poultry, fruit and herbs) is often on an industrial scale, as is forestry. However, Atlas Works appears to lie outside the broad classification of industry for Norfolk and should perhaps be re-categorised as a sub-type.

2.2 Summary and significance of heritage assets Palaeolithic Two Palaeolithic handaxes were found during quarrying to the north of the site (NHER 7724; Fig 7).

Mesolithic A Mesolithic flint tranchet axehead was found during metal detecting in 1989 to the south of the site (NHER 25247) and two further Mesolithic blades have been found to the far north-east of the site, to the north of Alderford (NHER 51571).

Neolithic Neolithic flint artefacts have been found to the south of the site and include a late Neolithic polished axehead, a scraper and a blade of possible early Neolithic date

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(NHER 44449). A Neolithic flint blade was also discovered during metal detecting between 1993 and 2010, further away to the south (NHER 29962). A Neolithic flaked axehead or axehead roughout has been found to the south-east of the site at Morton (NHER 37467) and early Neolithic finds have been found during metal detecting to the north-east of the site, which include an awl, a notch and a flint flake (NHER 34149). Several pits, some of which contained pottery and flints dating to the period were found during trial trenching at Weston Longville Golf Course (ENF139903) to the south of the site. Burnt deposits, fire cracked flint and sherds of early or mid- Neolithic pottery and late Neolithic or early Bronze Age pottery were also discovered in a small cluster of four pits (Craven 2016).

Bronze Age A Bronze Age round barrow is located adjacent to the site, to the north on The Warren (NHER 7718, SM129), forming part of a barrow cemetery (NHER50646). It is suggested that this barrow was constructed on top of an earlier Neolithic barrow. The barrow cemetery also includes NHER 7729 and NHER 7730. but only NHER 7718 and NHER 7730 survive as earthworks. Several other barrow cemeteries have also been recorded close to the site; to the south (NHER 45361 NHER 50662 and NHER 50653) and the south-east (NHER 30313 and NHER 50649). Apart from NHER 45361 and NHER 50653, most of the barrows and barrow cemeteries lie in close proximity to the River Wensum. A fragment of a Bronze Age axehead was found during metal detecting in 2006 to the north-east (NHER 51585) and a scraper was found in the vicinity (NHER 33640). A further barrow cemetery (NHER 50622) lies to the south-east of the site, comprising a group of four ring ditches which have been identified as cropmarks. Further to the south-east, a ring ditch and an oval enclosure also survive as cropmarks and are thought to be the remains of a Bronze Age round barrow. Cropmarks of a ring ditch, thought to be the remains of a barrow, have been identified to the east of the site. A Bronze Age beaker was found through trial trenching at Weston Longville Golf Course (ENF139903) to the south of the site. It was an unusual find because it was exceptionally small and it was found in an isolated pit but no cremated bone was observed in association with it. A typical funerary interpretation does not apply in this case, although it was found within the wider Bronze Age funerary landscape of the area (Craven 2016).

Iron Age Curvilinear enclosure cropmarks of fragmentary enclosures and field boundaries of a potentially late prehistoric date can be seen on aerial photographs to the south of the site (NHER 50659, NHER 50660 and NHER 50654). Further to the south-east, the cropmarks of a small square-ditched enclosure can also be seen (NHER 50651). Further cropmarks of an Iron Age to Roman date have also been recorded at a distance to the south-west (NHER 50674) and to the north-east (NHER 53472). An Iron Age terret fragment was found in the vicinity (NHER 29344) during metal detecting. Two Iron Age brooches were found at an undisclosed location locally (NHER 33640) and an early Iron Age brooch was found close to the site to the west (NHER 49099). A hoard of two hundred to three hundred silver Icenian coins with three Roman denarii were found in an urn near Top Farm in 1852 during ditch digging. All the coins were dated to before AD 30 (www.heritage.norfolk.gov.uk). Although this location falls within the search radius if 1km from the site, it is not recorded within the NHER.

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Cropmarks of boundary ditches and other linear features have been identified to the south-east of the site National Mapping Programme (NMP) data for the site. Although many of the cropmarks are undatable, some may be of Iron Age of Roman date. A geophysical survey has been undertaken in the area (MNF138256).

Roman Metal detecting in the area around the site has produced numerous finds from the Roman period, including coins, dolphin and crossbow brooches, furniture fittings, a votive model, a miniature object, a ferrule, a cosmetic mortar, tesserae, tile, pottery, tokens and a seal box. The majority of the metal detecting sites are to the north-east of Atlas Works around Alderford (NHER 34149, NHER 51383, NHER 51283, NHER 51584, NHER 17747, NHER 51571 and NHER 51585), but finds are also recorded to the south-east and close by to the west (NHER 29962 and NHER 49099). Although the abundance and nature of these finds would imply the existence of a settlement, one has not been found. A small quantity of abraded Roman pottery was found in the final infilling of a prehistoric pit at Weston Longville Golf Course to the south of the site (ENF139903; Craven 2016). A small group of dispersed and fragmentary field boundaries have been identified to the east of the site through NMP data. Although these features are undated, it is thought that some of them may date from the Roman period. Field boundaries possibly dating to the period or to the late Iron Age have been identified to the north-east of the site.

Saxon Metal detecting has also produced a quantity of Saxon finds. An Early Saxon bow brooch and a bucket, a late Saxon coin and strap end have been found in the area (NHER 33640). To the south-east of the site a late Saxon pot and strap end have been found (NHER 29962) and to the north-east of the site and to the south of Alderford, a middle to late Saxon hooked tag (NHER51283), a middle Saxon pot and a late Saxon stirrup have been found (NHER 34149). A middle Saxon pin was also recorded in the same area (NHER 17747). To the north of the site and west of Alderford, late Saxon stirrups, a strap mount and hooked tag have been found (NHER 51569 and NHER 34149). A possible early Saxon inhumation cemetery is suspected to have been in the area due to the quantity of grave goods that have been found through metal detecting which are typical of the period (NHER 29344), however, the location is unknown.

Medieval Medieval or post-medieval embankments, channels and ponds can be seen on aerial photography to the south-west of the site (NHER 50681). Metal detecting close to the west of the site has found numerous objects of medieval date, including a seal matrix, strap fittings, a ring and a silver coin (NHER 49099). Close to the north of the site, further metal detecting has also discovered a buckle, a coin and a strap fitting (NHER 51584). Further to the north, a strap fitting, a buckle, a button and a coin have been found (NHER 51569). To the north-east of the site, an assemblage of medieval domestic objects have been found, including toys, furniture fittings, a dress hook, a book fitting, a padlock, pottery, a purse and a thimble. Other items include harness fittings and a dagger (NHER 34149), a seal matrix and a mount (NHER 51383 and NHER 51283). To the east of the site, similar objects have been found, including rings, seals, buckles, a stamp and a brooch (NHER 51585 and NHER 17747). A similar collection has been recorded

MOLA Report 15/89 Page 13of 31 LENWADE, ATLAS WORKS from further to the north-east (NHER 51571) and to the south of Morton (NHER 29962).

Post-medieval Great Witchingham Hall stands to the north-west of the site. Although it was constructed in the late 16th to the early 17th centuries, it was extensively remodelled in the 19th century (NHER 7740). The grounds of the house also include a 19th century icehouse (NHER 7746; Figs 11 and 12), an early 19th- century lodge on Hall Road (NHER 41183) and walled gardens beyond (NHER 42851). The site of Weston House, built by Fermine Rookwood, lies to the south- west of the site. It was built in 1756 but demolished in 1926 and the rubble was used to construct the new Lenwade Bridge (NHER 7723. Within Weston Park, earthworks visible in aerial photography probably represent a boundary bank or park feature (NHER 50693). Cropmark boundaries also survive to the north of Morton, one of which appears to divert around the remains of a Bronze Age round barrow (NHER 21719), which would indicate that the barrow survived until the boundary was established and has since been plough levelled (NHER 50648). Immediately to the south of the disused factory building at Atlas Works is the site of a former 19th-century milestone marking the distance to Fakenham and Norwich. Post-medieval field boundaries were identified during trial trenching to the south of the site at Weston Longville Golf Course (ENF13903). A small collection of metalwork of post-medieval and modern date was recovered from topsoil deposits, suggesting the items were casual losses or deposited through manuring processes (Craven 2016). Cropmarks have been identified at Weston House and largely comprise linear elements which lie along the same alignment as the current building. They are likely to derive from post-medieval garden features and possible outbuildings. A trackway, also of post-medieval date, has been observed on the north side of the house. Large assemblages of objects dating to the post-medieval period have been found in the area during metal detecting, which include strap fittings, silver and copoper alloy coins and buckles (NHER 49099) to the west of the site. To the north, hooked tags, strap fittings, weights, thimbles, a cloth seal, a spur and a sword have been found (NHER 51569 and NHER 51584). To the north-east, knives, copper alloy and silver coins (NHER 51585), a clasp and cloth seal (NHER 51283), buttons and buckles (NHER 51383), vessels, harness fittings (NHER 34149), keys, a rowel spur, firearms, a sword belt and furniture fittings (NHER 17747) and a crotal (NHER 51571) have also been found. To the south-east of the site, a ring, buckle and harness mount are among the many objects recorded through metal detecting. Atlas Works (NHER 50578) opened as a cement works in 1944, on a site previously used for gravel extraction from 1941. The site provided concrete materials for north sea oil rigs, London high rise flats, motorway bridges and the Channel Tunnel. The site closed in 1992 and was then repurposed as a diverse industrial estate in 1993.

Undated Undated field boundaries have been identified to the south of the site during a geophysical survey at Weston Park Golf Club (ENF138469). The boundaries do not relate to those visible on the 1827 inclosure map and are likely to indicate a field system that predates the inclosure of the park (Roseveare and Lewis 2015). Struck flint was found within the ditches during subsequent trial trenching of the

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Golf Course (ENF130993) which may give a general prehistoric date, although it may equally have derived from the general scatter of flint within the subsoil and may demonstrate the later infilling of earlier features (Craven 2016). National Mapping Programme (NMP) data for the area suggests that a large area of fragmentary enclosures and field boundaries lies close to the south and south- east of the site at Weston Park Golf Club. It is likely that the cropmarks represent a multi-period site. A further cropmark group has also been identified close to the south-east of the site and comprise parallel linear features, a trackway, a rectilinear enclosure, a rectangular enclosure and a boundary ditch of unknown date.

2.3 Cartographic evidence Faden’s Map of Norfolk, 1797 (Fig 8) The earliest available cartographic evidence shows the site to the east of Lenwade on Weston Warren, open land in an area between the north side of the road from to Lenwade and the River Wensum and its flood plains. The map illustrates notable properties such as Witchingham Hall to the north, owned by Mr Copland, although this lies to the west of the current Witchingham Hall (NHER 7740) and Weston House to the south, owned by Inigo Euston (NHER 7723). The south-eastern end of the narrow road between Alderford and Great and is marked on the map but is no longer in use today (NHER 7744).

Bryant’s Map of Norfolk in 1826 (Fig 9) Bryant’s map depicts the site as occupying an area of Morton Common, rather than Weston Warren. The area marked on Faden’s map (Fig 8) as Witchingham Hall is marked on Bryant’s map as Old Hall. Great Witchingham Hall is shown here located further to the south-east, nearer to Alderford. Lenwade appears to have been affected by political change with the construction of a workhouse to the west of the village on the track between Lenwade and . Provision had also been made for an allotment for the poor on Witchingham Fen, between the workhouse and the mill on the north side of the River Wensum.

The Parish of Weston Longville Tithe Map, 1841 (Fig 10) The site is within the parishes of Weston Longville and Morton. Although the parish boundary passes through the fields on the site, it does not correlate with land ownership.

The parish of Morton Tithe Map, 1842 (Fig 11) The Tithe maps typically show very little detail apart from land use and ownership but they do indicate the state of the land. Both maps indicate that the site was under pasture and that the area beside the River Wensum was meadow, most likely for seasonal cattle grazing.

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Table 2: Tithe map apportionments Number Name Owner Occupier Land Use A R P 1 Meadow Eustace James Pasture 10 3 17 Hambleton Bunn 74 The Lings Eustace Henry Pasture 3 2 13 and Barn Hambleton Hubbard 75 The Lings Eustace Henry Arable/part of 4316 Hambleton Hubbard heath 76 Allotment Eustace James Arable/part of 1110 Hambleton Bunn heath 77 Pightle Eustace Henry Arable 1 0 22 Hambleton Hubbard

Ordnance Survey map, 1883-1891 (Fig 12) This Ordnance Survey map illustrates that the site lies within open fields by the late 19th century rather than on The Warren. The map also shows the location of three tumuli immediately to the north of the site (NHER 7718 and NHER 60522). However, many of the other barrows and barrow cemeteries listed in the NHER are not illustrated, perhaps due to their location on prime arable land and thus their erosion through seasonal ploughing. It is likely that the three tumuli adjacent to the site survived because they were on land under pasture (Table 2; field 74). The map also shows the locations of several old gravel and marl pits, some of them already having become plantations, illustrating the changes in local economy.

Ordnance Survey Map, 1907 (Fig 13) This map shows the addition of the Midland and Great Northern Joint Railway which was constructed in 1882 (NHER 13584), although it does not appear on the 1883-1891 map (Fig 11). Attlebridge and Lenwade both had stations constructed away from the village settlements. A tumulus is marked to the north of the site in The Warren where three had previously been illustrated, which had become more wooded by the 20th century. The last few open gravel or marl pits had fallen out of use by this time

Ordnance Survey Map, 1957-1958 (Fig 14) By the mid-20th century the first buildings had been constructed on the site, most likely relating to renewed gravel extraction in the area. Much larger and extensive gravel quarrying had taken place on the northern side of the railway to the west of the site. Quarrying had also taken place within The Warren and between The Warren and the River Wensum.

Ordnance Survey map 1971 (Fig 15) The site is illustrated on the map as a High Rise Factory with tanks at the rear and railway tracks at the front for goods transportation of concrete products. Several ponds are depicted to the north of the site and illustrate the locations of previous quarrying works.

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Faden’s Map of Norfolk, 1797 Fig 8

Bryant’s Map of Norfolk in 1826 Fig 9

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The Parish of Weston Longville Tithe Map, 1841 Fig 10

The Parish of Morton Tithe Map,1842 Fig 11

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Ordnance Survey map, 1883-1891 Fig 12

Ordnance Survey map, 1907 Fig 13

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Ordnance Survey map, 1957-58 Fig 14

Ordnance Survey map, 1971 Fig 15

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3 IMPACT ASSESSMENT

3.1 The proposed development The proposed development is the creation of a new refuse-derived fuel recycling plant which aims to re-use and improve an existing derelict building at the western end of the Atlas Works Estate for machinery housing. Like for like replacements will be made to the building to maintain the buildings structural integrity. Some new external features will be created, including two weighbridges, temporary concrete bays and a Portakabin office. The existing internal concrete surface will be surveyed for integrity and repaired where necessary. The rails embedded within the external yard surface will be removed and the surface repaired and made good to ensure a sealed surface, without replacing it in its entirety. Underground sumps and storage chambers are known to exist within the footprint of the current building and they will be sealed and left in situ. The current drainage structure will be updated to a sealed system with oil and petrol interceptors and grit traps to prevent contamination of the River Wensum. Cosmetic changes to the external area also include the creation of traffic lanes, signage and parking bays. The proposal includes the provision of an updated site access route with an altered entrance splay, a ‘ghost island’ and a right-turn feeder lane from Norwich Road.

3.2 Visual Impact Assessment (VIA) A VIA on the nearby Bronze Age barrow has been requested by Norfolk County Council in order to satisfy the planning condition for this stage of the proposed development. The following section of this assessment follows Historic England’s Good Practice Advice Note 3 (HE 2015) which will assist local authorities, planning and other consultants, owners, applicants and other interested parties in the management of change within the settings of heritage assets. It will also provide information on implementing historic environment policy in the National Planning Policy Framework (NPPF). Historic England recommends the following broad approach to assessment, undertaken as a series of steps that apply proportionately to complex or more straightforward cases. The process involves a site visit to inspect the views towards, from and through the proposed development. Photographs are taken to illustrate the presence or absence of setting issues from various positions within the vicinity. For this specific study, the four-stage approach as set out below, was adopted. It is recommended that a Zone of Theoretical Visibility (ZTV) be presented to this study of the setting of heritage assets to form part of a baseline which establishes how the heritage assets and their settings are experienced. A ZTV is an identified viewpoint from which people may see the development and potentially see cumulative visual effects. Actual visibility depends on a variety of factors, such as topography, aspect, tree cover, direction of view or other visual obstructions. The magnitude of cumulative visual effects feeds into judgements of significance (LI 2013). The ZTV in the case of the proposed development is a position on the footpath to the rear of the development, adjacent to the Scheduled Monument. A site visit was undertaken on 7 September 2017 during favourable conditions to undertake the VIA.

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Step 1: identifying the heritage assets affected and their settings The setting of a heritage asset is defined as the surroundings in which a heritage asset is experienced. The extent is not fixed and may change as the asset and its surroundings evolve. Elements of a setting may make a positive or negative contribution to the significance of an asset, may affect the ability to appreciate that significance or may be neutral (NPPF glossary). Setting is not a heritage asset, nor a heritage designation, although land within a setting may itself be designated. Its importance lies in what it contributes to the significance of the heritage asset. This depends on a wide range of physical elements within, as well as perceptual and associational attributes pertaining to, the heritage asset’s surroundings (HE 2015). Historic setting This VIA is concerned with a Bronze Age barrow, which is recorded in the Norfolk Historic Environment Record (NHER 7718) and is a Scheduled Monument (SM129). It is located adjacent to the site, immediately to the north on the opposite side of the Marriot’s Way footpath in The Warren at NGR TG 11378 17989. The barrow may have been constructed on top of a lower oval mound that may represent the remains of an earlier Neolithic barrow. In 2007 the barrow was recorded at a total of 42m in diameter and the later Bronze Age structure was measured at 28m in diameter. It is possible, however, that the lower part of the mound is a natural gravel island onto which the Bronze Age barrow was constructed (Fig 16). The barrow forms part of a small cemetery (NHER 50646) located at the base of the Wensum valley on the edge of the river terrace. Some of the other cemetery barrows are visible on the Ordnance Survey map of 1883-1891 (Fig 12) but subsequent mapping has shown they have since disappeared. The parish of Weston Longville tithe map, 1841 (Fig 10) records the land as being under pasture because the river terrace was likely to have been prone to flooding at that time. If the barrows did not occupy land subject to regular destructive ploughing, their disappearance is likely to have been due to localised sand and gravel quarrying for cement and concrete product manufacture during the 20th century. Therefore, the remaining single barrow is significant because it is the last remaining visible indication that the barrow cemetery existed in this part of the landscape and could be the earliest, as it is the only barrow in the wider group thought to have a Neolithic precursor. However, the barrow cemetery (NHER 50646) is one of four cemeteries (NHER 50662, NHER 50649 and NHER 50646) along with many other single Bronze Age barrows within a 1km radius, forming part of a dense prehistoric mortuary landscape along the River Wensum terraces. It is not known whether the landscape was wooded at this time but it is likely to have been more open than it is today.

Modern setting The modern setting of this heritage asset is deciduous woodland beside the Marriot’s Way footpath which follows the course of the dismantled Midland and Great Northern Joint Railway (NHER 13584). It is located on private land to which the public do not have right of way and a fence has been recently constructed at the edge of the footpath. Although this fence is permeable, both the fence and the surrounding vegetation prevent a clear view of the monument (Figs 16 and 17) which will become increasingly limited through time and will eventually be hidden as the vegetation matures along the fence line. The topography is very uneven with up caste from localised sand quarrying and intensive rabbit burrowing. The setting is largely tranquil apart from occasional short bursts of industrial noise emitting from the trade premises either side of the development site.

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Step 2: assessing whether, how and to what degree these settings make a contribution to the significance of the heritage asset The second stage of the analysis is to assess whether the setting of a heritage asset makes a contribution to its significance and the extent and nature of that contribution. The contribution of setting to the significance of a heritage asset is often expressed by reference to views, a purely visual impression of an asset or place which can be static or dynamic, including a variety of views of, across, or including that asset, views of the surroundings from or through the asset, which may incorporate and intersect with the settings of numerous heritage assets (HE 2015). Views The Zone of Theoretical Visibility (ZTV) is a single point on the Marriot’s Way footpath adjacent to the current disused factory building because the barrow is most visible from this point although not clearly (Figs 16 and 17). If the viewer directly faces the asset from this point, the proposed development is behind them and modern features are excluded from the line of sight. It is a popular public right of way and National Cycle Route 1, Dover to Shetland. It is important to note that the ZTV and the observer’s ability to witness the view at their own pace is a relatively recent phenomenon. When the railway was in use, the viewpoint would have been from a more elevated position within the train and the impact of the barrow would not have been as significant. The view would only have been a fleeting glimpse and less likely to have been appreciated or even noticed by the observer. The site visit was made during early autumn as the trees were in full leaf. There are limited views from, across and of the barrow due to the newly constructed fence and the density of the woodland which lessens during the winter as the tree canopies thin out. The semi-mature trees to the south and south-west of the barrow screen the proposed development site, creating a partial view (Fig 19). If the trees are allowed to mature, the views will also change over time, with thicker, taller canopies creating a more solid screen of the proposed development. The immediate setting makes a negative contribution to the significance of the asset. The presence of the fence and the density of the woodland creates a false visual boundary which precludes the ability to view the rest of the barrows within the prehistoric landscape within which this asset belongs. The trees also obstruct a view of the River Wensum which was also an important element of the prehistoric landscape, although its course may now differ from its prehistoric route. Although significant today, the Marriot’s Way footpath was created after the dismantlement of the railway, which does not appear to follow any historic route and has severed the prehistoric mortuary landscape in two. The adjacent industrial landscape and the A1067 beyond it have also contributed to this detachment. Additionally, the seasonal bracken growth, sand quarrying and animal burrowing activity belittles the impact of the size and shape of the barrow mound on the observer. The location of the barrow is not advertised to passers-by, which has probably prevented footfall and therefore improved its conservation until the recent construction of an incongruent metal fence. The new fence will continue to protect the barrow from trespass but has isolated it further from its prehistoric funerary landscape. The barrow can be best appreciated from the ZTV but the tranquillity of the viewpoint is compromised by the proximity of the industrial works, although the noise is only intermittent. The wider setting of the asset is largely open countryside with small dispersed villages and small, dense patches of woodland which makes a neutral contribution to the asset.

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Step 3: assessing the effect of the proposed development on the significance of the asset The third stage of the analysis is to identify the range of effects a development may have on settings and evaluate the resultant degree of harm or benefit to the significance of the heritage assets (HE 2015). Location of development The proposed development lies in close proximity to the Bronze Age barrow. However, it is a redevelopment of a previous industrial site and will not extend beyond the boundaries of the original concrete factory. The form and appearance of the development Although minor improvements are proposed to the exterior of the current building on the site, the majority of the redevelopment will be in the interior of the building and so will not alter or harm the current setting of the heritage asset. Its position will not contribute towards the harm already caused by the initial construction of the site or cause further damage to the ZTV. Heavy goods vehicles accessing the site could, however, negatively influence the ambience of the asset with movement and noise as they draw the viewers’ attention away from the stillness of the asset’s natural setting. There are plans to maintain a similar building appearance with like for like repairs where necessary. The current derelict site is tranquil and weed growth has begun to take a firm hold around the boundaries and where the exterior concrete surface has begun to degrade and crack. The result is that the hard lines and edges of the building’s silhouette seen from the Marriot’s Way footpath have become softened. Once the grounds have been tidied and the cosmetic exterior work completed, the development will appear sharper and will become more prominent.

Other effects of the development The overall effect of the development including the movement of HGVs and industrial noises will seem more intrusive in the landscape than the current situation. However, in its heyday, Atlas Works would have been far more prominent in the landscape because of the use of more external heavy machinery and the railway would have added to the effect. The proposed development will be a significant improvement on the original factory works. Noise, light and odour pollution may be introduced to the asset and its setting but measures will be put in place to control physical pollutants such as chemicals and waste products. The development will generally improve the condition of the site but due to its current derelict state, the development will widen the conceptual gap between the busy modern environment on one side of the Marriot’s Way footpath and the wild and unstructured environment of the heritage asset.

Longer term consequential effects of the development The future prospects of the heritage asset are not considered to be threatened by the redevelopment but are considered to be at risk of harm from any further potential development proposals. There are additional underused or disused areas of the Atlas Works estate, including the area of land immediately to the south-east of the barrow. There is a risk that future prospective developers could consider these areas as a potential development commodity, therefore initiating a succession of development proposals, each one contributing to a negative cumulative impact. Any security measures put in place for the current proposed development, for example, cameras or patrol staff, may help to prevent any unauthorised access or use of the heritage asset and could be a positive influence on the condition of the asset and its setting.

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Step 4: Maximising enhancement and minimising harm Maximum advantage can be secured if any effects on the significance of the heritage asset arising from development liable to affect its setting are considered from the projects inception. Early assessment of setting may provide a basis for agreeing the scope and form of development, reducing the potential for disagreement and challenge later in the process (HE 2015). There are opportunities to improve the setting of the barrow site through the development proposals. It is also recommended that the north-eastern elevation of the current derelict building should be maintained at a non-intrusive colour, which is to be achieved through like for like repairs, which will avoid drawing attention to the renovated works. It is not recommended that hoarding be constructed on the northern boundary of the development site as a measure to prevent the spread of noise, visual, odour or light pollution from the new waste derived fuel facility. This would reduce the levels of natural light to the asset and would create a hard barrier. It is recommended that additional hardwood trees of similar species be planted along the site boundary that will gradually create a soft barrier over time.

View towards the Bronze Age barrow, looking north Fig 16

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View of barrow from Marriot’s Way footpath, looking north-west Fig 17

View along Marriot’s Way footpath from near the barrow, looking south-east Fig 18

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View from the footpath near the barrow, looking south towards the proposed development beyond the trees Fig 19

3.3 Potential impacts on the wider cultural heritage resource Cartographic evidence suggests that the site occupies an area of land that has remained as open land close to the flood plains of the River Wensum until the mid- 20th century when the Atlas Works estate was constructed. The proposed development is in close proximity to a Bronze Age round barrow (NHER 7718, SM129). The impact upon the barrow and its setting is considered to be low. The impact on the wider cultural heritage resource will not be significant unless below-ground deposits are disturbed. It is not planned to excavate below the depth of the existing exterior ground surface, which will be removed with the rails and a fresh surface will be constructed. A geophysical survey (ENF138469) and a trial trench evaluation (ENF139903) have been undertaken to the south of the site at Weston Park Golf Club. The works identified features relating to the former parkland, pre-inclosure field boundaries and a scatter of archaeological periods which, where datable, relate to the prehistoric and post-medieval periods.

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Table 3: Criteria for assessing the relative importance of cultural heritage sites Level of sensitivity Definition

Very high - high Sites of international importance: World Heritage Sites Sites of national importance include those that are designated as Scheduled Ancient Monuments or those that are considered to be suitable for scheduling, Grade I and Grade II* Listed Buildings, Registered Battlefields, Grade I and II* Registered Historic Gardens

Medium Sites of regional importance include Grade II Listed Buildings, Grade II Registered Historic Gardens, Conservation Areas and those sites which are considered to be significant regional examples with well-preserved evidence of occupation, industry etc.

Low Sites which are of less-defined extent, nature and date or which are in a poor or fragmentary state, but which are considered to be significant examples in a local context

Negligible Areas in which investigative techniques have produced negative or minimal evidence of antiquity, or where large- scale destruction of the archaeological resource has taken place (e.g by mineral extraction)

The potential for archaeological remains dating from early prehistoric periods to be found on the site is unknown but likely to be low, although Palaeolithic flint tools have been found at some distance from the site. The potential for archaeological remains dating to the Neolithic period is likely to be low to moderate owing to a greater number of Neolithic artefacts having been found locally. It is also possible that the Bronze Age round barrow adjacent to the site (NHER 7718) may have been constructed on top of an earlier Neolithic barrow but this is unproven. The potential for Bronze Age remains to be found is high due to its location within the Bronze Age landscape and its proximity to the nearby barrow. However, there is less possibility for settlement evidence from this period. The potential for Iron Age remains is unknown but probably moderate. There is considerable evidence of settlement earthworks to the north-east, south-east and south-west of the site. Iron Age brooches have also been found through metal detecting in the area. Cropmarks have been identified close to the south-west and to the south-east of the site which are thought to date from the period. They lie at a similar elevation to the site, adjacent to the River Wensum along the valley floor. It is likely that they may also have survived on the site until the land was prepared for industrial use. The potential for remains dating to the Roman period is unknown but probably low due to the lack of sites recorded in the locality, although numerous finds relating to settlement have been recorded from the area through metal detecting activity. The potential for Saxon remains is unknown but probably low, also because of the lack of Saxon sites recorded nearby. However, a wide range of finds dating to the entire period have been recorded from the area as a result of metal detecting. The potential for remains from the medieval and post-medieval periods is unknown but moderately low. Earthworks dating to the medieval period have been seen on aerial photography to the south-west of the site on higher ground. Additionally, a vast quantity of finds have been recorded through metal detecting to the north,

MOLA Report 15/89 Page 28of 31 LENWADE, ATLAS WORKS north-east and east of the site. Field boundaries and possible house platforms of medieval to post-medieval date have been identified to the south-east of the site through cropmark analysis. They lie at a similar elevation to the site, adjacent to the River Wensum along the valley floor. It is possible therefore, that further remains may have survived on the site until the land was prepared for industrial use. The post-medieval estates of Great Witchingham Hall and Weston House lie to the north and south-west. Cartographic evidence states that the site occupied land on The Warren during the post-medieval period which was probably used for seasonal livestock grazing.

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4 CONCLUSIONS

The current assessment has demonstrated that the site lies within a complex prehistoric mortuary landscape on the terraces of the River Wensum, characterised by Bronze Age round barrows and barrow cemeteries. One barrow with a possible Neolithic precursor lies adjacent to the site to the north and is a Scheduled Monument. A Visual Impact Assessment has been incorporated into this study which has concluded that the proposed development works will not alter or harm the setting of the heritage asset. Recent excavations to the south of the proposed development have identified a Neolithic site with several pits containing burnt deposits and sherds of pottery. An unusually small Bronze Age Beaker was also found. Cropmarks of Iron Age and Roman enclosures and boundaries have been identified to the south and south- east of the site. Medieval embankments, channels and ponds lie to the south-west and medieval or post-medieval field boundaries and possible house platforms lie to the south-east. It is likely that these cropmarks would have continued north- westwards in to the area of proposed development but may have been denuded by the construction of Atlas Works. Extensive metal detecting of the areas of higher ground above the river terraces has produced a substantial quantity of objects dating to the Iron Age, Roman, Saxon, medieval and post-medieval periods. Cartographic evidence suggests that the site has remained as open ground since at least the 18th century until the construction of the Atlas Works estate in 1944.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

CIfA revised draft 2014 Standard and Guidance for Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment, Chartered Institute for Archaeologists.

Craven, J A, 2016 The ‘Deer Park’, Weston Park Golf Club, Weston Longville, Norwich, Norfolk. Suffolk Archaeology CIC report, 2016/026

HE 2008 Conservation Principles: Policy and Guidance for the Sustainable Management of the Historic Environment, English Heritage.

HE 2015 The setting of Heritage Assets: Good Practice Advice 3, English Heritage.

LI 2013 Guidelines for Landscape and Visual Impact Assessment. Third edition. Landscape Institute and Institute of Environmental Management and Assessment.

Roseveare, M J, and Lewis, D, 2015 Weston Park Golf Club, Weston Longville, Norfolk, geophysical survey report, WPN151, ArchaeoPhysica.

Websites www.bgs.ac.uk archaeologydataservice.ac.uk (www.heritage.norfolk.gov.uk)

MOLA Northampton June 2015 Revised September 2017

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