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Construction and Shipbuilding Construction and Shipbuilding Tomáš Kalina, Martin Jurkovič, Tomáš Skrúcaný, Martin Kendra SPH – Scientific Publishing Hub Osijek – Czestochowa – Žilina – Celje – Kotor 2019 Tomáš Kalina, Martin Jurkovič, Tomáš Skrúcaný, Martin Kendra CONSTRUCTION AND SHIPBUILDING /Electronic edition/ URL (e-pub): http://sphub.org/books/construction-and-shipbuilding (pdf) First electronic edition, 2019 Reviewers: Assoc. prof. ing. Dalibor Barta, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Žilina PhD. Ondrej Stopka, Institute of Technology and Business in České Budějovice, Czech Republic Lector: prof. Ing. Jozef Gnap, PhD., University of Žilina, Slovakia Illustration: authors Photography: authors Cartography: authors Design by: authors Published by SPH – Scientific Publishing Hub – founded by J.J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, Faculty of Economics in Osijek, Croatia, Czestochowa University of Technology, Faculty of Management, Poland, University of Žilina, Faculty of Operation and Economics of Transport and Communications, Žilina, Slovakia, University of Maribor, Faculty of Logistics, Celje, Slovenia, and University of Montenegro, Maritime Faculty of Kotor, Montenegro Editor in Chief: assoc. prof. dr. Borut Jereb Editorial Board: assoc. prof. dr. Borut Jereb, prof. dr. Veselin Drašković, dr. ing. Tomáš Skrúcaný, assoc. prof. dr. Davor Dujak, dr. ing. Marta Kadłubek This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported License Kataložni zapis o publikaciji (CIP) pripravili v Narodni in univerzitetni knjižnici v Ljubljani COBISS.SI-ID=300897792 ISBN 978-961-6948-24-1 (pdf) Table of Contents 3 1. BASIC DATA ON VESSELS ....................................................................... 11 1.1. BASIC DIVISION OF VESSELS ................................................................... 11 1.2. DESIGN GROUPS AND BASIC PARAMETERS OF A SHIP ............................ 12 1.3. MAIN SHIP DIMENSIONS AND COEFFICIENTS OF THE SHAPE .................. 13 1.4. CLASSIFICATION AND DIVISION OF VESSELS .......................................... 15 1.4.1. Ship Classification Bodies ............................................................... 15 2. BUOYANCY .................................................................................................. 25 2.1. LINES PLAN ............................................................................................. 25 2.1.1. Characteristics of Buoyancy and Conditions of Balance of a Floating Ship ................................................................................... 28 2.1.2. Calculation of the Weight Displacement and the Centre of Gravity of the Ship ........................................................................................ 31 2.1.3. Calculation of Water Lines and Frames Elements .......................... 35 2.1.4. Calculation of the Volume Displacement and its Coordinates, Curve of Buoyancy and Initial Stability ..................................................... 42 2.1.5. Determination of a Ship's Draught at Loading and Unloading a Small and Big Cargo - the Check And Standardisation of Buoyancy ......................................................................................................... 49 3. STABILITY ................................................................................................... 57 3.1. STABILITY AT SMALL ANGLES OF HEELING............................................ 57 3.1.1. Metacentric Formula for Stability and Metacentric Height ............ 62 3.2. THE CHANGE OF BUOYANCY STATE AND INITIAL STABILITY OF A SHIP WHEN MOVING THE LOAD IN THE SHIP ................................................... 69 3.3. DETERMINATION OF STABILITY AND CHANGE OF BUOYANCY STATE OF A SHIP AFTER THE RECEPTION OR REMOVAL OF A SMALL LOAD ........... 74 3.4. ..... STABILITY OF A SHIP WHILE MOVING A SUSPENDED MASS OR LIQUID CARGO ..................................................................................................... 79 3.4.1. Static Heel of a Floating Crane ....................................................... 79 3.4.2. Free Water Surfaces ........................................................................ 82 3.5. STABILITY AT LARGE ANGLES OF SHIP'S HEEL ....................................... 87 3.5.1. Lever Arms of Static Stability .......................................................... 87 3.6. DIAGRAM OF STATIC STABILITY ............................................................. 89 3.6.1. Impact of Movement, Load Reception and Free Liquid Surface on the Diagram of Static Stability ........................................................ 95 3.6.2. Construction of the Diagram of Static Stability of a Ship at any Displacement ................................................................................... 99 4 Table of Contents 3.6.3. Impact of a Free Liquid Cargo Surface on the Lever Arm of Static Stability .......................................................................................... 100 3.7. DYNAMIC STABILITY AND THE DIAGRAM OF DYNAMIC STABILITY ..... 102 3.8. STANDARDISATION OF SHIPS' STABILITY .............................................. 108 3.8.1. Passenger Ships ............................................................................. 113 3.8.2. Cargo Ships ................................................................................... 116 3.9. INFORMATION ON SHIP STABILITY .................................................. 117 4. UNSINKABILITY....................................................................................... 119 4.1. CALCULATION AND STANDARDISATION OF UNSINKABILITY ................ 120 4.1.1. Calculation of Unsinkability Using Metacentric Formulae .......... 121 5. OSCILLATION OF A SHIP ...................................................................... 131 5.1. FREE ROLLING OF A SHIP IN CALM WATER .......................................... 134 5.2. ROLLING OF A SHIP IN WAVES .............................................................. 139 5.3. STANDARDISATION OF SHIP OSCILLATION AND METHODS FOR ITS REDUCTION ............................................................................................ 142 6. MANOEUVRABILITY OF A SHIP ......................................................... 145 6.1. CALCULATION AND STANDARDISATION OF MANOEUVRABILITY OF A SHIP AND PUSHER ARRANGEMENTS ................................................................. 154 7. STRENGTH AND CONSTRUCTION OF A SHIP ................................. 169 7.1. OVERALL AND LOCAL STRENGTH OF A SHIP ........................................ 169 7.1.1. Methods for Determining Forces Causing the Overall Bending of the Ship's Hull ............................................................................... 170 7.1.2. Calculation of the Overall Strength and the Reasoning for the System of the Ship's Hull Stiffening ............................................... 174 7.1.3. Local and Vibrating Strength of Elements of the Hull and the Ship's Plating ........................................................................................... 182 7.1.4. Standardisation of a Ship's Strength ............................................. 186 7.1.5. Direction for Loading and Unloading ........................................... 191 7.2. DESIGN OF METAL SHIPS ....................................................................... 192 7.2.1. Choice of the Material of the Hull and Transverse Sections of the Hull's Girders ................................................................................ 192 7.2.2. Methods for Joining Elements of the Ship's Hull and Construction of Girders........................................................................................... 196 7.2.3. Outer Plating of the Hull and Deck and Hatch Moulding ............ 205 7.2.4. Construction of Ships with a Transverse System of Stiffening ...... 208 Table of Contents 5 7.2.5. Longitudinal Girders of the Hull with a Transverse System of Stiffening ........................................................................................ 213 7.2.6. Pros and Cons of the Transverse System of Stiffening of a Ship ... 215 7.2.7. Construction of Ships with a Longitudinal System of Stiffening.... 216 7.2.8. Pros and Cons of the Longitudinal System of Stiffening ............... 219 7.2.9. Construction of Ships with a Mixed (Transverse-Longitudinal) System of Stiffening ....................................................................... 220 7.2.10. Construction of Longitudinal and Transverse Bulkheads ............. 223 7.3. REINFORCEMENT OF THE HULL IN THE FOREBODY AND STERN IN THE ENGINE ROOM - BASES OF MAIN ENGINES .............................................. 226 7.4. FIXED FITTING, CONSTRUCTION OF SUPERSTRUCTURES, AND OTHER BUILT-IN SPACES OF A SHIP ..................................................................... 231 7.5. SPECIALTIES OF CONSTRUCTING STEEL SHIPS OF NEW PROGRESSIVE TYPES ........................................................................................................ 234 7.5.1. Passenger Ships ............................................................................. 234 7.5.2. Cargo Ships ................................................................................... 234 7.5.3. Tank and Cistern Ships .................................................................. 237 7.5.4. Ships of Special Determination ..................................................... 238 7.5.5. Pusher tugs ...................................................................................
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